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Camacho M, Vázquez-López C, Valero C, Holgado A, Terra X, Avilés-Jurado FX, León X. Transcriptional expression of SLC16A7 as a biomarker of occult lymph node metastases in patients with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2024:10.1007/s00405-024-08882-9. [PMID: 39215860 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-024-08882-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glucose is the main energy substrate of tumor cells. This study aims to assess whether the transcriptional expression of glucose metabolism-related genes is associated with occult lymph node metastases in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. METHODS We examined the transcriptional expression of a panel of glucose metabolism-related genes in a cohort of 53 patients with HNSCC without cervical lymph node involvement at the time of diagnosis (cN0) and subsequently treated with elective neck dissection. RESULTS Occult lymph node metastases were found in 37.7% (n = 20) of the patients. Among the analyzed genes, SLC16A7 exhibited the strongest association with the presence of occult lymph node metastases. Patients with occult lymph node metastases (cN0/pN +) had significantly lower SLC16A7 expression values (p = 0.001). Patients with low SLC16A7 expression (n = 17, 32.1%) had a frequency of occult lymph node metastases of 76.5%, while for patients with high SLCA16A7 expression (n = 36, 67.9%) it was 19.4% (P = 0.0001). A multivariable analysis showed that patients with low expression of SLC16A7 had a 12.6 times higher risk of developing occult lymph node metastases. CONCLUSION cN0 HNSCC patients with low SLC16A7 expression had a higher risk of occult lymph node metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes Camacho
- Genomics of Complex Diseases. Institut de Recerca, IIB Sant Pau, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Vázquez-López
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Valero
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Holgado
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ximena Terra
- MoBioFood Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Xavier Avilés-Jurado
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department. Hospital Clínic de Barcelona. IDIBAPS Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier León
- Otorhinolaryngology Head-Neck Surgery Department, Hospital de La Santa Creu I Sant Pau, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Center On Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine (CIBER-BBN), Madrid, Spain
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Yamakawa N, Nakayama Y, Ueda N, Yagyuu T, Tamaki S, Kirita T. Volume-based 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography/computed tomography parameters correlate with delayed neck metastasis in clinical early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Radiol 2023; 39:668-682. [PMID: 37081306 DOI: 10.1007/s11282-023-00686-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is no known preoperative marker that can effectively predict the risk of delayed neck metastasis (DNM), which is an important factor that determines the prognosis of early-stage oral cancer. In this study, we examined whether 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F-FDG-PET)/computed tomography (CT) uptake parameters of primary cancer can predict the risk of DNM in early-stage oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). METHODS Data from patients with stage I-II OSCC who underwent surgical resection of the primary tumor without elective neck dissection between January 2009 and December 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient characteristics, histopathological factors, and PET/CT parameters (maximum standardized uptake value [SUVmax], metabolic tumor volume [MTV], and total lesion glycolysis [TLG]) were evaluated for their association with DNM. DNM rates were calculated, and the parameters that were statistically significant in the univariate analysis were used as explanatory variables. Independent factors associated with DNM were identified using multivariate analysis. For all statistical analyses, p-values < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Data from 71 patients were analyzed in the study. The overall DNM rate among all patients was 21.8%. The univariate analysis showed that the T classification, depth of invasion, pattern of invasion, lymphovascular invasion, SUVmax, MTV, and TLG were significant predictors of DNM. However, the multivariate analysis revealed that only the depth of invasion, MTV, and TLG were independent predictors of DNM. CONCLUSION This study suggests that, in addition to conventional predictors, volume-based PET parameters are useful predictors of DNM in those with early-stage OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobuhiro Yamakawa
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Yohei Nakayama
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Ueda
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Takahiro Yagyuu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Shigehiro Tamaki
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
| | - Tadaaki Kirita
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Medicine, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan
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Semaphorin-3F/Neuropilin-2 Transcriptional Expression as a Predictive Biomarker of Occult Lymph Node Metastases in HNSCC. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14092259. [PMID: 35565388 PMCID: PMC9100497 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14092259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The expression of the semaphorin-3F (SEMA3F) and neuropilin-2 (NRP2) is involved in the regulation of lymphangiogenesis. The present study analyzes the relationship between the transcriptional expression of the SEMA3F-NRP2 genes and the presence of occult lymph node metastases in patients with cN0 head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. We analyzed the transcriptional expression of SEMA3F and NRP2 in a cohort of 53 patients with cN0 squamous cell carcinoma treated with an elective neck dissection. Occult lymph node metastases were found in 37.7% of the patients. Patients with occult lymph node metastases (cN0/pN+) had significantly lower SEMA3F expression values than patients without lymph node involvement (cN0/pN0). Considering the expression of the SEMA3F-NRP2 genes, patients were classified into two groups according to the risk of occult nodal metastasis: Group 1 (n = 34), high SEMA3F/low NRP2 expression, with a low risk of occult nodal involvement (14.7% cN0/pN+); Group 2 (n = 19), low SEMA3F or high SEMA3F/high NRP2 expression, with a high risk of occult nodal involvement (78.9% cN0/pN+). Multivariate analysis showed that patients in Group 2 had a 26.2 higher risk of lymph node involvement than patients in Group 1. There was a significant relationship between the transcriptional expression values of the SEMA3F-NRP2 genes and the risk of occult nodal metastases.
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Davoodvandi A, Farshadi M, Zare N, Akhlagh SA, Alipour Nosrani E, Mahjoubin-Tehran M, Kangari P, Sharafi SM, Khan H, Aschner M, Baniebrahimi G, Mirzaei H. Antimetastatic Effects of Curcumin in Oral and Gastrointestinal Cancers. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:668567. [PMID: 34456716 PMCID: PMC8386020 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.668567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal (GI) cancers are known as frequently occurred solid malignant tumors that can cause the high rate mortality in the world. Metastasis is a significant destructive feature of tumoral cells, which directly correlates with decreased prognosis and survival. Curcumin, which is found in turmeric, has been identified as a potent therapeutic natural bioactive compound (Curcuma longa). It has been traditionally applied for centuries to treat different diseases, and it has shown efficacy for its anticancer properties. Numerous studies have revealed that curcumin inhibits migration and metastasis of GI cancer cells by modulating various genes and proteins, i.e., growth factors, inflammatory cytokines and their receptors, different types of enzymes, caspases, cell adhesion molecules, and cell cycle proteins. Herein, we summarized the antimetastatic effects of curcumin in GI cancers, including pancreatic cancer, gastric cancer, colorectal cancer, oral cancer, and esophageal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amirhossein Davoodvandi
- Student Research Committee, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
- Cancer Immunology Project (CIP), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Noushid Zare
- Faculty of Pharmacy, International Campus, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Esmail Alipour Nosrani
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Mahjoubin-Tehran
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Parisa Kangari
- Department of Tissue Engineering and Applied Cell Sciences, School of Advanced Medical Sciences and Technologies, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Maryam Sharafi
- Environment Research Center, Research Institute for Primordial Prevention of Non-Communicable Disease, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Haroon Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, Abdul Wali Khan University, Mardan, Pakistan
| | - Michael Aschner
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ghazaleh Baniebrahimi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mirzaei
- Research Center for Biochemistry and Nutrition in Metabolic Diseases, Institute for Basic Sciences, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
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Patni AP, Harishankar MK, Joseph JP, Sreeshma B, Jayaraj R, Devi A. Comprehending the crosstalk between Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways in oral squamous cell carcinoma - clinical implications. Cell Oncol (Dordr) 2021; 44:473-494. [PMID: 33704672 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-021-00591-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a malignant oral cavity neoplasm that affects many people, especially in developing countries. Despite several advances that have been made in diagnosis and treatment, the morbidity and mortality rates due to OSCC remain high. Accumulating evidence indicates that aberrant activation of cellular signaling pathways, such as the Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog pathways, occurs during the development and metastasis of OSCC. In this review, we have articulated the roles of the Notch, Wnt and Hedgehog signaling pathways in OSCC and their crosstalk during tumor development and progression. We have also examined possible interactions and associations between these pathways and treatment regimens that could be employed to effectively tackle OSCC and/or prevent its recurrence. CONCLUSIONS Activation of the Notch signaling pathway upregulates the expression of several genes, including c-Myc, β-catenin, NF-κB and Shh. Associations between the Notch signaling pathway and other pathways have been shown to enhance OSCC tumor aggressiveness. Crosstalk between these pathways supports the maintenance of cancer stem cells (CSCs) and regulates OSCC cell motility. Thus, application of compounds that block these pathways may be a valid strategy to treat OSCC. Such compounds have already been employed in other types of cancer and could be repurposed for OSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjali P Patni
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - M K Harishankar
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Joel P Joseph
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Bhuvanadas Sreeshma
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India
| | - Rama Jayaraj
- College of Human and Human Sciences, Charles Darwin University, Ellangowan Drive, Darwin, Northern Territory, 0909, Australia
| | - Arikketh Devi
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Department of Genetic Engineering, School of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kanchipuram, Kattankulathur, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, 603203, India.
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Gatti V, Bernassola F, Talora C, Melino G, Peschiaroli A. The Impact of the Ubiquitin System in the Pathogenesis of Squamous Cell Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061595. [PMID: 32560247 PMCID: PMC7352818 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin system is a dynamic regulatory pathway controlling the activity, subcellular localization and stability of a myriad of cellular proteins, which in turn affects cellular homeostasis through the regulation of a variety of signaling cascades. Aberrant activity of key components of the ubiquitin system has been functionally linked with numerous human diseases including the initiation and progression of human tumors. In this review, we will contextualize the importance of the two main components of the ubiquitin system, the E3 ubiquitin ligases (E3s) and deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs), in the etiology of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs). We will discuss the signaling pathways regulated by these enzymes, emphasizing the genetic and molecular determinants underlying their deregulation in SCCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Gatti
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, 00133 Rome, Italy;
| | - Francesca Bernassola
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Claudio Talora
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Gerry Melino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, TOR, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy; (F.B.); (G.M.)
| | - Angelo Peschiaroli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Translational Pharmacology, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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7
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Quintin Y. Pontejos Jr. A, Anne A. del Mundo D. The Role of Neck Dissection in Oral Cavity Carcinoma. Oral Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.90925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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8
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Huang W, Zeng C, Hu S, Wang L, Liu J. ATG3, a Target of miR-431-5p, Promotes Proliferation and Invasion of Colon Cancer via Promoting Autophagy. Cancer Manag Res 2019; 11:10275-10285. [PMID: 31849517 PMCID: PMC6911302 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s226828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Studies have indicated that ATG3 could mediate the effects of other tumor-related regulators in carcinogenesis. However, the expression, role, and mechanism of ATG3 itself in cancers are rarely revealed. Thus, we explored the expression, function, and mechanism of ATG3 in colon cancer. Materials and methods The expression of ATG3 was detected in colon cancer tissues and cell lines, as well as in adjacent tumor tissues and normal colon epithelial cells. The effects of ATG3 alteration on proliferation and invasion were further analyzed. The expression and role of miR-431-5p, a potential negative regulator of ATG3, were also studied. Eventually, the role of autophagy in ATG3 related effects in colon cancer was checked. Results ATG3 is upregulated in colon cancer tissues and cells demonstrated by qPCR and IHC. ATG3 knockdown significantly suppressed proliferation and invasion of colon cancer cells indicated by plate clone formation and Transwell invasion assays. The expression of miR-431-5p is downregulated and negatively correlates with ATG3 in colon cancer. Furthermore, luciferase report system, plate clone formation and Transwell invasion assays demonstrated that miR-431-5p could prohibit cell proliferation and invasion via directly targeting ATG3 in colon cancer. Eventually, Western blot, plate clone formation and Transwell invasion assays proved that autophagy block could antagonize the promotive functions of ATG3 on proliferation and invasion in cancer suggesting autophagy activation accounts for the promotive role of ATG3 on proliferation and invasion in colon cancer. Conclusion Collectively, ATG3 upregulation, caused by downregulated miR-435-5p, promotes proliferation and invasion via an autophagy-dependent manner in colon cancer suggesting that miR-431-5p/ATG3/autophagy may be a potential therapeutic target in colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.,Research Center of Carcinogenesis and Targeted Therapy, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chong Zeng
- Department of Respiratory and Neurology, Hunan Rongjun Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanbiao Hu
- Department of Urological Organ Transplantation, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Liu
- Department of Pathology, Changsha Central Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
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Yazdani J, Ghavimi MA, Jabbari Hagh E, Ahmadpour F. The Role of E-Cadherin as a Prognostic Biomarker in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Mol Diagn Ther 2019; 22:523-535. [PMID: 30006812 DOI: 10.1007/s40291-018-0351-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE In this study, we systematically investigated and analyzed articles focusing on the prognostic value of E-cadherin (E-cad) in human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). METHODS Searching through the different databases, the studies examining the associations between E-cad and HNSCC prognosis were identified. Outcomes such as disease-specific survival and overall survival were considered acceptable. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to demonstrate prognostic value. RESULTS A total of 40 studies were systematically analyzed, and finally, 1939 subjects were included in our meta-analysis. Our findings showed that significant aberrant expression of E-cad was associated with poor survival. However, some studies showed increased expression of E-cad in metastatic lesions was associated with poor prognosis. Alteration in location of E-cad expression also showed significant association with cancer survival, i.e., increased cytoplasmic E-cad. We conducted a meta-analysis on the eligible articles using a random effect model because of moderate heterogeneity. Strong association between aberrant expression of E-cad and poor survival was demonstrated (pooled HR = 2.28; 95% CI 1.78-2.91). CONCLUSIONS Aberrant expression of E-cad may be a promising prognostic signature for HNSCC, especially when it is used with other prognostic markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javad Yazdani
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohhamad Ali Ghavimi
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elahe Jabbari Hagh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Ahmadpour
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Golgasht St., Tabriz, Iran.
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Morand GB, Vital DG, Kudura K, Werner J, Stoeckli SJ, Huber GF, Huellner MW. Maximum Standardized Uptake Value (SUV max) of Primary Tumor Predicts Occult Neck Metastasis in Oral Cancer. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11817. [PMID: 30087375 PMCID: PMC6081470 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30111-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the predictability of occult lymph node metastasis using maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax) in the primary tumor on pre-treatment 18-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography FDG-PET in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients who were clinically node negative (cN0) before surgery. A retrospective analysis of all patients treated at the University Hospital Zurich from 2007 to 2016 for OSCC with available pre-therapeutic FDG-PET was performed. We assessed the correlation of SUVmax of the primary tumors with the presence of occult nodal disease in the neck dissection specimen (pN+). The study included a total of 71 patients. In the nodal negative group (cN0/pN0), the median SUVmax of primary tumors was 9.0 (interquartile range (IQR) 7.4–13.9), while it was 11.4 (IQR 9.9–15.7) in the occult metastatic group (cN0/pN+). The difference was statistically significant (independent samples median test, P = 0.037). In a multivariable model, the only independent predictor of occult metastatic disease for cN0 patients was a SUVmax ≥ 9.5 (P = 0.028). Further, primary tumors with SUVmax ≥ 9.5 had a significantly higher risk of local recurrence (Log rank test, P = 0.020). In conclusion, we showed that higher SUVmax (≥9.5) of the primary tumor is associated with higher occurrence of occult metastatic nodal disease and worse local survival. High SUVmax of the primary tumor may encourage clinicians towards more aggressive treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grégoire B Morand
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Domenic G Vital
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ken Kudura
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonas Werner
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sandro J Stoeckli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Gerhard F Huber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland.
| | - Martin W Huellner
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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11
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Sauerbrei W, Taube SE, McShane LM, Cavenagh MM, Altman DG. Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK): An Abridged Explanation and Elaboration. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018; 110:803-811. [PMID: 29873743 PMCID: PMC6093349 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/djy088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 289] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK) were developed to address widespread deficiencies in the reporting of such studies. The REMARK checklist consists of 20 items to report for published tumor marker prognostic studies. A detailed paper was published explaining the rationale behind checklist items, providing positive examples and giving empirical evidence of the quality of reporting. REMARK provides a comprehensive overview to educate on good reporting and provide a valuable reference for the many issues to consider when designing, conducting, and analyzing tumor marker studies and prognostic studies in medicine in general. Despite support for REMARK from major cancer journals, prognostic factor research studies remain poorly reported. To encourage dissemination and uptake of REMARK, we have produced this considerably abridged version of the detailed explanatory manuscript, which may also serve as a brief guide to key issues for investigators planning tumor marker prognostic studies. To summarize the current situation, more recent papers investigating the quality of reporting and related reporting guidelines are cited, but otherwise the literature is not updated. Another important impetus for this paper is that it serves as a basis for literal translations into other languages. Translations will help to bring key information to a larger audience world-wide. Many more details can be found in the original paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willi Sauerbrei
- Institute for Medical Biometry and Statistics, Faculty of Medicine and
Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Sheila E Taube
- Cancer Diagnosis Program and Biometric Research Program, Division of
Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Lisa M McShane
- Cancer Diagnosis Program and Biometric Research Program, Division of
Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Margaret M Cavenagh
- Cancer Diagnosis Program and Biometric Research Program, Division of
Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD
| | - Douglas G Altman
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics,
Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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12
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Ma C, Zhao JZ, Lin RT, Zhou L, Chen YN, Yu LJ, Shi TY, Wang M, Liu MM, Liu YR, Zhang T. Combined overexpression of cadherin 6, cadherin 11 and cluster of differentiation 44 is associated with lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:9498-9506. [PMID: 29805672 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.8509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a highly invasive lesion that frequently metastasizes to the cervical lymph nodes and is associated with a poor prognosis. Several adhesion factors, including cadherin 6 (CDH6), cadherin 11 (CDH11) and cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44), have been reported to be involved in the invasion and metastasis of multiple types of cancer. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine the expression of CDH6, CDH11 and CD44 in tumor tissues from patients with OSCC, and whether this was associated with the metastasis and survival of OSCC. The mRNA expression of the human tumor metastasis-related cytokines was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) in OSCC tumors with or without lymph node metastasis (n=10/group). The expression of CDH6, CDH11 and CD44 in 101 OSCC and 10 normal oral mucosa samples was examined by immunohistochemical staining. The association between overall and disease-specific survival times of patients with OSCC and the expression of these three proteins was evaluated using Kaplan-Meier curves and the log-rank test. RT-qPCR results indicated that the mRNA expression of CDH6, CDH11 and CD44 was increased in OSCC patients with lymph node metastasis (2.93-, 2.01- and 1.92-fold; P<0.05). Overexpression of CDH6, CDH11 and CD44 was observed in 31/35 (89%), 25/35 (71%) and 31/35 (89%) patients, respectively. The number of OSCC patients with lymph node metastasis exhibiting CDH6, CDH11 and CD44 overexpression was significantly higher than the number of patients without lymph node metastasis exhibiting overexpression of these proteins (P=0.017, P=0.038 and P=0.007, respectively). OSCC patients with high co-expression of CDH6, CDH11 and CD44 exhibited lower disease-specific survival times (P=0.047; χ2=3.933) when compared with OSCC patients with low co-expression of these adhesion factors. CDH6, CDH11 and CD44 serve important roles in OSCC metastasis and the combined use of these factors as biomarkers may improve the accuracy of the prediction of cancer metastases and prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Ji-Zhi Zhao
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Run-Tai Lin
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Lian Zhou
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yong-Ning Chen
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Li-Jiang Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tian-Yin Shi
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Mu Wang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Man-Man Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Yao-Ran Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Stomatology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
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Wang W. Study of miR-10b regulatory mechanism for epithelial-mesenchymal transition, invasion and migration in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:7207-7210. [PMID: 29344154 PMCID: PMC5754829 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to investigate the miR-10b regulatory mechanism for epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and its effect on the proliferation and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells. RT-qPCR was used to detect the expression of miR-10b in CNE1 nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line. The NP69 nasopharyngeal mucosal cell line was used to determine the expression of miR-10b after infection with lentivirus. The effect of miR-10b on the proliferation of NP69 was examined using cell counting kit-8. The effect of miR-10b on NP69 migration was examined using scratch assay. Western blot analysis was used to detect the effects of miR-10b on the expression of epithelial cell markers E-cadherin and β-catenin and mesenchymal cell markers fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin and matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9). The present study showed that miR-10b was highly expressed in CNE1 cells. The stable expression of miR-10b promoted the proliferation and migration of NP69 cells, downregulated the expression of epithelial cell markers E-cadherin and β-catenin, and upregulated the expression of mesenchymal cell markers fibronectin, N-cadherin, vimentin and MMP-9 resulting in cell EMT. In conclusion, miR-10b promotes the proliferation and migration of nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, and induces EMT in nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells, thereby having the potential to become a new target for the treatment of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyi Wang
- Department of Ear-Nose-Throat, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, Hunan 410005, P.R. China
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14
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Epithelial to mesenchymal transition and HPV infection in squamous cell oropharyngeal carcinomas: the papillophar study. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:362-369. [PMID: 28072763 PMCID: PMC5294488 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2016.434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Human Papillomavirus (HPV) infection is recognised as aetiological factor of carcinogenesis in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinomas (OPC). HPV-related OPC respond better to treatments and have a significantly favourable outcome. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) implicated in tumour invasion, is a hallmark of a poor prognosis in carcinomas. Methods: We have studied the relationship of EMT markers (E-cadherin, β-catenin and vimentin) with HPV infection (DNA and E6/E7 mRNA detection), p16INK4a expression and survival outcomes in a cohort of 296 patients with OPC. Results: Among the 296 OPSSC, 26% were HPV positive, 20.3% had overt EMT (>25% of vimentin positive tumour cells). Lower E-cadherin expression was associated with a higher risk of distant metastasis in univariate (P=0.0110) and multivariate analyses (hazard ratios (HR)=6.86 (1.98; 23.84)). Vimentin expression tends towards worse metastasis-free survival (MFS; HR=2.53 (1.00; 6.41)) and was an independent prognostic factor of progression-free survival (HR=1.55 (1.03; 2.34)). Conclusions: There was a non significant association of EMT with HPV status. This may be explained by a mixed subpopulation of patients HPV positive with associated risk factors (HPV, tobacco and alcohol). Thus, the detection of EMT in OPC represents another reliable approach in the prognosis and the management of OPC whatever their HPV status.
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15
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Noncoding RNAs in Tumor Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:2732705. [PMID: 26989421 PMCID: PMC4773551 DOI: 10.1155/2016/2732705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-derived tumor cells acquire the capacity for epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which enables them to invade adjacent tissues and/or metastasize to distant organs. Cancer metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related death. Molecular mechanisms involved in the switch from an epithelial phenotype to mesenchymal status are complicated and are controlled by a variety of signaling pathways. Recently, a set of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs), including miRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), were found to modulate gene expressions at either transcriptional or posttranscriptional levels. These ncRNAs are involved in EMT through their interplay with EMT-related transcription factors (EMT-TFs) and EMT-associated signaling. Reciprocal regulatory interactions between lncRNAs and miRNAs further increase the complexity of the regulation of gene expression and protein translation. In this review, we discuss recent findings regarding EMT-regulating ncRNAs and their associated signaling pathways involved in cancer progression.
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Habu N, Imanishi Y, Kameyama K, Shimoda M, Tokumaru Y, Sakamoto K, Fujii R, Shigetomi S, Otsuka K, Sato Y, Watanabe Y, Ozawa H, Tomita T, Fujii M, Ogawa K. Expression of Oct3/4 and Nanog in the head and neck squamous carcinoma cells and its clinical implications for delayed neck metastasis in stage I/II oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:730. [PMID: 26483189 PMCID: PMC4610045 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1732-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The side population (SP) of cancer cells is reportedly enriched with cancer stem cells (CSCs), however, the functional role and clinical relevance of CSC marker molecules upregulated in the SP of head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) cells are yet to be elucidated. Patients with clinical stage I/II (T1-2N0M0) tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) typically undergo partial glossectomy; however, development of delayed neck metastasis (DNM) tends to reduce their survival. In the present study, we aimed to determine the CSC markers in the SP of HNSCC cells along with their functions in cellular behaviors, and to clarify the association of these markers with DNM. METHODS Flow cytometry was applied to isolate SP from main population (MP) in HNSCC cells. The expression of the CSC markers was examined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunocytochemistry. In vitro proliferation, migration, and invasion assays were performed to assess cellular behaviors. Clinicopathological factors and immunohistochemical expressions of Oct3/4 and Nanog were evaluated using surgical specimens from 50 patients with stage I/II TSCC. RESULTS SPs were isolated in all three cell lines examined. Expression levels of Oct3/4 and Nanog were higher in SP cells than MP cells. Additionally, cell migration and invasion abilities were higher in SP cells than MP cells, whereas there was no difference in proliferation. Univariate analysis showed that expression of Oct3/4 and Nanog, vascular and muscular invasion, and mode of invasion were significantly correlated with DNM. Multivariate logistic regression revealed that Oct3/4 expression (risk ratio = 14.78, p = 0.002) and vascular invasion (risk ratio = 12.93, p = 0.017) were independently predictive of DNM. Regarding the diagnostic performance, Oct3/4 showed the highest accuracy, sensitivity, and NPV of 82.0 %, 61.5 %, and 86.8 %, respectively, while vascular invasion showed the highest specificity and PPV of 94.6 % and 71.4 %, respectively. CONCLUSION These results suggest that Oct3/4 and Nanog represent probable CSC markers in HNSCC, which contribute to the development of DNM in part by enhancing cell motility and invasiveness. Moreover, along with vascular invasion, expression of Oct3/4 can be considered a potential predictor for selecting patients at high risk of developing DNM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noboru Habu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan. .,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Tachikawa Hospital, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yorihisa Imanishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaori Kameyama
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yutaka Tokumaru
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, National Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Koji Sakamoto
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Saiseikai Utsunomiya Hospital, Utsunomiya, Japan.
| | - Ryoichi Fujii
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Saiseikai Yokohamashi Nanbu Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Seiji Shigetomi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Yokohama Municipal Citizen's Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Kuninori Otsuka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoichiro Sato
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yoshihiro Watanabe
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Ozawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Toshiki Tomita
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Masato Fujii
- National Institute of Sensory Organs, National Tokyo Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kaoru Ogawa
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, 160-8582, Shinjuku, Tokyo, Japan.
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17
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Liu J, Huang W, Ren C, Wen Q, Liu W, Yang X, Wang L, Zhu B, Zeng L, Feng X, Zhang C, Chen H, Jia W, Zhang L, Xia X, Chen Y. Flotillin-2 promotes metastasis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma by activating NF-κB and PI3K/Akt3 signaling pathways. Sci Rep 2015. [PMID: 26206082 PMCID: PMC4648439 DOI: 10.1038/srep11614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lipid raft proteins have been confirmed to be important in cell signal transduction. Some reports have shown that the aberrant expression of lipid raft proteins is associated with malignant phenotypes in some cancers. However, the role of the lipid raft protein flotillin-2 (Flot-2) in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) remains to be comprehensively characterized. Here, overexpression of Flot-2 in NPC tissues and cell lines was detected by immunostaining, and Flot-2 expression was found to be positively associated with NPC metastasis. Furthermore, inhibiting Flot-2 expression impaired the malignancy of the highly metastatic NPC cell line 5-8F by constraining its growth and proliferation, mobility and migration, and decreasing the capacity of 5-8F cells to metastasize in nude mice. In contrast, forced overexpression of Flot-2 increased the malignancy of 6-10B, a non-metastatic NPC cell line that weakly expresses Flot-2. Moreover, in 5-8F-shFlot-2 cells, which have inhibited Flot-2 expression, the NF-κB and PI3K/Akt3 pathways were inactivated. Subsequently, MMPs expression were decreased, and Foxo1 activity was increased. In addition, enhanced NF-κB and PI3K/Akt3 activities were observed in Flot-2 overexpressing 6-10B cells. Thus, Flot-2 exerts a pro-neoplastic role in NPC and is involved in tumor progression and metastasis. Moreover, Flot-2 exerts its role through NF-κB and PI3K/Akt3 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Qiuyuan Wen
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xuyu Yang
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Department of Pathology, Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiangling Feng
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Chang Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Huan Chen
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Wei Jia
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Zhang
- Cancer Research Institute, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Xiangya Road 110, 410078, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaomeng Xia
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
| | - Yuxiang Chen
- Hepatobiliary &Enteric Surgery Research Center, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, P. R. China
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Lee AYL, Fan CC, Chen YA, Cheng CW, Sung YJ, Hsu CP, Kao TY. Curcumin Inhibits Invasiveness and Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma Through Reducing Matrix Metalloproteinase 2, 9 and Modulating p53-E-Cadherin Pathway. Integr Cancer Ther 2015; 14:484-90. [DOI: 10.1177/1534735415588930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypotheses. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion play a critical role in cancer progression and metastasis. We have shown that low E-cadherin and high Twist expression are significantly correlated with prognostic survival prediction in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). This study aimed to determine the anti-invasive effect of curcumin on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and of EMT regulators in OSCC. Methods. SCC-25 cells were treated with curcumin, and cell proliferation, invasion, and expression of MMPs and EMT regulators were assessed for cell viability by trypan blue exclusion, for invasion by Matrigel invasion chamber, and for EMT regulators and MMP changes in the levels of proteins by immunoblotting. Results. Our data showed that curcumin treatment not only decreased the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9 to inhibit invasiveness in oral cancer but also modulated the expression of EMT markers, such as Snail, Twist, and E-cadherin, and induced p53 expression that is crucial to EMT repression. Conclusion. Curcumin has the potential to become an adjunctive regimen for the prevention of cancer progression and metastasis in oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chen Fan
- Mackay Memorial Hospital Taipei, Taiwan
- Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Yen-An Chen
- Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chieh-Wen Cheng
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Ju Sung
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli, Taiwan
- Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Ping Hsu
- Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
| | - Ting-Yu Kao
- Yuanpei University of Medical Technology, Hsinchu, Taiwan
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Madana J, Morand GB, Barona-Lleo L, Black MJ, Mlynarek AM, Hier MP. A survey on pulmonary screening practices among otolaryngology-head & neck surgeons across Canada in the post treatment surveillance of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2015; 44:5. [PMID: 25649793 PMCID: PMC4323133 DOI: 10.1186/s40463-015-0057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Post treatment lung screening for head and neck cancer patients primarily focuses on the distant metastasis and a high rate of second primary can also be expected. The best screening tool and timing for this purpose is controversial. We sought out to assess the current practice and beliefs among Canadian Head and Neck Surgeons. Methods After Ethical Board approval, a nationwide survey was conducted through the Canadian Society of Otolaryngology (CSO) among head and neck surgeons regarding their practices for pulmonary screening in HNSCC patients. Results Our CSO survey among Otolaryngology-head and neck surgeons showed that 26 out of 32 respondents perform routine lung screen, out of which 23 (88%) feel that chest radiography should be preferred. The majority of respondents felt that lung screening could impact beneficially on mortality. For symptomatic patients, low-dose spiral CT was the preferred modality (48%), followed by PET/CT scan (14%) and sputum cytology (14%). In high-risk asymptomatic patients (current smoker, radiation exposure, family history and advanced HNSCC), 31% of respondents performed a CXR. The same percentage performed a low dose CT, while 19% relied on PET scan. A further 19% of respondents did not perform any screening in high-risk patients. Most respondents (77%) had more than 10 years practice since graduation from medical school and came from the provinces of Quebec, Ontario and Alberta. Conclusion Chest radiography remains the preferred modality for lung screening and was believed to be impacting beneficially on lung mortality. The recent literature does not seem to be in agreement with those beliefs. Further studies to establish which modality is best and concurrent nation-wide education are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Madana
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Gregoire B Morand
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Luz Barona-Lleo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA.
| | - Martin J Black
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Alex M Mlynarek
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Michael P Hier
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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20
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da Silva SD, Morand GB, Alobaid FA, Hier MP, Mlynarek AM, Alaoui-Jamali MA, Kowalski LP. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers have prognostic impact in multiple primary oral squamous cell carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 2014; 32:55-63. [PMID: 25433796 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-014-9690-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple primary tumors can occur in up to 35 % of the patients with head and neck cancer, however its clinicopathological features remain controversial. Deregulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) signaling has been associated with aggressive malignancies and tumor progression to metastasis in several cancer types. This study is the first to explore EMT process in multiple primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC). Immunohistochemical analysis of E-cadherin, catenin (α, β, and γ), APC, collagen IV, Ki-67, cyclin D1, and CD44 were performed in a tissue microarray containing multiple representative areas from 102 OSCC patients followed-up by at least 10 years. Results were analysed in relation to clinicopathological characteristics and survival rates in patients presenting multiple primary tumors versus patients without second primary tumors or metastatic disease. Significant association was observed among multiple OSCCs and protein expression of E-cadherin (P = 0.002), β-catenin (P = 0.047), APC (P = 0.017), and cyclin D1 (P = 0.001) as well as between lymph nodes metastasis and Ki-67 staining (P = 0.021). OSCCs presenting vascular embolization were associated with negative β-catenin membrane expression (P = 0.050). There was a significantly lower survival probability for patients with multiple OSCC (log-rank test, P < 0.0001), for tumors showing negative protein expression for E-cadherin (log-rank test, P = 0.003) and β-catenin (log-rank test, P = 0.031). Stratified multivariate survival analysis revealed a prognostic interdependence of E-cadherin and β-catenin co-downexpression in predicting the worst overall survival (log-rank test, P = 0.007). EMT markers have a predicted value for invasiveness related to multiple primary tumors in OSCC and co-downregulation of E-cadherin and β-catenin has a significant prognostic impact in these cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Daniela da Silva
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Sir Mortimer B. Davis-Jewish General Hospital, Segal Cancer Centre and Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, McGill University, 3755 Côte Ste-Catherine Road, Montreal, QC, H3T 1E2, Canada,
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21
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Han MW, Lee JC, Kim YM, Cha HJ, Roh JL, Choi SH, Nam SY, Cho KJ, Kim SW, Kim SY. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition: clinical implications for nodal metastasis and prognosis of tongue cancer. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014; 152:80-6. [PMID: 25389317 DOI: 10.1177/0194599814556061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The development of biomarkers for the prediction of lymph node metastasis and prognosis is critical for deciding the treatment modality of tongue cancer. The purpose of our study is to investigate the clinical implications of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) expression in tongue cancer. STUDY DESIGN Historical cohort study SETTING Tertiary-care hospital. SUBJECTS AND METHODS The study included 95 subjects with tongue cancer who underwent wide excision and neck dissection. According to characteristics of immunohistochemical staining for E-cadherin and vimentin, we classified the tumors as complete EMT phenotype, incomplete EMT phenotype, or epithelial phenotype. The correlation between risk factors and nodal metastasis was assessed, and disease-free survival (DFS) was analyzed. RESULTS Positive lymph nodes were detected in 46 (48.4%) patients and was found to correlate significantly with depth of invasion ≥ 4 mm and EMT expression on multivariate analysis (P = .030, P = .022, respectively). The mean follow-up period of all patients was 96.3 months (range, 6-149 months). Overall 5-year DFS was 61.7%. On multivariate analysis, the only factors affecting DFS were nodal stage and EMT expression (P = .033, P = .021, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Our study reveals that EMT expression is a significant biomarker for predicting lymph node metastasis and tumor recurrence in tongue cancer. Evaluation of EMT expression in tongue cancer can allow therapy to be offered accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myung Woul Han
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Cheol Lee
- Department of Otolaryngology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Min Kim
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Jeong Cha
- Department of Pathology, Ulsan University Hospital, Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Lyel Roh
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ho Choi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Yuhl Nam
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Ja Cho
- Department of Pathology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Who Kim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Kim
- Department of Otolaryngology, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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22
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Wakisaka N, Yoshida S, Kondo S, Kita M, Sawada-Kitamura S, Endo K, Tsuji A, Nakanish Y, Murono S, Yoshizaki T. Induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition and loss of podoplanin expression are associated with progression of lymph node metastases in human papillomavirus-related oropharyngeal carcinoma. Histopathology 2014; 66:771-80. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Naohiro Wakisaka
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Shinya Yoshida
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Satoru Kondo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Makiko Kita
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Seiko Sawada-Kitamura
- Division of Human Pathology; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Kazuhira Endo
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Akira Tsuji
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Yosuke Nakanish
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Shigeyuki Murono
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
| | - Tomokazu Yoshizaki
- Division of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Graduate School of Medical Science; Kanazawa University; Kanazawa Japan
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23
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Mehendiratta M, Solomon MC, Boaz K, Guddattu V, Mohindra A. Clinico-pathological correlation of E-cadherin expression at the invasive tumor front of Indian oral squamous cell carcinomas: An immunohistochemical study. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2014; 18:217-22. [PMID: 25328302 PMCID: PMC4196290 DOI: 10.4103/0973-029x.140753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Recent studies have indicated that although malignant cells at the invasive tumor front, bare morphological resemblance to the cells at central portion of the tumor, their molecular character differs significantly. E-cadherin is a cell-cell adhesion molecule that connects epithelial cells. This study attempts to correlate the E-cadherin expression at the invasive tumor front with tumor differentiation along with its clinico-pathological parameters. Materials and Methods: Immunohistochemical staining with E-cadherin was carried out on archival cases of primary oral squamous cell carcinomas (n = 30). The E-cadherin expression at the invasive tumor front was analyzed and was linked to clinico-pathological parameters including patient prognosis. Results: The downregulation of E-cadherin expression at the invasive tumor edge when compared with patient's prognosis yielded a significant correlation (P = 0.041) but its correlation with the degree of differentiation determined was not significant (P = 0.27). Also, its association with tumor size and lymph node status was negative. Conclusions: Loss of E-cadherin expression at the invasive tumor front is an important event in the progression of oral squamous cell carcinomas. Tumors with a loss of expression of E-cadherin are those which had a poor prognosis
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Mehendiratta
- Department of Oral Pathology, Sudha Rustagi Dental College, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | | | - Karen Boaz
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
| | - Vasudeva Guddattu
- Department of Biostatistics, Manipal University, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Aashima Mohindra
- Department of Oral Pathology, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Mangalore, India
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24
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Fujii R, Imanishi Y, Shibata K, Sakai N, Sakamoto K, Shigetomi S, Habu N, Otsuka K, Sato Y, Watanabe Y, Ozawa H, Tomita T, Kameyama K, Fujii M, Ogawa K. Restoration of E-cadherin expression by selective Cox-2 inhibition and the clinical relevance of the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2014; 33:40. [PMID: 24887090 PMCID: PMC4030015 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-33-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) accompanied by the downregulation of E-cadherin has been thought to promote metastasis. Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) is presumed to contribute to cancer progression through its multifaceted function, and recently its inverse relationship with E-cadherin was suggested. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether selective Cox-2 inhibitors restore the expression of E-cadherin in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells, and to examine the possible correlations of the expression levels of EMT-related molecules with clinicopathological factors in HNSCC. METHODS We used quantitative real-time PCR to examine the effects of three selective Cox-2 inhibitors, i.e., celecoxib, NS-398, and SC-791 on the gene expressions of E-cadherin (CDH-1) and its transcriptional repressors (SIP1, Snail, Twist) in the human HNSCC cell lines HSC-2 and HSC-4. To evaluate the changes in E-cadherin expression on the cell surface, we used a flowcytometer and immunofluorescent staining in addition to Western blotting. We evaluated and statistically analyzed the clinicopathological factors and mRNA expressions of Cox-2, CDH-1 and its repressors in surgical specimens of 40 patients with tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC). RESULTS The selective Cox-2 inhibitors upregulated the E-cadherin expression on the cell surface of the HNSCC cells through the downregulation of its transcriptional repressors. The extent of this effect depended on the baseline expression levels of both E-cadherin and Cox-2 in each cell line. A univariate analysis showed that higher Cox-2 mRNA expression (p = 0.037), lower CDH-1 mRNA expression (p = 0.020), and advanced T-classification (p = 0.036) were significantly correlated with lymph node metastasis in TSCC. A multivariate logistic regression revealed that lower CDH-1 mRNA expression was the independent risk factor affecting lymph node metastasis (p = 0.041). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that the appropriately selective administration of certain Cox-2 inhibitors may have an anti-metastatic effect through suppression of the EMT by restoring E-cadherin expression. In addition, the downregulation of CDH-1 resulting from the EMT may be closely involved in lymph node metastasis in TSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yorihisa Imanishi
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
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25
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Teng X, Ma L, Kyrkanides S, Raja V, Trochesset D, Brouxhon SM. Modulation of RTK by sEcad: a putative mechanism for oncogenicity in oropharyngeal SCCs. Oral Dis 2014; 21:185-94. [PMID: 24612046 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Heightened levels of sEcad are found in the serum of patients with cancer and correlate with an unfavorable prognosis and later-stages of disease. In this study, we explored whether sEcad is elevated in human OPSCC specimens and FaDu cells. Additionally, we investigated sEcad-EGFR and sEcad-IGF-1R interactions and performed a functional analysis of sEcad in OPSCC cancers. MATERIALS AND METHODS sEcad, EGFR, and IGF-1R levels were examined in human OPSCC specimens and cells by immunoblotting. sEcad-EGFR and sEcad-IGF-1R interactions were examined by immunoprecipitation and immunoblot assays. Levels of sEcad on EGFR and IGF-1R pathway components were evaluated by IB. The effects of sEcad on OPSCC proliferation, migration, and invasion were assessed using standard cellular assays. RESULTS Statistical analysis demonstrated that sEcad levels were significantly higher in OPSCC primary tumors and cells compared with normal controls. IP studies indicated that sEcad associated with EGFR and IGF-1R, and addition of sEcad resulted in a statistically significant increase in downstream signaling. Finally, cell-based assays demonstrated enhanced sEcad-induced proliferation, migration, and invasion, which was blocked by EGFR and IGF-1R inhibitors. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that sEcad may play an important role in OPSCC oncogenicity via its interaction and activation of EGFR and IGF-1R.
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Affiliation(s)
- X Teng
- Department of Oral Biology and Pathology, School of Dental Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA
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26
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Contaldo M, Di Napoli A, Pannone G, Franco R, Ionna F, Feola A, De Rosa A, Santoro A, Sbordone C, Longo F, Pasquali D, Loreto C, Ricciardiello F, Esposito G, D'Angelo L, Itro A, Bufo P, Tombolini V, Serpico R, Di Domenico M. Prognostic implications of node metastatic features in OSCC: a retrospective study on 121 neck dissections. Oncol Rep 2013; 30:2697-704. [PMID: 24100780 DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastases are responsible for shorter survival in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The aim of the present study was to assess the node metastasis frequency and survival according to the node metastasis features in 121 neck dissections (NDs) performed for OSCC, identifying evidence-based correlations and contrasts with previous literature. The retrospective study involved 121 patients affected by OSCC who had undergone modified radical ND (MRND) for therapeutic, elective reasons or after intraoperative positivity to metastasis of sentinel lymph nodes (SLN+). Node metastasis frequency and behaviour (typical vs. atypical) and their number and distribution according to pre-surgical cTNM cancer staging were considered and overall survival Kaplan-Meier curves were calculated for each group in order to compare mortality according to ND type (elective, therapeutic, after SLN+), lymph node metastatic pattern (typical or atypical), size (micrometastasis vs. macrometastasis) and number. Results showed statistically significant different overall survival according to pre-surgical staging, number of lymph nodes harvested and intent to surgery. Sentinel lymph node resulted in the sole positive node affected by metastasis in small cT1- cT2/cN0 OSCC and an ND subsequent to its positivity during intraoperative assessment may be considered an overtreatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Contaldo
- Multidisciplinary Department of Medical-Surgical and Odontostomatological Specialties, Second University of Naples, I-80138 Naples, Italy
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27
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Lucá R, Averna M, Zalfa F, Vecchi M, Bianchi F, La Fata G, Del Nonno F, Nardacci R, Bianchi M, Nuciforo P, Munck S, Parrella P, Moura R, Signori E, Alston R, Kuchnio A, Farace MG, Fazio VM, Piacentini M, De Strooper B, Achsel T, Neri G, Neven P, Evans DG, Carmeliet P, Mazzone M, Bagni C. The fragile X protein binds mRNAs involved in cancer progression and modulates metastasis formation. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:1523-36. [PMID: 24092663 PMCID: PMC3799577 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of the fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is well established in brain, where its absence leads to the fragile X syndrome (FXS). FMRP is almost ubiquitously expressed, suggesting that, in addition to its effects in brain, it may have fundamental roles in other organs. There is evidence that FMRP expression can be linked to cancer. FMR1 mRNA, encoding FMRP, is overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. A decreased risk of cancer has been reported in patients with FXS while a patient-case with FXS showed an unusual decrease of tumour brain invasiveness. However, a role for FMRP in regulating cancer biology, if any, remains unknown. We show here that FMRP and FMR1 mRNA levels correlate with prognostic indicators of aggressive breast cancer, lung metastases probability and triple negative breast cancer (TNBC). We establish that FMRP overexpression in murine breast primary tumours enhances lung metastasis while its reduction has the opposite effect regulating cell spreading and invasion. FMRP binds mRNAs involved in epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion including E-cadherin and Vimentin mRNAs, hallmarks of EMT and cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Lucá
- VIB Center for the Biology of Disease, Leuven, Belgium; Center for Human Genetics, KU Leuven, Belgium
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28
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Expression of E-cadherin, Twist, and p53 and their prognostic value in patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:1735-44. [PMID: 23990016 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-013-1499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and p53 play important roles in controlling cancer invasion and metastasis. However, discrepancies still exist in the relationship between the expression of an epithelial marker E-cadherin and predicting short survival of patients in many types of cancer. In this study, we aimed to determine the levels of E-cadherin, Twist, and p53 in tumor tissues from patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and their clinical significances. METHODS The protein expression of 112 OSCC tumor and 16 benign tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry staining. Overall survival rates of 112 OSCC patients were measured using Kaplan-Meier estimates and the log-rank tests. RESULTS E-cadherin and p53 downregulation were found in 70 of 112 (62.5 %) and 66 of 112 (59.0 %), respectively, and Twist overexpression was found in 72 of 112 (64.3 %) studied cases of OSCC patients. Expression of E-cadherin was significantly associated with tumor location (P = 0.004) and mortality (P = 0.010). Patients with lower E-cadherin expression (P = 0.024), betel quid chewing (P = 0.006), smoking (P = 0.001), tumor size >2 cm (P = 0.001), advanced tumor stage (P = 0.043), and recurrence (P < 0.001) exhibited a poorer outcome. Multivariate analysis showed that E-cadherin is an independent marker for survival prediction. Additionally, low E-cadherin expression is significantly correlated with low p53 expression. CONCLUSIONS E-cadherin is an independent marker for survival prediction in OSCC. Co-evaluation of E-cadherin and p53 expression might be a valuable tool for predicting OSCC patient outcome.
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29
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Melchers LJ, Bruine de Bruin L, Schnell U, Slagter-Menkema L, Mastik MF, de Bock GH, van Dijk BAC, Giepmans BNG, van der Laan BFAM, van der Wal JE, Roodenburg JLN, Schuuring E. Lack of claudin-7 is a strong predictor of regional recurrence in oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2013; 49:998-1005. [PMID: 23953778 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2013.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Adequate treatment of oral and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is dependent on correctly predicting the presence of lymph node metastases. Current methods to diagnose nodal metastases partly result in overtreatment with associated morbidity and undertreatment with decreased disease-free survival. E-cadherin has been studied extensively as potential marker for lymph node metastases. EpCAM and claudin-7 have a functional relationship with E-cadherin, forming a complex that promotes tumourigenicity in vitro. We hypothesize that the co-expression patterns of these related molecules is a better prognostic marker for nodal status and regional recurrences. MATERIALS AND METHODS We constructed separate tissue microarrays of tumour centre and tumour invasive front of 227 OSCC with complete clinicopathological and follow-up data, including HPV status, and performed immunohistochemistry for these molecules. RESULTS Lack of E-cadherin and presence of cytoplasmic EpCAM expression in the tumour front were predictive for nodal metastasis, but no co-expression pattern was found clinically relevant. Lack of claudin-7 in the tumour centre was highly and independently predictive for shorter regional disease-free survival (HR=0.19; 95%CI: 0.06-0.62) and disease-specific survival (HR=0.43; 95%CI: 0.21-0.87). High-risk HPV was not associated with any marker. CONCLUSIONS The expression of E-cadherin and EpCAM, depending on the specific tumour sublocalization, is predictive for nodal status. However, co-expression did not improve the prediction of nodal status, indicating that the proposed in vitro complex is not functional in clinical samples. Additionally, lack of claudin-7 expression in the tumour centre may be used to identify patients with increased risk for regional recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
- L J Melchers
- Dept. of Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands; Dept. of Pathology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, P.O. Box 30.001, 9700RB Groningen, The Netherlands.
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30
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Rössle M, Weber CS, Züllig L, Graf N, Jochum W, Stöckli SJ, Moch H, Huber GF. EGFR expression and copy number changes in low T-stage oral squamous cell carcinomas. Histopathology 2013; 63:271-8. [DOI: 10.1111/his.12175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Rössle
- Institute of Surgical Pathology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Claudia S Weber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Lena Züllig
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Nicole Graf
- Clinical Trials Center; Center for Clinical Research; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Wolfram Jochum
- Institute of Pathology; Kantonsspital St Gallen; St Gallen; Switzerland
| | - Sandro J Stöckli
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; Kantonsspital St Gallen; St Gallen; Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
| | - Gerhard F Huber
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery; University Hospital Zurich; Zurich; Switzerland
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31
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Feng X, Ren C, Zhou W, Liu W, Zeng L, Li G, Wang L, Li M, Zhu B, Yao K, Jiang X. Promoter hypermethylation along with LOH, but not mutation, contributes to inactivation of DLC-1
in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Mol Carcinog 2013; 53:858-70. [DOI: 10.1002/mc.22044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangling Feng
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Caiping Ren
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Wen Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Weidong Liu
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Liang Zeng
- Department of Pathology; Hunan Tumor Hospital; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Guifei Li
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Min Li
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhu
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
| | - Kaitai Yao
- Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis of Chinese Ministry of Health, Key Laboratory for Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Chinese Ministry of Education, Cancer Research Institute, Xiangya School of Medicine; Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
- Cancer Research Institute; Southern Medical University; Guangzhou, Guangdong, P.R. China
| | - Xingjun Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery; Xiangya Hospital, Central South University; Changsha, Hunan, P.R. China
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Kong CS, Cao H, Kwok S, Nguyen CM, Jordan RC, Beaudry VG, Attardi LD, Le QT. Loss of the p53/p63 target PERP is an early event in oral carcinogenesis and correlates with higher rate of local relapse. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2013; 115:95-103. [PMID: 23217540 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2012.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2012] [Revised: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/28/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND PERP is a p53/p63-regulated gene encoding a desmosomal protein that plays a critical role in cell-cell adhesion and tumor suppression. STUDY DESIGN We evaluated PERP expression in different grades of oral dysplasia (34 cases) and at different stages of invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and correlated the latter with clinical outcome. A tissue microarray consisting of nondysplastic mucosa, carcinoma in situ, SCC, and nodal metastases from 33 patients with human papilloma virus-negative SCC was stained for PERP and E-cadherin. RESULTS Complete loss of PERP expression was associated with worse local control in patients with SCC. The 5-year local control rate was 91% for patients with partial PERP loss versus 31% for those with complete loss (P = .01). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to show that loss of PERP expression correlates with the transition to SCC and with increased local relapse in patients with oral cavity SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina S Kong
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-5324, USA.
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33
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Shaoqiang C, Yue Z, Yang L, Hong Z, Lina Z, Da P, Qingyuan Z. Expression of HOXD3 correlates with shorter survival in patients with invasive breast cancer. Clin Exp Metastasis 2012; 30:155-63. [PMID: 22935821 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-012-9524-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Hox genes encode a family of homeodomain-containing transcription factors that determine cellular identity during development and which are also expressed in some types of cancer. The HOXD3 gene, a member of the Hox gene family, has been demonstrated to be expressed in several tumor cell lines, which exhibit enhanced invasion and metastasis through coordinate expression of metastasis-associated factors. However, the clinical impact of HOXD3 in breast cancer remains unclear. In the current study, we examined the expression of HOXD3 and integrin β3 by immunohistochemical staining in patients with invasive breast cancer. We found that HOXD3 expression was significantly frequent in high histopathological grade and hormone-receptor negative breast cancer patients. The expression of HOXD3 was closely associated with integrin β3 expression. Furthermore, patients with high HOXD3 expression levels in their breast tumors had significantly shorter survival times than patients in which HOXD3 was weakly expressed in breast tumors. Univariate and multivariate analyses confirmed that increased HOXD3-expression was an independent and significant factor in predicting poor prognosis for patients with breast cancer. In conclusion, HOXD3 expression is a significant unfavorable prognostic factor for patients with invasive breast cancer and as such is a potentially useful prognostic marker for breast cancer.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/mortality
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/mortality
- Carcinoma, Ductal, Breast/secondary
- Female
- Follow-Up Studies
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoenzyme Techniques
- Integrin beta3/metabolism
- Lymphatic Metastasis
- Middle Aged
- Neoplasm Grading
- Neoplasm Invasiveness
- Neoplasm Staging
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Estrogen/metabolism
- Receptors, Progesterone/metabolism
- Survival Rate
- Transcription Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Shaoqiang
- Department of Breast Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Hapin Street 150, Harbin, China
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Chen D, Wang Y, Zhang K, Jiao X, Yan B, Liang J. Antisense oligonucleotide against clusterin regulates human hepatocellular carcinoma invasion through transcriptional regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-2 and E-cadherin. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:10594-10607. [PMID: 22949882 PMCID: PMC3431880 DOI: 10.3390/ijms130810594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted clusterin (sCLU) has been shown to be overexpressed in metastatic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) tissue, and its overexpression in HCC cells increases cell migration and the formation of liver metastatic tumor nodules in vivo. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that sCLU plays a role in the invasiveness of human HCC and may be associated with its metastatic spread. HCCLM3, a human hepatocellular carcinoma cell line, was transiently transfected with an antisense oligonucleotide (ASO) against sCLU (OGX-011). HepG2 liver hepatocellular cells were transiently transfected with the pc.DNA3.1-sCLU plasmid to overexpress sCLU, and subsequently evaluated for effects on invasion and the expression of molecules involved in invasion. We observed that suppression of the sCLU gene significantly reduced the invasive capability of the highly invasive HCCLM3 cells, and vice versa in the low invasive HepG2 cell line. The results revealed that knockdown of sCLU by OGX-011 resulted in a significant increase in the expression of E-cadherin and a decrease in matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) gene transcription. Overexpression of sCLU by transfection with pc.DNA3.1-sCLU significantly decreased the expression of E-cadherin and increased MMP-2 gene transcription. These data were further verified by reverse transcription-PCR and Western blot analysis. A significant reduction in MMP-2 expression and an increase in E-cadherin expression in sCLU-knockdown HCCLM3 cells were observed, as well as a significant increase in MMP-2 expression and a decrease in E-cadherin expression in HepG2 cells overexpressing sCLU. These data indicate a role for sCLU in augmenting MMP-2 transcription and decreasing E-cadherin expression. Our data show the involvement of sCLU in human HCC invasion, and demonstrate that silencing sCLU gene expression inhibits the invasion of human HCC cells by inhibiting MMP-2 expression and promoting E-cadherin expression. Thus, OGX-011 could be an effective therapeutic agent for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Chen
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (D.C.); (K.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Endodontics, School of Stomatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China; E-Mail:
| | - Kejun Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (D.C.); (K.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Xuelong Jiao
- Department of General Surgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao Medical College, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266003, China; E-Mails: (D.C.); (K.Z.); (X.J.)
| | - Bomin Yan
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of medical college, QingDao University, QingDao 266003, China; E-Mail:
| | - Jun Liang
- Department of Oncology, the Affiliated Hospital of medical college, QingDao University, QingDao 266003, China; E-Mail:
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Altman DG, McShane LM, Sauerbrei W, Taube SE. Reporting recommendations for tumor marker prognostic studies (REMARK): explanation and elaboration. BMC Med 2012; 10:51. [PMID: 22642691 PMCID: PMC3362748 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7015-10-51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK) checklist consists of 20 items to report for published tumor marker prognostic studies. It was developed to address widespread deficiencies in the reporting of such studies. In this paper we expand on the REMARK checklist to enhance its use and effectiveness through better understanding of the intent of each item and why the information is important to report. METHODS REMARK recommends including a transparent and full description of research goals and hypotheses, subject selection, specimen and assay considerations, marker measurement methods, statistical design and analysis, and study results. Each checklist item is explained and accompanied by published examples of good reporting, and relevant empirical evidence of the quality of reporting. We give prominence to discussion of the 'REMARK profile', a suggested tabular format for summarizing key study details. SUMMARY The paper provides a comprehensive overview to educate on good reporting and provide a valuable reference for the many issues to consider when designing, conducting, and analyzing tumor marker studies and prognostic studies in medicine in general. To encourage dissemination of the Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies (REMARK): Explanation and Elaboration, this article has also been published in PLoS Medicine.
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Abstract
The REMARK (Reporting Recommendations for Tumor Marker Prognostic Studies) guideline includes a checklist which aims to improve the reporting of these types of studies. Here, we expand on the REMARK checklist to enhance its use and effectiveness through better understanding of the intent of each item and why the information is important to report. Each checklist item of the REMARK guideline is explained in detail and accompanied by published examples of good reporting. The paper provides a comprehensive overview to educate on good reporting and provide a valuable reference of issues to consider when designing, conducting, and analyzing tumor marker studies and prognostic studies in medicine in general.
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Pérez-Sayáns M, Suárez-Peñaranda JM, Herranz-Carnero M, Gayoso-Diz P, Barros-Angueira F, Gándara-Rey JM, García-García A. The role of the adenomatous polyposis coli (APC) in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Oral Oncol 2011; 48:56-60. [PMID: 21937258 DOI: 10.1016/j.oraloncology.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2011] [Revised: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 09/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The main cause of death in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) is metastasis. Intercellular adhesion is mediated by a family of glycoproteins called cadherins and other molecules like catenins and APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) among other. The WNT (wingless-type) gene family is a group of genes, key signaling pathway for embryonic development and oncogenesis. The goal of this paper is to describe the role of the APC gene, and its derivatives, in the carcinogenicity pathway of WNT-1, identifying its role as a tumor suppressor gene in OSCC, while describing the genetic (loss of heterozygosity and mutations) and epigenetic alterations that modulate its expression and evaluate its relationship with the clinicopathological parameters of this type of tumors. As for APC, its activity as a tumor suppressor gene appears muted on a relatively frequent basis in these tumors, either by LOH, mutations or epigenetic control mechanisms, thus resulting in a low degree of agreement between the results of different studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Pérez-Sayáns
- Oral Medicine, Oral Surgery and Implantology Unit, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Entrerríos s/n, Santiago de Compostela C.P. 15782, Spain.
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