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Structure-function characterization of Streptococcus intermedius surface antigen Pas. J Bacteriol 2021; 203:e0017521. [PMID: 34339301 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00175-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Streptococcus intermedius, an oral commensal bacterium, is found at various sites including subgingival dental plaque, purulent infections, and in cystic fibrosis lungs. Oral streptococci utilize proteins on their surface to adhere to tissues and/or surfaces localizing the bacteria, which subsequently leads to the development of biofilms, colonization and infection. Among the 19 genomically annotated cell-wall attached surface proteins on S. intermedius, Pas is an adhesin that belongs to the Antigen I/II (AgI/II) family. Here we have structurally and functionally characterized Pas, particularly focusing on its microbial-host as well as microbial-microbial interactions. The crystal structures of VPas and C123Pas show high similarity with AgI/II of S. mutans. VPas hosts a conserved metal binding site, and likewise the C123Pas structure retains its conserved metal binding sites and isopeptide bonds within its three DEv-IgG domains. Pas interacts with nanomolar affinity to lung alveolar glycoprotein 340 (Gp340), its scavenger receptor cysteine rich domains (SRCRs) and with fibrinogen. Both Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, the opportunistic pathogens that cohabitate with S. intermedius in the lungs of CFTR patients were studied in dual-species biofilm studies. The Pas deficient mutant (Δpas) displayed significant reduction in dual biofilm formation with C. albicans. In similar studies with P. aeruginosa, Pas did not mediate the biofilm formation with either the acute isolate (PAO1), or the chronic isolate (FRD1). However, the Sortase A deficient mutant (ΔsrtA) displayed reduced biofilm formation with both C. albicans and P. aeruginosa FRD1. Taken together, our findings highlight the role of Pas in both microbial-host and interkingdom interactions and expose its potential role in disease outcomes. Importance Streptococcus intermedius, an oral commensal bacterium, has been clinically observed in subgingival dental plaque, purulent infections, and in cystic fibrosis lungs. In this study, we have (a) determined the crystal structure of the V- and C-regions of Pas; (b) shown that its surface protein Pas adheres to fibrinogen, which could potentially ferry the microbe through the blood stream from the oral cavity; (c) characterized Pas's high affinity adherence to lung alveolar protein Gp340 that could fixate the microbe on lung epithelial cells; and (d) most importantly shown that these surface proteins on the oral commensal S. intermedius enhances biofilms of known pathogens Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
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Blickwedel J, Bagci S, Alsat EA, Strizek B, Renner M, Müller A, Müller H. DMBT1 amount in amniotic fluid depends on gestational age. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2021; 35:7058-7064. [PMID: 34107846 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2021.1937103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Amniotic fluid is a mixture containing many different proteins as immunomodulatory peptides and growth factors. The glycoprotein Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 (DMBT1) is participated in innate immunity, angiogenesis and epithelial differentiation. We analyzed the DMBT1 concentration in amniotic fluid during gestation. METHODS DMBT1 concentration was quantified by ELISA. Amniotic fluid samples were collected from preterm and term neonates. Effects of maternal or neonatal parameters were analyzed. To evaluate the source of DMBT1 we examined RNA of fetal tissue in relation to DMBT1 expression. RESULTS The median DMBT1 concentration in amniotic fluid was 54.4 ng/ml. Amniotic fluid obtained <28 weeks of gestation revealed significantly lower DMBT1 concentrations compared to ≥28 weeks. We found a positive correlation between DMBT1 concentration and gestational age (p = .026). The fetal DMBT1 expression was pronounced in the gastrointestinal tract. CONCLUSIONS The results showed that DMBT1 concentrations in amniotic fluid correlate with the gestational age during gestation and that the fetal gastrointestinal tract is a potential source of DMBT1. BRIEF RATIONALE Amniotic fluid contains not only nutrients, but also many immunomodulatory peptides and growth factors. Deleted in Malignant Brain Tumors 1 (DMBT1) is an innate immunity protein with functions in epithelial differentiation and angiogenesis. The aim of this research was to study the DMBT1 content and the factors affecting its concentration in amniotic fluid during gestation. In summary, the results obtained in this study showed that DMBT1 is a component of amniotic fluid and that DMBT1 concentrations in amniotic fluid correlate with gestational age. In addition to this, the fetal gastrointestinal tract is a potential source of DMBT1 detected in amniotic fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Blickwedel
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Soyhan Bagci
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ebru Ailen Alsat
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Brigitte Strizek
- Department of Obstetrics and Prenatal Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marcus Renner
- Institute of Pathology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Müller
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hanna Müller
- Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.,Division of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
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Melnik BC, Stremmel W, Weiskirchen R, John SM, Schmitz G. Exosome-Derived MicroRNAs of Human Milk and Their Effects on Infant Health and Development. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11060851. [PMID: 34200323 PMCID: PMC8228670 DOI: 10.3390/biom11060851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple biologically active components of human milk support infant growth, health and development. Milk provides a wide spectrum of mammary epithelial cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MEVs) for the infant. Although the whole spectrum of MEVs appears to be of functional importance for the growing infant, the majority of recent studies report on the MEV subfraction of milk exosomes (MEX) and their miRNA cargo, which are in the focus of this review. MEX and the dominant miRNA-148a play a key role in intestinal maturation, barrier function and suppression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling and may thus be helpful for the prevention and treatment of necrotizing enterocolitis. MEX and their miRNAs reach the systemic circulation and may impact epigenetic programming of various organs including the liver, thymus, brain, pancreatic islets, beige, brown and white adipose tissue as well as bones. Translational evidence indicates that MEX and their miRNAs control the expression of global cellular regulators such as DNA methyltransferase 1-which is important for the up-regulation of developmental genes including insulin, insulin-like growth factor-1, α-synuclein and forkhead box P3-and receptor-interacting protein 140, which is important for the regulation of multiple nuclear receptors. MEX-derived miRNA-148a and miRNA-30b may stimulate the expression of uncoupling protein 1, the key inducer of thermogenesis converting white into beige/brown adipose tissue. MEX have to be considered as signalosomes derived from the maternal lactation genome emitted to promote growth, maturation, immunological and metabolic programming of the offspring. Deeper insights into milk's molecular biology allow the conclusion that infants are both "breast-fed" and "breast-programmed". In this regard, MEX miRNA-deficient artificial formula is not an adequate substitute for breastfeeding, the birthright of all mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodo C. Melnik
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-5241-988060
| | - Wolfgang Stremmel
- Private Praxis for Internal Medicine, Beethovenstraße 2, D-76530 Baden-Baden, Germany;
| | - Ralf Weiskirchen
- Institute of Molecular Pathobiochemistry, Experimental Gene Therapy and Clinical Chemistry (IFMPEGKC), RWTH University Hospital Aachen, D-52074 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Swen Malte John
- Department of Dermatology, Environmental Medicine and Health Theory, University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany;
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Dermatological Prevention and Rehabilitation (iDerm), University of Osnabrück, D-49076 Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Gerd Schmitz
- Institute for Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital of Regensburg, University of Regensburg, D-93053 Regensburg, Germany;
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Oho T, Nagata E. DMBT1 involvement in the human aortic endothelial cell response to Streptococcus mutans. Mol Oral Microbiol 2019; 34:108-117. [PMID: 30861638 DOI: 10.1111/omi.12257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is a causative organism of dental caries and has been reported to be associated with the development of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Previous studies have demonstrated that S. mutans invades human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and HAECs invaded by S. mutans produce higher levels of CVD-related cytokines than non-invaded HAECs. DMBT1 (deleted in malignant brain tumors 1), also known as salivary agglutinin or gp-340, belongs to the scavenger receptor cysteine-rich superfamily. DMBT1 is expressed in epithelial and non-epithelial tissues and has multiple functions. The interaction between S. mutans and DMBT1 has been demonstrated in cariogenesis, but DMBT1 involvement in CVD has not been examined. In this study, we investigated DMBT1 expression in HAECs stimulated with S. mutans and examined the role of DMBT1 in the interaction between S. mutans and HAECs. All of the tested S. mutans strains induced higher production levels of DMBT1 in HAECs than those in unstimulated HAECs. More S. mutans cells adhered to DMBT1 knock down HAECs than to DMBT1-producing HAECs. Invasion of DMBT1 knock down HAECs by S. mutans was stronger than that of DMBT1-producing HAECs, and externally added DMBT1 reduced bacterial invasion. Cytokine production by DMBT1 knock down HAECs by S. mutans stimulation was higher than that by DMBT1-producing HAECs. These phenomena seemed to be due to the effect of released DMBT1, namely, the inhibition of bacterial adherence to HAECs by DMBT1. These results suggest that DMBT1 plays a protective role against the S. mutans-induced CVD process in HAECs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiko Oho
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Emi Nagata
- Division of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Hospital, Kagoshima, Japan
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Glycoprotein 340 in mucosal immunity and ocular surface. Ocul Surf 2018; 16:282-288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2018.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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Reichhardt M, Holmskov U, Meri S. SALSA—A dance on a slippery floor with changing partners. Mol Immunol 2017; 89:100-110. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Zhang X, Wang K, Wang L, Yang Y, Ni Z, Xie X, Shao X, Han J, Wan D, Qiu Q. Genome-wide patterns of copy number variation in the Chinese yak genome. BMC Genomics 2016; 17:379. [PMID: 27206476 PMCID: PMC4875690 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-016-2702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Copy number variation (CNV) represents an important source of genetic divergence that can produce drastic phenotypic differences and may therefore be subject to selection during domestication and environmental adaptation. To investigate the evolutionary dynamics of CNV in the yak genome, we used a read depth approach to detect CNV based on genome resequencing data from 14 wild and 65 domestic yaks and determined CNV regions related to domestication and adaptations to high-altitude. Results We identified 2,634 CNV regions (CNVRs) comprising a total of 153 megabases (5.7 % of the yak genome) and 3,879 overlapping annotated genes. Comparison between domestic and wild yak populations identified 121 potentially selected CNVRs, harboring genes related to neuronal development, reproduction, nutrition and energy metabolism. In addition, we found 85 CNVRs that are significantly different between domestic yak living in high- and low-altitude areas, including three genes related to hypoxia response and six related to immune defense. This analysis shows that genic CNVs may play an important role in phenotypic changes during yak domestication and adaptation to life at high-altitude. Conclusions We present the first refined CNV map for yak along with comprehensive genomic analysis of yak CNV. Our results provide new insights into the genetic basis of yak domestication and adaptation to living in a high-altitude environment, as well as a valuable genetic resource that will facilitate future CNV association studies of important traits in yak and other bovid species. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12864-016-2702-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lizhong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yongzhi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhengqiang Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xiuyue Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Xuemin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jin Han
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Dongshi Wan
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Qiang Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Grassland Agroecosystem, College of Life Science, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Buschmann K, Tschada R, Metzger MS, Braach N, Kuss N, Hudalla H, Poeschl J, Frommhold D. RAGE controls leukocyte adhesion in preterm and term infants. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:53. [PMID: 25428166 PMCID: PMC4256735 DOI: 10.1186/s12865-014-0053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insufficient leukocyte recruitment may be one reason for the high incidence of life-threatening infections in preterm infants. Since the receptor of advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is a known leukocyte adhesion molecule and highly expressed during early development, we asked whether RAGE plays a role for leukocyte recruitment in preterm and term infants. METHODS Leukocyte adhesion was analyzed in dynamic flow chamber experiments using isolated leukocytes of cord blood from extremely premature (<30 weeks of gestation), moderately premature (30-35 weeks of gestation) and mature neonates (>35 weeks of gestation) and compared to the results of adults. For fluorescent microscopy leukocytes were labeled with rhodamine 6G. In the respective age groups we also measured the plasma concentration of soluble RAGE (sRAGE) by ELISA and Mac-1 and LFA-1 expression on neutrophils by flow cytometry. RESULTS The adhesive functions of fetal leukocytes significantly increase with gestational age. In all age groups, leukocyte adhesion was crucially dependent on RAGE. In particular, RAGE was equally effective to mediate leukocyte adhesion when compared to ICAM-1. The plasma levels of sRAGE were high in extremely premature infants and decreased with increasing gestational age. In contrast, expression of β2-Integrins Mac-1 and LFA-1 which are known ligands for RAGE and ICAM-1 did not change during fetal development. CONCLUSION We conclude that RAGE is a crucial leukocyte adhesion molecule in both preterm and term infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten Buschmann
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Raphaela Tschada
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | - Natascha Braach
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Navina Kuss
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Hannes Hudalla
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Johannes Poeschl
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - David Frommhold
- Department of Neonatology, University Hospital, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
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