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Mariajoseph FP, Chung JX, Lai LT, Moore J, Goldschlager T, Chandra RV, Praeger A, Slater LA. Clinical management of contrast-induced neurotoxicity: a systematic review. Acta Neurol Belg 2024; 124:1141-1149. [PMID: 38329641 PMCID: PMC11266203 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-024-02474-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Contrast-induced neurotoxicity (CIN) is an increasingly recognised complication following endovascular procedures utilising contrast. It remains poorly understood with heterogenous clinical management strategies. The aim of this review was to identify commonly employed treatments for CIN to enhance clinical decision making. METHODS A systematic search of Embase (1947-2022) and Medline (1946-2022) was conducted. Articles describing (i) patients with a clinical diagnosis of CIN, (ii) with radiological exclusion of other pathologies, (iii) detailed report of treatments, and (iv) discharge outcomes, were included. Data relating to demographics, procedure, symptoms, treatment and outcomes were extracted. RESULTS A total of 73 patients were included, with a median age of 64 years. The most common procedures were cerebral angiography (42.5%) and coronary angiography (42.5%), and the median volume of contrast administered was 150 ml. The most common symptoms were cortical blindness (38.4%) and reduced consciousness (28.8%), and 84.9% of patients experienced complete resolution at the time of discharge. Management included intravenous fluids to dilute contrast in the cerebrovasculature (54.8%), corticosteroids to reduce blood-brain barrier damage (47.9%), antiseizure (16.4%) and sedative (16.4%) medications. Mannitol (13.7%) was also utilised to reduce cerebral oedema. Intensive care admission was required for 19.2% of patients. No statistically significant differences were observed between treatment and discharge outcomes. CONCLUSIONS The clinical management of CIN should be considered on a patient-by-patient basis, but may consist of aggressive fluid therapy alongside corticosteroids, as well as other supportive therapy as required. Further examination of CIN management is required to define best practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederick P Mariajoseph
- Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
| | - Jia Xi Chung
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Leon T Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Justin Moore
- Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Tony Goldschlager
- Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Ronil V Chandra
- Monash Imaging, Monash Health, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Adrian Praeger
- Department of Neurosurgery, Monash Health, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Department of Surgery, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Lee-Anne Slater
- Monash Imaging, Monash Health, Clayton, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Radiology, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Syzdykbayev M, Kazymov M, Aubakirov M, Kurmangazina A, Kairkhanov E, Kazangapov R, Bryzhakhina Z, Imangazinova S, Sheinin A. A Modern Approach to the Treatment of Traumatic Brain Injury. MEDICINES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 11:10. [PMID: 38786549 PMCID: PMC11123131 DOI: 10.3390/medicines11050010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury manifests itself in various forms, ranging from mild impairment of consciousness to severe coma and death. Traumatic brain injury remains one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality. Currently, there is no therapy to reverse the effects associated with traumatic brain injury. New neuroprotective treatments for severe traumatic brain injury have not achieved significant clinical success. Methods: A literature review was performed to summarize the recent interdisciplinary findings on management of traumatic brain injury from both clinical and experimental perspective. Results: In the present review, we discuss the concepts of traditional and new approaches to treatment of traumatic brain injury. The recent development of different drug delivery approaches to the central nervous system is also discussed. Conclusions: The management of traumatic brain injury could be aimed either at the pathological mechanisms initiating the secondary brain injury or alleviating the symptoms accompanying the injury. In many cases, however, the treatment should be complex and include a variety of medical interventions and combination therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat Syzdykbayev
- Department of Hospital Surgery, Anesthesiology and Reanimatology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Maksut Kazymov
- Department of General Practitioners, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Marat Aubakirov
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Aigul Kurmangazina
- Committee for Medical and Pharmaceutical Control of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan for East Kazakhstan Region, Ust-Kamenogorsk 070004, Kazakhstan
| | - Ernar Kairkhanov
- Pavlodar Branch of Semey Medical University, Pavlodar S03Y3M1, Kazakhstan
| | - Rustem Kazangapov
- Pavlodar Branch of Semey Medical University, Pavlodar S03Y3M1, Kazakhstan
| | - Zhanna Bryzhakhina
- Department Psychiatry and Narcology, Semey Medical University, Semey 071400, Kazakhstan
| | - Saule Imangazinova
- Department of Therapy, Astana Medical University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Anton Sheinin
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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Yan A, Torpey A, Morrisroe E, Andraous W, Costa A, Bergese S. Clinical Management in Traumatic Brain Injury. Biomedicines 2024; 12:781. [PMID: 38672137 PMCID: PMC11048642 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide and is one of the major public healthcare burdens in the US, with millions of patients suffering from the traumatic brain injury itself (approximately 1.6 million/year) or its repercussions (2-6 million patients with disabilities). The severity of traumatic brain injury can range from mild transient neurological dysfunction or impairment to severe profound disability that leaves patients completely non-functional. Indications for treatment differ based on the injury's severity, but one of the goals of early treatment is to prevent secondary brain injury. Hemodynamic stability, monitoring and treatment of intracranial pressure, maintenance of cerebral perfusion pressure, support of adequate oxygenation and ventilation, administration of hyperosmolar agents and/or sedatives, nutritional support, and seizure prophylaxis are the mainstays of medical treatment for severe traumatic brain injury. Surgical management options include decompressive craniectomy or cerebrospinal fluid drainage via the insertion of an external ventricular drain. Several emerging treatment modalities are being investigated, such as anti-excitotoxic agents, anti-ischemic and cerebral dysregulation agents, S100B protein, erythropoietin, endogenous neuroprotectors, anti-inflammatory agents, and stem cell and neuronal restoration agents, among others.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Yan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Andrew Torpey
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Erin Morrisroe
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA;
| | - Wesam Andraous
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Ana Costa
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA; (A.Y.); (A.T.); (W.A.); (A.C.)
| | - Sergio Bergese
- Department of Anesthesiology and Neurological Surgery, Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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4
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Gedeno K, Neme D, Jemal B, Aweke Z, Achule A, Geremu K, Bekele Uddo T. Evidence-based management of adult traumatic brain injury with raised intracranial pressure in intensive critical care unit at resource-limited settings: a literature review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5983-6000. [PMID: 38098558 PMCID: PMC10718354 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In underdeveloped countries, there is a greater incidence of mortality and morbidity arising from trauma, with traumatic brain injury (TBI) accounting for 50% of all trauma-related deaths. The occurrence of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP), which is a common pathophysiological phenomenon in cases of TBI, acts as a contributing factor to unfavorable outcomes. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the existing literature regarding the management of adult TBI with raised ICP in an intensive critical care unit, despite limited resources. Methods This systematic review was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis protocol. Search engines such as PubMed, the Cochrane database, and Google Scholar were utilized to locate high-level evidence that would facilitate the formation of sound conclusions. Result A total of 11 715 articles were identified and individually assessed to determine their eligibility for inclusion or exclusion based on predetermined criteria and outcome variables. The methodological quality of each study was evaluated using recommended criteria. Ultimately, the review consisted of 51 articles. Conclusion Physical examination results and noninvasive assessments of the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) via sonography are positively associated with elevated ICP, and are employed as diagnostic and monitoring tools for elevated ICP in resource-limited settings. Management of elevated ICP necessitates an algorithmic approach that utilizes prophylactic measures and acute intervention treatments to mitigate the risk of secondary brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanbiro Gedeno
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch
| | | | | | - Zemedu Aweke
- Department of Anesthesia
- School of Clinical Science, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Astemamagn Achule
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch
| | - Kuchulo Geremu
- Department of Anesthesia, College of Medicine and Health Science, Arba Minch University, Arba Minch
| | - Tesfanew Bekele Uddo
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine and Health Science, Dilla University, Dilla, Ethiopia
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5
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Almohaish S, Cook AM, Brophy GM, Rhoney DH. Personalized antiseizure medication therapy in critically ill adult patients. Pharmacotherapy 2023; 43:1166-1181. [PMID: 36999346 DOI: 10.1002/phar.2797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine has the potential to have a significant impact on both drug development and patient care. It is crucial to not only provide prompt effective antiseizure treatment for critically ill patients after seizures start but also have a proactive mindset and concentrate on epileptogenesis and the underlying cause of the seizures or seizure disorders. Critical illness presents different treatment issues compared with the ambulatory population, which makes it challenging to choose the best antiseizure medications and to administer them at the right time and at the right dose. Since there is a paucity of information available on antiseizure medication dosing in critically ill patients, therapeutic drug monitoring is a useful tool for defining each patient's personal therapeutic range and assisting clinicians in decision-making. Use of pharmacogenomic information relating to pharmacokinetics, hepatic metabolism, and seizure etiology may improve safety and efficacy by individualizing therapy. Studies evaluating the clinical implementation of pharmacogenomic information at the point-of-care and identification of biomarkers are also needed. These studies may make it possible to avoid adverse drug reactions, maximize drug efficacy, reduce drug-drug interactions, and optimize medications for each individual patient. This review will discuss the available literature and provide future insights on precision medicine use with antiseizure therapy in critically ill adult patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sulaiman Almohaish
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Clinical Pharmacy College, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa, Saudi Arabia
| | - Aaron M Cook
- Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Gretchen M Brophy
- Department of Pharmacotherapy & Outcomes Science, School of Pharmacy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia, USA
| | - Denise H Rhoney
- Division of Practice Advancement and Clinical Education, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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Hedges A, Findlay MC, Davis GE, Wolfe BM, Hawryluk GWJ, Menacho ST, Ansari S. Levetiracetam dosing for seizure prophylaxis in neurocritical care patients. Brain Inj 2023; 37:1167-1172. [PMID: 36856437 DOI: 10.1080/02699052.2023.2184495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE Levetiracetam is used for seizure prophylaxis in patients presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) or traumatic brain injury (TBI). We aim to characterize the optimal levetiracetam dosage for seizure prophylaxis. METHODS This retrospective cohort study included adult patients at an academic tertiary hospital presenting with SAH or TBI who received levetiracetam at a total daily dose (TDD) equivalent to or greater than 1000 mg. The primary outcome was combined seizure incidence, including clinical and subclinical seizures. RESULTS We identified 139 patients (49.6% male, mean age 53 years) for inclusion. For patients receiving a 1000-mg TDD, the administration was 500 mg twice daily. For patients receiving >1000-mg TDD, 77/78 patients received 1000 mg twice daily and one patient received 750 mg twice daily. Patients receiving 1000-mg TDD had a higher seizure incidence than those receiving >1000-mg TDD (p = 0.01), despite no difference in examined confounders, including history of alcoholism (p = 0.49), benzodiazepine use (p = 0.28), or propofol use (p = 0.17). No difference in adverse effects was observed (anemia, p = 0.44; leukopenia, p = 0.60; thrombocytopenia, p = 0.86). CONCLUSIONS Patients may experience a reduced incidence of clinical and electroencephalographic seizures with levetiracetam dosing >1000-mg TDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley Hedges
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Gary E Davis
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Brianne M Wolfe
- Department of Pharmacy Services, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | | | - Sarah T Menacho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Safdar Ansari
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Neurosciences Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
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7
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Ozan Durmaz M, Doğan A, Can Ezgü M, Kaplan A. Is prophylactic anti-convulsive treatment necessary in subdural hematomas? ULUS TRAVMA ACIL CER 2023; 29:883-889. [PMID: 37563902 PMCID: PMC10560805 DOI: 10.14744/tjtes.2023.06554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 02/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Subdural hematoma (SDH) is usually an emergent clinical condition in neurosurgery. The relationship between the SDH and epilepsy is not well established. Therefore, the use of anti-convulsive treatment in patients with SDH is controversial. The aim of this study is to analyze the presence of seizures in patients who underwent surgery for SDH. METHODS Patients who were operated on for SDH in our department between 2016 and 2021 were reviewed retrospectively. Demographic features, Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) score at admission, type of SDH, location, etiology, type of surgical intervention, presence of seizures, and re-operation were evaluated. RESULTS There were 175 patients with SDH. There is a statistically significant difference between the frequency of seizures and the type of SDH. More seizures were observed in acute SDH than in the others. There is also a statistically significant difference between the GCS score and the frequency of seizures. Patients with a GCS score <12 at admission had more frequent seizures than patients with a score of 12 or higher. No statistically significant difference was found between factors such as etiology, re-operation, hematoma location, and the development of seizures. CONCLUSION Anti-convulsive treatment may be recommended in patients with acute SDH and a low GCS score at admission. Further studies with larger series should be performed to determine the most appropriate anti-convulsive agent for patients with SDH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehmet Ozan Durmaz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara-Türkiye
| | - Adem Doğan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sehitkamil State Hospital, Gaziantep-Türkiye
| | - Mehmet Can Ezgü
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara-Türkiye
| | - Ali Kaplan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Gulhane Education and Research Hospital, Ankara-Türkiye
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8
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Huo X, Xu X, Li M, Xiao L, Wang Y, Li W, Wang C, Sun T. Effectiveness of antiseizure medications therapy in preventing seizures in brain injury patients: A network meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1001363. [PMID: 36188582 PMCID: PMC9521202 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1001363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To explore the effectiveness of different anti-seizure medications in preventing early and late post-traumatic epilepsy (PTE). The efficacy, treatment-related side-effects, and mortality of the different treatments were compared using a ranking model to identify the optimal treatment. Methods: A comprehensive literature search was performed using Pubmed, Medline, Embase, and Cochrane library databases. All relevant published articles up to 10 March 2022 were evaluated. The quality of the extracted data was assessed using either the Cochrane risk of bias tool or the Newcastle-Ottawa scale. The primary outcome measures were early or late post-traumatic seizures. The secondary outcome measures were mortality, treatment-related adverse effects, length of hospital stay, and length of stay within the intensive care unit (ICU). Results: A total of seven randomized controlled trials and 18 non-randomized controlled trials were included in this network meta-analysis. The trials included six interventions: Phenytoin (PHT)+phenobarbital (PB), levetiracetam (LEV), PHT, PHT-LEV, lacosamide (LCM), and valproate (VPA). All interventions except VPA significantly reduced the rate of early PTE in TBI patients compared with the placebo. Seven studies reported the impact of four treatments (PHT + PB, LEV, PHT, VPA) on late seizures and showed a significant reduction in the incidence of late seizures in patients with TBI compared with placebo. The impact of PHT, LEV, and VPA on mortality was reported in nine studies. PHT had no impact on mortality, but patients treated with both LEV and VPA had higher mortality than those treated with placebo. The treatment-related adverse effects of LEV, PHT, and LCM were reported in five studies. LEV and PHT had higher treatment-related adverse effects incidence than placebo, while LCM had no effect on treatment related-adverse effects. Conclusion: LEV and PHT prevented early and late PTE. PHT also reduced the mortality rate in patients with TBI. Both LEV and PHT had higher treatment-related adverse effects compared with placebo. However, LEV had a slightly lower incidence of treatment-related adverse effects when compared with PHT. Compared with PHT, LEV did not reduce the length of hospital stay but shortened the length of ICU stays. Therefore, based on the findings of this meta-analysis, we speculate that LEV is the best treatment option for TBI patients. However, further high-quality randomized controlled trials are required to confirm these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianhao Huo
- Neurosurgery Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Xingguo Xu
- Neurosurgery Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Mei Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Lifei Xiao
- Neurosurgery Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Yangyang Wang
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Wenchao Li
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Neurosurgery Department, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Weihui, China
| | - Chaofan Wang
- Neurosurgery Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Clinical Medical College, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Neurosurgery Department, General Hospital of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Cerebrocranial Disease, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan, China
- *Correspondence: Tao Sun,
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Overview of systematic reviews: Management of common Traumatic Brain Injury-related complications. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0273998. [PMID: 36048787 PMCID: PMC9436148 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0273998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background
Many clinical interventions are trialled to manage medical complications following Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). However, published evidence for the effects of those clinical interventions is limited. This article is an overview of common complications and their management from published systematic reviews in TBI.
Methods and findings
A health science electronic database search for published systematic reviews for management of common complications in TBI was conducted in the last decade till 31st January 2021. Methodological quality and evidence were critically appraised using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluations and Revised-Assessment of Multiple Systematic review tools. Overall, only six systematic reviews complied with search criteria, these evaluated fatigue, spasticity and post traumatic seizures (29 RCTs, 13 cohort studies, n = 5639 participants). No systematic reviews for other common TBI-related complications met criteria for this review. The included reviews varied from ‘moderate to high’ in methodological quality. The findings suggest beneficial treatment effect of anti-epileptic drugs (phenytoin/levetiracetam) compared with placebo in reducing early seizure incidence, but no significant benefit of phenytoin over levetiracetam, valproate, or neuroprotective agent for early or late posttraumatic seizures. There was ‘limited’ evidence for spasticity-related interventions, and ‘insufficient’ evidence of cardiorespiratory training on fatigue levels.
Conclusions
Despite the high prevalence and associated functional impact of TBI-related complications, there is limited evidence to guide treating clinicians for management of common TBI complications. More robust studies are needed to build evidence in this population.
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Cho HJ, Olson S. The use of prophylactic antiepileptic medication and driving restrictions for craniotomies among Australian and New Zealand neurosurgeons. J Clin Neurosci 2022; 103:112-118. [PMID: 35868227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocn.2022.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Prophylactic antiepileptic drug (pAED) use for craniotomy surgery is currently not supported in literature [1-5] except possibly in traumatic brain injury (TBI) [6]. Post craniotomy driving restrictions using the Austroad guidelines are based upon literature on TBI and not specifically craniotomy [16-18]. This study was to review Australian and New Zealand neurosurgeons on their use of pAED and advice on driving restrictions post craniotomy surgery. A voluntary and anonymous survey link was distributed to the members of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia (NSA) through the NSA newsletter. The survey was available on the SurveyMonkey platform in the year 2021 August to December. Questions regarding the use of pAED and duration of driving restrictions were presented to survey participants. Sixty-one (26 %) out of 231 neurosurgeons responded to the survey. Thirty-six percent of respondents stated that they prescribed pAEDs regularly whilst thirty-two percent of respondents did not routinely prescribe pAEDs for craniotomy surgery. Driving restrictions varied but the most common driving restriction post craniotomy surgery was 6 months. There were divided opinions among NSA members in regards to pAED use and driving restrictions. The rationale for pAED use and prolonged driving restrictions for craniotomy surgery needs to be re-evaluated with current literature. The significant effect this may have on the well-being and quality life of patients need to be considered before prescribing pAEDs or long driving restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Jae Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Sarah Olson
- Department of Neurosurgery, Princess Alexandra Hospital, 199 Ipswich Rd, Woolloongabba, QLD 4102, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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11
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Current and Potential Pharmacologic Therapies for Traumatic Brain Injury. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070838. [PMID: 35890136 PMCID: PMC9323622 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The present article reviewed the pharmacologic therapies of traumatic brain injury (TBI), including current and potential treatments. Pharmacologic therapies are an essential part of TBI care, and several agents have well-established effects in TBI care. In the acute phase, tranexamic acid, antiepileptics, hyperosmolar agents, and anesthetics are the mainstay of pharmacotherapy, which have proven efficacies. In the post-acute phase, SSRIs, SNRIs, antipsychotics, zolpidem and amantadine, as well as other drugs, have been used to manage neuropsychological problems, while muscle relaxants and botulinum toxin have been used to manage spasticity. In addition, increasing numbers of pre-clinical and clinical studies of pharmaceutical agents, including potential neuroprotective nutrients and natural therapies, are being carried out. In the present article, we classify the treatments into established and potential agents based on the level of clinical evidence and standard of practice. It is expected that many of the potential medicines under investigation will eventually be accepted as standard practice in the care of TBI patients.
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Wilfred PM, Mathew S, Chacko B, Prabha R, Mathew BS. Estimation of Free Phenytoin Concentration in Critically Ill Patients with Hypoalbuminemia: Direct-measurement vs Traditional Equations. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022; 26:682-687. [PMID: 35836626 PMCID: PMC9237157 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10071-24235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In critically ill patients with low albumin, dose individualization of phenytoin is a challenge. The currently used Sheiner-Tozer equation does not accurately predict the free phenytoin concentration in serum and can result in incorrect dose modifications. The best measure to advocate in these patients is the direct-measurement of free phenytoin concentration. Aims and objectives Phenytoin exhibits complex pharmacokinetics, requiring careful therapeutic drug monitoring. This study aimed to compare the accuracy of the established Sheiner-Tozer calculation method against the direct-measurement of free phenytoin concentration in serum by high performance liquid chromatography in critically ill patients with low albumin. Materials and methods Blood specimens for direct-measurement of both total and free phenytoin concentration were obtained from 57 patients with hypoalbuminemia monitored in the intensive care unit. Results The median [inter-quartile range (IQR)] for Sheiner-Tozer equation calculated total phenytoin concentration and direct-measured total was 17.14 (10.63-24.53) and 9.82 (6.02-13.85) μg mL-1, respectively. Approximately 53 and 5% of patients were found to be subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic for direct-measured total phenytoin concentrations, respectively. In contrast, on applying the Sheiner-Tozer calculation, 23 and 40% had subtherapeutic and supratherapeutic concentrations, respectively, for total phenytoin concentration. The median (IQR) for direct-measured, routine and Sheiner-Tozer equation calculated free phenytoin concentration were 1.92 (1.06-2.76), 0.98 (0.60-1.39), and 1.71 (1.06-2.45) μg mL-1, respectively. Only 45.7% of patients were in agreement with respect to the therapeutic category when direct-measured free was compared against routine calculation free. Conclusion In patients with low albumin, free phenytoin concentration based on the Sheiner-Tozer corrected equation accurately classified patients based on their therapeutic category of free phenytoin in 73.7% of patients. Hence, for individualization of phenytoin dosage in critically ill patients with low albumin, we recommend direct-measurement of free phenytoin concentration. How to cite this article Wilfred PM, Mathew S, Chacko B, Prabha R, Mathew BS. Estimation of Free Phenytoin Concentration in Critically Ill Patients with Hypoalbuminemia: Direct-measurement vs Traditional Equations. Indian J Crit Care Med 2022;26(6):682-687.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premila M Wilfred
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sumith Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Binila Chacko
- Medical Intensive Care Unit, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ratna Prabha
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Binu Susan Mathew
- Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Wang BC, Chiu HY, Luh HT, Lin CJ, Hsieh SH, Chen TJ, Wu CR, Chen PY. Comparative efficacy of prophylactic anticonvulsant drugs following traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0265932. [PMID: 35358219 PMCID: PMC8970384 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0265932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
We systematically compared the effects of prophylactic anticonvulsant drug use in patients with traumatic brain injury. We searched four electronic databases from their inception until July 13, 2021. Two researchers independently screened, appraised, and extracted the included studies. Network meta-analysis using multivariate random effects and a frequentist framework was adopted for data analysis. The risk of bias of each study was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool, and confidence in evidence was assessed through confidence in network meta-analysis (CINeMA). A total of 11 randomized controlled trials involving 2,450 participants and six different treatments (i.e., placebo, carbamazepine, phenytoin, levetiracetam, valproate, and magnesium sulfate) were included. We found that anticonvulsant drugs as a whole significantly reduced early posttraumatic seizures (PTS) but not late PTS compared with placebo (odd ratios [ORs] = 0.42 and 0.82, 95% confidence intervals [CIs] = 0.21-0.82 and 0.47-1.43). For the findings of network meta-analysis, we observed that phenytoin (ORs = 0.43 and 0.71; 95% CIs = 0.18-1.01 and 0.23-2.20), levetiracetam (ORs = 0.56 and 1.58; 95% CIs = 0.12-2.55 and 0.03-84.42), and carbamazepine (ORs = 0.29 and 0.64; 95% CIs = 0.07-1.18 and 0.08-5.28) were more likely to reduce early and late PTS compared with placebo; however, the treatment effects were not significant. Sensitivity analysis, after excluding a study enrolling only children, revealed that phenytoin had a significant effect in preventing early PTS (OR = 0.33; 95% CI = 0.14-0.78). Our findings indicate that no antiepileptic drug had an effect on early or late PTS superior to that of another; however, the sensitivity analysis revealed that phenytoin might prevent early PTS. Additional studies with large sample sizes and a rigorous design are required to obtain high-quality evidence on prophylactic anticonvulsant drug use in patients with traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Cyuan Wang
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, New Taipei City Municipal Tucheng Hospital (Built and Operated by Chang Gung Medical Foundation), Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Yean Chiu
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Tzung Luh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Jou Lin
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Hua Hsieh
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Jhen Chen
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Rung Wu
- School of Nursing, College of Nursing, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, New Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pin-Yuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Community Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan
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Azad TD, Shah PP, Kim HB, Stevens RD. Endotypes and the Path to Precision in Moderate and Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Neurocrit Care 2022; 37:259-266. [PMID: 35314969 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-022-01475-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneity is recognized as a major barrier in efforts to improve the care and outcomes of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Even within the narrower stratum of moderate and severe TBI, current management approaches do not capture the complexity of this condition characterized by manifold clinical, anatomical, and pathophysiologic features. One approach to heterogeneity may be to resolve undifferentiated TBI populations into endotypes, subclasses that are distinguished by shared biological characteristics. The endotype paradigm has been explored in a range of medical domains, including psychiatry, oncology, immunology, and pulmonology. In intensive care, endotypes are being investigated for syndromes such as sepsis and acute respiratory distress syndrome. This review provides an overview of the endotype paradigm as well as some of its methods and use cases. A conceptual framework is proposed for endotype research in moderate and severe TBI, together with a scientific road map for endotype discovery and validation in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tej D Azad
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Pavan P Shah
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Han B Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Phipps Suite 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA
| | - Robert D Stevens
- Department of Neurosurgery, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Radiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA. .,Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Phipps Suite 455, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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15
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McGinn RJ, Aljoghaiman MS, Sharma SV. Levetiracetam vs phenytoin prophylaxis in severe traumatic brain injury: Systematic review and meta-analysis. INTERDISCIPLINARY NEUROSURGERY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.inat.2021.101394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Surtees TL, Kumar I, Garton HJL, Rivas-Rodriguez F, Parmar H, McCaffery H, Riebe-Rodgers J, Shellhaas RA. Levetiracetam Prophylaxis for Children Admitted With Traumatic Brain Injury. Pediatr Neurol 2022; 126:114-119. [PMID: 34839268 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2021.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2021] [Revised: 10/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prophylactic antiseizure medications (ASMs) for pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) are understudied. We evaluated clinical and radiographic features that inform prescription of ASMs for pediatric TBI. We hypothesized that despite a lack of evidence, levetiracetam is the preferred prophylactic ASM but that prophylaxis is inconsistently prescribed. METHODS This retrospective study assessed children admitted with TBI from January 1, 2017, to December 31, 2019. TBI severity was defined using Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) scores. Two independent neuroradiologists reviewed initial head computed tomography and brain magnetic resonance imaging. Fisher exact tests and descriptive and regression analyses were conducted. RESULTS Among 167 children with TBI, 44 (26%) received ASM prophylaxis. All 44 (100%) received levetiracetam. Prophylaxis was more commonly prescribed for younger children, those with neurosurgical intervention, and abnormal neuroimaging (particularly intraparenchymal hematoma) (odds ratio = 10.3, confidence interval 1.8 to 58.9), or GCS ≤12. Six children (13.6%), all on ASM, developed early posttraumatic seizures (EPTSs). Of children with GCS ≤12, four of 17 (23.5%) on levetiracetam prophylaxis developed EPTSs, higher than the reported rate for phenytoin. CONCLUSIONS Although some studies suggest it may be inferior to phenytoin, levetiracetam was exclusively used for EPTS prophylaxis. Intraparenchymal hematoma >1 cm was the single neuroimaging feature associated with ASM prophylaxis regardless of the GCS score. Yet these trends are not equivalent to optimal evidence-based management. We still observed important variability in neuroimaging characteristics and TBI severity for children on prophylaxis. Thus, further study of ASM prophylaxis and prevention of pediatric EPTSs is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taryn-Leigh Surtees
- Department of Neurology, Washington University in St. Louis School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | - Ishani Kumar
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Hemant Parmar
- Radiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Harlan McCaffery
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | - Renée A Shellhaas
- Departments of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This article discusses neurologic complications encountered in the postoperative care of neurosurgical patients that are common or key to recognize in the immediate postoperative period. The major neurosurgical subspecialty procedures (cerebrovascular neurosurgery, neuro-oncology, epilepsy neurosurgery, functional neurosurgery, CSF diversion, endovascular neurosurgery, and spinal surgery) are broadly included under craniotomy procedures, endovascular/vascular procedures, and spinal procedures. This article focuses on the range of complications inherent in these approaches with specific scenarios addressed as applicable. RECENT FINDINGS The morbidity and mortality related to neurosurgical procedures remains high, necessitating ongoing research and quality improvement efforts in perioperative screening, intraoperative management, surgical approaches, and postoperative care of these patients. Emerging research continues to investigate safer and newer options for routine neurosurgical approaches, such as coiling over clipping for amenable aneurysms, endoscopic techniques for transsphenoidal hypophysectomy, and minimally invasive spinal procedures; postoperative monitoring and care of patients after these procedures continues to be a key component in the continuum of care for improving outcomes. SUMMARY Postoperative care of patients undergoing major neurosurgical procedures is an integral part of many neurocritical care practices. Neurosurgeons often enlist help from neurologists to assist with evaluation, interpretation, and management of complications in routine inpatient settings. Awareness of the common neurologic complications of various neurosurgical procedures can help guide appropriate clinical monitoring algorithms and quality improvement processes for timely evaluation and management of these patients.
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Levetiracetam for Seizure Prophylaxis in Neurocritical Care: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Neurocrit Care 2021; 36:248-258. [PMID: 34286461 DOI: 10.1007/s12028-021-01296-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Levetiracetam is commonly used for seizure prophylaxis in patients with intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), traumatic brain injury (TBI), supratentorial neurosurgery, and spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). However, its efficacy, optimal dosing, and the adverse events associated with levetiracetam prophylaxis remain unclear. METHODS A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane central register of controlled trials (CENTRAL) database was conducted from January 1, 2000, to October 30, 2020, including articles addressing treatment with levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis after SAH, ICH, TBI, and supratentorial neurosurgery. Non-English, pediatric (aged < 18 years), preclinical, reviews, case reports, and articles that included patients with a preexisting seizure condition or epilepsy were excluded. The coprimary meta-analyses examined first seizure events in (1) levetiracetam versus no antiseizure medication and (2) levetiracetam versus other antiseizure medications in all ICH, TBI, SAH, and supratentorial neurosurgery populations. Secondary meta-analyses evaluated the same comparator groups in individual disease populations. Risk of bias in non-randomised studies - of interventions (ROBINS-I) and risk-of-bias tool for randomized trials (RoB-2) tools were used to assess risk of bias. RESULTS A total of 30 studies (n = 6 randomized trials, n = 9 prospective studies, and n = 15 retrospective studies), including 7609 patients (n = 4737 with TBI, n = 701 with SAH, n = 261 with ICH, and n = 1910 with neurosurgical diseases) were included in analyses. Twenty-seven of 30 (90%) studies demonstrated moderate to severe risk of bias, and 11 of 30 (37%) studies used low-dosage levetiracetam (250-500 mg twice daily). In the primary meta-analyses, there were no differences in seizure events for levetiracetam prophylaxis (n = 906) versus no antiseizure medication (n = 2728; odds ratio [OR] 0.79, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.53-1.16, P = 0.23, fixed-effect, I2 = 26%, P = 0.23 for heterogeneity) or levetiracetam (n = 1950) versus other antiseizure prophylaxis (n = 2289; OR 0.84, 95% CI 0.55-1.28, P = 0.41, random-effects, I2 = 49%, P = 0.005 for heterogeneity). Only patients with supratentorial neurosurgical diseases benefited from levetiracetam compared with other antiseizure medications (median 0.70 seizure events per-patient-year with levetiracetam versus 2.20 seizure events per-patient-year for other antiseizure medications, OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.20-0.58, P < 0.001, fixed-effects, I2 = 39%, P = 0.13 for heterogeneity). There were no significant differences in meta-analyses of patients with ICH, SAH, or TBI. Adverse events of any severity were reported in a median of 8% of patients given levetiracetam compared with 21% of patients in comparator groups. CONCLUSIONS Based on the current moderately to seriously biased heterogeneous data, which frequently used low and possibly subtherapeutic doses of levetiracetam, our meta-analyses did not demonstrate significant reductions in seizure incidence and neither supports nor refutes the use of levetiracetam prophylaxis in TBI, SAH, or ICH. Levetiracetam may be preferred post supratentorial neurosurgery. More high-quality randomized trials of prophylactic levetiracetam are warranted.
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Shin DS, Hwang SC. Neurocritical Management of Traumatic Acute Subdural Hematomas. Korean J Neurotrauma 2020; 16:113-125. [PMID: 33163419 PMCID: PMC7607034 DOI: 10.13004/kjnt.2020.16.e43] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute subdural hematoma (ASDH) has been a major part of traumatic brain injury. Intracranial hypertension may be followed by ASDH and brain edema. Regardless of the complicated pathophysiology of ASDH, the extent of primary brain injury underlying the ASDH is the most important factor affecting outcome. Ongoing intracranial pressure (ICP) increasing lead to cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) decrease and cerebral blood flow (CBF) decreasing occurred by CPP decrease. In additionally, disruption of cerebral autoregulation, vasospasm, decreasing of metabolic demand may lead to CBF decreasing. Various protocols for ICP lowering were introduced in neuro-trauma field. Usage of anti-epileptic drugs (AEDs) for ASDH patients have controversy. AEDs may reduce the risk of early seizure (<7 days), but, does not for late-onset epilepsy. Usage of anticoagulants/antiplatelets is increasing due to life-long medical disease conditions in aging populations. It makes a difficulty to decide the proper management. Tranexamic acid may use to reducing bleeding and reduce ASDH related death rate. Decompressive craniectomy for ASDH can reduce patient's death rate. However, it may be accompanied with surgical risks due to big operation and additional cranioplasty afterwards. If the craniotomy is a sufficient management for the ASDH, endoscopic surgery will be good alternative to a conventional larger craniotomy to evacuate the hematoma. The management plan for the ASDH should be individualized based on age, neurologic status, radiologic findings, and the patient's conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Seong Shin
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucehon, Korea
| | - Sun-Chul Hwang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Soonchunhyang University Bucheon Hospital, Bucehon, Korea
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20
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Kolf MJ, McPherson CC, Kniska KS, Luecke CM, Lahart MA, Pineda JA. Early Post-traumatic Seizure Occurrence in Pediatric Patients Receiving Levetiracetam Prophylaxis With Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. J Pediatr Pharmacol Ther 2020; 25:241-245. [PMID: 32265608 DOI: 10.5863/1551-6776-25.3.241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although levetiracetam is used for the prevention of early Post-traumatic seizures (EPTS) after traumatic brain injury (TBI), limited data exist describing the incidence of seizures in pediatric patients receiving levetiracetam prophylaxis. The objective of this research is to evaluate the prevalence of EPTS in children given prophylactic levetiracetam after severe TBI. METHODS This study was conducted at a Level 1 pediatric trauma center and included pediatric patients with severe TBI who received levetiracetam for EPTS prophylaxis. Demographics and clinical information were retrospectively collected and evaluated. The primary outcome was prevalence of clinical or electrographic seizures within 7 days of initial injury as noted in the EMR. RESULTS In 4 of 44 patients (9%), seizures developed despite levetiracetam prophylaxis. Concurrent use of other medications with antiepileptic properties was common (91%). There were no differences in demographic or baseline clinical characteristics between the group of patients experiencing seizures and those who did not. However, craniotomy was significantly more common in the seizure group (75% vs. 18%, p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS Children receiving prophylaxis with levetiracetam after severe TBI had a lower incidence of seizures (9%) than had previously been reported in the literature (18%). Given the limited literature available supporting the use of levetiracetam for the prevention of EPTS in children experiencing severe TBI, further study is needed to support routine use.
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Sirenko O, Parham F, Dea S, Sodhi N, Biesmans S, Mora-Castilla S, Ryan K, Behl M, Chandy G, Crittenden C, Vargas-Hurlston S, Guicherit O, Gordon R, Zanella F, Carromeu C. Functional and Mechanistic Neurotoxicity Profiling Using Human iPSC-Derived Neural 3D Cultures. Toxicol Sci 2019; 167:58-76. [PMID: 30169818 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurological disorders affect millions of people worldwide and appear to be on the rise. Whereas the reason for this increase remains unknown, environmental factors are a suspected contributor. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop more complex, biologically relevant, and predictive in vitro assays to screen larger sets of compounds with the potential for neurotoxicity. Here, we employed a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based 3D neural platform composed of mature cortical neurons and astrocytes as a model for this purpose. The iPSC-derived human 3D cortical neuron/astrocyte co-cultures (3D neural cultures) present spontaneous synchronized, readily detectable calcium oscillations. This advanced neural platform was optimized for high-throughput screening in 384-well plates and displays highly consistent, functional performance across different wells and plates. Characterization of oscillation profiles in 3D neural cultures was performed through multi-parametric analysis that included the calcium oscillation rate and peak width, amplitude, and waveform irregularities. Cellular and mitochondrial toxicity were assessed by high-content imaging. For assay characterization, we used a set of neuromodulators with known mechanisms of action. We then explored the neurotoxic profile of a library of 87 compounds that included pharmaceutical drugs, pesticides, flame retardants, and other chemicals. Our results demonstrated that 57% of the tested compounds exhibited effects in the assay. The compounds were then ranked according to their effective concentrations based on in vitro activity. Our results show that a human iPSC-derived 3D neural culture assay platform is a promising biologically relevant tool to assess the neurotoxic potential of drugs and environmental toxicants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Frederick Parham
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Steven Dea
- StemoniX, Inc, Maple Grove, Minnesota 55311
| | - Neha Sodhi
- StemoniX, Inc, Maple Grove, Minnesota 55311
| | | | | | - Kristen Ryan
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Mamta Behl
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Fu C, Wu Q, Zhang Z, Xia Z, Ji H, Lu H, Wang Y. UPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS metabolomic study of the therapeutic effect of Xuefu Zhuyu decoction on rats with traumatic brain injury. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 245:112149. [PMID: 31401321 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It has been widely reported that Xuefu Zhuyu decoction (XFZYD), a traditional Chinese medicine, is effective in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, the mechanism of the therapeutic process is still not fully understood. Metabolomic technique can be used to explore the mechanisms underlying the treatment of TBI with XFZYD. The purpose of this work was to investigate the metabolic characteristics of blood samples from rats with and without XFZYD treatment and the dynamic changes in metabolite profiles on days 1, 3, 7, 14 and 21 after injury (within the severe phase of TBI) based on untargeted UPLC-ESI-IT-TOF-MS analysis. Pattern recognition, clustering analysis and metabolic pathway analysis were used to analyse the metabolomic data of three groups (a sham-operated group, a TBI model, and an XFZYD-treated TBI model). The results showed that XFZYD reversed the abnormalities in the levels of small-molecule metabolites (such as L-acetylcarnitine, L-tryptophan, indoleacrylic acid, γ-aminobutyric acid, hypotaurine, LysoPC(18:1)(11Z), creatine, L-phenylalanine and L-leucine) in TBI rats through six metabolic pathways (including phenylalanine, tyrosine and tryptophan biosynthesis; phenylalanine metabolism; valine, leucine and isoleucine biosynthesis; taurine and hypotaurine metabolism; tryptophan metabolism; and alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism) involved in the therapy process. XFZYD regulated the metabolic disorders of endogenous markers by the possible mechanisms of neuroprotection, energy metabolism, inflammatory response and oxidative stress. This study revealed the holistic and dynamic metabolic changes caused by XFZYD in rats with TBI and provided important research methods and approaches for exploring the multiple metabolites and metabolic pathways involved in the therapeutic effect of XFZYD on TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Fu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China; College of Pharmacy, Shaoyang University, Hunan, Shaoyang, PR China
| | - Qian Wu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zhimin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Zian Xia
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Hongchao Ji
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China
| | - Hongmei Lu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China.
| | - Yang Wang
- Laboratory of Ethnopharmacology, Institute of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, Changsha, PR China.
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Khellaf A, Khan DZ, Helmy A. Recent advances in traumatic brain injury. J Neurol 2019; 266:2878-2889. [PMID: 31563989 PMCID: PMC6803592 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-019-09541-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of death and disability in those aged under 40 years in the UK. Higher rates of morbidity and mortality are seen in low-income and middle-income countries making it a global health challenge. There has been a secular trend towards reduced incidence of severe TBI in the first world, driven by public health interventions such as seatbelt legislation, helmet use, and workplace health and safety regulations. This has paralleled improved outcomes following TBI delivered in a large part by the widespread establishment of specialised neurointensive care. This update will focus on three key areas of advances in TBI management and research in moderate and severe TBI: refining neurointensive care protocolized therapies, the recent evidence base for decompressive craniectomy and novel pharmacological therapies. In each section, we review the developing evidence base as well as exploring future trajectories of TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Khellaf
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Danyal Zaman Khan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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Won S, Dubinski D, Sautter L, Hattingen E, Seifert V, Rosenow F, Freiman T, Strzelczyk A, Konczalla J. Seizure and status epilepticus in chronic subdural hematoma. Acta Neurol Scand 2019; 140:194-203. [PMID: 31102548 DOI: 10.1111/ane.13131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute symptomatic seizure (ASz) and status epilepticus (SE) are serious conditions associated with poor quality of life, with unfavorable psychosocial and functional outcome. Chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH) is a common neurosurgical disease related to those complications; therefore, we aimed to evaluate incidence, predictors of ASz/SE, and outcome in this cohort. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed patient diagnosed cSDH between 2010 and 2017. Beside their incidence of ASz/SE, patient characteristics, symptoms at admission, comorbidities, and all previously published relevant parameters were assessed. Recurrence rate and functional outcome were analyzed at hospital discharge and 90-day follow-up. RESULTS A total of 375 patients were included; incidence of ASz was 15.2% and of SE, 1.9%. In the univariate analysis, drainage insertion (P = 0.004; OR = 0.3) was a significant negative predictor for ASz/SE and multivariate analysis, including all significant parameters, designated GCS ≤13 at admission (P = 0.09; OR = 1.9), remote stroke (P = 0.009; OR = 2.9), and recurrence rate within 14 days (P = 0.001; OR = 3.3; with an incidence of 13%) as independent predictors for ASz/SE. Overall, patients with ASz/SE had significantly unfavorable outcome at discharge (54.7%; P < 0.001) and follow-up (39.5%; P < 0.001) with only slight improvement. Late seizures occurred in 3.8% within follow-up period. Any patient with SE had an unfavorable outcome at discharge without any improvement at follow-up having a mortality rate of 14.2%. CONCLUSION Independent predictors for ASz/SE are GCS ≤13 at admission, remote stroke, and recurrent hematoma in patients with cSDH, which is associated with worse functional outcome, particularly those with SE. Due to the higher rate of seizures than recurrence rate, a routine pre- and postoperative EEG besides CT is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sae‐Yeon Won
- Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Daniel Dubinski
- Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Lisa Sautter
- Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Elke Hattingen
- Institute of Neuroradiology University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Volker Seifert
- Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Felix Rosenow
- Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine‐Main University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Thomas Freiman
- Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Adam Strzelczyk
- Department of Neurology and Epilepsy Center Frankfurt Rhine‐Main University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
| | - Juergen Konczalla
- Department of Neurosurgery University Hospital, Goethe‐University Frankfurt am Main Germany
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Wat R, Mammi M, Paredes J, Haines J, Alasmari M, Liew A, Lu VM, Arnaout O, Smith TR, Gormley WB, Aglio LS, Mekary RA, Zaidi H. The Effectiveness of Antiepileptic Medications as Prophylaxis of Early Seizure in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury Compared with Placebo or No Treatment: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. World Neurosurg 2019; 122:433-440. [DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2018.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Trimmel H, Herzer G, Schöchl H, Voelckel WG. [Intensive care treatment of traumatic brain injury in multiple trauma patients : Decision making for complex pathophysiology]. Unfallchirurg 2019; 120:739-744. [PMID: 28389734 DOI: 10.1007/s00113-017-0344-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and hemorrhagic shock due to uncontrolled bleeding are the major causes of death after severe trauma. Mortality rates are threefold higher in patients suffering from multiple injuries and additionally TBI. Factors known to impair outcome after TBI, namely hypotension, hypoxia, hypercapnia, acidosis, coagulopathy and hypothermia are aggravated by the extent and severity of extracerebral injuries. The mainstays of TBI intensive care may be, at least temporarily, contradictory to the trauma care concept for multiple trauma patients. In particular, achieving normotension in uncontrolled bleeding situations, maintenance of normocapnia in traumatic lung injury and thromboembolic prophylaxis are prone to discussion. Due to an ongoing uncertainty about the definition of normotensive blood pressure values, a cerebral perfusion pressure-guided cardiovascular management is of key importance. In contrast, there is no doubt that early goal directed coagulation management improves outcome in patients with TBI and multiple trauma. The timing of subsequent surgical interventions must be based on the development of TBI pathology; therefore, intensive care of multiple trauma patients with TBI requires an ongoing and close cooperation between intensivists and trauma surgeons in order to individualize patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Trimmel
- Abteilung für Anästhesie, Notfall- und Allgemeine Intensivmedizin und Karl-Landsteiner Institut für Notfallmedizin, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wien, Österreich
- ÖAMTC Flugrettung, Wien, Österreich
| | - G Herzer
- Abteilung für Anästhesie, Notfall- und Allgemeine Intensivmedizin und Karl-Landsteiner Institut für Notfallmedizin, Landesklinikum Wiener Neustadt, Wien, Österreich
| | - H Schöchl
- Institut für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, AUVA Unfallkrankenhaus Salzburg, Dr.-Franz-Rehrl-Platz 5, 5010, Salzburg, Österreich
- Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Salzburg, Salzburg, Österreich
| | - W G Voelckel
- Institut für Anästhesiologie und Intensivmedizin, AUVA Unfallkrankenhaus Salzburg, Dr.-Franz-Rehrl-Platz 5, 5010, Salzburg, Österreich.
- ÖAMTC Flugrettung, Wien, Österreich.
- Universität Stavanger, Stavanger, Norwegen.
- Paracelsus Medizinische Privatuniversität Salzburg, Salzburg, Österreich.
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Waqas M, Siddiqui UT, Shamim MS. Follow-Up Bibliometric Analysis of Neurosurgical Publications from Pakistan and Institutional Comparison with other Countries Using h-Index and i-10 Index. Asian J Neurosurg 2019; 14:126-130. [PMID: 30937023 PMCID: PMC6417325 DOI: 10.4103/ajns.ajns_286_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of the study was to analyze the neurosurgical research output of Pakistan and compare it with that of developed countries. Methodology: We conducted a bibliometric analysis of publically available databases for all neurosurgical publications from Pakistan. All indexed peer-reviewed publications from January 2009 to December 2014 where at least one author was affiliated with any neurosurgical departments in Pakistan and research was conducted in Pakistan were selected. Manual and electronic search was done using MeSH terms to search for articles from Pakistan. Articles were then categorized according to design, subspecialty, region, and year. Results: Our search identified 121 articles during the defined study period (mean = 20.16 ± 5.2 papers/year). A relatively constant increase was noticed for the last 6 years, i.e., 2009–2014. From the total 121 references, 100 (82.4%) publications were from one city, and on subanalysis, 80 (66.1%) were from a single institution. Three primary authors cumulatively contributed to 76 (62.8%) of these publications. Almost two-thirds (n = 76, 62.8%) of these publications were published in either regional or international journals while only 37.2% (n = 45) were published in local nonneurosurgery-specific journals. Only one study in the 6-year study period was with Level I evidence (meta-analysis). Conclusion: Neurosurgery research in Pakistan has shown modest improvement in terms of quality and quantity. Collaboration between various centers and channelizing different resources to create national data registries along with basic science laboratories is much needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Waqas
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, Pakistan
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Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the most common cause of death and disability in those aged under 40 years in the UK. Higher rates of morbidity and mortality are seen in low-income and middle-income countries making it a global health challenge. There has been a secular trend towards reduced incidence of severe TBI in the first world, driven by public health interventions such as seatbelt legislation, helmet use, and workplace health and safety regulations. This has paralleled improved outcomes following TBI delivered in a large part by the widespread establishment of specialised neurointensive care. This update will focus on three key areas of advances in TBI management and research in moderate and severe TBI: refining neurointensive care protocolized therapies, the recent evidence base for decompressive craniectomy and novel pharmacological therapies. In each section, we review the developing evidence base as well as exploring future trajectories of TBI research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdelhakim Khellaf
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
- Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Danyal Zaman Khan
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
| | - Adel Helmy
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Box 167, Hills Road, Cambridge, CB2 0QQ UK
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Zhao L, Wu YP, Qi JL, Liu YQ, Zhang K, Li WL. Efficacy of levetiracetam compared with phenytoin in prevention of seizures in brain injured patients: A meta-analysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2018; 97:e13247. [PMID: 30508910 PMCID: PMC6283080 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000013247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early and/or late onset in patients with brain injury (BI) is associated with a poorer prognosis, and phenytoin (PHT) is standard of care to prevent seizures. Levetiracetam (LEV), an alternative antiepileptic drug, is associated with less cognitive disruption. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LEV in the prevention of brain traumatic seizures with the standard drug PHT. METHODS Search the publications on comparison the safety and efficacy of LEV against the standard agent PHT in prevention of traumatic seizures in BI to January 2018. After rigorous reviewing on quality, the data were extracted from eligible trials. All trials analyzed the summary hazard ratios of the endpoints of interest. RESULTS LEV was found not more effective than PHT in terms of overall seizure (odds ratio [OR] = 0.73; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.51-1.05; P = .09), and late seizure (OR = 0.64; 95% CI = 0.34-1.19; P = .16) occurrence. However, there is significant difference in terms of early seizure (OR = 0.63; 95% CI = 0.40-0.99; P = .04). Moreover, there were no significant differences in terms of mortality (OR = 0.67; 95% CI = 0.43-1.05; P = .08), or side effects (OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 0.80-2.15; P = .29) between groups. CONCLUSION The meta-analysis showed that LEV prevention of seizures was associated with early seizure rates that were lower than the PHT-prolonged course of treatment. There is no statistically significant difference in the efficacy and safety profile of PHT and LEV in cases of traumatic BI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Yu-Peng Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
| | - Jin-Long Qi
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University
| | - Yong-Qiang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, The No 1 Hospital of Shijiazhuang City
| | - Kai Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Wen-Ling Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University
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Synnot A, Bragge P, Lunny C, Menon D, Clavisi O, Pattuwage L, Volovici V, Mondello S, Cnossen MC, Donoghue E, Gruen RL, Maas A. The currency, completeness and quality of systematic reviews of acute management of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury: A comprehensive evidence map. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0198676. [PMID: 29927963 PMCID: PMC6013193 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To appraise the currency, completeness and quality of evidence from systematic reviews (SRs) of acute management of moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHODS We conducted comprehensive searches to March 2016 for published, English-language SRs and RCTs of acute management of moderate to severe TBI. Systematic reviews and RCTs were grouped under 12 broad intervention categories. For each review, we mapped the included and non-included RCTs, noting the reasons why RCTs were omitted. An SR was judged as 'current' when it included the most recently published RCT we found on their topic, and 'complete' when it included every RCT we found that met its inclusion criteria, taking account of when the review was conducted. Quality was assessed using the AMSTAR checklist (trichotomised into low, moderate and high quality). FINDINGS We included 85 SRs and 213 RCTs examining the effectiveness of treatments for acute management of moderate to severe TBI. The most frequently reviewed interventions were hypothermia (n = 17, 14.2%), hypertonic saline and/or mannitol (n = 9, 7.5%) and surgery (n = 8, 6.7%). Of the 80 single-intervention SRs, approximately half (n = 44, 55%) were judged as current and two-thirds (n = 52, 65.0%) as complete. When considering only the most recently published review on each intervention (n = 25), currency increased to 72.0% (n = 18). Less than half of the 85 SRs were judged as high quality (n = 38, 44.7%), and nearly 20% were low quality (n = 16, 18.8%). Only 16 (20.0%) of the single-intervention reviews (and none of the five multi-intervention reviews) were judged as current, complete and high-quality. These included reviews of red blood cell transfusion, hypothermia, management guided by intracranial pressure, pharmacological agents (various) and prehospital intubation. Over three-quarters (n = 167, 78.4%) of the 213 RCTs were included in one or more SR. Of the remainder, 17 (8.0%) RCTs post-dated or were out of scope of existing SRs, and 29 (13.6%) were on interventions that have not been assessed in SRs. CONCLUSION A substantial number of SRs in acute management of moderate to severe TBI lack currency, completeness and quality. We have identified both potential evidence gaps and also substantial research waste. Novel review methods, such as Living Systematic Reviews, may ameliorate these shortcomings and enhance utility and reliability of the evidence underpinning clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anneliese Synnot
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cochrane Australia, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Cochrane Consumers and Communication, School of Psychology and Public Health, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter Bragge
- BehaviourWorks Australia, Monash Sustainable Development Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Carole Lunny
- Cochrane Australia, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Menon
- Division of Anaesthesia, University of Cambridge; Neurosciences Critical Care Unit, Addenbrooke’s Hospital; Queens’ College, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Ornella Clavisi
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- MOVE: Muscle, Bone and Joint Health Ltd, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Loyal Pattuwage
- National Trauma Research Institute, The Alfred, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Monash Centre for Occupational and Environmental Health (MonCOEH), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Victor Volovici
- Department of Public Health, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Erasmus MC University Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Stefania Mondello
- Department of Biomedical and Dental Sciences and Morphofunctional Imaging, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Maryse C. Cnossen
- Center for Medical Decision Making, Department of Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Emma Donoghue
- Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Research Centre (ANZIC-RC), School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Russell L. Gruen
- Nanyang Technical University, Singapore
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew Maas
- Department of Neurosurgery, Antwerp University Hospital and University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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Farrokh S, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Ritzl EK, Lewin JJ, Mirski MA. Antiepileptic drugs in critically ill patients. Crit Care 2018; 22:153. [PMID: 29880020 PMCID: PMC5992651 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-018-2066-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The incidence of seizures in intensive care units ranges from 3.3% to 34%. It is therefore often necessary to initiate or continue anticonvulsant drugs in this setting. When a new anticonvulsant is initiated, drug factors, such as onset of action and side effects, and patient factors, such as age, renal, and hepatic function, should be taken into account. It is important to note that the altered physiology of critically ill patients as well as pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions such as renal replacement therapy, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and target temperature management may lead to therapeutic failure or toxicity. This may be even more challenging with the availability of newer antiepileptics where the evidence for their use in critically ill patients is limited. MAIN BODY This article reviews the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of antiepileptics as well as application of these principles when dosing antiepileptics and monitoring serum levels in critically ill patients. The selection of the most appropriate anticonvulsant to treat seizure and status epileptics as well as the prophylactic use of these agents in this setting are also discussed. Drug-drug interactions and the effect of nonpharmacological interventions such as renal replacement therapy, plasma exchange, and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation on anticonvulsant removal are also included. CONCLUSION Optimal management of antiepileptic drugs in the intensive care unit is challenging given altered physiology, polypharmacy, and nonpharmacological interventions, and requires a multidisciplinary approach where appropriate and timely assessment, diagnosis, treatment, and monitoring plans are in place.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salia Farrokh
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Carnegie 180, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Pouya Tahsili-Fahadan
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, INOVA Campus, Falls Church, VA USA
| | - Eva K. Ritzl
- Department of Neurology, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - John J. Lewin
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Carnegie 180, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
| | - Marek A. Mirski
- Department of Pharmacy, The Johns Hopkins Hospital, 600 N. Wolfe Street, Carnegie 180, Baltimore, MD 21287 USA
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Bakr A, Belli A. A systematic review of levetiracetam versus phenytoin in the prevention of late post-traumatic seizures and survey of UK neurosurgical prescribing practice of antiepileptic medication in acute traumatic brain injury. Br J Neurosurg 2018; 32:237-244. [PMID: 29688078 DOI: 10.1080/02688697.2018.1464118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Guidelines recommend 1 week of prophylactic phenytoin for post-traumatic seizures (PTS). Levetiracetam is gaining popularity as an alternative with a superior side-effect profile and may be suitable for extended use. We performed a systematic review comparing the efficacy of levetiracetam and phenytoin in reducing the incidence of late PTS. The secondary objectives were to compare their effects on the Extended Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS-E) and length of stay. We also aimed to survey current prophylaxis prescribing practices. METHODS A systematic review was performed using Medline, Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane. Trials and observational studies comparing the efficacy of phenytoin and levetiracetam in the prevention of late PTS were included. A survey assessing prescribing practices was e-mailed to all consultant members of the Society of British Neurological Surgeons (n = 249) in March 2013. RESULTS One randomised controlled trial (RCT) (52 patients) and a cohort study (19 patients) met our criteria. Neither found a significant difference in the incidence of late PTS or length of hospital stay, although the RCT showed an improvement in the GOS-E with levetiracetam. Of the 249 consultants included in the survey, 55 responded (22.1%). Prophylaxis was prescribed by 32 consultants (58%), of whom 21 (65.6%) chose phenytoin, 7 (21.9%) chose levetiracetam, 3 (9.4%) chose valproate and 1 (3%) chose 'other'. Half indicated they would prescribe prophylaxis for 1 week, the remainder opting for extended use. CONCLUSION While our review found no evidence of a difference in late seizure incidence, there is evidence of improved long-term outcomes with levetiracetam. Neither study used an extended course of levetiracetam or continuous electroencephalography. Further research which accounts for these factors is required for the development of guidelines which take levetiracetam into account. Our survey showed a lack of awareness of the potential harms of extended phenytoin use and a move towards levetiracetam.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Bakr
- a College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
| | - Antonio Belli
- a College of Medical and Dental Sciences , University of Birmingham , Birmingham , UK.,b Department of Neurosurgery , Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham , Birmingham , UK
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Geeraerts T, Velly L, Abdennour L, Asehnoune K, Audibert G, Bouzat P, Bruder N, Carrillon R, Cottenceau V, Cotton F, Courtil-Teyssedre S, Dahyot-Fizelier C, Dailler F, David JS, Engrand N, Fletcher D, Francony G, Gergelé L, Ichai C, Javouhey É, Leblanc PE, Lieutaud T, Meyer P, Mirek S, Orliaguet G, Proust F, Quintard H, Ract C, Srairi M, Tazarourte K, Vigué B, Payen JF. Management of severe traumatic brain injury (first 24hours). Anaesth Crit Care Pain Med 2017; 37:171-186. [PMID: 29288841 DOI: 10.1016/j.accpm.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The latest French Guidelines for the management in the first 24hours of patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) were published in 1998. Due to recent changes (intracerebral monitoring, cerebral perfusion pressure management, treatment of raised intracranial pressure), an update was required. Our objective has been to specify the significant developments since 1998. These guidelines were conducted by a group of experts for the French Society of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine (Société francaise d'anesthésie et de réanimation [SFAR]) in partnership with the Association de neuro-anesthésie-réanimation de langue française (ANARLF), The French Society of Emergency Medicine (Société française de médecine d'urgence (SFMU), the Société française de neurochirurgie (SFN), the Groupe francophone de réanimation et d'urgences pédiatriques (GFRUP) and the Association des anesthésistes-réanimateurs pédiatriques d'expression française (ADARPEF). The method used to elaborate these guidelines was the Grade® method. After two Delphi rounds, 32 recommendations were formally developed by the experts focusing on the evaluation the initial severity of traumatic brain injury, the modalities of prehospital management, imaging strategies, indications for neurosurgical interventions, sedation and analgesia, indications and modalities of cerebral monitoring, medical management of raised intracranial pressure, management of multiple trauma with severe traumatic brain injury, detection and prevention of post-traumatic epilepsia, biological homeostasis (osmolarity, glycaemia, adrenal axis) and paediatric specificities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Geeraerts
- Pôle anesthésie-réanimation, Inserm, UMR 1214, Toulouse neuroimaging center, ToNIC, université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France.
| | - Lionel Velly
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, Aix-Marseille université, CHU Timone, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Lamine Abdennour
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, groupe hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP, 75013 Paris, France
| | - Karim Asehnoune
- Service d'anesthésie et de réanimation chirurgicale, Hôtel-Dieu, CHU de Nantes, 44093 Nantes cedex 1, France
| | - Gérard Audibert
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital Central, CHU de Nancy, 54000 Nancy, France
| | - Pierre Bouzat
- Pôle anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Nicolas Bruder
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, Aix-Marseille université, CHU Timone, Assistance publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Romain Carrillon
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, groupement hospitalier Est, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Vincent Cottenceau
- Service de réanimation chirurgicale et traumatologique, SAR 1, hôpital Pellegrin, CHU de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - François Cotton
- Service d'imagerie, centre hospitalier Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Bénite cedex, France
| | - Sonia Courtil-Teyssedre
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique, hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | | | - Frédéric Dailler
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital neurologique Pierre-Wertheimer, groupement hospitalier Est, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Jean-Stéphane David
- Service d'anesthésie réanimation, centre hospitalier Lyon Sud, hospices civils de Lyon, 69495 Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Nicolas Engrand
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, Fondation ophtalmologique Adolphe de Rothschild, 75940 Paris cedex 19, France
| | - Dominique Fletcher
- Service d'anesthésie réanimation chirurgicale, hôpital Raymond-Poincaré, université de Versailles Saint-Quentin, AP-HP, Garches, France
| | - Gilles Francony
- Pôle anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
| | - Laurent Gergelé
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Saint-Étienne, 42055 Saint-Étienne, France
| | - Carole Ichai
- Service de réanimation médicochirurgicale, UMR 7275, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Étienne Javouhey
- Service de réanimation pédiatrique, hôpital Femme-Mère-Enfant, hospices civils de Lyon, 69677 Bron, France
| | - Pierre-Etienne Leblanc
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital de Bicêtre, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Équipe TIGER, CNRS 1072-Inserm 5288, service d'anesthésie, centre hospitalier de Bourg en Bresse, centre de recherche en neurosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Thomas Lieutaud
- UMRESTTE, UMR-T9405, IFSTTAR, université Claude-Bernard de Lyon, Lyon, France; Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital universitaire Necker-Enfants-Malades, université Paris Descartes, AP-HP, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Meyer
- EA 08 Paris-Descartes, service de pharmacologie et évaluation des thérapeutiques chez l'enfant et la femme enceinte, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Sébastien Mirek
- Service d'anesthésie-réanimation, CHU de Dijon, Dijon, France
| | - Gilles Orliaguet
- EA 08 Paris-Descartes, service de pharmacologie et évaluation des thérapeutiques chez l'enfant et la femme enceinte, 75743 Paris cedex 15, France
| | - François Proust
- Service de neurochirurgie, hôpital Hautepierre, CHU de Strasbourg, 67098 Strasbourg, France
| | - Hervé Quintard
- Service de réanimation médicochirurgicale, UMR 7275, CNRS, Sophia Antipolis, hôpital Pasteur, CHU de Nice, 06000 Nice, France
| | - Catherine Ract
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital de Bicêtre, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Équipe TIGER, CNRS 1072-Inserm 5288, service d'anesthésie, centre hospitalier de Bourg en Bresse, centre de recherche en neurosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Mohamed Srairi
- Pôle anesthésie-réanimation, Inserm, UMR 1214, Toulouse neuroimaging center, ToNIC, université Toulouse 3-Paul Sabatier, CHU de Toulouse, 31059 Toulouse, France
| | - Karim Tazarourte
- SAMU/SMUR, service des urgences, hospices civils de Lyon, hôpital Édouard-Herriot, 69437 Lyon cedex 03, France
| | - Bernard Vigué
- Département d'anesthésie-réanimation, hôpital de Bicêtre, hôpitaux universitaires Paris-Sud, AP-HP, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France; Équipe TIGER, CNRS 1072-Inserm 5288, service d'anesthésie, centre hospitalier de Bourg en Bresse, centre de recherche en neurosciences, Lyon, France
| | - Jean-François Payen
- Pôle anesthésie-réanimation, CHU Grenoble-Alpes, 38043 Grenoble cedex 9, France
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Rathbone J, Albarqouni L, Bakhit M, Beller E, Byambasuren O, Hoffmann T, Scott AM, Glasziou P. Expediting citation screening using PICo-based title-only screening for identifying studies in scoping searches and rapid reviews. Syst Rev 2017; 6:233. [PMID: 29178925 PMCID: PMC5702220 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-017-0629-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Citation screening for scoping searches and rapid review is time-consuming and inefficient, often requiring days or sometimes months to complete. We examined the reliability of PICo-based title-only screening using keyword searches based on the PICo elements-Participants, Interventions, and Comparators, but not the Outcomes. METHODS A convenience sample of 10 datasets, derived from the literature searches of completed systematic reviews, was used to test PICo-based title-only screening. Search terms for screening were generated from the inclusion criteria of each review, specifically the PICo elements-Participants, Interventions and Comparators. Synonyms for the PICo terms were sought, including alternatives for clinical conditions, trade names of generic drugs and abbreviations for clinical conditions, interventions and comparators. The MeSH database, Wikipedia, Google searches and online thesauri were used to assist generating terms. Title-only screening was performed by five reviewers independently in Endnote X7 reference management software using OR Boolean operator. Outcome measures were recall of included studies and the reduction in screening effort. Recall is the proportion of included studies retrieved using PICo title-only screening out of the total number of included studies in the original reviews. The percentage reduction in screening effort is the proportion of records not needing screening because the method eliminates them from the screen set. RESULTS Across the 10 reviews, the reduction in screening effort ranged from 11 to 78% with a median reduction of 53%. In nine systematic reviews, the recall of included studies was 100%. In one review (oxygen therapy), four of five reviewers missed the same included study (median recall 67%). A post hoc analysis was performed on the dataset with the lowest reduction in screening effort (11%), and it was rescreened using only the intervention and comparator keywords and omitting keywords for participants. The reduction in screening effort increased to 57%, and the recall of included studies was maintained (100%). CONCLUSIONS In this sample of datasets, PICo-based title-only screening was able to expedite citation screening for scoping searches and rapid reviews by reducing the number of citations needed to screen but requires a thorough workup of the potential synonyms and alternative terms. Further research which evaluates the feasibility of this technique with heterogeneous datasets in different fields would be useful to inform the generalisability of this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Rathbone
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia.
| | - Loai Albarqouni
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Mina Bakhit
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Elaine Beller
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Oyungerel Byambasuren
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Tammy Hoffmann
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Anna Mae Scott
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
| | - Paul Glasziou
- Centre for Research in Evidence Based Practice, Bond University, Gold Coast, Australia
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A Systematic Appraisal of Neurosurgical Seizure Prophylaxis: Guidance for Critical Care Management. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2017; 28:233-49. [PMID: 26192247 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Clinical decisions are often made in the presence of some uncertainty. Health care should be based on a combination of scientific evidence, clinical experience, economics, patient value judgments, and preferences. Seizures are not uncommon following brain injury, surgical trauma, hemorrhage, altered brain metabolism, hypoxia, or ischemic events. The impact of seizures in the immediate aftermath of injury may be a prolonged intensive care stay or compounding of the primary injury. The aim of brain injury management is to limit the consequences of the secondary damage. The original intention of seizure prophylaxis was to limit the incidence of early-onset seizures. However, clinical trials have been equivocal on this point, and there is concern about the adverse effects of antiepileptic drug therapy. This review of the literature raises concerns regarding the arbitrary division of seizures into early onset (7 d) and late onset (8 d and beyond). In many cases it would appear that seizures present within 24 hours of the injury or after 7 days, which would be outside of the scope of current seizure prophylaxis guidance. There also does not appear to be a pathophysiological reason to divide brain injury-related seizures into these timeframes. Therefore, a solution to the conundrum is to reevaluate current practice. Prophylaxis could be offered to those receiving intensive care for the primary brain injury, where the impact of seizure would be detrimental to the management of the brain injury, or other clinical judgments where prophylaxis is prudent. Neurosurgical seizure management can then focus attention on which agent has the best adverse effect profile and the duration of therapy. The evidence seems to support levetiracetam as the most appropriate agent. Although previous reviews have identified an increase cost associated with the use of levetiracetam, current cost comparisons with phenytoin demonstrate a marginal price differential. The aim of this review is to assimilate the applicable literature regarding seizure prophylaxis. The final guidance is a forum upon which further clinical research could evaluate a new seizure prophylaxis paradigm.
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Challenges in the Anesthetic and Intensive Care Management of Acute Ischemic Stroke. J Neurosurg Anesthesiol 2017; 28:214-32. [PMID: 26368664 DOI: 10.1097/ana.0000000000000225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is a devastating condition with high morbidity and mortality. In the past 2 decades, the treatment of AIS has been revolutionized by the introduction of several interventions supported by class I evidence-care on a stroke unit, intravenous tissue plasminogen activator within 4.5 hours of stroke onset, aspirin commenced within 48 hours of stroke onset, and decompressive craniectomy for supratentorial malignant hemispheric cerebral infarction. There is new class I evidence also demonstrating benefits of endovascular therapy on functional outcomes in those with anterior circulation stroke. In addition, the importance of the careful management of key systemic physiological variables, including oxygenation, blood pressure, temperature, and serum glucose, has been appreciated. In line with this, the role of anesthesiologists and intensivists in managing AIS has increased. This review highlights the main challenges in the endovascular and intensive care management of AIS that, in part, result from the paucity of research focused on these areas. It also provides guidelines for the management of AIS based upon current evidence, and identifies areas for further research.
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Combination therapy of levetiracetam and gabapentin against nonconvulsive seizures induced by penetrating traumatic brain injury. J Trauma Acute Care Surg 2017; 83:S25-S34. [PMID: 28452872 DOI: 10.1097/ta.0000000000001470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic seizures are a medical problem affecting patients with traumatic brain injury. Yet effective treatment is lacking owing to the limitations of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) applicable to these patients. METHODS In this study, we evaluated the dose-response efficacy of levetiracetam (12.5-100.0 mg/kg) and gabapentin (1.25-25.0 mg/kg) administered either individually or in pairs at fixed-dose ratios as a combination in mitigating posttraumatic nonconvulsive seizures induced by severe penetrating ballistic-like brain injury (PBBI) in rats. Seizures were detected by continuous electroencephalogram (EEG) monitoring for 72 hours postinjury. Animals were treated twice per day for 3 days by intravenous injections. RESULTS Both levetiracetam (25-100 mg/kg) and gabapentin (6.25-25 mg/kg) significantly reduced PBBI-induced seizure frequency by 44% to 73% and 61% to 69%, and seizure duration by 45% to 64% and 70% to 78%, respectively. However, the two drugs manifested different dose-response profiles. Levetiracetam attenuated seizure activity in a dose-dependent fashion, whereas the beneficial effects of gabapentin plateaued across the three highest doses tested. Combined administration of levetiracetam and gabapentin mirrored the more classic dose-response profile of levetiracetam monotherapy. However, no additional benefit was derived from the addition of gabapentin. Furthermore, isobolographic analysis of the combination dose-response profile of levetiracetam and gabapentin failed to reach the expected level of additivity, suggesting an unlikelihood of favorable interactions between these two drugs against spontaneously occurring posttraumatic seizure activities at the particular set of dose ratios tested. CONCLUSION This study was the first attempt to apply isobolographic approach to studying AED combination therapy in the context of spontaneously occurring posttraumatic seizures. Despite the failure to achieve additivity from levetiracetam and gabapentin combination, it is important to recognize the objectivity of the isobolographic approach in the evaluation of AED combination therapy against seizures directly associated with brain injuries.
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Levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in brain injured patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Clin Pharm 2017; 39:998-1003. [PMID: 28780739 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-017-0507-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Background The onset of early and/or late seizures in brain injured patients is associated with worse outcome. So far, phenytoin is the most commonly used antiepileptic drug to prevent seizures in this group of patients. Objective In the current metaanalysis, we aimed to compare the efficacy and safety of phenytoin versus levetiracetam for seizure prophylaxis in brain injured patients. Methods A systematic search was conducted in PubMed and Cochrane Library Database by 2 investigators. Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included (295 patients). Data were extracted and the quality of each RCT was assessed. Results Levetiracetam was found to be more effective than phenytoin in seizure prophylaxis (OR = 0.23; CI 95% [0.09-0.56]; Q test p value = 0.18 and I2 = 38%). A trend toward less serious side effects was also found in patients treated with levetiracetam (OR = 0.27; CI 95% [0.07-1.07]; Q test p value = 0.72 and I2 = 0%). Conclusion Levetiracetam is more effective and safer than phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in brain injured patients.
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Chassoux F, Landre E. Prevention and management of postoperative seizures in neuro-oncology. Neurochirurgie 2017; 63:197-203. [PMID: 28599984 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuchi.2016.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Epilepsy related to brain tumors is often difficult to treat and may impact the quality of life. We performed a review of current recommendations for the prevention of postoperative seizures and optimizing the anti-epileptic treatment. MATERIAL AND METHODS Based on studies performed since 2000 we conducted the review by (1) analyzing the incidence of tumoral epilepsy and mechanisms of epileptogenicity; (2) describing the current medical and surgical strategy according to oncologic treatments; (3) discussing the management of postoperative seizures; (4) considering the drug withdrawal after oncologic therapy. RESULTS Epilepsy related to supra-tentorial brain tumors is frequent (40-60%) especially in low-grade gliomas, glioneuronal tumors, fronto-temporal and eloquent cortex locations. Seizures can occur as a presenting symptom or during the course of the tumor, including after surgery and oncological treatments. Maximal safe surgical resection is the more effective therapy, alone or combined with adjuvant therapy (chemotherapy, radiotherapy). Anti-epileptic drugs are not indicated for epilepsy prophylaxis in patients without seizures but only after the first seizure due to high risk of recurrence. As they may generate adverse effects and interfere with oncological treatments, the choice is based on efficacy, tolerability and potential interactions. New anti-epileptic non-enzyme-inducing drugs are recommended in first-line monotherapy in association with adjuvant oncological therapies. Enzyme-inhibiting drugs could have a favorable effect on survival. Late seizures are often related to tumor progression or recurrence. Discontinuation of anti-epileptic drugs could be considered after successful oncological treatment and a stable medical condition. CONCLUSION These guidelines are helpful for a rational therapy in tumoral epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chassoux
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, 75005 Paris, France.
| | - E Landre
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sainte-Anne Hospital, 1, rue Cabanis, 75014 Paris, France; Paris-Descartes University, 75005 Paris, France
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Management of Medical Complications During the Rehabilitation of Moderate-Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2017; 28:259-270. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Abstract
There have been many recent advances in the management of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Research regarding established and novel therapies is ongoing. Future research must not only focus on development of new strategies but determine the long-term benefits or disadvantages of current strategies. In addition, the impact of these advances on varying severities of brain injury must not be ignored. It is hoped that future research strategies in TBI will prioritize large-scale trials using common data elements to develop large registries and databases, and leverage international collaborations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deborah M Stein
- Neurotrauma Critical Care, Section of Trauma Critical Care, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Cristina B Feather
- Surgical Critical Care, R Adams Cowley Shock Trauma Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, 22 South Greene Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Lena M Napolitano
- Division of Acute Care Surgery [Trauma, Burns, Surgical Critical Care, Emergency Surgery], Department of Surgery, Trauma and Surgical Critical Care, University of Michigan Health System, Room 1C340-UH, 1500 East Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-5033, USA
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Piccenna L, Shears G, O'Brien TJ. Management of post-traumatic epilepsy: An evidence review over the last 5 years and future directions. Epilepsia Open 2017; 2:123-144. [PMID: 29588942 PMCID: PMC5719843 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Post‐traumatic epilepsy (PTE) is a relatively underappreciated condition that can develop as a secondary consequence following traumatic brain injury (TBI). The aim of this rapid evidence review is to provide a synthesis of existing evidence on the effectiveness of treatment interventions for the prevention of PTE in people who have suffered a moderate/severe TBI to increase awareness and understanding among consumers. Electronic medical databases (n = 5) and gray literature published between January 2010 and April 2015 were searched for studies on the management of PTE. Twenty‐two eligible studies were identified that met the inclusion criteria. No evidence was found for the effectiveness of any pharmacological treatments in the prevention or treatment of symptomatic seizures in adults with PTE. However, limited high‐level evidence for the effectiveness of the antiepileptic drug levetiracetam was identified for PTE in children. Low‐level evidence was identified for nonpharmacological interventions in significantly reducing seizures in patients with PTE, but only in a minority of cases, requiring further high‐level studies to confirm the results. This review provides an opportunity for researchers and health service professionals to better understand the underlying pathophysiology of PTE to develop novel, more effective therapeutic targets and to improve the quality of life of people with this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Piccenna
- The Epilepsy Foundation Melbourne Victoria Australia.,Department of Medicine The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Graeme Shears
- The Epilepsy Foundation Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Terence J O'Brien
- James Stewart Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine The Royal Melbourne Hospital The University of Melbourne Parkville Victoria Australia
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Abstract
In subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH), seizures are frequent and occur at different time points, likely reflecting heterogeneous pathophysiology. Young patients, those with more severe SAH (by clot burden or presence of severe mental status changes at onset or focal neurologic deficits at any time), those with associated increased cortical irritation (by infarction or presence of underlying hematoma), and patients undergoing craniotomy are at higher risk. Advanced neurophysiologic monitoring allows for seizure burden quantification, identification of subclinical seizures, and interictal patterns as well as neurovascular complications that may have an independent impact on the outcome in this population. Practice regarding seizure prophylaxis varies widely; its institution is often guided by the risk-benefit ratio of seizures and medication side effects. Newer anticonvulsants seem to be equally effective and may have a more favorable profile. However, questions regarding the association of seizures and vasospasm, the therapeutic dosing, timing, and duration of antiepileptic treatment and the impact of seizures and antiepileptics on the outcome remain unanswered. In this review, we provide a broad overview of the work in this area and offer a diagnostic and therapeutic approach based on our own expert opinion.
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Won SY, Konczalla J, Dubinski D, Cattani A, Cuca C, Seifert V, Rosenow F, Strzelczyk A, Freiman TM. A systematic review of epileptic seizures in adults with subdural haematomas. Seizure 2017; 45:28-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/20/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
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Khan NR, VanLandingham MA, Fierst TM, Hymel C, Hoes K, Evans LT, Mayer R, Barker F, Klimo P. Should Levetiracetam or Phenytoin Be Used for Posttraumatic Seizure Prophylaxis? A Systematic Review of the Literature and Meta-analysis. Neurosurgery 2016; 79:775-782. [DOI: 10.1227/neu.0000000000001445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
BACKGROUND:
Posttraumatic seizure (PTS) is a significant complication of traumatic brain injury (TBI).
OBJECTIVE:
To perform a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare levetiracetam with phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis in patients diagnosed with severe TBI.
METHODS:
An inclusive search of several electronic databases and bibliographies was conducted to identify scientific studies that compared the effect of levetiracetam and phenytoin on PTS. Independent reviewers obtained data and classified the quality of each article that met inclusion criteria. A random effects meta-analysis was then completed.
RESULTS:
During June and July 2015, a systematic literature search was performed that identified 6097 articles. Of these, 7 met inclusion criteria. A random-effects meta-analysis was performed. A total of 1186 patients were included. The rate of seizure was 35 of 654 (5.4%) in the levetiracetam cohort and 18 of 532 (3.4%) in the phenytoin cohort. Our meta-analysis revealed no change in the rate of early PTS with levetiracetam compared with phenytoin (relative risk, 1.02; 95% confidence interval, 0.53-1.95; P = .96).
CONCLUSION:
The lack of evidence on which antiepileptic drug to use in PTS is surprising given the number of patients prescribed an antiepileptic drug therapy for TBI. On the basis of currently available Level III evidence, patients treated with either levetiracetam or phenytoin have similar incidences of early seizures after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickalus R. Khan
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | | | - Tamara M. Fierst
- Department of Neurosurgery, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Caroline Hymel
- University of Memphis, Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Kathryn Hoes
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Texas Southwestern, Dallas, Texas
| | - Linton T. Evans
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Hospital, Lebanon, New Hampshire
| | - Rory Mayer
- Department of Neurosurgery, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Fred Barker
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Paul Klimo
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
- Semmes-Murphey Neurologic and Spine Institute, Memphis, Tennessee
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Vaewpanich J, Reuter-Rice K. Continuous electroencephalography in pediatric traumatic brain injury: Seizure characteristics and outcomes. Epilepsy Behav 2016; 62:225-30. [PMID: 27500827 PMCID: PMC5014598 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2016.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a major cause of pediatric morbidity and mortality. Secondary injury that occurs as a result of a direct impact plays a crucial role in patient prognosis. The guidelines for the management of severe TBI target treatment of secondary injury. Posttraumatic seizure, one of the secondary injury sequelae, contributes to further damage to the injured brain. Continuous electroencephalography (cEEG) helps detect both clinical and subclinical seizure, which aids early detection and prompt treatment. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between cEEG findings in pediatric traumatic brain injury and neurocognitive/functional outcomes. METHODS This study focuses on a subgroup of a larger prospective parent study that examined children admitted to a level-1 trauma hospital. The subgroup included sixteen children admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) who received cEEG monitoring. Characteristics included demographics, cEEG reports, and antiseizure medication. We also examined outcome scores at the time of discharge and 4-6weeks postdischarge using the Glasgow Outcome Scale - Extended Pediatrics and center-based speech pathology neurocognitive/functional evaluation scores. RESULTS Sixteen patients were included in this study. Patients with severe TBI made up the majority of those that received cEEG monitoring. Nonaccidental trauma was the most frequent TBI etiology (75%), and subdural hematoma was the most common lesion diagnosed by CT scan (75%). Fifteen patients received antiseizure medication, and levetiracetam was the medication of choice. Four patients (25%) developed seizures during PICU admission, and 3 patients had subclinical seizures that were detected by cEEG. One of these patients also had both a clinical and subclinical seizure. Nonaccidental trauma was an etiology of TBI in all patients with seizures. Characteristics of a nonreactive pattern, severe/burst suppression, and lack of sleep architecture, on cEEG, were associated with poor neurocognitive/functional outcome. CONCLUSION Continuous electroencephalography demonstrated a pattern that associated seizures and poor outcomes in patients with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury, particularly in a subgroup of patients with nonaccidental trauma. Best practice should include institution-based TBI cEEG protocols, which may detect seizure activity early and promote outcomes. Future studies should include examination of individual cEEG characteristics to help improve outcomes in pediatric TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jarin Vaewpanich
- Department of Pediatrics, Ramathibodi Hospital, Mahidol University, 270 Rama VI Rd., Thung Phaya Thai, Ratchathewi, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Karin Reuter-Rice
- School of Nursing, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, 307 Trent Drive, DUMC 3322, Durham, NC 27710, United States; School of Medicine, Dept. of Pediatrics, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, 307 Trent Drive, DUMC 3322, Durham, NC 27710, United States; Duke University, Duke Institute for Brain Sciences, 307 Trent Drive, DUMC 3322, Durham, NC 27710, United States.
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Yang Y, Zheng F, Xu X, Wang X. Levetiracetam Versus Phenytoin for Seizure Prophylaxis Following Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. CNS Drugs 2016; 30:677-88. [PMID: 27395404 DOI: 10.1007/s40263-016-0365-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seizure following traumatic brain injury (TBI) constitutes a common complication that requires effective prevention to improve the outcome of TBI. Phenytoin has been the only recommended antiepileptic drug (AED) for seizure prophylaxis; however, several shortcomings have affected its use. Intravenous levetiracetam has been available since 2006 and has been increasingly accepted as a seizure prophylaxis for brain injury, mainly due to its favorable pharmacokinetic features and minimal adverse events profile. However, the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis following TBI are not well clarified. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis following TBI. METHODS We conducted a search of the MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane library databases to March 2016, and screened original research that included patients with TBI who received levetiracetam. We included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled observational cohort studies that compared levetiracetam and phenytoin, as well as uncontrolled case series regarding prophylactic levetiracetam following TBI. The outcomes included early or late seizure prophylaxis and safety. The estimates of seizure prophylaxis were pooled using a meta-analysis, and the estimates for the case series were pooled using descriptive statistics. RESULTS A total of 1614 patients from 11 studies were included in this review, of whom 1285 patients from eight controlled studies (one RCT and seven cohort studies) were included in the meta-analysis. Levetiracetam was not superior to phenytoin with regard to early seizure prophylaxis (risk ratio [RR] 1.10, 95 % confidence interval [CI] 0.64-1.88); the estimate of early seizure incidence was 0.05 (95 % CI 0.02-0.08). Three studies that assessed late seizure did not indicate the superiority of levetiracetam to phenytoin. There were no differences in mortality during hospitalization or after 6 months, or in the number of patients with adverse reactions between levetiracetam and phenytoin. CONCLUSIONS Levetiracetam does not appear to be superior to phenytoin in efficacy or safety with regard to early or late seizure prophylaxis following TBI; however, no class I evidence was identified. Additional evidence from high-quality studies is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Fangshuo Zheng
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xin Xu
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, 1 Youyi Road, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,Center of Epilepsy, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, China.
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Gassner HG, Schwan F, Schebesch KM. Minimally invasive surgery of the anterior skull base: transorbital approaches. GMS CURRENT TOPICS IN OTORHINOLARYNGOLOGY, HEAD AND NECK SURGERY 2016; 14:Doc03. [PMID: 27453759 PMCID: PMC4940979 DOI: 10.3205/cto000118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Minimally invasive approaches are becoming increasingly popular to access the anterior skull base. With interdisciplinary cooperation, in particular endonasal endoscopic approaches have seen an impressive expansion of indications over the past decades. The more recently described transorbital approaches represent minimally invasive alternatives with a differing spectrum of access corridors. The purpose of the present paper is to discuss transorbital approaches to the anterior skull base in the light of the current literature. The transorbital approaches allow excellent exposure of areas that are difficult to reach like the anterior and posterior wall of the frontal sinus; working angles may be more favorable and the paranasal sinus system can be preserved while exposing the skull base. Because of their minimal morbidity and the cosmetically excellent results, the transorbital approaches represent an important addition to established endonasal endoscopic and open approaches to the anterior skull base. Their execution requires an interdisciplinary team approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger G Gassner
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Medicine of Regensburg, Germany
| | - Franziska Schwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head & Neck Surgery, University Medicine of Regensburg, Germany
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Xu JC, Shen J, Shao WZ, Tang LJ, Sun YZ, Zhai XF, Qi L, Li J, Zheng JY. The safety and efficacy of levetiracetam versus phenytoin for seizure prophylaxis after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Brain Inj 2016; 30:1054-61. [PMID: 27295203 DOI: 10.3109/02699052.2016.1170882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The standard for early traumatic brain injury (TBI) seizure prophylaxis is phenytoin (PHT). Levetiracetam (LEV) has been proposed as an alternative to PHT. The aim of this study was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of LEV on TBI seizure when compared with PHT. METHODS A search was carried out based on the databases from Pubmed, Embase and the Cochrane database up to May 2015. The relative risk (RR) and the relevant 95% confidence intervals (CI) were determined. RESULTS Eight observational studies and one randomized controlled trial involving 2035 cases were included. The results indicated that no significant differences in terms of overall seizure (RR = 0.90; 95% CI = 0.51-1.53; p = 0.68), early seizure (RR = 1.06; 95% CI = 0.37-3.07; p = 0.92) and late seizure (RR = 1.10; 95% CI = 0.43-2.79; p = 0.85) occurrence. However, LEV was associated with a lower adverse drug reaction rate (RR = 0.43; 95% CI = 0.23-0.81; p = 0.01). Moreover, there were no significant differences in terms of mortality, length of ICU or hospital stay between groups. CONCLUSIONS The meta-analysis suggests that LEV appears to have a similar efficacy to PHT on TBI. A better safety profile of LEV is supported by this analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Wen-Zheng Shao
- c Department of Ultrasound , The Affiliated Huai'an Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College , Huai'an , PR China
| | - Lin-Jun Tang
- d Department of Neurosurgery , Tongling Municipal Hospital, Tongling , Anhui , PR China
| | | | | | | | - Jing Li
- a Department of Neurosurgery
| | - Jin-Yu Zheng
- a Department of Neurosurgery.,e Xuzhou Medical College , Xuzhou , Jiangsu , PR China
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50
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Pourzitaki C, Tsaousi G, Apostolidou E, Karakoulas K, Kouvelas D, Amaniti E. Efficacy and safety of prophylactic levetiracetam in supratentorial brain tumour surgery: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 82:315-25. [PMID: 26945547 DOI: 10.1111/bcp.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to perform an up-to-date systematic review and meta-analysis on the efficacy and safety of prophylactic administration of levetiracetam in brain tumour patients. METHOD A systematic review of studies published until April 2015 was conducted using Scopus/Elsevier, EMBASE and MEDLINE. The search was limited to articles reporting results from adult patients, suffering from brain tumour, undergoing supratentorial craniotomy for tumour resection or biopsy and administered levetiracetam in the perioperative period for seizure prophylaxis. Outcomes included the efficacy and safety of levetiracetam, as well as the tolerability of the specific regimen, defined by the discontinuation of the treatment due to side effects. RESULTS The systematic review included 1148 patients from 12 studies comparing levetiracetam with no treatment, phenytoin and valproate, while only 243 patients from three studies, comparing levetiracetam vs phenytoin efficacy and safety, were included in the meta-analysis. The combined results from the meta-analysis showed that levetiracetam administration was followed by significantly fewer seizures than treatment with phenytoin (OR = 0.12 [0.03-0.42]: χ(2) = 1.76: I(2) = 0%). Analysis also showed significantly fewer side effects in patients receiving levetiracetam, compared to other groups (P < 0.05). The combined results showed fewer side effects in the levetiracetam group compared to the phenytoin group (OR = 0.65 [0.14-2.99]: χ(2) = 8.79: I(2) = 77%). CONCLUSIONS The efficacy of prophylaxis with levetiracetam seems to be superior to that with phenytoin and valproate administration. Moreover, levetiracetam use demonstrates fewer side effects in brain tumour patients. Nevertheless, high risk of bias and moderate methodological quality must be taken into account when considering these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chryssa Pourzitaki
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Tsaousi
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Apostolidou
- 2nd Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Konstantinos Karakoulas
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Kouvelas
- 2nd Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ekaterini Amaniti
- Clinic of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124, Thessaloniki, Greece
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