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Sore K, Franic F, Androja L, Batarelo Kokic I, Marčinko D, Drmic S, Markser ZV, Franic T. Translation, Cross-Cultural Adaptation, and Validation of the Croatian Version of the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ). Sports (Basel) 2024; 12:228. [PMID: 39195604 DOI: 10.3390/sports12080228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2024] [Revised: 08/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to translate, cross-culturally adapt, and validate the Croatian Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ-Cro) as part of the Sport Mental Health Assessment Tool 1 (SMHAT-1) validation. We assessed the reliability and applicability of the APSQ-Cro among Croatian athletes. The international sports community is increasingly focused on mental health issues in athletes, highlighting the need for early detection tools like the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) and SMHAT-1. We included 869 Croatian competing athletes across 54 sports who received a link to access the WEB-based questionnaire. The Croatian Olympic Board helped in distributing the questionnaires, aiming to reach as many and as diverse a group of registered competing athletes in Croatia as possible. Results showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.75 for the entire questionnaire, indicating acceptable reliability. An exploratory strategy of factor analysis was used to determine the underlying structure of the APSQ-Cro. For this purpose, the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin (KMO) test and Bartlett's test for sphericity were performed to ensure the suitability of the data. The KMO test ensured sampling adequacy, with a measure of 0.77 indicating suitability for factor analysis, while Bartlett's test confirmed significant correlations among variables (χ2 = 2779.155, df = 45, p < 0.001), validating the dataset's appropriateness for data reduction techniques. The factor analysis, together with the Cattell scree test and varimax rotation, resulted in a two-factor structure for the APSQ-Cro. Factor 1 included items related to internal psychological struggles, while Factor 2 included items related to external pressures from the athletic environment. These two factors explained 53% of the variability, with Cronbach's alphas of 0.75 and 0.88 for the respective factors. The APSQ-Cro is a valid and reliable tool for assessing distress in Croatian athletes. Croatian athletes' sporting experience will be improved with the broad adoption of the APSQ-Cro, which can help detect early signs of psychological distress and subsequently improve mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Sore
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Frane Franic
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Luka Androja
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Department of Sports Management, Aspira University of Applied Sciences, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Ivana Batarelo Kokic
- Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
| | - Darko Marčinko
- School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital Zagreb, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Stipe Drmic
- Department of Psychiatry, Dubrava University Hospital, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Department of Health Studies, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
- University of Applied Health Sciences, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Tomislav Franic
- School of Medicine, University of Split, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Dorfling T, Fulcher ML. High prevalence of harmful drinking habits and gambling among professional rugby players: mental health symptoms and lifestyle risks among New Zealand Super Rugby players-a cross-sectional survey. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e002002. [PMID: 39161558 PMCID: PMC11331936 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-002002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/18/2024] [Indexed: 08/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Objectives Determining the prevalence of mental health and lifestyle risk factors (smoking, alcohol consumption, recreational drug use, gambling, family violence and anger management) in New Zealand (NZ) male professional rugby players. Study design Cross-sectional survey of mental health symptoms and lifestyle risk factors in male professional rugby players in NZ. Methods Players from all five NZ men's Super Rugby Franchises were invited to complete an online questionnaire (SportCHAT) measuring demographic status and mental health symptoms. Descriptive and interferential statistical analyses were used to identify the most prevalent mental health and lifestyle risk factors. Results 105 players participated in the study (response rate 52.5%). 51.4% of players were either at moderate or high risk for alcohol-related harm (defined as potential health, social, legal or financial problems linked to alcohol consumption). In comparison, 4.8% reported recreational drug use and 5% reported smoking tobacco. Twenty players (19%) reported engaging in gambling, with five of these reporting problematic gambling. 21% of players reported symptoms of depression, but none reached the 'mild depression' threshold of the Patient Health Questionnaire for Depression. Younger players (aged 20-29) were more likely to report symptoms of depression than older players (aged 30-39). The prevalence of anxiety symptoms was 17.1%. 66.7% of these players reported minimal symptoms (GAD-7 score 0-4) and 33.3% reported mild symptoms (GAD-7 score 5-9). Family violence was reported by 2.9% of respondents, while 12.4% reported issues with anger management. There were no significant differences between ethnic groups. Conclusion There is a higher prevalence of alcohol misuse and gambling, but lower reported rates of depression and anxiety symptoms in this cohort when compared with the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodore Dorfling
- Sport and Exercise Medicine Registrar. Capital Sports Medicine, Wellington, New Zealand
- Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Melbourne, Wellington, Australia
| | - Mark L Fulcher
- Australasian College of Sport and Exercise Physicians, Melbourne, Wellington, Australia
- Sport and Exercise Physician Axis Sports Medicine, Auckland, New Zealand
- Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
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Gill VS, Sullivan G, Stearns H, Tummala SV, Haglin JM, Economopoulos KJ, Marks L, Chauhan M. Mental Health in Elite Athletes: A Systematic Review of Suicidal Behaviour as Compared to the General Population. Sports Med 2024; 54:1-18. [PMID: 38407749 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-024-01998-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Previous systematic reviews on mental health in athletes have found athletes to be at a potentially increased risk for mental health diagnoses compared to the public. Multiple cross-sectional studies have examined suicide behaviour within different athlete populations, but there is a need for a comprehensive review to synthesize and identify risk factors and epidemiology regarding suicide behaviour in the elite athlete population, especially as it compares to the general population. METHODS A systematic literature search was performed in MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and Web of Science from 1990 to January 2023. Inclusion criteria included original peer-reviewed research articles examining suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, or suicide completion within elite athlete populations. Exclusion criteria included athletes participating in high-school or Paralympic level sports, studies that did not report results regarding elite athletes and non-athletes separately, and non-peer reviewed work. All studies were screened for inclusion by two independent reviewers. The primary outcome variables extracted from included studies included rates, risk factors, and protective factors for suicide behaviour. The study quality and risk of bias was evaluated for each study using the Joanna-Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools. RESULTS Of the 875 unique studies identified, 22 studies, all of which were cross-sectional in nature, met the inclusion criteria. Seven studies evaluated previous athletes, 13 studies evaluated current athletes, and two studies included a combination of previous and current athletes. Seven studies involved varsity college athletes, nine involved professional athletes of various sports, and six focused on international or Olympic level athletes. The rate of suicidal ideation in professional athletes ranged from 6.9 to 18% across four studies, while the rate in collegiate athletes ranged from 3.7 to 6.5% across three studies. Ten studies compared athletes to the general population, the majority of which found athletes to be at reduced risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicide completion. Only one study found athletes to have increased rates of suicide compared to matched non-athletes. Risk factors for suicide behaviour identified across multiple studies included male sex, non-white race, older age, and depression. Player position, athletic level, sport played, and injuries showed trends of having limited effect on suicide behaviour risk. CONCLUSION This review suggests that elite athletes generally demonstrate reduced risk of suicidal ideation, suicide attempt, and suicide completion compared to the general population. Coaches should remain aware of specific factors, such as male sex, non-white race, and higher athletic level, in order to better identify at-risk athletes. Limitations of this review include the heterogeneity in the methodology and athlete populations across the included studies. Therefore, future targeted research is essential to compare suicide behaviour between sports and identify sport-specific suicide risk factors. TRIAL REGISTRATION PROSPERO Registration: CRD42023395990.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikram S Gill
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA.
- Mayo Clinic, 5777 East Mayo Boulevard, Phoenix, AZ, 85054, USA.
| | | | - Hunter Stearns
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | | | - Jack M Haglin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Lisa Marks
- Mayo Clinic Alix School of Medicine, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Mohit Chauhan
- Department of Psychiatry, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
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Yoshida N, Miyazaki S, Waki H, Minakawa Y, Koido M, Mashimo S. Health status of university football athletes through multidimensional screening. PHYSICIAN SPORTSMED 2024; 52:291-298. [PMID: 37548493 DOI: 10.1080/00913847.2023.2246178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Adequate conditioning results from various physical, environmental, and psychological factors in sports activities. In this study, we aimed to clarify the concurrence and relevance of injuries, psychological problems, and sleep disturbance in university football (soccer) players. Biomechanical characteristics and risk factors for those injuries were also investigated. METHODS Overall, 1,084 university football players participated in this cross-sectional study using a web-based health history questionnaire. Assessments were made via the presence of injuries for physical problems, the Athlete Psychological Strain Questionnaire (APSQ) for psychological problems, and the Athlete Sleep Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ) for sleep difficulties. RESULTS There were 200 (19%) athletes with injuries; 413 (38%) of these were APSQ-positive, 246 (23%) were ASSQ-positive, and 468 (43%) athletes had no physical, psychological, or sleep problems. APSQ-positive respondents were significantly more likely to have a current injury than those who were APSQ-negative. No significant difference was observed between the number of ASSQ-positive and -negative respondents and current injuries. Those with sleep problems were significantly more likely to have psychological problems. CONCLUSION More than 60% of university football players had one or more physical, psychological, or sleep problems. Players may have co-occurring problems, and it is important to address them for these athletes to reach peak performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naruto Yoshida
- Department of Sport and Wellness, Rikkyo University, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shogo Miyazaki
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideaki Waki
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Minakawa
- Department of Acupuncture and Moxibustion, Faculty of Health Care, Teikyo Heisei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaaki Koido
- Faculty of Health and Sport Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Sonoko Mashimo
- Institute for Liberal Arts and Sciences, Osaka Electro-Communication University, Neyagawa, Osaka, Japan
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Murakami R, Kamikubo A, Morioka D, Kuroki H. Forensic analysis of suicide deaths: Comparing forensic information with public information and investigating factors contributing to psychiatric consultations. PCN REPORTS : PSYCHIATRY AND CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCES 2024; 3:e194. [PMID: 38868080 PMCID: PMC11114437 DOI: 10.1002/pcn5.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to examine the usefulness of forensic information on suicide deaths in Japan for epidemiological studies on suicide and determine the factors that lead people with suicidal ideation to seek psychiatric care prior to attempting suicide. Methods We focused on forensic information of 514 suicide deaths that occurred in Osaka City in 2019. First, to examine whether the data used in this study can be generalized to these cases, we compared the information on suicide deaths officially published by Osaka City with that used in this study, utilizing Pearson's χ 2 test. Next, the forensic data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression analysis to confirm the relationship between demographic factors and the likelihood of having a history of psychiatric consultation before suicide. Results Both the official information and the data used in this study showed a higher number of males than females who died by suicide, with no significant differences in values between the data sets. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed significant correlations. More females were associated with seeking a psychiatric consultation. However, those with regular jobs or students were more likely to avoid a psychiatric consultation. Conclusion The findings of this study provide insights into the phenomenon of suicide deaths by using a forensic perspective. The results of this study suggest that psychiatric consultation may be effective in reducing deaths by suicide. Forensic data should be incorporated into the formulation of suicide-prevention policies in Japan to conduct a more multifaceted analysis and improve suicide-prevention measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryu Murakami
- Faculty of Emergency Medical ScienceMeiji University of Integrative MedicineNantanKyotoJapan
- Graduate School of Risk and Crisis ManagementChiba Institute of ScienceChibaJapan
| | - Atsushi Kamikubo
- Faculty of Emergency Medical ScienceMeiji University of Integrative MedicineNantanKyotoJapan
- Osaka Prefectural Medical Examiner's OfficeOsakaJapan
| | - Daigo Morioka
- Faculty of Emergency Medical ScienceMeiji University of Integrative MedicineNantanKyotoJapan
| | - Hisanaga Kuroki
- Graduate School of Risk and Crisis ManagementChiba Institute of ScienceChibaJapan
- Osaka Prefectural Medical Examiner's OfficeOsakaJapan
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Brockett CL, Stansen C, Bourke M, Pascoe M, Clements M, Parker AG. Factors that influence mental health and well-being of high-performance athletes from Olympic or Paralympic sport who have transitioned out of national-level or international-level sport: a mixed methods approach. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001991. [PMID: 38827245 PMCID: PMC11141181 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Transitioning out of elite sports can be a challenging time for athletes. To illuminate the gaps and opportunities in existing support systems and better understand which initiatives may have the greatest benefit in supporting athletes to transition out of elite sport, this study examined the lived experience of retired elite Australian athletes. Using a sequential mixed-methods approach, quantitative data were collected via a self-report online survey, while qualitative data were collected via semistructured interviews. In total 102 retired high-performance athletes (M=27.35, SD=7.25 years) who competed in an Olympic or Paralympic recognised sport at the national and/or international-level participated in the online survey, providing data across domains of well-being and athletic retirement. Eleven survey respondents opted in for the semistructured interview (M=28.9, SD=6.9 years) providing in-depth responses on their retirement experiences. Using partial least squares structural equation modelling (PLS-SEM), latent variables were identified from the survey data and associations between retirement support, retirement difficulties, retirement experiences, well-being and mental health were determined. Interview data were thematically analysed. The structural model had good predictive validity for all nine latent variables, describing positive and negative associations of retirement experiences, mental health and well-being. Building an identity outside of sport, planning for retirement, and having adaptive coping strategies positively impacted retirement experiences. Feeling behind in a life stage and an abrupt loss of athletic identity had a negative impact on retirement experiences. Implications for sports policymakers are discussed, including support strategies that could better assist athletes in successfully transitioning from elite sports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla L Brockett
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Caroline Stansen
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew Bourke
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Health and Wellbeing Centre for Research Innovation, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Michaela Pascoe
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matti Clements
- Athlete Wellbeing and Engagement, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
| | - Alexandra G Parker
- Institute for Health and Sport, Victoria University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Bu D, Zhang CQ, Liu JD, Han Z, Wang X, Huang Z. Mental health literacy, mental health experiences and help-seeking behaviours of Chinese elite athletes: a qualitative study. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1391597. [PMID: 38813417 PMCID: PMC11133729 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1391597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Elite athletes' help-seeking on mental health might be influenced by their mental health literacy (MHL) and mental health experiences. The current study aimed to explore the MHL, experiences and help-seeking behaviours among elite athletes using a qualitative approach. Methods Face-to-face semi-structured interviews were conducted among 20 Chinese elite athletes, 12 coaches, and 5 team officials. Interview data was analyzed using content analysis. Results Seven main themes emerged from the analysis. The current study revealed that Chinese elite athletes suffered from various mental health issues and athletes' MHL levels, help-seeking attitudes and intentions, Chinese sports environments, and Chinese cultural background could impact their help-seeking behaviours. Conclusion Support for Chinese elite athletes' mental health and help-seeking requires improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danran Bu
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chun-Qing Zhang
- Department of Psychology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing-Dong Liu
- Department of Physical Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Han
- Key Laboratory of General Administration of Sport of China, Hubei Institute of Sport Science, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- The Department of Sport, Physical Education and Health, Faculty of Social Science, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Zhijian Huang
- School of Physical Education, Hubei University, Wuhan, China
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Bilgoe SC, Janse van Rensburg DC(C, Goedhart E, Orhant E, Kerkhoffs G, Gouttebarge V. Unmasking mental health symptoms in female professional football players: a 12-month follow-up study. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2024; 10:e001922. [PMID: 38756700 PMCID: PMC11097812 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2024-001922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective To calculate the prevalence rates of mental health symptoms among female professional football players over a 12-month period and to explore the associations of severe injury and related surgery with mental health symptoms among female professional footballers. Methods An observational prospective cohort study was conducted over a 12-month follow-up period by distributing an electronic questionnaire three times. The questionnaire was based on validated screening tools for assessing mental health symptoms. Results A total of 74 female professional football players participated in this study. Mental health symptoms ranged from 1% for substance misuse to 65% for sport-psychological distress at baseline, from 6% for anxiety to 53% for sport-psychological distress 6 months postbaseline and from 3% for substance misuse to 55% for sport-psychological distress 12 months postbaseline. The prevalence of disordered eating remained between 15% and 20% over the 12-month period. Only one of the associations was statistically significant. Female professional football players were nearly twice as likely to report sport-related psychological distress following every surgery. Conclusions The substantial prevalence of mental health symptoms among female professional football players emphasises the need for increased attention, awareness and interventions. Additionally, female professional football players are nearly twice as likely to report sport-related psychological distress after each surgery. Sports medicine physicians and mental health professionals working in female football should provide standard care, which involves identifying, monitoring and implementing tailored interventions for mental health symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharaisha Chanita Bilgoe
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Edwin Goedhart
- Royal Netherlands Football Association (KNVB), FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Zeist, Netherlands
| | - Emmanuel Orhant
- French Football Federation (FFF), Clairefontaine Medical Centre, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Clairefontaine, France
| | - Gino Kerkhoffs
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, Ageing & Vitaly, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Musculoskeletal Health, Sports, Ageing & Vitaly, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Academic Center for Evidence-based Sports Medicine (ACES), Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Football Players Worldwide (FIFPRO), Hoofddorp, Netherlands
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Leduc JG, Boucher F, Marques DL, Brunelle E. Basic psychological need satisfaction of collegiate athletes: the unique and interactive effects of team identification and LMX quality. Front Sports Act Living 2024; 6:1342995. [PMID: 38756189 PMCID: PMC11096468 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2024.1342995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose The present study sought to understand the relationships between team identification, leader-member exchange (LMX) quality, and the basic psychological need satisfaction of collegiate athletes, as well as the moderating role of coach-athlete LMX quality. Methods Self-reported data from 319 collegiate athletes were analyzed using SPSS version 29. The relationships between the study variables were tested by moderation analysis using PROCESS macro model 1. Results Regression analyses showed team identification to be positively related to the satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness, while LMX quality was positively related to the satisfaction of the needs for competence and autonomy. Furthermore, moderation analyses showed that LMX quality positively moderated the relationship between team identification and the satisfaction of the needs for competence and relatedness. Conclusion The results of this study highlight the important role that team identification and LMX quality play in the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs of collegiate athletes. The implications of these results for the optimal functioning of collegiate athletes are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joé G. Leduc
- Department of Management, John Molson School of Business, Concordia University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Moore K, Uriegas NA, Emerson DM, Winkelmann ZK, Harriell K, Torres-McGehee TM. Barriers To and Attitudes Toward Seeking Mental Health Services Among Collegiate Marching Band Artists. J Athl Train 2024; 59:506-513. [PMID: 38243734 PMCID: PMC11127682 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0368.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Marching band (MB) artists experience stressors influencing their physical, mental, and emotional health warranting medical support, and they face challenges similar to those of other college students and athletes. Mental health illnesses exist in collegiate and MB settings, but barriers affect access to treatment. OBJECTIVES To examine MB artists' perceived barriers to and attitudes toward seeking care from mental health professionals. The secondary aim was to explore barriers to and attitudes about seeking mental health counseling between genders and history of pursuing mental health counseling. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Online survey. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 534 MB artists (women = 312, men = 222; age = 19.7 ± 1.4 years). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) Participants completed surveys on demographics and past medical history along with the Barriers to Help Seeking Checklist, the Attitudes Toward Seeking Professional Psychological Help-Short Form Scale (ATSPPH-SF), and the Mental Help Seeking Attitudes Scale (MHSAS). Descriptive statistics were calculated to assess demographic data. Cross-tabulations and χ2 statistics were used to evaluate individual barriers (Barriers to Help Seeking Checklist) between genders. Scales were scored 1 to 7 and 10 to 30 on the MHSAS and ATSPPH-SF, respectively. A 1-way analysis of variance measured differences in the total mean score on the ATSPPH-SF between genders. RESULTS The highest barrier reported was lack of time to seek services (69.1%; n = 369), followed by 47.6% (n = 254) for services not available during my free time. Average scores were 4.0 ± 0.4 on the MHSAS (indicating neutral attitudes toward seeking help) and 17.97 ± 5.48 on the ATSPPH-SF (indicating slightly positive attitudes to seeking help). No differences were seen for the total mean scores on the MHSAS and ATSPPH-SF between genders. CONCLUSIONS Marching band artists' barriers to and attitudes toward mental health care influenced their ability to seek care in times of need and demonstrated some similarities to those of collegiate athletes. Awareness of the obstacles MB artists face in receiving mental health care will assist health care providers in advocating for improved care in this setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenya Moore
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Nancy A. Uriegas
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | - Dawn M. Emerson
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia
| | | | - Kysha Harriell
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Sciences, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL
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Trinidad A. Variables e instrumentos para evaluar la salud mental en nadadores de competición: una revisión narrativa. F1000Res 2024; 12:1281. [PMID: 38799244 PMCID: PMC11116940 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.140504.3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health issues are becoming increasingly prevalent among elite athletes, and during the Tokyo 2020 Olympic Games, this issue became a pressing concern. In particular, several athletes complained about their mental health in relation to the highly demanding demands of their sport. High-performance swimming exposes athletes to a variety of stressors due to the physical, technical and mental demands of the sport. The study has carried out a narrative review of the main variables related to mental health, their dimensions and evaluations in competitive swimmers. Methods Clearly planned and ordered potential studies were identified using combined search methods. The search was carried out in different bibliographic databases (Dialnet, Web of Science and Scopus) between 1990 and 2023. Google Scholar was used to manually search the reference lists of the retrieved studies to identify potentially eligible studies that were not included in the electronic searches. The studies were examined from three different perspectives. Firstly, the methodology, sample, swimming categories and their relationship with mental health were analysed. Secondly, the variables related to mental health symptoms and disorders. Finally, the main mental health analysis tools and the conclusions of the studies. Results The concept of mental health in competitive swimmers needs to be clarified in the scientific literature, as different variables have been analysed and multiple instruments have been used with small samples of swimmers, without any intervention and prevention protocol. In addition, the bodies and institutions involved should work in an interdisciplinary and collaborative manner, establishing specific programmes to ensure effective prevention and care. Conclusions Studies are needed to fill this gap and it is necessary to work under the same consensus and in collaboration with specified technical teams. In order to monitor, evaluate and provide services through detection tests and support to swimmers in their training and competitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Trinidad
- Aqualab Research Group, Campus Madrid, European University, Madrid, Community of Madrid, 28670, Spain
- Education and Humanities, Campus Madrid, European University, Madrid, Community of Madrid, 28670, Spain
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Ahmad CS, Hellwinkel JE, Ahmed R, Alexander FJ, Reynolds AW, Piasecki DP, Bottiglieri TS, Lynch TS, Popkin CA, Saltzman BM, Trofa DP. Impacts of the Early COVID-19 Pandemic on Depressive Symptoms and Mental Health Among Student-Athletes. Open Access J Sports Med 2024; 15:19-28. [PMID: 38523629 PMCID: PMC10959820 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s392977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Objective Social distancing protocols due to the COVID-19 pandemic resulted in premature ending of athletic seasons and cancellation of upcoming seasons, placing significant stress on young athletes. Inability to play or forced early retirement has significant consequences on athlete's mental health, as demonstrated by an extensive body of injury literature. We hypothesize that premature suspension and cancellation of athletic events due to the COVID-19 pandemic leads to higher incidence of depressive symptoms among high-school and collegiate athletes. Further, athletes who strongly derive their sense of self-worth centered around athletics would have higher rates of depressive symptoms. Methods High school and collegiate athletes were evaluated for depressive symptoms, emotional health and athletic identity measures through validated assessment instruments from May 2020 through July 2020. The Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement Information System Depression Computer Adaptive Test (PROMIS-10 Depression CAT), Veterans RAND-12 (VR-12), which comprises both a physical and mental health component, and Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) were utilized. Results Mental health assessments were completed by 515 athletes (52.4% male, 47.6% female; .84.5% collegiate, 15.5% high school). Female athletes scored significantly worse than males on VR-12 mental health assessments, as well as PROMIS-10 Depression scores; however, males scored significantly lower than females on VR-12 physical health assessments, irrespective of education level. Athletes who had strong associations with athletics as central to their personal identity exhibited worse psychologic impact on VR-12 mental health and PROMIS-10 Depression measures and female athletes in this cohort reported greater depressive symptoms than males. Conclusion Social distancing protocols due to the COVID-19 pandemic have limited athlete's ability to participate in sports at the training and competition level. Higher rates of depressive symptoms in high school and college athletes have resulted among female athletes and those who identify strongly as an athlete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher S Ahmad
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Justin E Hellwinkel
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Rifat Ahmed
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Frank J Alexander
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Alan W Reynolds
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Dana P Piasecki
- Sports Medicine Center, OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, NC, 28207, USA
- Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, 28207, USA
| | - Thomas S Bottiglieri
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - T Sean Lynch
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Charles A Popkin
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Bryan M Saltzman
- Sports Medicine Center, OrthoCarolina, Charlotte, NC, 28207, USA
- Musculoskeletal Institute, Atrium Health, Charlotte, NC, 28207, USA
| | - David P Trofa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
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13
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Pilkington V, Rice S, Olive L, Walton C, Purcell R. Athlete Mental Health and Wellbeing During the Transition into Elite Sport: Strategies to Prepare the System. SPORTS MEDICINE - OPEN 2024; 10:24. [PMID: 38460048 PMCID: PMC10924853 DOI: 10.1186/s40798-024-00690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The transition into elite-level sport can expose young athletes to risk factors for mental ill-health, including increased performance expectations, stressors associated with becoming increasingly public figures, and changes in lifestyle demands, such as diet, training loads and sleep. Successful integration into elite-level sport requires athletes to quickly adapt to these newfound challenges and the norms and culture of the new sport setting, while developing relationships with teammates, coaches, and support staff. Despite these demands, the mental health experiences of athletes transitioning into elite-level sport have been largely neglected in sport psychology literature. This is reflected in the dearth of programs for supporting mental health during this career phase, particularly relative to retirement transition programs. In this article, we offer a preliminary framework for supporting athletes' mental health during the transition into elite-level sport. This framework is based on holistic, developmental, and ecological perspectives. Our framework outlines a range of recommendations for promoting mental health and preventing mental ill-health, including individual-level, relational, sport-level, and sociocultural-level strategies. Key recommendations include preparing athletes for the challenges they are likely to face throughout their athletic careers, highlighting athletes' competence earlier in their careers, developing supportive relationships in the sport setting, and fostering psychologically safe sporting cultures. Supporting mental health from earlier in the athletic career is likely to promote athletes' overall wellbeing, support enjoyment and retention in sport, and encourage help-seeking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vita Pilkington
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Elite Sport and Mental Health, Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Simon Rice
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sport and Mental Health, Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Lisa Olive
- Elite Sport and Mental Health, Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia
- IMPACT Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Courtney Walton
- School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sport and Mental Health, Orygen, 35 Poplar Road, Melbourne, Australia
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14
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Cosh SM, McNeil DG, Jeffreys A, Clark L, Tully PJ. Athlete mental health help-seeking: A systematic review and meta-analysis of rates, barriers and facilitators. PSYCHOLOGY OF SPORT AND EXERCISE 2024; 71:102586. [PMID: 38128709 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Athletes are vulnerable to a range of mental health symptoms, in part due to stressors within the sport environment. An early intervention framework suggests the benefits of routine screening and referral for mental health, however, greater understanding around athlete help-seeking is needed to support referral uptake. This review examined rates of formal help-seeking behaviour as well as barriers and facilitators to help-seeking in sport settings. Relevant studies were retrieved from SportDiscus, PubMed and PsycInfo, with unpublished studies identified through contacting authors. Help-seeking rates were meta-analysed and barriers and facilitators were meta-synthesised. Twenty-two studies were included. Help-seeking rates were reported in 11 studies (N = 3415) and the pooled proportion of help-seeking was 22.4 % (95 % CI 16.2-30.2, I2 = 95.7 %). Barriers were reported in 13 studies and facilitators in six, highlighting a range of sporting-specific factors, such as stigma in relation to athlete identity and sport culture, fear of deselection, and concerns around confidentiality in sport settings, in addition to lack of awareness, low mental health literacy, and negative attitudes to services. Normalising experiences of mental health in sport settings, including through role models, was a key facilitator to help-seeking. Results provide implications for sport organisations to promote help-seeking and athlete mental health, such as through the use of role models, ensuring clarity around confidentiality, stigma reduction interventions, and fostering team cultures that promote mental health. Findings also support the value of sport staff in facilitating help-seeking, and organisational culture changes to foster wellbeing.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Cosh
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; School of Psychology, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia.
| | - D G McNeil
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Ballarat, Australia
| | - A Jeffreys
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - L Clark
- Department of Psychology, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - P J Tully
- School of Psychology, University of New England, Armidale, Australia; Discipline of Medicine, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia
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15
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Walton CC, Purcell R, Henderson JL, Kim J, Kerr G, Frost J, Gwyther K, Pilkington V, Rice S, Tamminen KA. Mental Health Among Elite Youth Athletes: A Narrative Overview to Advance Research and Practice. Sports Health 2024; 16:166-176. [PMID: 38173251 PMCID: PMC10916785 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231219230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT Participation in sports during youth is typically beneficial for mental health. However, it is unclear whether elite sport contexts contribute to greater risk of psychological distress or disorder. The aims of this paper are to highlight conceptual issues that require resolution in future research and practice, and to examine the key factors that may contribute to the mental health of elite youth athletes (EYAs). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A narrative overview of the literature combined with the clinical and research expertise of the authors. STUDY DESIGN Narrative overview. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5. RESULTS EYAs experience a range of biopsychosocial developmental changes that interact with mental health in a multitude of ways. In addition, there are various sport-specific factors that contribute to the mental health of EYAs that may become more prominent in elite contexts. These include - but are not limited to - patterns relating to athlete coping and self-relating styles, the nature of peer, parental, and coach relationships, organizational culture and performance pressures, and mental health service provision and accessibility. CONCLUSION A range of critical factors across individual, interpersonal, organizational, and societal domains have been shown to contribute to mental health among EYAs. However, this evidence is limited by heterogeneous samples and varied or imprecise terminology regarding what constitutes "youth" and "elite" in sport. Nevertheless, it is clear that EYAs face a range of risks that warrant careful consideration to progress to best practice principles and recommendations for mental health promotion and intervention in elite youth sport. SORT Level C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Walton
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Jo L Henderson
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeemin Kim
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan
| | - Gretchen Kerr
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Frost
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate Gwyther
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vita Pilkington
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon Rice
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Katherine A Tamminen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Mitchell J, Tilbrook M, Kiropoulos L, Krug I. Australian elite sport coaches' mental health literacy of eating disorders, orthorexia, and muscle dysmorphia in athletes: A qualitative study. Body Image 2024; 48:101670. [PMID: 38150783 DOI: 10.1016/j.bodyim.2023.101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
Athletes have an increased risk of developing eating disorders (EDs) compared to non-athletes. Coaches are in a unique position to identify symptoms and promote timely support; however, research has not yet explored coaches' mental health literacy about DSM-5 EDs and related orthorexia and muscle dysmorphia conditions in elite athletes. Eighteen Australian elite sport coaches from aesthetic, weight-class, and endurance sports participated in individual semi-structured interviews to investigate their mental health literacy of EDs and related conditions. Four themes emerged from the data. Theme 1 (knowledge of EDs and related conditions) highlighted coaches' awareness of maladaptive perfectionism as a key risk factor, limited awareness of EDs without observable weight loss, and conceptualisation of EDs as a nutritional issue. Theme 2 (facilitators to managing EDs) highlighted the helpfulness of building trust with athletes, accessing support staff, emphasising body functionality, and lived experience. Theme 3 (barriers to managing EDs) highlighted coaches' challenges with communicating about body image, responding to denial, and funding constraints. Theme 4 (future ED education and training) highlighted coaches' desire for in-person, interactive training and to support junior-level coaches. These findings may assist in developing tailored educational resources to improve coaches' ability to identify and manage eating-related concerns in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jardine Mitchell
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Molly Tilbrook
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Litza Kiropoulos
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia
| | - Isabel Krug
- The University of Melbourne, Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, Australia.
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17
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Walton CC, Purcell R, Pilkington V, Hall K, Kenttä G, Vella S, Rice SM. Psychological Safety for Mental Health in Elite Sport: A Theoretically Informed Model. Sports Med 2024; 54:557-564. [PMID: 37737542 PMCID: PMC10978613 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01912-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Elite sports contexts are highly pressurised and frequently enforce a win-at-all-costs approach. This narrow focus on performance outcomes can potentially contribute in negative ways to the mental health of those within these environments. In this Current Opinion paper, we propose a model that outlines how key elements contributing to psychologically safe or unsafe environments may contribute to better or worse mental health outcomes, respectively. In an environment in which individuals feel safe to show their authentic selves rather than 'wear a mask', different experiences of mental health are likely to be normalised, help-seeking behaviour increased, and thus, mental health outcomes enhanced. We outline how sports teams and organisations can contribute to this through the creation of appropriate policies and procedures, in addition to leaders modelling and reinforcing positive cultural norms. It is intended that the theoretical model can inform stakeholders in elite sport as well as future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Courtney C Walton
- Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Vita Pilkington
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kate Hall
- Australian Football League, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Göran Kenttä
- The Swedish School of Sport and Health Sciences, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Human Kinetics, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Canada
| | - Stewart Vella
- Global Alliance for Mental Health and Sport, School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Simon M Rice
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
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18
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Rogers DL, Tanaka MJ, Cosgarea AJ, Ginsburg RD, Dreher GM. How Mental Health Affects Injury Risk and Outcomes in Athletes. Sports Health 2024; 16:222-229. [PMID: 37326145 PMCID: PMC10916780 DOI: 10.1177/19417381231179678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
CONTEXT The importance of mental health among athletes is becoming more recognized and valued. Athletes experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, and related mental health disorders at rates similar to those of the general population, but because athletes face unique cultural and environmental pressures, such disorders are exacerbated in the context of an injury. Furthermore, we review the less well-known evidence that mental health disorders in athletes are associated with an increased risk of injury. We discuss the increasing awareness of the deficiencies in mental health support for athletes, which has been especially highlighted during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as in prominent professional and Olympic athletes, and describe both internal and external barriers to appropriate care. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched PubMed for pertinent peer-reviewed studies. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 5. RESULTS There is a known psychological response to injury that can prolong recovery from musculoskeletal injury; conversely, mental health disorders in athletes are not only associated with an increased injury risk but also portend poorer outcomes subsequently, including prolonged recovery times, increased rates of injury recurrence, decreased rates of return to sport, and reduced performance upon return. Because of inherent barriers to appropriate care of athletes, including identification, stigma, and resource availability, there are currently various ongoing efforts nationally to create and implement initiatives regarding athlete mental health screening, support systems, and directed interventions to address the inextricably linked physical and mental health of athletes. CONCLUSION Athletic injury negatively impacts the mental health of athletes. Likewise, mental health can and does influence athletic performance and is also intimately tied to the risk of athletic injury, thus creating a complex cycle with inability to separate physical and mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis L Rogers
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Miho J Tanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew J Cosgarea
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Richard D Ginsburg
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Geoffrey M Dreher
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Mountjoy M, Schamasch P, Murray A, Hawkes R, Hospel T, Thomas B, Samson E, Junge A. Inequities in the Training Environment and Health of Female Golfers Participating in the 2022 International Golf Federation World Amateur Team Championships. Clin J Sport Med 2024; 34:127-134. [PMID: 37702628 DOI: 10.1097/jsm.0000000000001186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess health problems and training environment of female golfers participating in the 2022 World Amateur Team Championships (WATC) and to compare golfers (a) with and without health problems prior the WATC and (b) living and training in countries ranking in the upper versus lower 50% of the team results at the 2022 WATC. DESIGN Cross-sectional cohort study using an anonymous questionnaire. SETTING International Golf Federation WATC. PARTICIPANTS One hundred sixty-two female golfers from 56 countries. INTERVENTIONS N/A. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Golfers' answers on the presence and characteristics of health problems, their training environment, and to the Oslo Sport Trauma Research Centre Questionnaire. RESULTS Almost all golfers (n = 162; 96%) answered the questionnaire. In the 4 weeks before the WATC, 101 golfers (63.1%) experienced 186 musculoskeletal complaints, mainly at the lumbar spine/lower back, wrist, or shoulder. Just half of the golfers (50.6%) performed injury prevention exercises always or often. More than a third (37.4%) of the golfers reported illness complaints and 32.5% mental health problems in the 4 weeks preceding the WATC. General anxiety, performance anxiety, and low mood/depression were the most frequent mental health problems. Golfers with injury complaints rated their daily training environment poorer. Golfers ranking in the lower 50% at the WATC had significantly less support staff, rated their training environment poorer, and had a higher prevalence of illness complaints and mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS Effective illness and injury prevention programs should be implemented and better access to education and health support in the daily training environment provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Mountjoy
- Department of Family Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada
- International Golf Federation (IGF), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Olympic Committee (IOC), Games Group Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Andrew Murray
- International Golf Federation (IGF), Lausanne, Switzerland
- European Tour Health and Performance Institute, Virginia Water, United Kingdom
- Sport and Exercise Department, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Roger Hawkes
- International Golf Federation (IGF), Lausanne, Switzerland
- European Disability Golf Association, Wassenaar, The Netherlands
| | - Tomas Hospel
- International Golf Federation (IGF), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Professional Golfers' Association Tour
| | - Bruce Thomas
- International Golf Federation (IGF), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Ladies Professional Golfers' Association, Daytona Beach, Florida
| | - Ethan Samson
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Canada; and
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20
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Liang P, Jiang H, Wang H, Tang J. Mindfulness and impulsive behavior: exploring the mediating roles of self-reflection and coping effectiveness among high-level athletes in Central China. Front Psychol 2024; 15:1304901. [PMID: 38283206 PMCID: PMC10808761 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1304901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction In the highly competitive field of sports, impulsive behavior by athletes not only threatens personal and team harmony but also poses significant risks to their careers and public image. Despite these behaviors often becoming the focus of public attention, their underlying causes and prevention strategies remain relatively unknown. This study delves deep into the impact of mindfulness on athletes' impulsive behavior, revealing the mediating roles of self-reflection and coping effectiveness. Methods Using a combination of snowball and convenience sampling, a sample of 403 athletes from high-level sports teams in the Central China region participated in a questionnaire survey. The data were analyzed using Amos v.23 software. Results The findings indicate a positive correlation between mindfulness and coping effectiveness (standardized coefficient = 0.336, p < 0.001), as well as between self-reflection and coping effectiveness (standardized coefficient = 0.406, p < 0.001). There is a negative correlation between coping effectiveness and impulsive behavior (standardized coefficient = -0.476, p < 0.001). The positive impact of mindfulness on impulsive behavior (standardized coefficient = -0.371, p < 0.01) is mediated by self-reflection and coping effectiveness. The explanatory power of this study is R2 = 0.35. Discussion Mindfulness reduces impulsive behavior by enhancing self-reflection capabilities and improving coping effectiveness. Based on these substantive research results, to mitigate impulsive behavior in athletes, it is recommended that the National Sports Administration and coaches actively implement mindfulness training. Additionally, targeted psychological intervention strategies should be developed to enhance athletes' mental health levels and optimize their sports performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peili Liang
- School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Hongyu Jiang
- School of Physical Education, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
| | - Huilin Wang
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
- Moray House School of Education, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jiaxin Tang
- School of Business, Hunan University of Science and Technology, Xiangtan, China
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21
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Nuetzel B. Coping strategies for handling stress and providing mental health in elite athletes: a systematic review. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1265783. [PMID: 38033656 PMCID: PMC10687549 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1265783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The combination of stressors unique to the athletic context plus the sensitive developmental phase that elite athletes go through during their peak performance may increase the athletes' vulnerability to mental health decrements. To emphasize the necessity to raise elite athletes' awareness of health risks, it seems to be essential to teach them coping skills to handle stress and to make affected athletes aware of how to recognize, evaluate, and articulate potential risks to their health. Objective This systematic review analyzes coping strategies used by elite athletes to deal with stress and the effect of these strategies on mental health to identify gaps that future research could prioritize. Methods The current review analyzes studies containing quantitative, qualitative, and mixed data and results, all of them focusing on coping strategies to deal with stress and the effect of coping strategies on elite athletes' mental health. Literature search for this systematic review took place between August and October 2023 and included the use of 3 electronic databases: PubMed, PsychINFO, SPORTdiscus. Results There were initially 5,705 hits from 3 electronic databases, hand search and from a complementary search in Google Scholar. After the screening process and quality appraisal 30 studies were included. The analyzed study results point to a broad spectrum of coping categories, elite athletes make use of to deal with stressful situations. The results of this review underpin the necessity that especially young athletes being confronted with a wide range of stressors, need to be taught mental skills to cope with these stressors. In addition, teaching coaches and teammates about social support seemed to decrease elite athletes' stress reactions, such as anxiety or depressive symptoms. Conclusion Coping in elite sporting settings is very complex and dynamic. There is evidence of coping being effective to buffer stress, but the interrelationships between stressor, appraisal of the stressor, application of a corresponding coping strategy and its effect especially in terms of mental health outcomes is still unclear because of lacking intervention-based study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Nuetzel
- Department of Psychology, Deutsche Hochschule für Prävention und Gesundheitmanagement (DHfPG), Saarbrücken, Germany
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22
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Colangelo J, Smith A, Buadze A, Liebrenz M. Beyond a Game: A Narrative Review of Psychopathic Traits in Sporting Environments. Sports (Basel) 2023; 11:228. [PMID: 37999445 PMCID: PMC10674364 DOI: 10.3390/sports11110228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
There has been a growing interest around the broader effects of psychopathic traits, particularly in relation to deviant behaviors and the notion of so-called "successful psychopathy". As significant sociocultural touchstones, sporting events are often characterized by competitiveness and a sense of prestige. However, there has been limited attention towards psychopathic traits across recreational, amateur, and elite sports. Accordingly, we conducted a narrative review synthesizing primary observations on this topic, searching keywords in Scopus, APA PsychNet, and PubMed. Twenty-four academic papers were included in our results, which we thematized around demographic groups, namely: athletes and sport-adjacent non-athletes (i.e., coaches and spectators). Based on empirical findings from the reviewed papers, psychopathic traits could have medicolegal and forensic implications in relation to substance use, aggression, and violence. These could intersect with wider issues around doping, cheating, foul play, and have adverse outcomes for fellow participants, team dynamics, and spectators. Interestingly, our review also indicates that psychopathic traits may have correlations with determination and achievement in sport, echoing developing ideas around "successful psychopathy" in other domains. As such, increased awareness from all stakeholders and further multidisciplinary exchanges are vital to better understand the effects of psychopathic traits in sporting frameworks and their wider consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill Colangelo
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Alexander Smith
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.S.); (M.L.)
| | - Anna Buadze
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Psychiatric Hospital, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Michael Liebrenz
- Department of Forensic Psychiatry, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; (A.S.); (M.L.)
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Mountjoy M, Junge A, Bindra A, Blauwet C, Budgett R, Currie A, Engebretsen L, Hainline B, McDuff D, Purcell R, Putukian M, Reardon CL, Soligard T, Gouttebarge V. Surveillance of athlete mental health symptoms and disorders: a supplement to the International Olympic Committee's consensus statement on injury and illness surveillance. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:1351-1360. [PMID: 37468210 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
In 2019, the International Olympic Committee (IOC) published a consensus statement outlining the principles for recording and reporting injury and illness in elite sport. The authors encouraged sport federations to adapt the framework to their sport-specific context. Since this publication, several sports have published extensions to the IOC consensus statement.In response to a paucity of epidemiological data on athlete mental health, the IOC mental health working group adapted the IOC consensus statement on injury and illness surveillance to improve the capturing of athlete mental health data. In addition to the members of the working group, other experts and athlete representatives joined the project team to address gaps in expertise, and to add stakeholder perspective, respectively. Following an in-person meeting, the authors worked remotely, applying the scientific literature on athlete mental health to the IOC injury and illness surveillance framework. A virtual meeting was held to reach consensus on final recommendations.Practical outcomes based on the analysis of the scientific literature are provided with respect to surveillance design, data collection and storage, data analysis and reporting of athlete mental health data. Mental health-specific report forms for athlete and health professional utilisation are included for both longitudinal and event-specific surveillance.Ultimately, this publication should encourage the standardisation of surveillance methodology for mental health symptoms and disorders among athletes, which will improve consistency in study designs, thus facilitating the pooling of data and comparison across studies. The goal is to encourage systematic surveillance of athlete mental health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Mountjoy
- Family Medicine, McMaster University Michael G DeGroote School of Medicine, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
- Medical and Scientific Department-Games Group, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Astrid Junge
- Center for Health in Performing Arts, MSH Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Abhinav Bindra
- Olympic Champion and IOC Athletes Commission Member, Deharadun, Punjab, India
| | - C Blauwet
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Richard Budgett
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alan Currie
- Northumberland Tyne and Wear NHS Foundation Trust, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
- Exercise, Sport and Rehabilitation Therapies, University of Sunderland, Sunderland, UK
| | - Lars Engebretsen
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Brian Hainline
- National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - David McDuff
- Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Elite Sport and Mental Health, Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Margot Putukian
- Chief Medical Officer, Major League Soccer, Princeton, New Jersey, USA
| | - Claudia L Reardon
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin, USA
| | - Torbjørn Soligard
- Medical and Scientific Department, International Olympic Committee, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Vincent Gouttebarge
- Orthopedic Surgery and Sports Medicine, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Section Sports Medicine, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health & Safety in Sports (ACHSS), IOC Research Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Drescher MJ, Mills G, Winkelmann ZK, Games KE. Collaborative Mental Health Care in Collegiate Athletics: Behavioral Health Providers' Perceived Role of the Athletic Trainer. J Athl Train 2023; 58:855-864. [PMID: 37071505 PMCID: PMC11215710 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0530.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Developing effective interprofessional teams is vital to achieving quality care for those dealing with behavioral health concerns. Athletic trainers (ATs) play a vital role, as they are often the first health care providers to interact with student-athletes participating in intercollegiate athletics. However, research regarding how behavioral health providers view the AT's role on interprofessional behavioral health teams is limited. OBJECTIVE To explore behavioral health providers' perceived role of ATs in collaborative behavioral health care. DESIGN Qualitative study. SETTING Individual interviews. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Nine behavioral health care providers (women = 6, men = 3; age range = 30-59 years, years in clinical practice = 6-25) from National Collegiate Athletic Association Power 5 schools were interviewed. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Participants were contacted via publicly available information on their university websites. Participants engaged in individual, audio-only interviews using a commercially available teleconferencing platform. All interviews were recorded, transcribed, and returned to participants for member checking. A phenomenological approach with inductive coding and multianalyst triangulation was performed to analyze the transcripts for common themes and subthemes. RESULTS CONCLUSIONS Collaborative care models can enhance providers' abilities and maximize support of student-athlete wellness. In this study, we demonstrated that behavioral health providers working within a collaborative care model with ATs had overall positive experiences with such collaboration and that clear role delineation and responsibilities helped to foster high-quality patient care.
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Nazari A, Garmaroudi G, Foroushani AR, Hosseinnia M. The effect of web-based educational interventions on mental health literacy, stigma and help-seeking intentions/attitudes in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis. BMC Psychiatry 2023; 23:647. [PMID: 37667229 PMCID: PMC10478184 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-023-05143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study aims to provide a systematic review and meta-analysis of the literature on The Effect of Web-Based Educational Interventions on Mental Health Literacy, Stigma and Help-seeking intentions/attitudes in young people. METHODS Articles in English published between April 1975 and February 2023 were retrieved from seven databases, leading to a total of 2023 articles identified. RESULTS 20 studies were included after applying exclusion criteria, 10 of which were eligible for meta-analysis. Results showed that web-based educational interventions had a significant positive effect on mental health literacy knowledge (SMD = 0.70, 95% CI = [0.16, 1.25]), but not on stigma (SMD = -0.20, 95% CI = [-0.48, 0.08]) or help-seeking intentions/attitudes (SMD = 0.48, 95% CI = [-0.50, 1.46]). CONCLUSION This study reviewed and analyzed the effect of web-based educational interventions on mental health literacy, stigma, and help-seeking intentions/attitudes among young people. The results showed that web-based educational interventions improved mental health literacy knowledge, but not stigma or help-seeking outcomes. The study suggested several recommendations to enhance the effectiveness of web-based educational interventions on stigma and help-seeking outcomes, such as using more rigorous designs and methods, more comprehensive and multifaceted interventions, more tailored and targeted interventions, and more collaborative and participatory approaches. The study concluded that web-based educational interventions may have a greater impact on reducing stigma and promoting help-seeking among young people, which may ultimately lead to better mental health outcomes and well-being for this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abouzar Nazari
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Garmaroudi
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maede Hosseinnia
- Department of Health Education and Promotion, Faculty of Health, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Goodfellow C, Macintyre A, Knifton L, Sosu E. Associations between dimensions of mental health literacy and adolescent help-seeking intentions. Child Adolesc Ment Health 2023; 28:385-392. [PMID: 36375813 PMCID: PMC10947377 DOI: 10.1111/camh.12608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The majority of long-term mental health problems begin during adolescence. Low mental health literacy (MHL) may impede help-seeking for these problems. Although MHL is a multidimensional construct and adolescent help-seeking can be through formal and informal means, little is known about how dimensions of MHL influence these help-seeking intentions. This study examines associations between dimensions of MHL and formal and informal help-seeking intentions among adolescents. It also investigates whether informal help-seeking mediates the association between dimensions of MHL and formal help-seeking, and whether these associations are moderated by gender. METHODS A cross-sectional survey including measures of MHL, and help-seeking intentions was distributed to participants in 10 schools (12-17 years) across Scotland (n = 734). Data were analysed using Confirmatory Factor Analyses (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). RESULTS Confirmatory Factor Analyses identified two distinct dimensions of MHL: ability to identify a mental health problem, and knowledge of treatment efficacy. Only knowledge of treatment efficacy was associated with increased intention to seek formal and informal help. Ability to identify a mental health problem was negatively associated with both forms of help-seeking intentions. Informal help-seeking mediated the association between both forms of MHL and formal help-seeking. Gender did not moderate the associations between MHL and help-seeking. CONCLUSIONS Care should be taken when providing MHL interventions to ensure that adaptive forms of MHL are promoted. Future research should investigate possible mechanisms by which discrete forms of MHL influence adolescent help-seeking as well as investigating other potential moderators of MHL and help-seeking, such as stigma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Goodfellow
- MRC / CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Centre for Health PolicyUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Anna Macintyre
- School of Social Work and Social PolicyUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
| | - Lee Knifton
- MRC / CSO Social and Public Health Sciences UnitUniversity of GlasgowGlasgowUK
- Mental Health FoundationGlasgowUK
| | - Edward Sosu
- School of EducationUniversity of StrathclydeGlasgowUK
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Yoon JJ, Petrie T. Barriers to and Facilitators of Collegiate Athletes Seeking Mental Health Services. J Athl Train 2023; 58:715-721. [PMID: 37071503 PMCID: PMC11215743 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0559.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/19/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 1 in 5 student-athletes experience some type of mental health concern. However, fewer than half of student-athletes who report mental health concerns seek mental health treatment (ie, psychotherapy or medication). Data concerning barriers to student-athletes seeking mental health care are limited but suggest that stigma is the primary reason. Further, whether having shared identities with their sport psychologists (eg, race and gender) encourages student-athletes to seek help has been minimally explored. OBJECTIVES To determine the frequency of internal and external barriers to athletes seeking mental health care and examine the importance of athletes and sport psychologists sharing identities as a facilitator of seeking help. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING Collegiate athletics. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS A total of 266 student-athletes (53.8% women, 42.5% White) from a National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I university. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Student-athletes responded to 9 binary (yes or no) prompts related to internal barriers (eg, beliefs and attitudes about mental health) and 7 reflecting external barriers (ie, different stakeholders, such as the head coach). Regarding facilitators of mental health help-seeking, student-athletes rated how important it was for them to share each of 10 identities with their sport psychologist from 1 (not at all important) to 5 (extremely important). All identified barriers and facilitators were derived from existing research. RESULTS Differences were found in athletes' ratings of internal and external barriers. For example, a belief in one's own reliance and not having enough time were significant barriers, as was their head coach having a negative attitude about the importance of mental health. Female student-athletes rated sharing a gender identity with their sport psychologist as more important than did male student-athletes. CONCLUSIONS Despite efforts by the National Collegiate Athletic Association to reduce the stigma surrounding mental health, persisting barriers within collegiate sports may keep athletes from seeking help.
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Putukian M, Yeates KO. Clinical Commentary: Depression and Anxiety in Adolescent and Young Adult Athletes. J Athl Train 2023; 58:681-686. [PMID: 37971042 PMCID: PMC11215733 DOI: 10.4085/1062-6050-0658.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Mental health (MH) symptoms and disorders are common in adolescents and young adults, and athletes may be at risk due to sport-specific triggers such as injury or illness as well as stressors related to performance, transition, or retirement from sport. Anxiety and depression are reported frequently in this age group, and early recognition and treatment can improve outcomes. The medical team (eg, athletic trainers or therapists, team physicians) should be familiar with the symptoms of depression and anxiety, recognize "red flags" for these symptoms and disorders, and seek to provide screening assessments and develop MH plans and MH emergency action plans. As a part of their scope of practice, team physicians should have the initial assessment and management of patients with these MH conditions and appreciate the importance of referrals to other MH providers with expertise caring for athletes. Athletic trainers are often the first point of contact for athletes who may be experiencing MH symptoms and therefore play a key role in early recognition and referrals to team physicians for early diagnosis and treatment. Additional resources that provide more in-depth information regarding the treatment and management of anxiety and depression are provided herein.
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Daley MM, Shoop J, Christino MA. Mental Health in the Specialized Athlete. Curr Rev Musculoskelet Med 2023; 16:410-418. [PMID: 37326758 PMCID: PMC10427563 DOI: 10.1007/s12178-023-09851-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The aim of this review is to interpret the existing evidence regarding the psychological aspects of sport specialization within the context of a developmental framework. RECENT FINDINGS The growing trend toward early sport specialization is associated with increased risk for injury and burnout, both of which have significant implications for mental health. Mental health literacy programs designed to promote awareness, decrease stigma, and encourage help-seeking behaviors can be an effective way to increase resilience and early recognition of those in need. The trend toward early sport specialization is likely motivated in large part by the expectation that it will increase the likelihood of long-term athletic success. However, recent studies suggest that the majority of elite athletes delay specialization at least until mid to late adolescence. It is essential to consider the developmental psychology of children and adolescents and to avoid imposing expectations that are beyond their neurocognitive capabilities. In addition to depression, anxiety, and burnout, young athletes who are pressured to perform to excessively high standards are likely to internalize athletic failures as feelings of shame. This can lead to maladaptive perfectionistic traits and potentially overtraining, clinical eating disorders, or other harmful behaviors that will result in declines in performance, physical health, and overall wellbeing. Further work is needed to better inform sport-specific recommendations regarding sport specialization and to optimize the beneficial effects of sport participation while limiting the risks of harm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M. Daley
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
- Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 3401 Civic Center Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104 USA
| | - Jamie Shoop
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Melissa A. Christino
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Sports Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA
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Lisk S, Sagar-Ouriaghli I, Carter B, Sclare I, Holly J, Brown JSL. Engaging Older Adolescent Boys Into School-Based Mental Health Workshops: Testing Theory-Based Facilitators and Barriers in Focus Groups. Am J Mens Health 2023; 17:15579883231177975. [PMID: 37822122 PMCID: PMC10571706 DOI: 10.1177/15579883231177975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Untreated mental health problems continue from childhood and adolescence into adulthood, meaning accessible early intervention is essential to reduce long-term negative outcomes. However, there is often a reluctance to engage in mental health treatment, with considerable evidence that young men are less likely to seek help than young women. This original research study aimed to explore four areas of interest around facilitating engagement of adolescent boys to a stress workshop intervention for adolescents in U.K. schools. The areas explored were male role models, destigmatizing language, trust building, and using a transparent and collaborative approach. We also sought to understand the main barriers to engagement. To explore these areas of interest, two focus groups were run, with a total of 12 young men, over two regional sites (London and Bath). Content analysis was used to analyze the data. Participants particularly valued transparency and collaboration as strong facilitators to engagement. Building of trust was the next most popular. Use of role models and destigmatizing language were the joint third most popular methods. The main barrier to help-seeking identified was perceived threat to masculine identity (self and social stigma). Given these novel findings, the factors of transparency and collaboration and building trust as facilitators merit further research, among both adults and adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen Lisk
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ilyas Sagar-Ouriaghli
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Ben Carter
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Informatics, Institute of Psychiatry Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Irene Sclare
- Southwark CAMHS Clinical Academic Group, South London & Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Jennifer Holly
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - June S. L. Brown
- Department of Psychology, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King’s College London, London, UK
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31
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Junge A, Wellmann K, Zech A. Prevalence of symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder in field hockey players of German first and lower leagues. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2023; 33:1866-1873. [PMID: 37309991 DOI: 10.1111/sms.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND While several studies on mental health of elite athletes were published in recent years, few compared the prevalence with the general population and none included field hockey players. AIMS To analyze the prevalence of symptoms of depression and generalized anxiety disorder in field hockey players of different skill levels and to compare it to the general population. METHODS Male and female hockey players from different leagues were asked to answer questions on player characteristics, the Centre of Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) and the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7). RESULTS One hundred and eighty-seven players (incl. 54 first and 28 second league players) participated in the study (response rate 97.4%). More than a third (n = 64; 35.0%) reported to be affected by an injury/health complaint, but 157 (86.3%) were able to train and play without limitations. The CES-D score indicated depression symptoms in more female (n = 15; 18.3%) than male (n = 5; 4.8%) players (χ2=8.8; p < 0.01). No male and one female player had symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder. Players who played 60 or more matches in the previous 12 months had on average significantly higher depression (t = 2.3; p < 0.05) and generalized anxiety scores (t = 4.2; p < 0.001) than players who played fewer matches. The prevalence of depression and of generalized anxiety symptoms was similar to or lower than in the general population. Although 20 (10.7%) players had depression symptoms, only 4 (2.2%) received psychological counseling or psychotherapy. CONCLUSION It is recommended to provide routine screening of mental health problems and low-threshold access to adequate treatment for elite athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Junge
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Hamburg, Germany
- Center for Health in Performing Arts, Medical School Hamburg (MSH), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kai Wellmann
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Astrid Zech
- Department of Human Movement Science and Exercise Physiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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Donohue B, Scott J, Goodwin G, Barchard KA, Bohall G, Allen DN. Initial examination of the mental health disorders: screening instrument for athletes. Front Psychol 2023; 14:1029229. [PMID: 37599751 PMCID: PMC10436329 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1029229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction There is a need to psychometrically develop assessment instruments capable of screening mental health disorders in athlete populations. The current study was conducted to determine reliability, validity and clinical utility of the Mental Health Disorders Screening Instrument for Athletes (MHDSIA). Methods and results 259 collegiate athletes completed the MHDSIA. Factor analysis determined a single factor with good internal consistency, and this factor was positively correlated with an established measure of psychiatric symptomology (Symptom Checklist 90-R), demonstrating its concurrent validity. An optimum clinical cutoff score (i.e., 32) was determined using Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analyses to assist appropriate mental health referrals. Discussion Results suggest the MHSIA is a reliable, valid, and relatively quick and easy to interpret screen for the broad spectrum of mental health disorders in collegiate athletes. As expected, NCAA athletes reported lower MHDSIA scores than club and intramural athletes, while males reported similar severity scores as females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brad Donohue
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Jesse Scott
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Grace Goodwin
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Barchard
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Greg Bohall
- The Chicago School of Professional Psychology, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Daniel N. Allen
- Department of Psychology, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
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Sankey C, Wallace L, Caperchione CM. Understanding the role of coaches in supporting the mental health of elite athletes. J Sci Med Sport 2023; 26:399-404. [PMID: 37468420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2023.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Elite sport coaches often rely on their discretion when assisting athletes struggling with mental health, with clear guidelines yet to be broadly adopted. This study aimed to explore how coaches perceive their role in athlete mental health and their role clarity. DESIGN This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews. METHODS 17 Australian elite level swimming coaches were interviewed, focusing on their perceived experiences with athlete mental health and any discrepancies between what their role is currently and what they perceive it should be. Thematic analysis was used to analyse results. RESULTS Analysis revealed that coaches perceive their role to include open communication, actively observing their athletes' mood, and acknowledging their potential mental health knowledge deficits. They also indicated a lack of clarity for when to refer an athlete on to a medical professional. Athletes were perceived as responsible for maintaining self-awareness and help-seeking, whilst the organisational role included providing education and funding. Barriers for supporting athlete mental health included a lack of resources and poor mental health literacy. Coaches suggested a variety of recommendations to ameliorate these barriers including education and redesigning systems of support. CONCLUSIONS Australian swimming coaches would greatly benefit from formal guidelines on how to identify, manage, and support athlete mental health. These guidelines should be established with input from coaches and key staff, in addition to clinical professionals and utilising evidence-based measures, including consideration of boundaries around coaches as non-mental health professionals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Sankey
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Lee Wallace
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Cristina M Caperchione
- Faculty of Health, Human Performance Research Centre, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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Lawrence NM, Gunter K. Considerations for Developing a Mental Health Emergency Action Plan for High School Football Programs and Athletic Departments. HSS J 2023; 19:373-380. [PMID: 37435120 PMCID: PMC10331263 DOI: 10.1177/15563316221141884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
High school students in the United States are being educated during an unprecedented time of social unrest, public health concerns, and gun violence. High school student athletes can be further challenged by sports-related stressors that may lead to anxiety, burnout, depression, disordered eating, sleep difficulty, performance-based identity concerns, and substance use. High school football players, in particular, are at higher risk of concussion, musculoskeletal injury, and may feel excess pressure to compete from coaches, parents, and peers. One way to address these stressors among high school student athletes is to increase athletic department staff members' awareness of the symptoms of mental health disorders. Increased awareness helps staff members recognize when an athlete is in crisis, as well as respond with an established mental health emergency action plan as needed. In this review article, the authors provide a blueprint by which high school personnel can more readily identify and respond to mental health emergencies among student athletes.
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Frost J, Walton CC, Purcell R, Rice SM. Supporting The Mental Health Of Elite-Level Coaches Through Early Intervention. Arthrosc Sports Med Rehabil 2023; 5:100734. [PMID: 37645386 PMCID: PMC10461153 DOI: 10.1016/j.asmr.2023.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Current evidence indicates that elite-level coaches encounter a range of performance, organizational, and personal stressors that may influence or compromise mental health. With exposure to these stressors, supports need to be established to protect and preserve the mental health of elite-level coaches. Given the paucity of evidence available, this article proposes a number of considerations that should be taken into account when developing a mental health and rehabilitation framework for high-performance coaches. We argue that early intervention should be positioned at the core of this framework, to address the onset of symptoms prior to the emergence of a mental disorder or mental health crisis. Mental health screening and monitoring of coaches, the psychological safety of high-performance environments, the mental health literacy of coaches, and the tailored pathways to support are discussed. Beyond these strategies, it is proposed that rehabilitation and reintegration should be addressed to assist coaches who are currently experiencing mental ill health or have left their role due to mental health reasons. Although further research is needed to implement evidence-based strategies, it is recommended that a future mental health framework should incorporate the perspectives of coaches to ensure it is consistent with their needs and experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Frost
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Courtney C. Walton
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Simon M. Rice
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
- Elite Sports and Mental Health, Orygen, Melbourne, Australia
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Jones E, Martin P, Barr M, Soundy A, Heneghan NR. "Knowing the Noise That Surrounds the Athlete": A Qualitative Study Exploring the Health-Seeking Behaviors of Athletes With Limb Deficiency Drawing on the Experiences and Perceptions of the Medical Staff and Athletes. Am J Phys Med Rehabil 2023; 102:738-745. [PMID: 35703201 DOI: 10.1097/phm.0000000000002065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to explore the health-seeking behaviors of athletes with limb deficiency, drawing on the experiences and perception of the sports medicine team and athletes. DESIGN The study used an interpretive hermeneutic phenomenological methodology with a subtle realist paradigmatic view to investigate commonality in unique experiences within reality. Data collection was completed with two focus groups in December 2019 and March 2020. Thirteen participants took part including athletes and sports medicine team members (physiotherapists, doctors, and strength and conditioning coaches) working in parasports. Focus group manuscripts were transcribed verbatim from audio recordings. An inductive, iterative process was used to identify themes and subthemes, with processes in place to establish rigor. RESULTS Two themes and five subthemes emerged in relation to the "internalization and adjustment to social identity" and "the importance and impact of factors, which impact the athlete social identity." CONCLUSIONS Health-seeking behaviors of athletes with limb deficiency were influenced by a unique blend of personal and environmental factors that contribute toward social identity. The sports medicine team require specific awareness of factors that may diminish health-seeking behaviors to deliver a personalized approach and negate consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleanor Jones
- From the English Institute of Sport, Lilleshall National Sports Centre, Newport, United Kingdom (EJ); School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom (EJ, AS, NRH); English Institute of Sport, London, United Kingdom (PM); and English Institute of Sport, Sheffield, United Kingdom (MB)
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Engelhardt EC, Bicknell G, Oliver M, Flaherty C, Line K, King E. Theory of Planned Behavior and Active Duty Air Force Members' Mental Health Help-Seeking. Mil Med 2023; 188:e2217-e2222. [PMID: 36321880 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although military members often encounter significant atypical stressors while serving, many service members are still reluctant to seek mental health (MH) treatment. Help-seeking behavior for MH needs is a rising concern for active duty Air Force personnel. Conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, anxiety, and substance abuse are just a few issues that military members deal with, but things like stigma, attitudes toward MH, and behavioral control might keep these individuals from seeking services. This study utilizes the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to identify better and understand barriers to the help-seeking behavior of active duty Air Force members. MATERIALS AND METHODS The 2017 Air Force Community Feedback Tool was used for this study. This confidential survey was completed by a large sample of the military population (N = 10,705). The survey was used to examine relationships between the TPB-related variables and respondents with mood problems identifying a need for professional counseling, seeking MH services, and reporting that the services met their needs. Multiple linear and binary logistic regression models were utilized to analyze findings from this sample. RESULTS This study highlights how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control impact help-seeking behavior for these individuals. Findings include the MH providers' good reputations, wait times for services, ease of access to care, and negative experiences with supervisor permission, all of which showed a statistically significant impact on help-seeking behavior. Dependent variables included "I need professional counseling," "I contacted a MH care provider in the past year to try to meet this need," and "How much the MH care provider helped you meet your needs." Each of these variables had statistically significant relationships with the connecting variables of the TPB. CONCLUSIONS Findings from this study reveal how attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control play an essential role in an active duty Air Force member's decision to seek help for MH concerns. This study suggests that active duty military members are less concerned about the belief that seeking MH care could harm their reputations and more aware of the potential negative reputations of MH clinics. Finally, actionable steps are outlined to better support help-seeking behavior, which might be recommended to better train and encourage military leaders to address the MH needs of themselves and the members of their units.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan C Engelhardt
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Graeme Bicknell
- University of Kentucky/US Army Master of Social Work Program, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Mark Oliver
- University of Kentucky/US Army Master of Social Work Program, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
| | - Chris Flaherty
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Katelynn Line
- College of Social Work, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA
| | - Erika King
- University of Kentucky/US Army Master of Social Work Program, Fort Sam Houston, TX 78234, USA
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Carollo A, Zhang P, Yin P, Jawed A, Dimitriou D, Esposito G, Mangar S. Sleep Profiles in Eating Disorders: A Scientometric Study on 50 Years of Clinical Research. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:2090. [PMID: 37510531 PMCID: PMC10379413 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11142090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Revised: 06/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Sleep and diet are essential for maintaining physical and mental health. These two factors are closely intertwined and affect each other in both timing and quality. Eating disorders, including anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, are often accompanied by different sleep problems. In modern society, an increasing number of studies are being conducted on the relationship between eating disorders and sleep. To gain a more comprehensive understanding of this field and highlight influential papers as well as the main research domains in this area, a scientometric approach was used to review 727 publications from 1971 to 2023. All documents were retrieved from Scopus through the following string "TITLE-ABS (("sleep" OR "insomnia") AND ("anorexia nervosa" OR "bulimia nervosa" OR "binge eating" OR "eating disorder*") AND NOT "obes*") AND (LIMIT-TO (LANGUAGE, "English"))". A document co-citation analysis was applied to map the relationship between relevant articles and their cited references as well as the gaps in the literature. Nine publications on sleep and eating disorders were frequently cited, with an article by Vetrugno and colleagues on nocturnal eating being the most impactful in the network. The results also indicated a total of seven major thematic research clusters. The qualitative inspection of clusters strongly highlights the reciprocal influence of disordered eating and sleeping patterns. Researchers have modelled this reciprocal influence by taking into account the role played by pharmacological (e.g., zolpidem, topiramate), hormonal (e.g., ghrelin), and psychological (e.g., anxiety, depression) factors, pharmacological triggers, and treatments for eating disorders and sleep problems. The use of scientometric perspectives provides valuable insights into the field related to sleep and eating disorders, which can guide future research directions and foster a more comprehensive understanding of this important area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Carollo
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Pengyue Zhang
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Peiying Yin
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Aisha Jawed
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Dagmara Dimitriou
- Sleep Education and Research Laboratory, UCL Institute of Education, London WC1H 0AA, UK
| | - Gianluca Esposito
- Department of Psychology and Cognitive Science, University of Trento, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Stephen Mangar
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, Charing Cross Hospital, London W6 8RF, UK
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Çelik DÖ, Haney MÖ. The relationship between depression, healthy lifestyle behaviors and internet addiction: a cross-sectional study of the athlete university students in Turkey. Front Psychiatry 2023; 14:1222931. [PMID: 37484666 PMCID: PMC10359973 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1222931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Mental health research exists for university students in the areas of prevalence and association of depression, internet addiction and healthy lifestyle behaviors. However, the studies examining prevalence rates and these relationships in athlete university students are needed. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between depression, healthy lifestyle behaviors and internet addiction among athlete university students in Turkey. Methods A cross-sectional design was conducted, measuring depression using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale, healthy lifestyle behaviors (HPLP-II), and internet addiction (YIAT-SF). Predictive factors associated with depressive symptoms were estimated using binary logistic regression. Results Of the 501 participants, 61.3% were male, with a mean age of 21.45 years (SD: 3.19). Student-athletes were at risk of depressive symptoms (76.4%), internet addiction (34.4%) and had moderate healthy lifestyle behaviors (130.41 ± 22.93). No significant differences were found for age, smoking, time spent on social network, number of sports days, number of social networks use for depressive symptoms (p > 0.05), however significant differences were found for depressive symptoms by sex and living with family status (p < 0.05). Pathological internet addiction (OR: 12.74, 95% CI: 2.91-55.77) and low spiritual growth (OR: 0.854, 95% CI: 0.79-0.92) were found to be predictors of depressive symptoms within the athlete university students (p < 0.001). Conclusion The athlete university students are at increased risk for depressive symptoms and internet addiction and decreased healthy lifestyle behaviors. It is essential to establish programs to improve the mental health of students in universities and to strengthen the psychological counseling services offered to students. These findings can assist universities in establishing effective measures to improve mental health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demet Öztürk Çelik
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Teaching, Osmaniye Korkut Ata University, Osmaniye, Türkiye
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Oguro S, Ojio Y, Matsunaga A, Shiozawa T, Kawamura S, Yoshitani G, Horiguchi M, Fujii C. Mental health help-seeking preferences and behaviour in elite male rugby players. BMJ Open Sport Exerc Med 2023; 9:e001586. [PMID: 37265779 PMCID: PMC10231004 DOI: 10.1136/bmjsem-2023-001586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Mental health symptoms and mental illnesses are common in elite athletes. There is an urgent need to develop care systems to support the mental health of elite athletes. Understanding elite athletes' preferences in mental health help seeking can help explore strategies to develop such systems. Therefore, this study aims to investigate with whom/where elite athletes feel comfortable discussing mental health concerns and seeking help. Methods We analyse data from 219 Japanese male rugby players out of 612 players (565 Japanese, 47 foreigners) aged 18 and over who belong to the Japan Rugby Players Association using a cross-sectional design and an anonymous, web-based, self-administered questionnaire. In the questionnaire, the players are asked to rate on a 5-point Likert scale how comfortable they feel talking about their mental health concerns with affiliation/team staff, family/relatives, friends, mental health professionals, rugby-related seniors and teammates. Analysis of variance and Dunnett's test are performed to detect differences in their preferences for sources of help. Results Dunnett's test shows that the mean scores for preferring to consult affiliation/team staff are significantly lower than for all the other groups (p<0.001), indicating that players are reluctant to seek help for mental health concerns from affiliation/team staff. Fewer players sought help from affiliation/team staff or mental health professionals than from other groups. Conclusion Regarding mental health concerns, for elite male rugby players as elite athletes, it can be difficult to ask for help or talk to team staff.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Oguro
- Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasutaka Ojio
- Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Matsunaga
- Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Japan
| | - Takuma Shiozawa
- Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Chiyo Fujii
- Department of Community Mental Health and Law, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo, Japan
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Baldofski S, Kohls E, Efe Z, Eckert M, Saee S, Thomas J, Wundrack R, Rummel-Kluge C. The Impact of a Messenger-Based Psychosocial Chat Counseling Service on Further Help-Seeking Among Children and Young Adults: Longitudinal Study. JMIR Ment Health 2023; 10:e43780. [PMID: 37195747 DOI: 10.2196/43780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental crises have high prevalences in adolescence. Early interventions appear to be highly important to diminish the risk of the deterioration, recurrence, or chronification of symptoms. In recent years, various providers have started offering live chat support in psychological crises. The messenger-based psychological counseling service krisenchat aims to support young people in crises and, if necessary, provide a recommendation for a referral to the health care system or to seek further help from a trusted adult person. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of using the counseling service of krisenchat on the further help-seeking behavior of young people, and to identify associated factors of further help-seeking. METHODS This longitudinal study analyzed anonymous data from 247 individuals who used krisenchat between October 2021 and March 2022, and received a recommendation for further help-seeking. An online survey directly after the chat assessed the perceived helpfulness of the chat and well-being after the chat. After 4 weeks, further help-seeking, facilitators and barriers to help-seeking, and self-efficacy were assessed in an online follow-up survey. RESULTS The most frequently recommended services or persons to seek further help from included a psychotherapist or social psychiatric service (75/225, 33.3%), a school psychologist or school social worker (52/225, 23.1%), and the user's parents (45/225, 20.0%). Of the 247 users, 120 (48.6%) indicated that they contacted the recommended service or person, and of these, 87 (72.5%) stated that they already had an appointment (or talk) with the respective service or person or that an appointment (or talk) was scheduled. The most frequently reported facilitators for further help-seeking were mental health literacy (54/120, 45.0%), improvement of self-efficacy (55/120, 45.8%), and symptom recognition (40/120, 33.3%). In users not displaying further help-seeking behavior, the most frequent barriers included stigmatization (60/127, 47.2%), lack of mental health literacy (59/127, 46.5%), need for self-reliance and autonomy (53/127, 41.7%), and negative family beliefs regarding help services (53/127, 41.7%). Subgroup comparisons indicated significantly higher levels of self-efficacy in users displaying further help-seeking behavior than in those not displaying further help-seeking behavior. Both subgroups did not differ in gender, age, recommended service or person, chat topics, perceived helpfulness, and well-being. CONCLUSIONS The findings of this study indicate that children and young adults receiving counseling on krisenchat benefit in terms of seeking further help. Further help-seeking seems to be associated with higher levels of self-efficacy. TRIAL REGISTRATION Deutsches Register Klinischer Studien DRKS00026671; https://tinyurl.com/4fm5xe68.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Baldofski
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kohls
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Zeki Efe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | - Christine Rummel-Kluge
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Leipzig Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
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Kim YK, Small E, Pounders RD, Fall SL, Wilson WL. Ecological Factors of Telemental Healthcare Utilization Among Adolescents with Increased Substance Use During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Moderating Effect of Gender. CHILD & YOUTH CARE FORUM 2023:1-21. [PMID: 37360759 PMCID: PMC10151213 DOI: 10.1007/s10566-023-09751-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Adolescent substance use is often associated with concurrent mental health problems (e.g., depression, suicide attempts, parental emotional and physical abuse, not feeling close to people at school, and lower virtual connectedness) at multiple ecological levels. Objective This study examined whether such risk factors among adolescents were associated with the use of telemental healthcare (TMHC) and whether gender moderated these associations. Methods Data were drawn from the Adolescent Behaviors and Experiences Survey, collected by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention from January to June 2021. A hierarchical multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted using a national sample of 1,460 students in Grades 9-12 in the United States who reported having used more alcohol and/or drugs during the pandemic than before it started. Results The results showed that only 15.3% of students sought TMHC. Students reporting increased substance use during the pandemic were more likely to use TMHC if they experienced more severe mental health problems (e.g., suicide attempts) compared to other ecological factors, such as issues with their family, school, or community. Analysis of the moderating effect showed that the closer male students felt to people at school, the more likely they were to seek TMHC, whereas the opposite was true for female students. Conclusions The findings highlighted that feeling close to people at school is an important aspect of understanding the help-seeking behavior of female and male adolescent substance users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn Kyoung Kim
- School of Social Work, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
| | - Eusebius Small
- School of Social Work, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, USA
| | | | | | - Wendy L. Wilson
- School of Social Work, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, USA
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Russell S, Kelly V, Polman R, Warren-James M. The Effectiveness of Online Mental Health First Aid Training in Community Rugby: A Mixed-Methods Approach. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:5391. [PMID: 37048006 PMCID: PMC10094660 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20075391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training exists to improve supportive behaviours towards peers, increase mental health literacy, and reduce stigma. Community sport clubs have potential to successfully deliver mental health programs. This study investigated the effectiveness of online MHFA training undertaken by members of the rugby community and evaluated the feasibility and usefulness of the online delivery mode and users' engagement with it. A mixed-methods approach was used to provide depth of understanding through qualitative analysis, combined with quantitative outcomes. Online surveys examining participants' knowledge and perceptions were administered pre- and post-MHFA training. Significant improvements (p < 0.05) across all assessed domains were observed post- compared to pre-MHFA training. A large effect size was identified in relation to advice giving and sign and symptom identification. A moderate effect size pre- to post-improvement was identified for users' perceptions of therapy's effectiveness, the ability of people with severe mental health conditions to recover, and benefit of a healthcare professional. Participants endorsed the MHFA program to improve mental health literacy, advance non-technical skills, and improve confidence. MHFA training can increase the awareness and knowledge of mental health issues in key individuals in community sport clubs and enable them to aid people with mental health concerns. Online MHFA training is associated with improved mental health literacy and may be a suitable and economically sustainable model for community sport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suzanna Russell
- Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre, School of Behavioural and Health Sciences, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, QLD 4014, Australia
| | - Vincent Kelly
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
| | - Remco Polman
- Institute of Health and Wellbeing, Federation University, Melbourne, VIC 3806, Australia
| | - Matthew Warren-James
- School of Clinical Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, QLD 4006, Australia
- School of Nursing, Midwifery and Paramedicine, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sunshine Coast, QLD 4556, Australia
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Salavera C, Antoñanzas JL, Guallart M, Urbón E, Castellanos R, Usán P. Go, go …. You'll be happier. Psychological variables among cyclists during COVID-19 lockdowns. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15300. [PMID: 37089307 PMCID: PMC10114239 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 lockdowns involved radical changes in the habits and lifestyles of many. Notably, athletes saw their training routines altered. The relationship between lockdown effects and psychological variables was analysed using a sample comprising 1032 cyclists (average age: 42.97 years, s.d. = 8.94), taking part in the first cycling competition after lockdown. The target variables included psychological variables such as frustration tolerance, subjective vitality, autonomy self-determination, and affective status, as well as sociodemographic and training habits-related variables. The results showed that the constructs under analysis are related. Pre- and post-competition psychological variables were measured, and no significant differences were detected, except concerning subjective vitality. A regression analysis model was designed to analyse the impact of frustration tolerance, autonomy self-determination, and affective status on subjective vitality. The results reveal a lineal relationship (F = 71.789, p < .001) between subjective vitality and a set of independent variables: positive affects; health status; km of training per year; and frustration tolerance, which explain 46.7% of variance. Finally, since the variable that measures subjective vitality was shown to be significant, mediation analyses were undertaken to answer our hypothesis, following the results of the exploratory analysis. The results suggest that frustration tolerance has a direct effect on subjective vitality, and that this relationship is mediated by positive affects, health status, and km of training per year. It is concluded that exercising increases subjective vitality, which is affected by frustration tolerance, positive affects, health status and km of training per year. In addition, it can be argued that these three variables mediate the relationship between frustration tolerance and subjective vitality. Finally, it is worth stressing that, given the positive effects of exercise not only in physical health but also in psychological, social and personal wellbeing, self-determined attitudes in training should be encouraged, as this promotes self-efficacy and self-satisfaction, in both training and competition settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos Salavera
- OPIICS Observatorio para la Innovación e Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Cátedra TEA Ediciones Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José L. Antoñanzas
- OPIICS Observatorio para la Innovación e Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Cátedra TEA Ediciones Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - María Guallart
- OPIICS Observatorio para la Innovación e Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Cátedra TEA Ediciones Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Eva Urbón
- OPIICS Observatorio para la Innovación e Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Cátedra TEA Ediciones Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Reina Castellanos
- OPIICS Observatorio para la Innovación e Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Cátedra TEA Ediciones Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Pablo Usán
- OPIICS Observatorio para la Innovación e Investigación en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Cátedra TEA Ediciones Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
- Corresponding author. Departamento de Psicología y Sociología, Facultad de Educación, Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna, 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Passard NN, Pottinger AM, Boyne AS. Mental Health Awareness and Counseling Practice of Jamaican Clergy: An Exploratory Study. THE JOURNAL OF PASTORAL CARE & COUNSELING : JPCC 2023; 77:41-50. [PMID: 35989644 DOI: 10.1177/15423050221119176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Clergy play a vital role in mental health care in Jamaica but little is known about their mental health awareness and practices. Thirty five Anglican and Baptist clergy were compared to 24 helping professionals and 67 community members using purposive sampling. Clergy's awareness exists with spiritualized beliefs about the etiology of mental illness as well as with effective and unethical counseling practices. Findings indicate the need for more training in mental health sensitization and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Audrey M Pottinger
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, 462834The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
| | - Ashley S Boyne
- Department of Child and Adolescent Health, 462834The University of the West Indies, Mona, Jamaica
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Ito T, Fetters MD, Kipps C, Kumar B. Depressive symptoms among male professional soccer players in Japan. ASIAN JOURNAL OF SPORT AND EXERCISE PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajsep.2023.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Marshburn A, Siegel JT. Vested in support: Applying vested interest theory to increase support for close others with depression. J Health Psychol 2023; 28:328-342. [PMID: 35957558 DOI: 10.1177/13591053221115626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Guided by vested interest theory, we assessed whether a lack of stake explains the discrepancy between people having positive attitudes toward their loved one's recovery from depression and the provision of support. We further investigated whether increasing the perceived personal consequences of providing support (i.e. stake) increased willingness to provide support. A stake-boosting message had no direct, but significant indirect effects on willingness to provide support when compared to a control and comparison condition. In summary, increasing stake in a loved one's recovery indirectly increases intentions to provide support.
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Purcell R, Henderson J, Tamminen KA, Frost J, Gwyther K, Kerr G, Kim J, Pilkington V, Rice SM, Walton CC. Starting young to protect elite athletes' mental health. Br J Sports Med 2023; 57:439-440. [PMID: 36796858 PMCID: PMC10086277 DOI: 10.1136/bjsports-2022-106352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rosemary Purcell
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia .,Research and Knowledge Translation, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Joanna Henderson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Katherine A Tamminen
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joshua Frost
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research and Knowledge Translation, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Kate Gwyther
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research and Knowledge Translation, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gretchen Kerr
- Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeemin Kim
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, USA
| | - Vita Pilkington
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research and Knowledge Translation, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Simon M Rice
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research and Knowledge Translation, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Courtney C Walton
- Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Research and Knowledge Translation, Orygen, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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49
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Harmanci D, Edelman N, Richardson D, Lunt A, Llewellyn C. How are young people's mental health related to their sexual health and substance use? A systematic review of UK literature. Int J Adolesc Med Health 2023; 35:131-158. [PMID: 36636992 DOI: 10.1515/ijamh-2022-0090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The transition from childhood to adulthood is complex and presents challenges to young people's mental health. Mental health impacts and is impacted by a range of contextual and personal factors. Adolescence and young adulthood also coincide with increased experimentation with sex, sexuality and substance use. Addressing the mental health, sexual health and substance-use challenges experienced by young people therefore necessitates an understanding of how these elements relate to one another. By collecting and analysing existing literature, this review aims to identify associations between young people's mental health and sexual health, their mental health and substance use and any resulting gaps-in-knowledge. CONTENT Seven electronic databases were searched between March and May 2021 and updated in May 2022 with terms collated under the categories of "young people", "mental health", "sexual health" and "substance use". English-language articles, presenting data from the UK & Ireland, on young people aged 16-24 years inclusive were screened and subjected to a selection process in accordance with PRISMA guidelines (preregistered on PROSPERO, ref. number CRD42021245096). The quality of the resulting articles were assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT) and findings were tabulated through a data extraction process. SUMMARY 27 articles were included in the review. Various mental health indices such as depression, anxiety, self-harm, psychotic-like experiences, hypomanic symptoms and binge-purge type eating disorders were found to be associated with higher use of substances such as alcohol, cannabis, ecstasy and generalised drug use. Additionally, mental health indices such as depression, anxiety and self-harm were found to be associated with sex before age 16 and/or unprotected sex at age 16, positive Chlamydia infection and higher levels of sexual activity at a younger age. Overall, cross-sectional associations were stronger than the longitudinal associations presented in the articles. OUTLOOK This review into the specific relations between young people's mental health, sexual health and substance use has revealed the complex and bi-directional nature of these associations, with some conditions and substances having been more extensively investigated (e.g., alcohol and depression/anxiety) as opposed to the relations between young people's sexual health and mental health which is lacking in the UK and Irish context. The findings can help inform mental health related policies and service provisions targeted at young people in the UK and Ireland. Areas for future work are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damla Harmanci
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Natalie Edelman
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK.,School of Sport & Health Sciences, University of Brighton, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Daniel Richardson
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK.,University Hospitals Sussex NHS foundation Trust, Brighton, UK
| | - Alexandria Lunt
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK
| | - Carrie Llewellyn
- Department of Primary Care & Public Health, Brighton and Sussex Medical School, Falmer, Brighton, UK
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50
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Kvillemo P, Nilsson A, Strandberg AK, Björk K, Elgán TH, Gripenberg J. Mental health problems, health risk behaviors, and prevention: A qualitative interview study on perceptions and attitudes among elite male soccer players. Front Public Health 2023; 10:1044601. [PMID: 36684906 PMCID: PMC9850108 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1044601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The purpose of this study was to investigate the perception of mental health problems and health risk behaviors among Swedish male elite soccer players and their attitudes toward possible prevention strategies. Method Twenty elite soccer players, aged 15-30 years, were recruited through purposive sampling and interviewed via a digital video calling platform. A semi-structured interview guide, encompassing questions about mental health problems, health risk behaviors among soccer teams, peer-relations, relations to coaches, and attitudes toward health risk behaviors, along with proposals for effective interventions, was employed. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed with qualitative content analysis. Results The informants reported positive feelings in relation to playing soccer, good health, and few health risk behaviors. Risk factors included a large income, excessive free time, and the need for excitement. Stress and mental health problems were linked to performance pressure, social media, and injuries. Hesitation to talk openly about personal problems due to concerns about negative consequences and the "macho culture" was highlighted as barriers to admit and seek help for personal problems. Some statements indicated openness and the club's efforts to destigmatize personal problems. Positive attitudes toward prevention and suggestions for various measures were prominent. Conclusion Future research and implementation of interventions should focus on the prevention of health risk behaviors and alleviation of stress and performance pressure, as well as continue the efforts to destigmatize mental health problems and raise awareness among coaches of the importance of their communication and behavior for players' mental health and performance. This could be achieved by developing strategic and systematic policy work, information, and dialogue among players and coaches, in addition to individual digital or face-to-face support, provided by professionals outside the soccer context.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pia Kvillemo
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna K. Strandberg
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karl Björk
- Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Universitetssjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tobias H. Elgán
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna Gripenberg
- STAD, Centre for Psychiatry Research, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Stockholm Health Care Services, Region Stockholm, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
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