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Mansury D, Ghazvini K, Amel Jamehdar S, Badiee A, Tafaghodi M, Nikpoor AR, Amini Y, Jaafari MR. Enhancement of the effect of BCG vaccine against tuberculosis using DDA/TDB liposomes containing a fusion protein of HspX, PPE44, and EsxV. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:370-377. [DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1557674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Davood Mansury
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Mansury D, Ghazvini K, Amel Jamehdar S, Badiee A, Tafaghodi M, Nikpoor AR, Amini Y, Jaafari MR. Increasing Cellular Immune Response in Liposomal Formulations of DOTAP Encapsulated by Fusion Protein Hspx, PPE44, And Esxv, as a Potential Tuberculosis Vaccine Candidate. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 7:156-166. [PMID: 30805395 PMCID: PMC6374059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Due to the ineffectiveness of the BCG vaccine, especially in adult pulmonary tuberculosis (TB), and variable efficacies against childhood forms of TB, developing an effective TB vaccine is a major priority in controlling this disease. The aim of this study was to evaluate the immunogenicity of a DOTAP liposome formulation containing a fusion protein (FP) containing Mycobacterium tuberculosis HspX, PPE44, and EsxV. METHODS The FP was expressed in E. coli BL21 cells and confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blots. The FP was then encapsulated in various liposomal formulations. Afterwards, liposomal size, zeta potential, and encapsulation efficiency were evaluated. Mice were subcutaneously vaccinated on days 0, 14, and 28 with liposomes containing the FP. Two weeks after the last injection, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-17, and IL-12 in spleen cell culture supernatants, and IgG2a, IgG1, and IgG2b titers in sera were measured. RESULTS The FP concentration was 1mg/ml. The encapsulation efficiency of the liposomes varied from 69% in Lip (DOTAP/TDB/CHOL/FP) to 80% in Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP). The greatest IFN-γ and IL-12 levels were observed in BCG-primed mice that were boosted with Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP). In addition, IL-17 production was significantly greater in all groups than controls except in those that received histidine buffer and FP. The IgG2a/IgG1 ratios were greater in the Lip (DOTAP/TDB/CHOL/FP), Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP), Lip (DOTAP/CHOL), and BCG-primed and Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP)-boosted groups than in the other groups, indicating a cellular immune response. CONCLUSION The liposomes containing DOTAP combined with the fusion protein induced a Th1 response. The mice that first received BCG and then Lip (DOTAP/CHOL/FP), produced the most IFN-γ and IL-12, indicating a strong Th1 response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davood Mansury
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Kiarash Ghazvini
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Antimicrobial Resistance Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Ali Badiee
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Amin Reza Nikpoor
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Yousef Amini
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran.
| | - Mahmoud Reza Jaafari
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
- Biotechnology Research Center, Institute of Pharmaceutical Technology, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Novita BD, Soediono EI, Nugraha J. Metformin associated inflammation levels regulation in type 2 diabetes mellitus-tuberculosis coinfection patients – A case report. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 65:345-349. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijtb.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Amini Y, Tafaghodi M, Amel Jamehdar S, Meshkat Z, Moradi B, Sankian M. Heterologous Expression, Purification, and Characterization of the HspX, Ppe44, and EsxV Proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 6:125-130. [PMID: 29765994 PMCID: PMC5941121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subunit vaccines are appropriate vaccine candidates for the prevention of some infections. In this study, three immunogenic proteins of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, including HspX, Ppe44, and EsxV as a new construction, were expressed alone and as a fusion protein to develop a new vaccine candidate against tuberculosis infection. METHODS To make the fusion protein, the three genes were linked together by AEAAAKEAAAKA linkers and inserted into pET21b and pET32b vectors. Escherichia coli (E. coli) Top10 cells were transformed with the plasmid, and the purified plasmid was used to transform E. coli BL21 cells. Protein expression was induced with IPTG. After optimizing protein expression, the recombinant proteins were purified by Ni-NTA chromatography. Protein purification was confirmed by SDS-PAGE and Western blotting with an anti-poly histidine-peroxidase monoclonal antibody against the 6His-tags at the proteins' C termini. RESULTS Directional cloning was confirmed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), restriction enzyme digestion, and sequencing. The highest expression of the tri-fusion protein and HspX were obtained by the addition of 0.2 mM of IPTG to E. coli BL-21 cells at 37 °C and 18 h of incubation. For Ppe44 and EsxV, the optimum expression conditions were 18 °C and 16 h of incubation. SDS-PAGE and Western blots confirmed that the desired proteins were produced. CONCLUSION The three desired proteins and the fusion protein were successfully expressed and the conditions for optimum expression determined. These recombinant proteins will be evaluated as vaccine candidates against tuberculosis. Further studies are needed to evaluate the abilities of these proteins to induce strong immunological responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yousef Amini
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mohsen Tafaghodi
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Department, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Saeid Amel Jamehdar
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Zahra Meshkat
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Bagher Moradi
- Microbiology & Virology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Mojtaba Sankian
- Immunology Research Center, Bu-Ali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
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Paul S, Arlehamn CSL, Schulten V, Westernberg L, Sidney J, Peters B, Sette A. Experimental validation of the RATE tool for inferring HLA restrictions of T cell epitopes. BMC Immunol 2017; 18:20. [PMID: 28681704 PMCID: PMC5499093 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-017-0204-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The RATE tool was recently developed to computationally infer the HLA restriction of given epitopes from immune response data of HLA typed subjects without additional cumbersome experimentation. Results Here, RATE was validated using experimentally defined restriction data from a set of 191 tuberculosis-derived epitopes and 63 healthy individuals with MTB infection from the Western Cape Region of South Africa. Using this experimental dataset, the parameters utilized by the RATE tool to infer restriction were optimized, which included relative frequency (RF) of the subjects responding to a given epitope and expressing a given allele as compared to the general test population and the associated p-value in a Fisher’s exact test. We also examined the potential for further optimization based on the predicted binding affinity of epitopes to potential restricting HLA alleles, and the absolute number of individuals expressing a given allele and responding to the specific epitope. Different statistical measures, including Matthew’s correlation coefficient, accuracy, sensitivity and specificity were used to evaluate performance of RATE as a function of these criteria. Based on our results we recommend selection of HLA restrictions with cutoffs of p-value < 0.01 and RF ≥ 1.3. The usefulness of the tool was demonstrated by inferring new HLA restrictions for epitope sets where restrictions could not be experimentally determined due to lack of necessary cell lines and for an additional data set related to recognition of pollen derived epitopes from allergic patients. Conclusions Experimental data sets were used to validate RATE tool and the parameters used by the RATE tool to infer restriction were optimized. New HLA restrictions were identified using the optimized RATE tool. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12865-017-0204-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinu Paul
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA.
| | - Cecilia S Lindestam Arlehamn
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Veronique Schulten
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Luise Westernberg
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - John Sidney
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Bjoern Peters
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Division of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, 9420 Athena Circle, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, 92037, USA
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TB trifusion antigen adsorbed on calcium phosphate nanoparticles stimulates strong cellular immunity in mice. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-016-0326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Lindestam Arlehamn CS, McKinney DM, Carpenter C, Paul S, Rozot V, Makgotlho E, Gregg Y, van Rooyen M, Ernst JD, Hatherill M, Hanekom WA, Peters B, Scriba TJ, Sette A. A Quantitative Analysis of Complexity of Human Pathogen-Specific CD4 T Cell Responses in Healthy M. tuberculosis Infected South Africans. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005760. [PMID: 27409590 PMCID: PMC4943605 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed a quantitative analysis of the HLA restriction, antigen and epitope specificity of human pathogen specific responses in healthy individuals infected with M. tuberculosis (Mtb), in a South African cohort as a test case. The results estimate the breadth of T cell responses for the first time in the context of an infection and human population setting. We determined the epitope repertoire of eleven representative Mtb antigens and a large panel of previously defined Mtb epitopes. We estimated that our analytic methods detected 50-75% of the total response in a cohort of 63 individuals. As expected, responses were highly heterogeneous, with responses to a total of 125 epitopes detected. The 66 top epitopes provided 80% coverage of the responses identified in our study. Using a panel of 48 HLA class II-transfected antigen-presenting cells, we determined HLA class II restrictions for 278 epitope/donor recognition events (36% of the total). The majority of epitopes were restricted by multiple HLA alleles, and 380 different epitope/HLA combinations comprised less than 30% of the estimated Mtb-specific response. Our results underline the complexity of human T cell responses at a population level. Efforts to capture and characterize this broad and highly HLA promiscuous Mtb-specific T cell epitope repertoire will require significant peptide multiplexing efforts. We show that a comprehensive "megapool" of Mtb peptides captured a large fraction of the Mtb-specific T cells and can be used to characterize this response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia S. Lindestam Arlehamn
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Denise M. McKinney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Chelsea Carpenter
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Sinu Paul
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Virginie Rozot
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Edward Makgotlho
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Yolande Gregg
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Michele van Rooyen
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Joel D. Ernst
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Mark Hatherill
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Willem A. Hanekom
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Bjoern Peters
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Scriba
- South African Tuberculosis Vaccine Initiative, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, and Division of Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology, Department of Vaccine Discovery, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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Ren C, Yin G, Qin M, Suo J, Lv Q, Xie L, Wang Y, Huang X, Chen Y, Liu X, Suo X. CDR3 analysis of TCR Vβ repertoire of CD8⁺ T cells from chickens infected with Eimeria maxima. Exp Parasitol 2014; 143:1-4. [PMID: 24801021 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
CD8(+) T cells play a major role in the immune protection of host against the reinfection of Eimeria maxima, the most immunogenic species of eimerian parasites in chickens. To explore the dominant complementarity-determining regions 3 (CDR3) of CD8(+) T cell populations induced by the infection of this parasite, sequence analysis was performed in this study for CDR3 of CD8(+) T cells from E. maxima infected chickens. After 5 days post the third or forth infection, intraepithelial lymphocytes were isolated from the jejunum of bird. CD3(+)CD8(+) T cells were sorted and subjected to total RNA isolation and cDNA preparation. PCR amplification and cloning of the loci between Vβ1 and Cβ was conducted for the subsequent sequencing of CDR3 of T cell receptor (TCR). After the forth infection, 2 birds exhibited two same frequent TCR CDR3 sequences, i.e., AKQDWGTGGYSNMI and AGRVLNIQY; while the third bird showed two different frequent TCR CDR3 sequences, AKQGARGHTPLN and AKQDIEVRGPNTPLN. No frequent CDR3 sequence was detected from uninfected birds, though AGRVLNIQY was also found in two uninfected birds. Our result preliminarily demonstrates that frequent CDR3 sequences may exist in E. maxima immunized chickens, encouraging the mining of the immunodominant CD8(+) T cells against E. maxima infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ren
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guangwen Yin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Mei Qin
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingxia Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qiyao Lv
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Li Xie
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yunzhou Wang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuchen Chen
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xianyong Liu
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xun Suo
- National Animal Protozoa Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; Key Laboratory of Zoonosis of Ministry of Agriculture, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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Qin L, Gao S, Wang J, Zheng R, Lu J, Hu Z. The conservation and application of three hypothetical protein coding gene for direct detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens. PLoS One 2013; 8:e73955. [PMID: 24058507 PMCID: PMC3772801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0073955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2013] [Accepted: 07/24/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Accurate and early diagnosis of tuberculosis (TB) is of major importance in the control of TB. One of the most important technical advances in diagnosis of tuberculosis is the development of nucleic acid amplification (NAA) tests. However, the choice of the target sequence remains controversial in NAA tests. Recently, interesting alternatives have been found in hypothetical protein coding sequences from mycobacterial genome. Methodology/Principal Findings To obtain rational biomarker for TB diagnosis, the conservation of three hypothetical genes was firstly evaluated in 714 mycobacterial strains. The results showed that SCAR1 (Sequenced Characterized Amplified Region) based on Rv0264c coding gene showed the highest conservation (99.8%) and SCAR2 based on Rv1508c gene showed the secondary high conservation (99.7%) in M. tuberculosis (MTB) strains. SCAR3 based on Rv2135c gene (3.2%) and IS6110 (8%) showed relatively high deletion rate in MTB strains. Secondly, three SCAR markers were evaluated in 307 clinical sputum from patients in whom TB was suspected or patients with diseases other than TB. The amplification of IS6110 and 16SrRNA sequences together with both clinical and bacteriological identification was as a protocol to evaluate the efficacy of SCAR markers. The sensitivities and specificities, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) of all NAA tests were higher than those of bacteriological detection. In four NAA tests, IS6110 and SCAR3 showed the highest PPV (100%) and low NPV (70% and 68.8%, respectively), and SCAR1 and SCAR2 showed the relatively high PPV and NPV (97% and 82.6%, 95.6% and 88.8%, respectively). Conclusions/Significance Our result indicated that SCAR1 and SCAR2 with a high degree of sequence conservation represent efficient and promising alternatives as NAA test targets in identification of MTB. Moreover, the targets developed from this study may provide more alternative targets for the development of a multisite system to effectively detect MTB in samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianhua Qin
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shihui Gao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Ruijuan Zheng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Junmei Lu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongyi Hu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Tuberculosis, Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail:
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Castelli M, Cappelletti F, Diotti RA, Sautto G, Criscuolo E, Dal Peraro M, Clementi N. Peptide-based vaccinology: experimental and computational approaches to target hypervariable viruses through the fine characterization of protective epitopes recognized by monoclonal antibodies and the identification of T-cell-activating peptides. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:521231. [PMID: 23878584 PMCID: PMC3710646 DOI: 10.1155/2013/521231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 06/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Defining immunogenic domains of viral proteins capable of eliciting a protective immune response is crucial in the development of novel epitope-based prophylactic strategies. This is particularly important for the selective targeting of conserved regions shared among hypervariable viruses. Studying postinfection and postimmunization sera, as well as cloning and characterization of monoclonal antibodies (mAbs), still represents the best approach to identify protective epitopes. In particular, a protective mAb directed against conserved regions can play a key role in immunogen design and in human therapy as well. Experimental approaches aiming to characterize protective mAb epitopes or to identify T-cell-activating peptides are often burdened by technical limitations and can require long time to be correctly addressed. Thus, in the last decade many epitope predictive algorithms have been developed. These algorithms are continually evolving, and their use to address the empirical research is widely increasing. Here, we review several strategies based on experimental techniques alone or addressed by in silico analysis that are frequently used to predict immunogens to be included in novel epitope-based vaccine approaches. We will list the main strategies aiming to design a new vaccine preparation conferring the protection of a neutralizing mAb combined with an effective cell-mediated response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Castelli
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Francesca Cappelletti
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Antonia Diotti
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Sautto
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Criscuolo
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
| | - Matteo Dal Peraro
- Laboratory for Biomolecular Modeling, Institute of Bioingeneering, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicola Clementi
- Microbiology and Virology Institute, Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, 20132 Milan, Italy
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11
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Freer G, Rindi L. Intracellular cytokine detection by fluorescence-activated flow cytometry: basic principles and recent advances. Methods 2013; 61:30-8. [PMID: 23583887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymeth.2013.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/31/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracellular cytokine staining is a flow cytometric technique consisting of culturing stimulated cytokine-producing cells in the presence of a protein secretion inhibitor, followed by fixation, permeabilization and staining of intracellular cytokines and cell markers (surface or cytoplasmic) with fluorescent antibodies. Up to 18 different colors can be detected by modern flow cytometers, making it the only immunological technique allowing simultaneous determination of antigen-specific T cell function and phenotype. In addition, cell proliferation and viability can be also measured. For this reason, it is probably the most popular method to measure antigenicity during vaccine trials and in the study of infectious diseases, along with ELISPOT. In this review, we will summarize its features, provide the protocol used by most laboratories and review its most recent applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Freer
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Pisa, Via San Zeno, I-56127 Pisa, Italy.
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Deng W, Xie J. Ins and outs of Mycobacterium tuberculosis PPE family in pathogenesis and implications for novel measures against tuberculosis. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1087-95. [PMID: 22275049 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the most successful pathogen with multiple mechanisms to subvert host immune response, resulting in insidious disease. A unique Mycobacterium antigen family termed PPE (Pro-Pro-Glu) has long been widely speculated as "molecular mantra" to escape host immunity. Members of this family are characterized by a conserved N terminal and a variable C terminal. This family associated closely with ESAT-6(ESX) secretion system and largely located in cell wall or cell membrane. The expression of PPE protein is temporally regulated, and highly expressed during M. tuberculosis persistence. Importantly, the distribution of PPE family is so far limited to Mycobacterium genus, prevalent among pathogenic Mycobacterium species. It is tempting to explore this family due to its potential in the latency and reactivation of M. tuberculosis. The evolution, structure, and functions of most PPE proteins remain elusive. The understanding of these questions will deepen our appreciation of the pathogenesis of M. tuberculosis and accelerate novel anti-TB measures discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyan Deng
- Institute of Modern Biopharmaceuticals, State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Eco-Environment and Bio-Resource of the Three Gorges Area, School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China
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