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Ban S, Jung JH. Somatic Mutations in Fruit Trees: Causes, Detection Methods, and Molecular Mechanisms. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 12:1316. [PMID: 36987007 PMCID: PMC10056856 DOI: 10.3390/plants12061316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Somatic mutations are genetic changes that occur in non-reproductive cells. In fruit trees, such as apple, grape, orange, and peach, somatic mutations are typically observed as "bud sports" that remain stable during vegetative propagation. Bud sports exhibit various horticulturally important traits that differ from those of their parent plants. Somatic mutations are caused by internal factors, such as DNA replication error, DNA repair error, transposable elements, and deletion, and external factors, such as strong ultraviolet radiation, high temperature, and water availability. There are several methods for detecting somatic mutations, including cytogenetic analysis, and molecular techniques, such as PCR-based methods, DNA sequencing, and epigenomic profiling. Each method has its advantages and limitations, and the choice of method depends on the research question and the available resources. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive understanding of the factors that cause somatic mutations, techniques used to identify them, and underlying molecular mechanisms. Furthermore, we present several case studies that demonstrate how somatic mutation research can be leveraged to discover novel genetic variations. Overall, considering the diverse academic and practical value of somatic mutations in fruit crops, especially those that require lengthy breeding efforts, related research is expected to become more active.
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Overexpression of a Senescence-Related Gene CpSRG1 from Wintersweet ( Chimonanthus praecox) Promoted Growth and Flowering, and Delayed Senescence in Transgenic Arabidopsis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232213971. [PMID: 36430449 PMCID: PMC9696086 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232213971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant senescence is a complex process that is controlled by developmental regulation and genetic programs. A senescence-related gene CpSRG1, which belongs to the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily, was characterized from wintersweet, and the phylogenetic relationship of CpSRG1 with homologs from other species was investigated. The expression analysis by qRT-PCR (quantitative real-time PCR) indicated that CpSRG1 is abundant in flower organs, especially in petals and stamens, and the highest expression of CpSRG1 was detected in stage 6 (withering period). The expression patterns of the CpSRG1 gene were further confirmed in CpSRG1pro::GUS (β-glucuronidase) plants, and the activity of the CpSRG1 promoter was enhanced by exogenous Eth (ethylene), SA (salicylic acid), and GA3 (gibberellin). Heterologous overexpression of CpSRG1 in Arabidopsis promoted growth and flowering, and delayed senescence. Moreover, the survival rates were significantly higher and the root lengths were significantly longer in the transgenic lines than in the wild-type plants, both under low nitrogen stress and GA3 treatment. This indicated that the CpSRG1 gene may promote the synthesis of assimilates in plants through the GA pathway, thereby improving growth and flowering, and delaying senescence in transgenic Arabidopsis. Our study has laid a satisfactory foundation for further analysis of senescence-related genes in wintersweet and wood plants. It also enriched our knowledge of the 2OG-Fe(II) dioxygenase superfamily, which plays a variety of important roles in plants.
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Villa-Rivera MG, Martínez O, Ochoa-Alejo N. Putative Transcription Factor Genes Associated with Regulation of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Chili Pepper Fruits Revealed by RNA-Seq Coexpression Analysis. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911774. [PMID: 36233073 PMCID: PMC9569626 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the ripening process, the pericarp of chili pepper (Capsicum spp.) fruits accumulates large amounts of carotenoids. Although the carotenoid biosynthesis pathway in the Capsicum genus has been widely studied from different perspectives, the transcriptional regulation of genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes has not been elucidated in this fruit. We analyzed RNA-Seq transcriptomic data from the fruits of 12 accessions of Capsicum annuum during the growth, development, and ripening processes using the R package named Salsa. We performed coexpression analyses between the standardized expression of genes encoding carotenoid biosynthetic enzymes (target genes (TGs)) and the genes of all expressed transcription factors (TFs). Additionally, we analyzed the promoter region of each biosynthetic gene to identify putative binding sequences for each selected TF candidate. We selected 83 TFs as putative regulators of the carotenogenic structural genes. From them, putative binding sites in the promoters of the carotenoid-biosynthesis-related structural genes were found for only 54 TFs. These results could guide the search for transcription factors involved in the regulation of the carotenogenic pathway in chili pepper fruits and might facilitate the collection of corresponding experimental evidence to corroborate their participation in the regulation of this biosynthetic pathway in Capsicum spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guadalupe Villa-Rivera
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Octavio Martínez
- Unidad de Genómica Avanzada, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
| | - Neftalí Ochoa-Alejo
- Departamento de Ingeniería Genética, Unidad Irapuato, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Irapuato 36824, Mexico
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +52-(462)-6239654
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Mitalo OW, Asiche WO, Kang SW, Ezura H, Akagi T, Kubo Y, Ushijima K. Examining the Role of Low Temperature in Satsuma Mandarin Fruit Peel Degreening via Comparative Physiological and Transcriptomic Analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:918226. [PMID: 35909736 PMCID: PMC9328020 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.918226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Peel degreening is the most conspicuous aspect of fruit ripening in many citrus fruits because of its importance for marketability. In this study, peel degreening in response to propylene (an ethylene analog) and at varying storage temperatures was characterized in Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) fruit. Propylene treatment triggered rapid peel degreening (within 4-6 days), indicated by an increase in the citrus color index (CCI) and chlorophyll loss. Peel degreening was also observed in fruit at 10°C and 15°C after 28-42 days, with gradual CCI increase and chlorophyll reduction. However, fruit at 5°C, 20°C, and 25°C remained green, and no substantial changes in peel CCI and chlorophyll content were recorded during the 42-day storage duration. The transcriptomes of peels of fruit treated with propylene for 4 days and those stored at varying temperatures for 28 days were then analyzed by RNA-Seq. We identified three categories of differentially expressed genes that were regulated by (i) propylene (and by analogy, ethylene) alone, (ii) low temperature (5°C, 10°C, or 15°C vs. 25°C) alone, and (iii) either propylene or low temperature. Gene-encoding proteins associated with chlorophyll degradation (such as CuSGR1, CuNOL, CuACD2, CuCAB2, and CuLHCB2) and a transcription factor (CuERF114) were differentially expressed by propylene or low temperature. To further examine temperature-induced pathways, we also monitored gene expression during on-tree fruit maturation vs. postharvest. The onset of on-tree peel degreening coincided with autumnal drops in field temperatures, and it was accompanied by differential expression of low temperature-regulated genes. On the contrary, genes that were exclusively regulated by propylene (such as CuCOPT1 and CuPOX-A2) displayed insignificant expression changes during on-tree peel degreening. These findings indicate that low temperatures could be involved in the fruit ripening-related peel degreening independently of ethylene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W. Mitalo
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - William O. Asiche
- Department of Research and Development, Del Monte Kenya Ltd, Thika, Kenya
| | - Seung W. Kang
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Ezura
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
- Tsukuba Plant Innovation Research Center, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
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Mathiazhagan M, Chidambara B, Hunashikatti LR, Ravishankar KV. Genomic Approaches for Improvement of Tropical Fruits: Fruit Quality, Shelf Life and Nutrient Content. Genes (Basel) 2021; 12:1881. [PMID: 34946829 PMCID: PMC8701245 DOI: 10.3390/genes12121881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Revised: 10/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The breeding of tropical fruit trees for improving fruit traits is complicated, due to the long juvenile phase, generation cycle, parthenocarpy, polyploidy, polyembryony, heterozygosity and biotic and abiotic factors, as well as a lack of good genomic resources. Many molecular techniques have recently evolved to assist and hasten conventional breeding efforts. Molecular markers linked to fruit development and fruit quality traits such as fruit shape, size, texture, aroma, peel and pulp colour were identified in tropical fruit crops, facilitating Marker-assisted breeding (MAB). An increase in the availability of genome sequences of tropical fruits further aided in the discovery of SNP variants/Indels, QTLs and genes that can ascertain the genetic determinants of fruit characters. Through multi-omics approaches such as genomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics and proteomics, the identification and quantification of transcripts, including non-coding RNAs, involved in sugar metabolism, fruit development and ripening, shelf life, and the biotic and abiotic stress that impacts fruit quality were made possible. Utilizing genomic assisted breeding methods such as genome wide association (GWAS), genomic selection (GS) and genetic modifications using CRISPR/Cas9 and transgenics has paved the way to studying gene function and developing cultivars with desirable fruit traits by overcoming long breeding cycles. Such comprehensive multi-omics approaches related to fruit characters in tropical fruits and their applications in breeding strategies and crop improvement are reviewed, discussed and presented here.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Kundapura V. Ravishankar
- Division of Basic Sciences, ICAR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Hessaraghatta Lake Post, Bengaluru 560089, India; (M.M.); (B.C.); (L.R.H.)
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Ma G, Zhang L, Kudaka R, Inaba H, Furuya T, Kitamura M, Kitaya Y, Yamamoto R, Yahata M, Matsumoto H, Kato M. Exogenous Application of ABA and NAA Alleviates the Delayed Coloring Caused by Puffing Inhibitor in Citrus Fruit. Cells 2021; 10:cells10020308. [PMID: 33546256 PMCID: PMC7913354 DOI: 10.3390/cells10020308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Combined spraying of gibberellin (GA) and prohydrojasmon (PDJ) was an effective method to reduce peel puffing in Satsuma mandarins. However, in the GA-and-PDJ combined treatment, fruit color development was delayed during the ripening process. In the present study, to improve the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit, the effects of exogenous application of 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) on chlorophyll and carotenoid accumulation were investigated. The results showed that both ABA and NAA treatments accelerated the color changes from green to orange in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit during the ripening process. With the NAA and ABA treatments, chlorophylls contents were decreased rapidly, and the contents of β,β-xanthophylls were significantly enhanced in the GA and PDJ-treated fruit. In addition, gene expression results showed that the changes of the chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolisms in the NAA and ABA treatments were highly regulated at the transcriptional level. The results presented in this study suggested that the application of NAA and ABA could potentially be used for improving the coloration of the GA and PDJ-treated fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
| | - Rin Kudaka
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hayato Inaba
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Takuma Furuya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Minami Kitamura
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Yurika Kitaya
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Risa Yamamoto
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- National Institute of Fruit Tree Science (NIFTS), National Agriculture and Bio-Oriented Research Organization (NARO), Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan;
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (G.M.); (L.Z.); (M.Y.)
- Graduate School of Integrated Science and Technology, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; (R.K.); (H.I.); (T.F.); (M.K.); (Y.K.); (R.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-54-238-4830
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Mitalo OW, Otsuki T, Okada R, Obitsu S, Masuda K, Hojo Y, Matsuura T, Mori IC, Abe D, Asiche WO, Akagi T, Kubo Y, Ushijima K. Low temperature modulates natural peel degreening in lemon fruit independently of endogenous ethylene. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:4778-4796. [PMID: 32374848 PMCID: PMC7410192 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Peel degreening is an important aspect of fruit ripening in many citrus fruit, and previous studies have shown that it can be advanced by ethylene treatment or by low-temperature storage. However, the important regulators and pathways involved in natural peel degreening remain largely unknown. To determine how natural peel degreening is regulated in lemon fruit (Citrus limon), we studied transcriptome and physiochemical changes in the flavedo in response to ethylene treatment and low temperatures. Treatment with ethylene induced rapid peel degreening, which was strongly inhibited by the ethylene antagonist, 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP). Compared with 25 ºC, moderately low storage temperatures of 5-20 °C also triggered peel degreening. Surprisingly, repeated 1-MCP treatments failed to inhibit the peel degreening induced by low temperature. Transcriptome analysis revealed that low temperature and ethylene independently regulated genes associated with chlorophyll degradation, carotenoid metabolism, photosystem proteins, phytohormone biosynthesis and signalling, and transcription factors. Peel degreening of fruit on trees occurred in association with drops in ambient temperature, and it coincided with the differential expression of low temperature-regulated genes. In contrast, genes that were uniquely regulated by ethylene showed no significant expression changes during on-tree peel degreening. Based on these findings, we hypothesize that low temperature plays a prominent role in regulating natural peel degreening independently of ethylene in citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar W Mitalo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Takumi Otsuki
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Rui Okada
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Saeka Obitsu
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Kanae Masuda
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yuko Hojo
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Takakazu Matsuura
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Izumi C Mori
- Institute of Plant Science and Resources, Okayama University, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Daigo Abe
- National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Shikoku Research Station, Zentsuji, Japan
| | - William O Asiche
- Department of Research and Development, Del Monte Kenya Ltd, Thika, Kenya
| | - Takashi Akagi
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Kubo
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence: or
| | - Koichiro Ushijima
- Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
- Correspondence: or
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A sweet orange mutant impaired in carotenoid biosynthesis and reduced ABA levels results in altered molecular responses along peel ripening. Sci Rep 2019; 9:9813. [PMID: 31285504 PMCID: PMC6614452 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46365-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Citrus fruit ripening is a complex process involving biochemical, physiological and molecular events that differ between the flesh and the peel of the fruit. We characterized sweet orange peel maturation by means of a comparative transcriptomic analysis between Navelate orange (Citrus sinensis L. Osbeck) and its mutant fruit Pinalate, which presents a severe blockage at early steps of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway and consequently reduced ABA levels. Peel ripening involved the decrease of the photosynthetic activity and the transmembrane transport processes, as well as the buildup of starch and cuticular waxes and the cell wall modification. In addition, a number of biotic and abiotic stress responses, including the defense response, and the response to blue light, water deprivation and abscisic acid stimulus were modulated in a ripening-stage specific manner. The regulation of energy-related processes and secondary metabolism pathways was attenuated in Pinalate, while the molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses displayed dependency on ABA levels. These results indicate that ABA is a key signal inducing stress responses along orange peel ripening, which might determine the fruit postharvest performance.
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Xie J, Yao S, Ming J, Deng L, Zeng K. Variations in chlorophyll and carotenoid contents and expression of genes involved in pigment metabolism response to oleocellosis in citrus fruits. Food Chem 2018; 272:49-57. [PMID: 30309573 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2018.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 07/16/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Yellow or green spots related to pigment changes found at the early stage of oleocellosis can cause severe economic damage. However, little information exists on pigment changes during oleocellosis development, so this study investigated the main changes in chlorophyll and carotenoid metabolites and related gene expression. Among the variations, the increased contents of chlorophyll a and b, and decreased concentrations of lutein, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, violaxanthin, α-carotene and β-carotene were responsible for chlorophyll and carotenoid changes, respectively. Regarding gene expression, the up-regulated genes, magnesium chelatase subunit H (MgCh), magnesium-protoporphyrin IX monomethyl ester (oxidative) cyclase 1/2 (MPEC1/2), protochlorophyllide reductase a, chloroplastic 1/2 (PORA1/2) and chlorophyllide a oxygenase (CAO), regarding chlorophyll synthesis as well as the down-regulated genes, phytoene synthase (PSY), phytoene dehydrogenase (PDS), lycopene β-cyclase (LCYb), and zeaxanthin epoxidase 1/2 (ZEP 1/2) and the up-regulated genes (+)-abscisic acid 8'-hydroxylase 1/2 (ABA-HX 1/2), regarding carotenoid metabolism, constituted the major variations in oleocellosis peels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Xie
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Shixiang Yao
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Jian Ming
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Lili Deng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China
| | - Kaifang Zeng
- College of Food Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, PR China; Chongqing Engineering Research Center of Regional Food, Chongqing 400715, PR China.
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Ma G, Zhang L, Yungyuen W, Sato Y, Furuya T, Yahata M, Yamawaki K, Kato M. Accumulation of carotenoids in a novel citrus cultivar 'Seinannohikari' during the fruit maturation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2018; 129:349-356. [PMID: 29936241 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2018.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, carotenoid metabolism was investigated in the fruits of a novel citrus cultivar, 'Seinannohikari' (Citrus spp.). During the maturation, β,β-xanthophylls were accumulated rapidly with β-cryptoxanthin being the dominant carotenoid compound in the flavedo and juice sacs of 'Seinannohikari'. In the juice sacs of mature fruits, 'Seinannohikari' accumulated high amount of carotenoids, especially β-cryptoxanthin. The content of β-cryptoxanthin in the juice sacs of 'Seinannohikari' was approximately 2.5 times of that in 'Miyagawa-wase' (Citrus unshiu), which is one of its parental cultivars, at the mature stage. Gene expression results showed that the massive accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin might be attributed to the higher expression of carotenoid biosynthetic genes (CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, CitLCYb2, CitHYb, and CitZEP), and lower expression of carotenoid catabolic genes (CitNCED2 and CitNCED3) in the juice sacs of 'Seinannohikari'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Witchulada Yungyuen
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan; The United Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu 501-1193, Japan
| | - Yuki Sato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Takuma Furuya
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Bioresource Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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Foster TM, Aranzana MJ. Attention sports fans! The far-reaching contributions of bud sport mutants to horticulture and plant biology. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2018; 5:44. [PMID: 30038785 PMCID: PMC6046048 DOI: 10.1038/s41438-018-0062-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
A bud sport is a lateral shoot, inflorescence or single flower/fruit with a visibly different phenotype from the rest of the plant. The new phenotype is often caused by a stable somatic mutation in a single cell that is passed on to its clonal descendants and eventually populates part or all of a meristem. In many cases, a bud sport can be vegetatively propagated, thereby preserving the novel phenotype without sexual reproduction. Bud sports provide new characteristics while retaining the desirable qualities of the parent plant, which is why many bud sports have been developed into popular cultivars. We present an overview of the history of bud sports, the causes and methods of detecting somaclonal variation, and the types of mutant phenotypes that have arisen spontaneously. We focus on examples where the molecular or cytological changes causing the phenotype have been identified. Analysis of these sports has provided valuable insight into developmental processes, gene function and regulation, and in some cases has revealed new information about layer-specific roles of some genes. Examination of the molecular changes causing a phenotype and in some cases reversion back to the original state has contributed to our understanding of the mechanisms that drive genomic evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshi M. Foster
- The New Zealand Institute for Plant and Food Research Limited, Private Bag 11600, Palmerston North, 4474 New Zealand
| | - Maria José Aranzana
- IRTA (Institut de Recerca i Tecnologia Agroalimentàries), Barcelona, Spain
- Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG) CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
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12
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Ma G, Zhang L, Yungyuen W, Tsukamoto I, Iijima N, Oikawa M, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Kato M. Expression and functional analysis of citrus carotene hydroxylases: unravelling the xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 16:148. [PMID: 27358074 PMCID: PMC4928310 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-016-0840-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xanthophylls are oxygenated carotenoids and fulfill critical roles in plant growth and development. In plants, two different types of carotene hydroxylases, non-heme di-iron and heme-containing cytochrome P450, were reported to be involved in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll. Citrus fruits accumulate a high amount of xanthophylls, especially β,β-xanthophylls. To date, however, the roles of carotene hydroxylases in regulating xanthophyll content and composition have not been elucidated. RESULTS In the present study, the roles of four carotene hydroxylase genes (CitHYb, CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C) in the biosynthesis of xanthophyll in citrus fruits were investigated. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the four citrus carotene hydroxylases presented in four distinct clusters which have been identified in higher plants. CitHYb was a non-heme di-iron carotene hydroxylase, while CitCYP97A, CitCYP97B, and CitCYP97C were heme-containing cytochrome P450-type carotene hydroxylases. Gene expression results showed that the expression of CitHYb increased in the flavedo and juice sacs during the ripening process, which was well consistent with the accumulation of β,β-xanthophyll in citrus fruits. The expression of CitCYP97A and CitCYP97C increased with a peak in November, which might lead to an increase of lutein in the juice sacs during the ripening process. The expression level of CitCYP97B was much lower than that of CitHYb, CitCYP97A, and CitCYP97C in the juice sacs during the ripening process. Functional analysis showed that the CitHYb was able to catalyze the hydroxylation of the β-rings of β-carotene and α-carotene in Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) cells. Meanwhile, when CitHYb was co-expressed with CitCYP97C, α-carotene was hydroxylated on the β-ring and ε-ring sequentially to produce lutein. CONCLUSIONS CitHYb was a key gene for β,β-xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits. CitCYP97C functioned as an ε-ring hydroxylase to produce lutein using zeinoxanthin as a substrate. The results will contribute to elucidating xanthophyll biosynthesis in citrus fruits, and provide new strategies to improve the nutritional and commercial qualities of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Ma
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Lancui Zhang
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Witchulada Yungyuen
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
- />The United Graduate school of Agricultural Science, Gifu University (Shizuoka University), Yanagido, Gifu, 501-1193 Japan
| | - Issei Tsukamoto
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Natsumi Iijima
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Michiru Oikawa
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- />Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Shizuoka, Suruga 422-8529 Japan
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13
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Yin XR, Xie XL, Xia XJ, Yu JQ, Ferguson IB, Giovannoni JJ, Chen KS. Involvement of an ethylene response factor in chlorophyll degradation during citrus fruit degreening. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 86:403-12. [PMID: 27037684 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Chlorophyll degradation naturally occurs during plant senescence. However, in fruit such as citrus, it is a positive characteristic, as degreening is an important colour development contributing to fruit quality. In the present work, Citrus sinensis Osbeck, cv. Newhall fruit was used as a model for chlorophyll degradation. An ethylene response factor, CitERF13, was isolated and its transcriptional changes were closely correlated with fruit peel degreening during development or in response to ethylene. Dual-luciferase and yeast one-hybrid assays, as well as motif mutation, indicated that CitERF13 directly binds to the CitPPH promoter and enhances its activity. Transient and stable over-expression of CitERF13 resulted in rapid chlorophyll degradation in Nicotiana tabacum leaves and led to accumulation of pheophorbide (Pheide) a, a metabolite of pheophorbide hydrolase (PPH). Similar results were observed from transient transformation of CitERF13 in citrus fruit peel. Moreover, this function of CitERF13 was conserved within Arabidopsis and tomato, as the homologs AtERF17 and SlERF16 similarly acted as activators of PPH genes and accelerators of chlorophyll degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ren Yin
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jian Xia
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing-Quan Yu
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Ian B Ferguson
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Limited, Private Bag, 92169, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - James J Giovannoni
- Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
- US Department of Agriculture/Agriculture Research Service, Robert W. Holley Centre for Agriculture and Health, Ithaca, NY, 14853, USA
| | - Kun-Song Chen
- College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Integrative Biology, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
- The State Agriculture Ministry Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Growth, Development and Quality Improvement, Zhejiang University, Zijingang Campus, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
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14
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Wu J, Fu L, Yi H. Genome-Wide Identification of the Transcription Factors Involved in Citrus Fruit Ripening from the Transcriptomes of a Late-Ripening Sweet Orange Mutant and Its Wild Type. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154330. [PMID: 27104786 PMCID: PMC4841598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fruit ripening is a genetically programmed process. Transcription factors (TFs) play key roles in plant development and ripening by temporarily and spatially regulating the transcription of their target genes. In this study, a total of 159 TFs were identified from a spontaneous late-ripening mutant 'Fengwan' (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) sweet orange (MT) and its wild-type counterpart ('Fengjie 72–1', WT) along the ripening period via the Transcription Factor Prediction of PlantTFDB 3.0. Fifty-two differentially expressed TFs were identified between MT and WT; 92 and 120 differentially expressed TFs were identified in WT and MT, respectively. The Venn diagram analysis showed that 16 differentially expressed TFs were identified between MT and WT and during the ripening of WT and MT. These TFs were primarily assigned to the families of C2H2, Dof, bHLH, ERF, MYB, NAC and LBD. Particularly, the number of TFs of the ERF family was the greatest between MT and WT. According to the results of the WGCNA analysis, a weighted correlation network analysis tool, several important TFs correlated to abscisic acid (ABA), citric acid, fructose, glucose and sucrose were identified, such as RD26, NTT, GATA7 and MYB21/62/77. Hierarchical cluster analysis and the expression analysis conducted at five fruit ripening stages further validated the pivotal TFs that potentially function during orange fruit development and ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juxun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Lili Fu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Hualin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology (Ministry of Education), College of Horticulture and Forestry Science, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- * E-mail:
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15
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Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Kato M. Diversity in the carotenoid profiles and the expression of genes related to carotenoid accumulation among citrus genotypes. BREEDING SCIENCE 2016; 66:139-47. [PMID: 27069398 PMCID: PMC4780797 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.66.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Carotenoids are not only important to the plants themselves but also are beneficial to human health. Since citrus fruit is a good source of carotenoids for the human diet, it is important to study carotenoid profiles and the accumulation mechanism in citrus fruit. Thus, in the present paper, we describe the diversity in the carotenoid profiles of fruit among citrus genotypes. In regard to carotenoids, such as β-cryptoxanthin, violaxanthin, lycopene, and β-citraurin, the relationship between the carotenoid profile and the expression of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes is discussed. Finally, recent results of quantitative trait locus (QTL) analyses of carotenoid contents and expression levels of carotenoid-biosynthetic genes in citrus fruit are shown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshinori Ikoma
- Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
485-6 Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-0292,
Japan
- Corresponding author (e-mail: )
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- Citrus Research Division, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science,
485-6 Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 424-0292,
Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University,
836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka, Shizuoka 422-8529,
Japan
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16
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Zhang L, Ma G, Yamawaki K, Ikoma Y, Matsumoto H, Yoshioka T, Ohta S, Kato M. Effect of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation in citrus juice sacs. JOURNAL OF PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 188:58-63. [PMID: 26432407 DOI: 10.1016/j.jplph.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Revised: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/11/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the effects of blue LED light intensity on carotenoid accumulation and expression of genes related to carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated in the juice sacs of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu Marc.) and Valencia orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) in vitro. The results showed that 100 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (100B) was effective for increasing carotenoid content, especially β-cryptoxanthin, in Satsuma mandarin after cultured in vitro for four weeks. In Valencia orange, in contrast, 50 μmol m(-2)s(-1) blue LED light (50B) treatment was effective for inducing carotenoid accumulation through increasing the contents of two major carotenoids, all-trans-violaxanthin and 9-cis-violaxanthin. In addition, gene expression results showed that the simultaneous increases in the expression of genes (CitPSY, CitPDS, CitZDS, CitLCYb2, and CitHYb) involved in producing β,β-xanthophylls were well consistent with the accumulation of β-cryptoxanthin in Satsuma mandarin under 100B, and violaxanthin in Valencia orange under 50B. The results presented herein contribute to further elucidating the regulatory mechanism of carotenoid accumulation by blue LED light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lancui Zhang
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Gang Ma
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Ikoma
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Hikaru Matsumoto
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Terutaka Yoshioka
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Satoshi Ohta
- Department of Citrus Research, NARO Institute of Fruit Tree Science, Okitsunakacho, Shimizu, Shizuoka 424-0292, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, 836 Ohya, Suruga, Shizuoka 422-8529, Japan.
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17
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Zhang YJ, Wang XJ, Wu JX, Chen SY, Chen H, Chai LJ, Yi HL. Comparative transcriptome analyses between a spontaneous late-ripening sweet orange mutant and its wild type suggest the functions of ABA, sucrose and JA during citrus fruit ripening. PLoS One 2014; 9:e116056. [PMID: 25551568 PMCID: PMC4281182 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0116056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A spontaneous late-ripening mutant of 'Jincheng' (C. sinensis L. Osbeck) sweet orange exhibited a delay of fruit pigmentation and harvesting. In this work, we studied the processes of orange fruit ripening through the comparative analysis between the Jincheng mutant and its wild type. This study revealed that the fruit quality began to differ on 166th days after anthesis. At this stage, fruits were subjected to transcriptome analysis by RNA sequencing. 13,412 differentially expressed unigenes (DEGs) were found. Of these unigenes, 75.8% were down-regulated in the wild type, suggesting that the transcription level of wild type was lower than that of the mutant during this stage. These DEGs were mainly clustered into five pathways: metabolic pathways, plant-pathogen interaction, spliceosome, biosynthesis of plant hormones and biosynthesis of phenylpropanoids. Therefore, the expression profiles of the genes that are involved in abscisic acid, sucrose, and jasmonic acid metabolism and signal transduction pathways were analyzed during the six fruit ripening stages. The results revealed the regulation mechanism of sweet orange fruit ripening metabolism in the following four aspects: First, the more mature orange fruits were, the lower the transcription levels were. Second, the expression level of PME boosted with the maturity of the citrus fruit. Therefore, the expression level of PME might represent the degree of the orange fruit ripeness. Third, the interaction of PP2C, PYR/PYL, and SnRK2 was peculiar to the orange fruit ripening process. Fourth, abscisic acid, sucrose, and jasmonic acid all took part in orange fruit ripening process and might interact with each other. These findings provide an insight into the intricate process of sweet orange fruit ripening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Jian Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Xing-Jian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Ju-Xun Wu
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Shan-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- Kunming Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Kunming, 650000, China
| | - Hong Chen
- Engineering Technology College, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Li-Jun Chai
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (LJC); (HLY)
| | - Hua-Lin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
- * E-mail: (LJC); (HLY)
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18
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Alós E, Distefano G, Rodrigo MJ, Gentile A, Zacarías L. Altered sensitivity to ethylene in 'Tardivo', a late-ripening mutant of Clementine mandarin. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2014; 151:507-21. [PMID: 24372483 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
'Tardivo' mandarin is a mutant of 'Comune' Clementine with a delay in peel degreening and coloration, allowing late harvesting. In this work, we have explored if the late-harvesting phenotype of 'Tardivo' mandarin is related to altered perception and sensitivity to ethylene. The peel degreening rate was examined after a single ethephon treatment or during a continuous ethylene application in fruits at two maturation stages. In general, ethylene-induced peel degreening was considerably delayed and reduced in fruits of 'Tardivo', as well as the concomitant reduction of chlorophyll (Chl) and chloroplastic carotenoids, and the accumulation of chromoplastic carotenoids. Analysis of the expression of genes involved in Chl degradation, carotenoids, ABA, phenylpropanoids and ethylene biosynthesis revealed an impairment in the stimulation of most genes by ethylene in the peel of 'Tardivo' fruits with respect to 'Comune', especially after 5 days of ethylene application. Moreover, ethylene-induced expression of two ethylene receptor genes, ETR1 and ETR2, was also reduced in mutant fruits. Expression levels of two ethylene-responsive factors, ERF1 and ERF2, which were repressed by ethylene, were also impaired to a different extent, in fruits of both genotypes. Collectively, results suggested an altered sensitivity of the peel of 'Tardivo' to ethylene-induced physiological and molecular responses, including fruit degreening and coloration processes, which may be time-dependent since an early moderated reduction in the responses was followed by the latter inability to sustain ethylene action. These results support the involvement of ethylene in the regulation of at least some aspects of peel maturation in the non-climacteric citrus fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos (IATA), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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19
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Rodrigo MJ, Alquézar B, Alós E, Medina V, Carmona L, Bruno M, Al-Babili S, Zacarías L. A novel carotenoid cleavage activity involved in the biosynthesis of Citrus fruit-specific apocarotenoid pigments. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2013; 64:4461-78. [PMID: 24006419 PMCID: PMC3808326 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/ert260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Citrus is the first tree crop in terms of fruit production. The colour of Citrus fruit is one of the main quality attributes, caused by the accumulation of carotenoids and their derivative C30 apocarotenoids, mainly β-citraurin (3-hydroxy-β-apo-8'-carotenal), which provide an attractive orange-reddish tint to the peel of oranges and Mandarins. Though carotenoid biosynthesis and its regulation have been extensively studied in Citrus fruits, little is known about the formation of C30 apocarotenoids. The aim of this study was to the identify carotenoid cleavage enzyme(s) [CCD(s)] involved in the peel-specific C30 apocarotenoids. In silico data mining revealed a new family of five CCD4-type genes in Citrus. One gene of this family, CCD4b1, was expressed in reproductive and vegetative tissues of different Citrus species in a pattern correlating with the accumulation of C30 apocarotenoids. Moreover, developmental processes and treatments which alter Citrus fruit peel pigmentation led to changes of β-citraurin content and CCD4b1 transcript levels. These results point to the involvement of CCD4b1 in β-citraurin formation and indicate that the accumulation of this compound is determined by the availability of the presumed precursors zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin. Functional analysis of CCD4b1 by in vitro assays unequivocally demonstrated the asymmetric cleavage activity at the 7',8' double bond in zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin, confirming its role in C30 apocarotenoid biosynthesis. Thus, a novel plant carotenoid cleavage activity targeting the 7',8' double bond of cyclic C40 carotenoids has been identified. These results suggest that the presented enzyme is responsible for the biosynthesis of C30 apocarotenoids in Citrus which are key pigments in fruit coloration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Rodrigo
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Berta Alquézar
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enriqueta Alós
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Víctor Medina
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Carmona
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Mark Bruno
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Salim Al-Babili
- Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Zacarías
- Instituto de Agroquímica y Tecnología de Alimentos, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATA-CSIC), Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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20
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Ma G, Zhang L, Matsuta A, Matsutani K, Yamawaki K, Yahata M, Wahyudi A, Motohashi R, Kato M. Enzymatic formation of β-citraurin from β-cryptoxanthin and Zeaxanthin by carotenoid cleavage dioxygenase4 in the flavedo of citrus fruit. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 163:682-95. [PMID: 23966550 PMCID: PMC3793050 DOI: 10.1104/pp.113.223297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the pathway of β-citraurin biosynthesis, carotenoid contents and the expression of genes related to carotenoid metabolism were investigated in two varieties of Satsuma mandarin (Citrus unshiu), Yamashitabeni-wase, which accumulates β-citraurin predominantly, and Miyagawa-wase, which does not accumulate β-citraurin. The results suggested that CitCCD4 (for Carotenoid Cleavage Dioxygenase4) was a key gene contributing to the biosynthesis of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 increased rapidly from September, which was consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin. In the flavedo of Miyagawa-wase, the expression of CitCCD4 remained at an extremely low level during the ripening process, which was consistent with the absence of β-citraurin. Functional analysis showed that the CitCCD4 enzyme exhibited substrate specificity. It cleaved β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin at the 7,8 or 7',8' position. But other carotenoids tested in this study (lycopene, α-carotene, β-carotene, all-trans-violaxanthin, and 9-cis-violaxanthin) were not cleaved by the CitCCD4 enzyme. The cleavage of β-cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin by CitCCD4 led to the formation of β-citraurin. Additionally, with ethylene and red light-emitting diode light treatments, the gene expression of CitCCD4 was up-regulated in the flavedo of Yamashitabeni-wase. These increases in the expression of CitCCD4 were consistent with the accumulation of β-citraurin in the two treatments. These results might provide new strategies to improve the carotenoid contents and compositions of citrus fruits.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Asami Matsuta
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Matsutani
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Kazuki Yamawaki
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Masaki Yahata
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Anung Wahyudi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Reiko Motohashi
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
| | - Masaya Kato
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Shizuoka University, Suruga, Shizuoka 422–8529, Japan
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Caruso M, Merelo P, Distefano G, La Malfa S, Lo Piero AR, Tadeo FR, Talon M, Gentile A. Comparative transcriptome analysis of stylar canal cells identifies novel candidate genes implicated in the self-incompatibility response of Citrus clementina. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:20. [PMID: 22333138 PMCID: PMC3305554 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reproductive biology in citrus is still poorly understood. Although in recent years several efforts have been made to study pollen-pistil interaction and self-incompatibility, little information is available about the molecular mechanisms regulating these processes. Here we report the identification of candidate genes involved in pollen-pistil interaction and self-incompatibility in clementine (Citrus clementina Hort. ex Tan.). These genes have been identified comparing the transcriptomes of laser-microdissected stylar canal cells (SCC) isolated from two genotypes differing for self-incompatibility response ('Comune', a self-incompatible cultivar and 'Monreal', a self- compatible mutation of 'Comune'). RESULTS The transcriptome profiling of SCC indicated that the differential regulation of few specific, mostly uncharacterized transcripts is associated with the breakdown of self-incompatibility in 'Monreal'. Among them, a novel F-box gene showed a drastic up-regulation both in laser microdissected stylar canal cells and in self-pollinated whole styles with stigmas of 'Comune' in concomitance with the arrest of pollen tube growth. Moreover, we identify a non-characterized gene family as closely associated to the self-incompatibility genetic program activated in 'Comune'. Three different aspartic-acid rich (Asp-rich) protein genes, located in tandem in the clementine genome, were over-represented in the transcriptome of 'Comune'. These genes are tightly linked to a DELLA gene, previously found to be up-regulated in the self-incompatible genotype during pollen-pistil interaction. CONCLUSION The highly specific transcriptome survey of the stylar canal cells identified novel genes which have not been previously associated with self-pollen rejection in citrus and in other plant species. Bioinformatic and transcriptional analyses suggested that the mutation leading to self-compatibility in 'Monreal' affected the expression of non-homologous genes located in a restricted genome region. Also, we hypothesize that the Asp-rich protein genes may act as Ca2+ "entrapping" proteins, potentially regulating Ca2+ homeostasis during self-pollen recognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Paz Merelo
- Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries - Centre de Genómica, Carretera Montcada de l'Horta-Náquera Km. 4,5, 46113 Montcada de l'Horta (València), Spain
| | - Gaetano Distefano
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Stefano La Malfa
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Angela Roberta Lo Piero
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
| | - Francisco R Tadeo
- Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries - Centre de Genómica, Carretera Montcada de l'Horta-Náquera Km. 4,5, 46113 Montcada de l'Horta (València), Spain
| | - Manuel Talon
- Institut Valencià d'Investigacions Agràries - Centre de Genómica, Carretera Montcada de l'Horta-Náquera Km. 4,5, 46113 Montcada de l'Horta (València), Spain
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Dipartimento di Scienze delle Produzioni Agrarie e Alimentari, Università degli Studi di Catania, Via Valdisavoia 5, 95123 Catania, Italy
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