1
|
Pastor AF, Silva MR, Dos Santos WJT, Rego T, Brandão E, de-Melo-Neto OP, Rocha A. Recombinant antigens used as diagnostic tools for lymphatic filariasis. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:474. [PMID: 34526120 PMCID: PMC8442287 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04980-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic filariasis (LF) is a parasitic disease caused by the worms Wuchereria bancrofti, Brugia malayi, or Brugia timori. It is a tropical and subtropical illness that affects approximately 67 million people worldwide and that still requires better diagnostic tools to prevent its spread and enhance the effectiveness of control procedures. Traditional parasitological tests and diagnostic methods based on whole protein extracts from different worms are known for problems related to sample time collection, sensitivity, and specificity. More recently, new diagnostic tools based on immunological methods using recombinant antigens have been developed. The current review describes the several recombinant antigens used as tools for lymphatic filariasis diagnosis in antigen and antibody capture assays, highlighting their advantages and limitations as well as the main commercial tests developed based on them. The literature chronology is from 1991 to 2021. First, it describes the historical background related to the identification of relevant antigens and the generation of the recombinant polypeptides used for the LF diagnosis, also detailing features specific to each antigen. The subsequent section then discusses the use of those proteins to develop antigen and antibody capture tests to detect LF. So far, studies focusing on antibody capture assays are based on 13 different antigens with at least six commercially available tests, with five proteins further used for the development of antigen capture tests. Five antigens explored in this paper belong to the SXP/RAL-2 family (BmSXP, Bm14, WbSXP-1, Wb14, WbL), and the others are BmShp-1, Bm33, BmR1, BmVAH, WbVAH, BmALT-1, BmALT-2, and Wb123. It is expected that advances in research with these antigens will allow further development of tests combining both sensitivity and specificity with low costs, assisting the Global Program to Eliminate Lymphatic Filariasis (GPELF). ![]()
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André Filipe Pastor
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil. .,Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sertão Pernambucano (IFSertao-PE), Campus Floresta, Floresta, PE, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Tamisa Rego
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Brandão
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Serviço de Referência Nacional em Filarioses, Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Abraham Rocha
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Serviço de Referência Nacional em Filarioses, Recife, PE, Brazil.,Laboratório do Hospital Otávio de Freitas, Secretaria de Saúde do Estado de Pernambuco, Recife, PE, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Albers A, Sartono E, Wahyuni S, Yazdanbakhsh M, Maizels RM, Klarmann-Schulz U, Pfarr K, Hoerauf A. Real-time PCR detection of the HhaI tandem DNA repeat in pre- and post-patent Brugia malayi Infections: a study in Indonesian transmigrants. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:146. [PMID: 24685183 PMCID: PMC4021971 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphatic filariasis caused by Wuchereria bancrofti or Brugia spp. is a public health problem in developing countries. To monitor bancroftian filariasis infections, Circulating Filarial Antigen (CFA) test is commonly used, but for brugian infections only microfilariae (Mf) microscopy and indirect IgG4 antibody analyses are available. Improved diagnostics for detecting latent infections are required. METHODS An optimized real-time PCR targeting the brugian HhaI repeat was validated with plasma from microfilariae negative Mongolian gerbils (jirds) infected with B. malayi. Plasma samples from microfilaremic patients infected with B. malayi or W. bancrofti were used as positive and negative controls, respectively. PCR results of plasma samples from a transmigrant population in a B. malayi endemic area were compared to those of life-long residents in the same endemic area; and to IgG4 serology results from the same population. To discriminate between active infections and larval exposure a threshold was determined by correlation and Receiver-Operating Characteristics (ROC) curve analyses. RESULTS The PCR detected HhaI in pre-patent (56 dpi) B. malayi infected jirds and B. malayi Mf-positive patients from Central Sulawesi, Indonesia. HhaI was also detected in 9/9 elephantiasis patients. In South Sulawesi 87.4% of the transmigrants and life-long residents (94% Mf-negative) were HhaI PCR positive. Based on ROC-curve analysis a threshold for active infections was set to >53 HhaI copies/μl (AUC: 0.854). CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the HhaI PCR detects brugian infections with greater sensitivity than the IgG4 test, most notably in Mf-negative patients (i.e. pre-patent or latent infections).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Albers
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Erliyani Sartono
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sitti Wahyuni
- Parasitology Department, Medical Faculty, Hasanuddin University, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan 10 Tamalanrea, Makassar 90245, Indonesia
| | - Maria Yazdanbakhsh
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O Box 9600, 2300, RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Rick M Maizels
- Institute for Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, UK
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
- Institute for Medical Biometry, Informatics, and Epidemiology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, University Hospital of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, D-53105 Bonn, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Idris ZM, Miswan N, Muhi J, Mohd TAA, Kun JF, Noordin R. Association of CTLA4 gene polymorphisms with lymphatic filariasis in an East Malaysian population. Hum Immunol 2011; 72:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2011.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2010] [Revised: 03/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
|
5
|
Wongkamchai S, Rochjanawatsiriroj C, Monkong N, Nochot H, Loymek S, Jiraamornnimit C, Hunnangkul S, Choochote W. Diagnostic value of IgG isotype responses against Brugia malayi antifilarial antibodies in the clinical spectrum of brugian filariasis. J Helminthol 2007; 80:363-7. [PMID: 17125545 DOI: 10.1017/joh2006365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
To study the diagnostic significance of antifilarial IgG subclasses in the clinical spectrum of brugian filariasis, IgG1, IgG3 and IgG4 antifilarial antibodies were determined in an exposed population comprising 74 asymptomatic amicrofilaraemics, 30 microfilaraemics, 20 lymphangitis and 16 elephantiasis patients resident in Narathiwart province, an area endemic for Brugia malayi lymphatic filariasis in southern Thailand. The dominant isotype of antifilarial antibody was IgG4. A significantly higher percentage of individuals were positive for IgG1 in the microfilaraemic and lymphangitis groups compared with the elephantiasis and endemic normal patients, while a significantly higher positive rate of IgG3 was found in those with lymphangitis. The possible role of these isotypes for diagnostic purposes and the pattern of antibody response in various clinically manifesting groups are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Wongkamchai
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok-Noi, Bangkok, Thailand.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Gruijter JM, Blotkamp J, Gasser RB, Amponsah S, Polderman AM. Morphological variability withinOesophagostomum bifurcumamong different primate species from Ghana. J Helminthol 2007; 80:357-61. [PMID: 17125544 DOI: 10.1017/joh2006363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractAdultOesophagostomum bifurcum(Nematoda: Strongylida) from human and non-human primates from Ghana were compared in order to investigate the extent of morphological variability within the species. Using analysis of variance and principal component analysis, significant differences in morphological characters (such as parasite length, width, length of the oesophagus and length of spicules) were demonstrated betweenO. bifurcumworms from humans, the Mona, Patas or Green monkey and/or Olive baboons. These findings suggest thatO. bifurcumfrom different species of primate host represent distinct population variants, also supported by recent epidemiological and genetic studies ofO. bifurcumfrom such hosts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J M de Gruijter
- Department of Parasitology, Leiden University Medical Centre, University of Leiden, PO Box 9600, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|