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Velez Lopez A, Waddell A, Antonacci S, Castillo D, Santucci N, Ollberding NJ, Eshleman EM, Denson LA, Alenghat T. Microbiota-derived butyrate dampens linaclotide stimulation of the guanylate cyclase C pathway in patient-derived colonoids. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2023; 35:e14681. [PMID: 37736865 PMCID: PMC10841278 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.14681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Disorders of gut-brain interaction (DGBI) are complex conditions that result in decreased quality of life and a significant cost burden. Linaclotide, a guanylin cyclase C (GCC) receptor agonist, is approved as a DGBI treatment. However, its efficacy has been limited and variable across DGBI patients. Microbiota and metabolomic alterations are noted in DGBI patients, provoking the hypothesis that the microbiota may impact the GCC response to current therapeutics. METHODS Human-derived intestinal organoids were grown from pediatric DGBI, non-IBD colon biopsies (colonoids). Colonoids were treated with 250 nM linaclotide and assayed for cGMP to develop a model of GCC activity. Butyrate was administered to human colonoids overnight at a concentration of 1 mM. Colonoid lysates were analyzed for cGMP levels by ELISA. For the swelling assay, colonoids were photographed pre- and post-treatment and volume was measured using ImageJ. Principal coordinate analyses (PCoA) were performed on the Bray-Curtis dissimilarity and Jaccard distance to assess differences in the community composition of short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) producing microbial species in the intestinal microbiota from pediatric patients with IBS and healthy control samples. KEY RESULTS Linaclotide treatment induced a significant increase in [cGMP] and swelling of patient-derived colonoids, demonstrating a human in vitro model of linaclotide-induced GCC activation. Shotgun sequencing analysis of pediatric IBS patients and healthy controls showed differences in the composition of commensal SCFA-producing bacteria. Butyrate exposure significantly dampened linaclotide-induced cGMP levels and swelling in patient-derived colonoids. CONCLUSIONS & INFERENCES Patient-derived colonoids demonstrate that microbiota-derived butyrate can dampen human colonic responses to linaclotide. This study supports incorporation of microbiota and metabolomic assessment to improve precision medicine for DGBI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Velez Lopez
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Amanda Waddell
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Simona Antonacci
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Daniel Castillo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Neha Santucci
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Nicholas J. Ollberding
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Emily M. Eshleman
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Lee A. Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH USA
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Piroozkhah M, Aghajani A, Jalali P, Shahmoradi A, Piroozkhah M, Tadlili Y, Salehi Z. Guanylate cyclase-C Signaling Axis as a theragnostic target in colorectal cancer: a systematic review of literature. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1277265. [PMID: 37927469 PMCID: PMC10623427 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1277265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a devastating disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Recent research has highlighted the crucial role of the guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) signaling axis in CRC, from the early stages of tumorigenesis to disease progression. GC-C is activated by endogenous peptides guanylin (GU) and uroguanylin (UG), which are critical in maintaining intestinal fluid homeostasis. However, it has been found that these peptides may also contribute to the development of CRC. This systematic review focuses on the latest research on the GC-C signaling axis in CRC. Methods According to the aim of the study, a systematic literature search was conducted on Medline and PubMed databases. Ultimately, a total of 40 articles were gathered for the systematic review. Results Our systematic literature search revealed that alterations in GC-C signaling compartments in CRC tissue have demonstrated potential as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic markers. This research highlights a potential treatment for CRC by targeting the GC-C signaling axis. Promising results from recent studies have explored the use of this signaling axis to develop new vaccines and chimeric antigen receptors that may be used in future clinical trials. Conclusion The findings presented in this review provide compelling evidence that targeting the GC-C signaling axis may be an advantageous approach for treating CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moein Piroozkhah
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Centre, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Aghajani
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Centre, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooya Jalali
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Centre, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arvin Shahmoradi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Paramedical, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Mobin Piroozkhah
- Basic and Molecular Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Disorders Research Centre, Research Institute for Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Younes Tadlili
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Microbiology Trend, Faculty of Basic Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Salehi
- Hematology-Oncology and Stem Cell Transplantation Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Caspi A, Entezari AA, Crutcher M, Snook AE, Waldman SA. Guanylyl cyclase C as a diagnostic and therapeutic target in colorectal cancer. Per Med 2022; 19:457-472. [PMID: 35920071 DOI: 10.2217/pme-2022-0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer remains a major cause of mortality in the USA, despite advances in prevention and screening. Existing therapies focus primarily on generic treatment such as surgical intervention and chemotherapy, depending on disease severity. As personalized medicine and targeted molecular oncology continue to develop as promising treatment avenues, there has emerged a need for effective targets and biomarkers of colorectal cancer. The transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C) regulates intestinal homeostasis and has emerged as a tumor suppressor. Further, it is universally expressed in advanced metastatic colorectal tumors, as well as other cancer types that arise through intestinal metaplasia. In this context, GUCY2C satisfies many characteristics of a compelling target and biomarker for gastrointestinal malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adi Caspi
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Ariana A Entezari
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Madison Crutcher
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
- Department of Surgery, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology, & Cancer Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA
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Prasad H, Mathew JKK, Visweswariah SS. Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C and Cyclic GMP in Health and Disease: Perspectives and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:911459. [PMID: 35846281 PMCID: PMC9276936 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.911459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C (GC-C) was initially characterized as an important regulator of intestinal fluid and ion homeostasis. Recent findings demonstrate that GC-C is also causally linked to intestinal inflammation, dysbiosis, and tumorigenesis. These advances have been fueled in part by identifying mutations or changes in gene expression in GC-C or its ligands, that disrupt the delicate balance of intracellular cGMP levels and are associated with a wide range of clinical phenotypes. In this review, we highlight aspects of the current knowledge of the GC-C signaling pathway in homeostasis and disease, emphasizing recent advances in the field. The review summarizes extra gastrointestinal functions for GC-C signaling, such as appetite control, energy expenditure, visceral nociception, and behavioral processes. Recent research has expanded the homeostatic role of GC-C and implicated it in regulating the ion-microbiome-immune axis, which acts as a mechanistic driver in inflammatory bowel disease. The development of transgenic and knockout mouse models allowed for in-depth studies of GC-C and its relationship to whole-animal physiology. A deeper understanding of the various aspects of GC-C biology and their relationships with pathologies such as inflammatory bowel disease, colorectal cancer, and obesity can be leveraged to devise novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
| | | | - Sandhya S. Visweswariah
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- Centre for Biosystems Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
- *Correspondence: Sandhya S. Visweswariah,
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Jabbar KS, Dolan B, Eklund L, Wising C, Ermund A, Johansson Å, Törnblom H, Simren M, Hansson GC. Association between Brachyspira and irritable bowel syndrome with diarrhoea. Gut 2021; 70:1117-1129. [PMID: 33177165 PMCID: PMC8108289 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-321466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The incidence of IBS increases following enteric infections, suggesting a causative role for microbial imbalance. However, analyses of faecal microbiota have not demonstrated consistent alterations. Here, we used metaproteomics to investigate potential associations between mucus-resident microbiota and IBS symptoms. DESIGN Mucus samples were prospectively collected from sigmoid colon biopsies from patients with IBS and healthy volunteers, and their microbial protein composition analysed by mass spectrometry. Observations were verified by immunofluorescence, electron microscopy and real-time PCR, further confirmed in a second cohort, and correlated with comprehensive profiling of clinical characteristics and mucosal immune responses. RESULTS Metaproteomic analysis of colon mucus samples identified peptides from potentially pathogenic Brachyspira species in a subset of patients with IBS. Using multiple diagnostic methods, mucosal Brachyspira colonisation was detected in a total of 19/62 (31%) patients with IBS from two prospective cohorts, versus 0/31 healthy volunteers (p<0.001). The prevalence of Brachyspira colonisation in IBS with diarrhoea (IBS-D) was 40% in both cohorts (p=0.02 and p=0.006 vs controls). Brachyspira attachment to the colonocyte apical membrane was observed in 20% of patients with IBS and associated with accelerated oro-anal transit, mild mucosal inflammation, mast cell activation and alterations of molecular pathways linked to bacterial uptake and ion-fluid homeostasis. Metronidazole treatment paradoxically promoted Brachyspira relocation into goblet cell secretory granules-possibly representing a novel bacterial strategy to evade antibiotics. CONCLUSION Mucosal Brachyspira colonisation was significantly more common in IBS and associated with distinctive clinical, histological and molecular characteristics. Our observations suggest a role for Brachyspira in the pathogenesis of IBS, particularly IBS-D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina S Jabbar
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Gastroeneterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Brendan Dolan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisbeth Eklund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Gastroeneterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Catharina Wising
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Ermund
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Åsa Johansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hans Törnblom
- Department of Gastroeneterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Simren
- Department of Gastroeneterology and Hepatology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden,Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gunnar C Hansson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Holani R, Babbar A, Blyth GAD, Lopes F, Jijon H, McKay DM, Hollenberg MD, Cobo ER. Cathelicidin-mediated lipopolysaccharide signaling via intracellular TLR4 in colonic epithelial cells evokes CXCL8 production. Gut Microbes 2020; 12:1785802. [PMID: 32658599 PMCID: PMC7524372 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1785802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
We hypothesized that the antimicrobial peptide cathelicidin has a physiological role in regulating gut inflammatory homeostasis. We determined that cathelicidin synergizes with LPS to facilitate its internalization and signaling via endosomic TLR4 in colonic epithelium, evoking synthesis of the human neutrophil chemoattractant, CXCL8 (or murine homolog, CXCL1). Interaction of cathelicidin with LPS in the control of CXCL8/CXCL1 synthesis was assessed in human colon epithelial cells, murine colonoids and cathelicidin-null mice (Camp-/- ). Mechanistically, human cathelicidin (LL-37), as an extracellular complex with LPS, interacted with lipid raft-associated GM1 gangliosides to internalize and activate intracellular TLR4. Two signaling pathways converged on CXCL8/CXCL1 production: (1) a p38MAPK-dependent pathway regulated by Src-EGFR kinases; and, (2) a p38MAPK-independent, NF-κB-dependent pathway, regulated by MEK1/2-MAPK. Increased cathelicidin-dependent CXCL8 secretion in the colonic mucosa activated human blood-derived neutrophils. These cathelicidin effects occurred in vitro at concentrations well below those needed for microbicidal function. The important immunomodulatory role of cathelicidins was evident in cathelicidin-null/Camp-/- mice, which had diminished colonic CXCL1 secretion, decreased neutrophil recruitment-activation and reduced bacterial clearance when challenged with the colitis-inducing murine pathogen, Citrobacter rodentium. We conclude that in addition to its known microbicidal action, cathelicidin has a unique pathogen-sensing role, facilitating LPS-mediated intestinal responses, including the production of CXCL8/CXCL1 that would contribute to an integrated tissue response to recruit neutrophils during colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravi Holani
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Anshu Babbar
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Graham A. D. Blyth
- Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Fernando Lopes
- Institute of Parasitology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Humberto Jijon
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Derek M. McKay
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Morley D. Hollenberg
- Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Eduardo R. Cobo
- Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada,CONTACT Eduardo R. Cobo Production Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, ABT2N 4N1, Canada
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7
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Rappaport JA, Waldman SA. An update on guanylyl cyclase C in the diagnosis, chemoprevention, and treatment of colorectal cancer. Expert Rev Clin Pharmacol 2020; 13:1125-1137. [PMID: 32945718 DOI: 10.1080/17512433.2020.1826304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Colorectal cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer death in the United States, underscoring the need for novel therapies. Despite the successes of new targeted agents for other cancers, colorectal cancer suffers from a relative scarcity of actionable biomarkers. In this context, the intestinal receptor, guanylyl cyclase C (GUCY2C), has emerged as a promising target.Areas covered: GUCY2C regulates a tumor-suppressive signaling axis that is silenced through loss of its endogenous ligands at the earliest stages of tumorigenesis. A body of literature supports a cancer chemoprevention strategy involving reactivation of GUCY2C through FDA-approved cGMP-elevating agents such as linaclotide, plecanatide, and sildenafil. Its limited expression in extra-intestinal tissues, and retention on the surface of cancer cells, also positions GUCY2C as a target for immunotherapies to treat metastatic disease, including vaccines, chimeric antigen receptor T-cells, and antibody-drug conjugates. Likewise, GUCY2C mRNA identifies metastatic cells, enhancing colorectal cancer detection, and staging. Pre-clinical and clinical programs exploring these GUCY2C-targeting strategies will be reviewed.Expert opinion: Recent mechanistic insights characterizing GUCY2C ligand loss early in tumorigenesis, coupled with results from the first clinical trials testing GUCY2C-targeting strategies, continue to elevate GUCY2C as an ideal target for prevention, detection, and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, PA, USA
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8
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Prasad H, Shenoy AR, Visweswariah SS. Cyclic nucleotides, gut physiology and inflammation. FEBS J 2020; 287:1970-1981. [PMID: 31889413 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Misregulation of gut function and homeostasis impinges on the overall well-being of the entire organism. Diarrheal disease is the second leading cause of death in children under 5 years of age, and globally, 1.7 billion cases of childhood diarrhea are reported every year. Accompanying diarrheal episodes are a number of secondary effects in gut physiology and structure, such as erosion of the mucosal barrier that lines the gut, facilitating further inflammation of the gut in response to the normal microbiome. Here, we focus on pathogenic bacteria-mediated diarrhea, emphasizing the role of cyclic adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate and cyclic guanosine 3',5'-monophosphate in driving signaling outputs that result in the secretion of water and ions from the epithelial cells of the gut. We also speculate on how this aberrant efflux and influx of ions could modulate inflammasome signaling, and therefore cell survival and maintenance of gut architecture and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hari Prasad
- Department of Molecular Reproduction, Development and Genetics, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India
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9
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Boucher AA, Rosenfeldt L, Mureb D, Shafer J, Sharma BK, Lane A, Crowther RR, McKell MC, Whitt J, Alenghat T, Qualls J, Antoniak S, Mackman N, Flick MJ, Steinbrecher KA, Palumbo JS. Cell type-specific mechanisms coupling protease-activated receptor-1 to infectious colitis pathogenesis. J Thromb Haemost 2020; 18:91-103. [PMID: 31539206 PMCID: PMC7026906 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Protease-activated receptor-1 (PAR-1) plays a major role in multiple disease processes, including colitis. Understanding the mechanisms coupling PAR-1 to disease pathogenesis is complicated by the fact that PAR-1 is broadly expressed across multiple cell types. OBJECTIVE Determine the specific contributions of PAR-1 expressed by macrophages and colonic enterocytes to infectious colitis. METHODS Mice carrying a conditional PAR-1 allele were generated and bred to mice expressing Cre recombinase in a myeloid- (PAR-1ΔM ) or enterocyte-specific (PAR-1ΔEPI ) fashion. Citrobacter rodentium colitis pathogenesis was analyzed in mice with global PAR-1 deletion (PAR-1-/- ) and cell type-specific deletions. RESULTS Constitutive deletion of PAR-1 had no significant impact on weight loss, crypt hypertrophy, crypt abscess formation, or leukocyte infiltration in Citrobacter colitis. However, colonic shortening was significantly blunted in infected PAR-1-/- mice, and these animals exhibited decreased local levels of IL-1β, IL-22, IL-6, and IL-17A. In contrast, infected PAR-1ΔM mice lost less weight and had fewer crypt abscesses relative to controls. PAR-1ΔM mice had diminished CD3+ T cell infiltration into colonic tissue, but macrophage and CD4+ T cell infiltration were similar to controls. Also contrasting results in global knockouts, PAR-1ΔM mice exhibited lower levels of IL-1β, but not Th17-related cytokines (ie, IL-22, IL-6, IL-17A). Infected PAR-1ΔEPI mice exhibited increased crypt hypertrophy and crypt abscess formation, but local cytokine elaboration was similar to controls. CONCLUSIONS These studies reveal complex, cell type-specific roles for PAR-1 in modulating the immune response to Citrobacter colitis that are not readily apparent in analyses limited to mice with global PAR-1 deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander A. Boucher
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Leah Rosenfeldt
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Duaa Mureb
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jessica Shafer
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Bal Krishan Sharma
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Adam Lane
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Rebecca R. Crowther
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Melanie C. McKell
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
- Immunology Graduate Program, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Jordan Whitt
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Theresa Alenghat
- Division of Immunobiology and Center for Inflammation and Tolerance, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph Qualls
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Silvio Antoniak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Nigel Mackman
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Matthew J. Flick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Kris A. Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center and the University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Joseph S. Palumbo
- Cancer and Blood Diseases Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center; Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
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Li N, Ma WT, Pang M, Fan QL, Hua JL. The Commensal Microbiota and Viral Infection: A Comprehensive Review. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1551. [PMID: 31333675 PMCID: PMC6620863 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The human body is inhabited by a diverse microbial community that is collectively coined as commensal microbiota. Recent research has greatly advanced our understanding of how the commensal microbiota affects host health. Among the various kinds of pathogenic infections of the host, viral infections constitute one of the most serious public health problems worldwide. During the infection process, viruses may have substantial and intimate interactions with the commensal microbiota. A plethora of evidence suggests that the commensal microbiota regulates and is in turn regulated by invading viruses through diverse mechanisms, thereby having stimulatory or suppressive roles in viral infections. Furthermore, the integrity of the commensal microbiota can be disturbed by invading viruses, causing dysbiosis in the host and further influencing virus infectivity. In the present article, we discuss current insights into the regulation of viral infection by the commensal microbiota. We also draw attention to the disruption of microbiota homeostasis by several viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Wen-Tao Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Ming Pang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
| | - Qin-Lei Fan
- Animal Health and Epidemiology Center, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Lian Hua
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A & F University, Yangling, China
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11
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Islam BN, Sharman SK, Browning DD. Clinical utility of plecanatide in the treatment of chronic idiopathic constipation. Int J Gen Med 2018; 11:323-330. [PMID: 30127634 PMCID: PMC6089121 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s125051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constipation is an important health burden that reduces the quality of life for countless millions of people. Symptom-centric therapeutics are often used to treat constipation due to unknown etiology, but in many cases, these drugs are either inadequate or have significant side effects. More recently, synthetic peptide agonists for epithelial guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C) have been developed which are effective at treating constipation in a sub-population of adult constipation patients. The first to market was linaclotide that is structurally related to the diarrheagenic enterotoxin, but this was followed by plecanatide, which more closely resembles endogenous uroguanylin. Both the drugs exhibit almost identical clinical efficacy in about 20% of patients, with diarrhea being a common side effect. Despite the potential for reduced side effects with plecanatide, detailed analysis suggests that clinically, they are very similar. Ongoing clinical and preclinical studies with these drugs suggest that treating constipation might be the tip of the iceberg in terms of clinical utility. The expression of cGMP signaling components could be diagnostic for functional bowel disorders, and increasing cGMP using GC-C agonists or phosphodiesterase inhibitors has huge potential for treating enteric pain, ulcerative colitis, and for the chemoprevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bianca N Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
| | - Sarah K Sharman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
| | - Darren D Browning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA,
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12
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Rappaport JA, Waldman SA. The Guanylate Cyclase C-cGMP Signaling Axis Opposes Intestinal Epithelial Injury and Neoplasia. Front Oncol 2018; 8:299. [PMID: 30131940 PMCID: PMC6091576 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Guanylate cyclase C (GUCY2C) is a transmembrane receptor expressed on the luminal aspect of the intestinal epithelium. Its ligands include bacterial heat-stable enterotoxins responsible for traveler's diarrhea, the endogenous peptide hormones uroguanylin and guanylin, and the synthetic agents, linaclotide, plecanatide, and dolcanatide. Ligand-activated GUCY2C catalyzes the synthesis of intracellular cyclic GMP (cGMP), initiating signaling cascades underlying homeostasis of the intestinal epithelium. Mouse models of GUCY2C ablation, and recently, human populations harboring GUCY2C mutations, have revealed the diverse contributions of this signaling axis to epithelial health, including regulating fluid secretion, microbiome composition, intestinal barrier integrity, epithelial renewal, cell cycle progression, responses to DNA damage, epithelial-mesenchymal cross-talk, cell migration, and cellular metabolic status. Because of these wide-ranging roles, dysregulation of the GUCY2C-cGMP signaling axis has been implicated in the pathogenesis of bowel transit disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, and colorectal cancer. This review explores the current understanding of cGMP signaling in the intestinal epithelium and mechanisms by which it opposes intestinal injury. Particular focus will be applied to its emerging role in tumor suppression. In colorectal tumors, endogenous GUCY2C ligand expression is lost by a yet undefined mechanism conserved in mice and humans. Further, reconstitution of GUCY2C signaling through genetic or oral ligand replacement opposes tumorigenesis in mice. Taken together, these findings suggest an intriguing hypothesis that colorectal cancer arises in a microenvironment of functional GUCY2C inactivation, which can be repaired by oral ligand replacement. Hence, the GUCY2C signaling axis represents a novel therapeutic target for preventing colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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13
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Waldman SA, Camilleri M. Guanylate cyclase-C as a therapeutic target in gastrointestinal disorders. Gut 2018; 67:1543-1552. [PMID: 29563144 PMCID: PMC6204952 DOI: 10.1136/gutjnl-2018-316029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) and IBDs are two of the most prevalent disorders of the GI tract and consume a significant proportion of healthcare resources. Recent studies have shown that membrane-bound guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) receptors lining the GI tract may serve as novel therapeutic targets in the treatment of FGIDs and IBDs. GC-C receptor activation by its endogenous paracrine hormones uroguanylin and guanylin, and the resulting intracellular production of its downstream effector cyclic GMP, occurs in a pH-dependent manner and modulates key physiological functions. These include fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, maintenance of the intestinal barrier, anti-inflammatory activity and regulation of epithelial regeneration. Studies of the GC-C paracrine signalling axis have revealed the therapeutic potential of these receptors in treating GI disorders, including chronic idiopathic constipation and irritable bowel syndrome-constipation. This review focuses on the evolving understanding of GC-C function in health and disease, and strategies for translating these principles into new treatments for FGIDs and IBDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neurosciences Translational and Epidemiological Research (CENTER), Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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14
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Boulete IM, Thadi A, Beaufrand C, Patwa V, Joshi A, Foss JA, Eddy EP, Eutamene H, Palejwala VA, Theodorou V, Shailubhai K. Oral treatment with plecanatide or dolcanatide attenuates visceral hypersensitivity via activation of guanylate cyclase-C in rat models. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1888-1900. [PMID: 29740204 PMCID: PMC5937206 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i17.1888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects of plecanatide and dolcanatide on maintenance of paracellular permeability, integrity of tight junctions and on suppression of visceral hypersensitivity.
METHODS Transport of fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran was measured to assess permeability across cell monolayers and rat colon tissues. Effects of plecanatide and dolcanatide on the integrity of tight junctions in Caco-2 and T84 monolayers and on the expression and localization of occludin and zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) were examined by immunofluorescence microscopy. Anti-nociceptive activity of these agonists was evaluated in trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced inflammatory as well as in non-inflammatory partial restraint stress (PRS) rat models. Statistical significance between the treatment groups in the permeability studies were evaluated using unpaired t-tests.
RESULTS Treatment of T84 and Caco-2 monolayers with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) rapidly increased permeability, which was effectively suppressed when monolayers were also treated with plecanatide or dolcanatide. Similarly, when T84 and Caco-2 monolayers were treated with LPS, cell surface localization of tight junction proteins occludin and ZO-1 was severely disrupted. When cell monolayers were treated with LPS in the presence of plecanatide or dolcanatide, occludin and ZO-1 were localized at the cell surface of adjoining cells, similar to that observed for vehicle treated cells. Treatment of cell monolayers with plecanatide or dolcanatide without LPS did not alter permeability, integrity of tight junctions and cell surface localization of either of the tight junction proteins. In rat visceral hypersensitivity models, both agonists suppressed the TNBS-induced increase in abdominal contractions in response to colorectal distension without affecting the colonic wall elasticity, and both agonists also reduced colonic hypersensitivity in the PRS model.
CONCLUSION Our results suggest that activation of GC-C signaling might be involved in maintenance of barrier function, possibly through regulating normal localization of tight junction proteins. Consistent with these findings, plecanatide and dolcanatide showed potent anti-nociceptive activity in rat visceral hypersensitivity models. These results imply that activation of GC-C signaling may be an attractive therapeutic approach to treat functional constipation disorders and inflammatory gastrointestinal conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anusha Thadi
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | | | - Viren Patwa
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - Apoorva Joshi
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
| | - John A Foss
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
| | - E Priya Eddy
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
| | | | - Vaseem A Palejwala
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
| | | | - Kunwar Shailubhai
- Baruch S. Blumberg Institute, Doylestown, PA 18902, United States
- Synergy Pharmaceuticals Inc., 420 Lexington Avenue, New York, NY 10170, United States
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15
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Absence of Receptor Guanylyl Cyclase C Enhances Ileal Damage and Reduces Cytokine and Antimicrobial Peptide Production during Oral Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Infection. Infect Immun 2018; 86:IAI.00799-17. [PMID: 29463616 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00799-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nontyphoidal Salmonella disease contributes toward significant morbidity and mortality across the world. Host factors, including gamma interferon, tumor necrosis factor alpha, and gut microbiota, significantly influence the outcome of Salmonella pathogenesis. However, the entire repertoire of host protective mechanisms contributing to Salmonella pathogenicity is not completely appreciated. Here, we investigated the roles of receptor guanylyl cyclase C (GC-C), which is predominantly expressed in the intestine and regulates intestinal cell proliferation and fluid-ion homeostasis. Mice deficient in GC-C (Gucy2c-/-) displayed accelerated mortality compared with that for wild-type mice following infection via the oral route, even though both groups possessed comparable systemic Salmonella infection burdens. Survival following intraperitoneal infection remained similar in both groups, indicating that GC-C offered protection via a gut-mediated response. The serum cortisol level was higher in Gucy2c-/- mice than wild-type (Gucy2c+/+) mice, and an increase in infection-induced thymic atrophy with a loss of immature CD4+ CD8+ double-positive thymocytes was observed. Accelerated and enhanced damage in the ileum, including submucosal edema, epithelial cell damage, focal tufting, and distortion of the villus architecture, was seen in Gucy2c-/- mice concomitantly with a larger number of ileal tissue-associated bacteria. Transcription of key mediators of Salmonella-induced inflammation (interleukin-22/Reg3β) was altered in Gucy2c-/- mice in comparison to that in Gucy2c+/+ mice. A reduction in fecal lactobacilli, which are protective against Salmonella infection, was observed in Gucy2c-/- mice. Gucy2c-/- mice cohoused with wild-type mice continued to show reduced amounts of lactobacilli and increased susceptibility to infection. Our study, therefore, suggests that the receptor GC-C confers a survival advantage during gut-mediated Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium pathogenesis, presumably by regulating Salmonella effector mechanisms and maintaining a beneficial microbiome.
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16
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Amarachintha S, Harmel-Laws E, Steinbrecher KA. Guanylate cyclase C reduces invasion of intestinal epithelial cells by bacterial pathogens. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1521. [PMID: 29367634 PMCID: PMC5784150 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-19868-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) receptor regulates electrolyte and water secretion into the gut following activation by the E. coli enterotoxin STa, or by weaker endogenous agonists guanylin and uroguanylin. Our previous work has demonstrated that GC-C plays an important role in controlling initial infection as well as carrying load of non-invasive bacterial pathogens in the gut. Here, we use Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium to determine whether GC-C signaling is important in host defense against pathogens that actively invade enterocytes. In vitro studies indicated that GC-C signaling significantly reduces Salmonella invasion into Caco2-BBE monolayers. Relative to controls, GC-C knockout mice develop severe systemic illness following oral Salmonella infection, characterized by disrupted intestinal mucus layer, elevated cytokines and organ CFUs, and reduced animal survival. In Salmonella-infected wildtype mice, oral gavage of GC-C agonist peptide reduced host/pathogen physical interaction and diminished bacterial translocation to mesenteric lymph nodes. These studies suggest that early life susceptibility to STa-secreting enterotoxigenic E. coli may be counter-balanced by a critical role of GC-C in protecting the mucosa from non-STa producing, invasive bacterial pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surya Amarachintha
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Eleana Harmel-Laws
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45229, USA.
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17
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Guanylate Cyclase C Activation Shapes the Intestinal Microbiota in Patients with Familial Diarrhea and Increased Susceptibility for Crohn's Disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2017; 23:1752-1761. [PMID: 28902124 DOI: 10.1097/mib.0000000000001264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND With 25% prevalence of Crohn's disease, Familial GUCY2C diarrhea syndrome (FGDS) is a monogenic disorder potentially suited to study initiating factors in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). We aimed to characterize the impact of an activating GUCY2C mutation on the gut microbiota in patients with FGDS controlling for Crohn's disease status and to determine whether changes share features with those observed in unrelated patients with IBD. METHODS Bacterial DNA from fecal samples collected from patients with FGDS (N = 20), healthy relatives (N = 11), unrelated healthy individuals (N = 263), and IBD controls (N = 46) was subjected to sequencing of the V3-V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene to determine gut microbiota composition. Food frequency questionnaires were obtained from patients with FGDS and their relatives. RESULTS Compared with healthy controls, FGDS displayed prominent changes in many microbial lineages including increase in Enterobacteriaceae, loss of Bifidobacterium and Faecalibacterium prausnitzii but an unchanged intraindividual (alpha) diversity. The depletion of F. prausnitzii is in line with what is typically observed in Crohn's disease. There was no significant difference in the dietary profile between the patients and related controls. The gut microbiota in related and unrelated healthy controls was also similar, suggesting that diet and familial factors do not explain the gut microbiota alterations in FGDS. CONCLUSIONS The findings support that the activating mutation in GUCY2C creates an intestinal environment with a major influence on the microbiota, which could contribute to the increased susceptibility to IBD in patients with FGDS.
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18
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Li P, Wuthrick E, Rappaport JA, Kraft C, Lin JE, Marszalowicz G, Snook AE, Zhan T, Hyslop TM, Waldman SA. GUCY2C Signaling Opposes the Acute Radiation-Induced GI Syndrome. Cancer Res 2017; 77:5095-5106. [PMID: 28916678 PMCID: PMC5678756 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-17-0859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
High doses of ionizing radiation induce acute damage to epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, mediating toxicities restricting the therapeutic efficacy of radiation in cancer and morbidity and mortality in nuclear disasters. No approved prophylaxis or therapy exists for these toxicities, in part reflecting an incomplete understanding of mechanisms contributing to the acute radiation-induced GI syndrome (RIGS). Guanylate cyclase C (GUCY2C) and its hormones guanylin and uroguanylin have recently emerged as one paracrine axis defending intestinal mucosal integrity against mutational, chemical, and inflammatory injury. Here, we reveal a role for the GUCY2C paracrine axis in compensatory mechanisms opposing RIGS. Eliminating GUCY2C signaling exacerbated RIGS, amplifying radiation-induced mortality, weight loss, mucosal bleeding, debilitation, and intestinal dysfunction. Durable expression of GUCY2C, guanylin, and uroguanylin mRNA and protein by intestinal epithelial cells was preserved following lethal irradiation inducing RIGS. Oral delivery of the heat-stable enterotoxin (ST), an exogenous GUCY2C ligand, opposed RIGS, a process requiring p53 activation mediated by dissociation from MDM2. In turn, p53 activation prevented cell death by selectively limiting mitotic catastrophe, but not apoptosis. These studies reveal a role for the GUCY2C paracrine hormone axis as a novel compensatory mechanism opposing RIGS, and they highlight the potential of oral GUCY2C agonists (Linzess; Trulance) to prevent and treat RIGS in cancer therapy and nuclear disasters. Cancer Res; 77(18); 5095-106. ©2017 AACR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/radiation effects
- Cell Proliferation/radiation effects
- Colonic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Colonic Neoplasms/pathology
- Colonic Neoplasms/radiotherapy
- Female
- Gamma Rays/adverse effects
- Gastrointestinal Hormones/metabolism
- Gastrointestinal Tract/radiation effects
- Humans
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/enzymology
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/etiology
- Irritable Bowel Syndrome/prevention & control
- Lymphoma/enzymology
- Lymphoma/pathology
- Lymphoma/radiotherapy
- Male
- Melanoma, Experimental/enzymology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Melanoma, Experimental/radiotherapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Natriuretic Peptides/metabolism
- Paracrine Communication/radiation effects
- Radiation Injuries, Experimental/enzymology
- Radiation Injuries, Experimental/etiology
- Radiation Injuries, Experimental/prevention & control
- Receptors, Enterotoxin
- Receptors, Guanylate Cyclase-Coupled/metabolism
- Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/radiation effects
- Tumor Cells, Cultured
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Li
- Department of Pathology, Immunology and Laboratory Medicine, College of Medicine, The University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Evan Wuthrick
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Jeff A Rappaport
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Crystal Kraft
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jieru E Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Glen Marszalowicz
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Adam E Snook
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Tingting Zhan
- Divisions of Clinical Pharmacology and Biostatistics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Terry M Hyslop
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Scott A Waldman
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
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19
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Ikpa PT, Sleddens HFBM, Steinbrecher KA, Peppelenbosch MP, de Jonge HR, Smits R, Bijvelds MJC. Guanylin and uroguanylin are produced by mouse intestinal epithelial cells of columnar and secretory lineage. Histochem Cell Biol 2016; 146:445-55. [PMID: 27246004 PMCID: PMC5037145 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-016-1453-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Guanylin (GN) and uroguanylin (UGN), through activation of guanylyl cyclase C (GCC), serve to control intestinal fluid homeostasis. Both peptides are produced in the intestinal epithelium, but their cellular origin has not been fully charted. Using quantitative PCR and an improved in situ hybridization technique (RNAscope), we have assessed the expression of GN (Guca2a), UGN (Guca2b), and GCC (Gucy2c) in mouse intestine. In the crypts of Lieberkühn, expression of Guca2a and Guca2b was restricted to cells of secretory lineage, at the crypt's base, and to a region above, previously identified as a common origin of cellular differentiation. In this compartment, comparatively uniform levels of Guca2a and Guca2b expression were observed throughout the length of the gut. In contrast, Guca2a and Guca2b expression in the villus-surface region was more variable, and reflected the distinct, but overlapping expression pattern observed previously. Accordingly, in jejunum and ileum, Guca2a and Guca2b were abundantly expressed by enterocytes, whereas in colon only Guca2a transcript was found in the surface region. In duodenum, only low levels of Guca2b transcript were observed in columnar cells, and Guca2a expression was restricted entirely to cells of the secretory lineage. Gucy2c was shown to be expressed relatively uniformly along the rostrocaudal and crypt-villus axes and was also found in the duodenal glands. Our study reveals novel aspects of the cellular localization of the GCC signaling axis that, apart from its role in the regulation of fluid balance, link it to pH regulation, cell cycle control, and host defense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline T Ikpa
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hein F B M Sleddens
- Department of Pathology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, 45229, USA
| | - Maikel P Peppelenbosch
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Hugo R de Jonge
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ron Smits
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel J C Bijvelds
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, PO Box 2040, 3000 CA, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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20
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Camilleri
- Clinical Enteric Neuroscience Translational and Epidemiological Research (C. E. N. T. E. R.), College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
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21
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Zhang R, Gilbert S, Yao X, Vallance J, Steinbrecher K, Moriggl R, Zhang D, Eluri M, Chen H, Cao H, Shroyer N, Denson L, Han X. Natural compound methyl protodioscin protects against intestinal inflammation through modulation of intestinal immune responses. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00118. [PMID: 26038694 PMCID: PMC4448980 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Revised: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dioscoreaceae, a kind of yam plant, has been recommended for treatment of chronic inflammatory conditions. However, the mechanisms are poorly defined. Methyl protodioscin (MPD) is one of the main bioactive components in Dioscoreaceae. Here, we aim to determine the mechanisms by which MPD ameliorates intestinal inflammation. Surgical intestinal specimens were collected from inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) patients to perform organ culture. Experimental colitis was induced in mice by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) or Citrobacter rodentium, and was then treated with MPD. NF-κB activation, expression of mucosal pro-inflammatory cytokines, disease severity, and epithelial proliferation/apoptosis were determined. Mouse crypts and Caco-2 monolayers were cultured to observe the effect of MPD upon intestinal epithelial differentiation and barrier function. We found that MPD increased the percentage of survival from high-dose DSS-(4%) treated mice, and accelerated mucosal healing and epithelial proliferation in low-dose DSS-(2.5%) treated mice characterized by marked reduction in NF-κB activation, pro-inflammatory cytokines expression and bacterial translocation. Consistently, MPD protected colonic mucosa from C. rodentium-induced colonic inflammation and bacterial colonization. In vitro studies showed that MPD significantly increased crypt formation and restored intestinal barrier dysfunction induced by pro-inflammatory cytokines. In conclusion, MPD ameliorates the intestinal mucosal inflammation by modulating the intestinal immunity to enhance intestinal barrier differentiation. MPD could be an alternative for treating chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongli Zhang
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Shila Gilbert
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Jefferson Vallance
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Kris Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Richard Moriggl
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Cancer Research, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Austria
| | - Dongsheng Zhang
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Madhu Eluri
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | | | - Huiqing Cao
- The Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University Beijing, China
| | - Noah Shroyer
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Lee Denson
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Xiaonan Han
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center (CCHMC) Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
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22
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Begg DP, Steinbrecher KA, Mul JD, Chambers AP, Kohli R, Haller A, Cohen MB, Woods SC, Seeley RJ. Effect of guanylate cyclase-C activity on energy and glucose homeostasis. Diabetes 2014; 63:3798-804. [PMID: 24898144 PMCID: PMC4207398 DOI: 10.2337/db14-0160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Uroguanylin is a gastrointestinal hormone primarily involved in fluid and electrolyte handling. It has recently been reported that prouroguanylin, secreted postprandially, is converted to uroguanylin in the brain and activates the receptor guanylate cyclase-C (GC-C) to reduce food intake and prevent obesity. We tested central nervous system administration of two GC-C agonists and found no significant reduction of food intake. We also carefully phenotyped mice lacking the GC-C receptor and found them to have normal body weight, adiposity, and glucose tolerance. Interestingly, uroguanylin knockout mice had a small but significant increase in body weight and adiposity that was accompanied by glucose intolerance. Our data indicate that the modest effects of uroguanylin on energy and glucose homeostasis are not mediated by central GC-C receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denovan P Begg
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH School of Psychology, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kris A Steinbrecher
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Joram D Mul
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Adam P Chambers
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Rohit Kohli
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - April Haller
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Mitchell B Cohen
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Stephen C Woods
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
| | - Randy J Seeley
- Metabolic Diseases Institute, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Guanylate cyclase C (GC-C) is a transmembrane receptor that is expressed primarily on intestinal epithelial cells. Activation of this receptor by its endogenous peptide ligands initiates cyclic guanosine monophosphate-dependent (cGMP) salt and water movement in the intestine. GC-C is targeted by the enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli heat-stable enterotoxin STa, which deregulates this pathway and causes secretory diarrhea. This review discusses current work on the physiological function of GC-C in the intestine. RECENT FINDINGS Familial GC-C mutations demonstrate that epithelial cGMP signaling is critical to electrolyte and fluid balance in the neonatal intestine. Chronic deregulation of GC-C activity in early life increases susceptibility to a number of disorders, including obstruction and inflammatory bowel disease. Murine models indicate that GC-C regulates the composition of intestinal commensal microflora and that it suppresses bacterial infection and modulates colonic injury and inflammation. Therapeutic GC-C ligands are used to successfully treat constipation-predominant irritable bowel syndrome and recent studies show that extracellular cGMP is an important mechanism of reducing abdominal pain associated with this disorder. SUMMARY Originally identified as a target of E. coli enterotoxin STa, GC-C is an important regulator of physiological salt and water homeostasis and may directly impact a wide range of intestinal disorders.
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Harmel-Laws E, Mann EA, Cohen MB, Steinbrecher KA. Guanylate cyclase C deficiency causes severe inflammation in a murine model of spontaneous colitis. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79180. [PMID: 24244444 PMCID: PMC3823613 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Accepted: 09/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Guanylate Cyclase C (GC-C; Gucy2c) is a transmembrane receptor expressed in intestinal epithelial cells. Activation of GC-C by its secreted ligand guanylin stimulates intestinal fluid secretion. Familial mutations in GC-C cause chronic diarrheal disease or constipation and are associated with intestinal inflammation and infection. Here, we investigated the impact of GC-C activity on mucosal immune responses. Methods We utilized intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide to elicit a systemic cytokine challenge and then measured pro-inflammatory gene expression in colonic mucosa. GC-C+/+ and GC-C−/− mice were bred with interleukin (IL)-10 deficient animals and colonic inflammation were assessed. Immune cell influx and cytokine/chemokine expression was measured in the colon of wildtype, IL-10−/−, GC-C+/+IL-10−/− and GC-C−/−IL-10−/− mice. GC-C and guanylin production were examined in the colon of these animals and in a cytokine-treated colon epithelial cell line. Results Relative to GC-C+/+ animals, intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide injection into GC-C−/− mice increased proinflammatory gene expression in both whole colon tissue and in partially purified colonocyte isolations. Spontaneous colitis in GC-C−/−IL-10−/− animals was significantly more severe relative to GC-C+/+IL-10−/− mice. Unlike GC-C+/+IL-10−/− controls, colon pathology in GC-C−/−IL-10−/− animals was apparent at an early age and was characterized by severely altered mucosal architecture, crypt abscesses, and hyperplastic subepithelial lesions. F4/80 and myeloperoxidase positive cells as well as proinflammatory gene expression were elevated in GC-C−/−IL-10−/− mucosa relative to control animals. Guanylin was diminished early in colitis in vivo and tumor necrosis factor α suppressed guanylin mRNA and protein in intestinal goblet cell-like HT29-18-N2 cells. Conclusions The GC-C signaling pathway blunts colonic mucosal inflammation that is initiated by systemic cytokine burst or loss of mucosal immune cell immunosuppression. These data as well as the apparent intestinal inflammation in human GC-C mutant kindred underscore the importance of GC-C in regulating the response to injury and inflammation within the gut.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleana Harmel-Laws
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Elizabeth A. Mann
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Mitchell B. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Kris A. Steinbrecher
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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