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Kim J, Álvarez-Rodríguez A, Li Z, Radwanska M, Magez S. Recent Progress in the Detection of Surra, a Neglected Disease Caused by Trypanosoma evansi with a One Health Impact in Large Parts of the Tropic and Sub-Tropic World. Microorganisms 2023; 12:44. [PMID: 38257871 PMCID: PMC10819111 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12010044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Surra is a wasting disease triggered by infection with Trypanosoma evansi, a protozoan blood parasite that causes mortality and morbidity in a broad spectrum of wild and domestic animals and occasionally humans. Trypanosoma evansi has the widest geographical spread among all pathogenic trypanosomes, inflicting significant worldwide economic problems due to its adverse effects on meat and milk production. For diagnosis, most endemic countries continue to rely on traditional parasitological and serological techniques, such as the analysis of blood smears by microscopy and the Card Agglutination Test for T. evansi (CATT/T. evansi). Although these techniques suffer from a limited positive predictive value (PPV), resource constraints in endemic countries often hinder the adoption of more advanced diagnostic tools such as PCR. This paper addresses diverse diagnostic approaches for identifying T. evansi and assesses their viability in field settings. Moreover, it underscores the urgency of transitioning towards molecular diagnostic techniques such as Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification (LAMP) and Recombinase Polymerase Amplification (RPA) for dependable high-PPV point-of-care (POC) diagnostics. Finally, this review delves into strategies to enhance and refine next-generation diagnostics for Surra as part of a One Health approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongmin Kim
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
| | - Andrés Álvarez-Rodríguez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Zeng Li
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
| | - Magdalena Radwanska
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Department of Biomedical Molecular Biology WE14, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Department of Environmental Technology, Food Technology and Molecular Biotechnology KR01, Ghent University Global Campus, Incheon 21985, Republic of Korea; (J.K.); (A.Á.-R.); (M.R.)
- Brussels Center for Immunology (BCIM), Department of Bioengineering Sciences (DBIT), Vrije Universiteit Brussel (VUB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium;
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology WE10, Ghent University, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Desquesnes M, Gonzatti M, Sazmand A, Thévenon S, Bossard G, Boulangé A, Gimonneau G, Truc P, Herder S, Ravel S, Sereno D, Jamonneau V, Jittapalapong S, Jacquiet P, Solano P, Berthier D. A review on the diagnosis of animal trypanosomoses. Parasit Vectors 2022; 15:64. [PMID: 35183235 PMCID: PMC8858479 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-022-05190-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on the most reliable and up-to-date methods for diagnosing trypanosomoses, a group of diseases of wild and domestic mammals, caused by trypanosomes, parasitic zooflagellate protozoans mainly transmitted by insects. In Africa, the Americas and Asia, these diseases, which in some cases affect humans, result in significant illness in animals and cause major economic losses in livestock. A number of pathogens are described in this review, including several Salivarian trypanosomes, such as Trypanosoma brucei sspp. (among which are the agents of sleeping sickness, the human African trypanosomiasis [HAT]), Trypanosoma congolense and Trypanosoma vivax (causing “Nagana” or animal African trypanosomosis [AAT]), Trypanosoma evansi (“Surra”) and Trypanosoma equiperdum (“Dourine”), and Trypanosoma cruzi, a Stercorarian trypanosome, etiological agent of the American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease). Diagnostic methods for detecting zoonotic trypanosomes causing Chagas disease and HAT in animals, as well as a diagnostic method for detecting animal trypanosomes in humans (the so-called “atypical human infections by animal trypanosomes” [a-HT]), including T. evansi and Trypanosoma lewisi (a rat parasite), are also reviewed. Our goal is to present an integrated view of the various diagnostic methods and techniques, including those for: (i) parasite detection; (ii) DNA detection; and (iii) antibody detection. The discussion covers various other factors that need to be considered, such as the sensitivity and specificity of the various diagnostic methods, critical cross-reactions that may be expected among Trypanosomatidae, additional complementary information, such as clinical observations and epizootiological context, scale of study and logistic and cost constraints. The suitability of examining multiple specimens and samples using several techniques is discussed, as well as risks to technicians, in the context of specific geographical regions and settings. This overview also addresses the challenge of diagnosing mixed infections with different Trypanosoma species and/or kinetoplastid parasites. Improving and strengthening procedures for diagnosing animal trypanosomoses throughout the world will result in a better control of infections and will significantly impact on “One Health,” by advancing and preserving animal, human and environmental health.
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Molecular Prevalence and Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi Among Cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Acta Parasitol 2020; 65:165-173. [PMID: 31797192 DOI: 10.2478/s11686-019-00150-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal trypanosomiasis (Surra) caused by Trypanosoma evansi (T. evansi) is known to be one of the important haemoprotozoan parasites that causes great economical loss on animal production due to mortality and loss of condition. METHODS A cross-sectional study was designed to evaluate the prevalence and risk factors associated with T. evansi infection among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was employed on 1045 blood samples collected from 43 farms. A well-structured questionnaire was used to collect data on risk factors associated with T. evansi prevalence. The RoTat 1.2 set of primers was used to amplify products of 205 base pair. RESULTS The overall prevalence was found to be 17.9% (187/1045; 95% CI = 15.66-20.31). Trypanosoma evansi was detected among cattle in all the States of Peninsular Malaysia. Breeds of cattle and closeness to waste area, where the risk factors significantly (p < 0.05) associated with the PCR positivity of T. evansi among cattle in Peninsular Malaysia. CONCLUSION This appears to be the first time a comprehensive survey on the prevalence and risk factors of T. evansi infection in cattle using molecular tools is been carried out in the entire states of Peninsular Malaysia. The findings from this study will provide baseline information on the molecular prevalence of the haemoflagellate and its associated risk factors among cattle for an improved beef and dairy production in Peninsular Malaysia.
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Mossaad E, Salim B, Suganuma K, Hassan MA, Davaasuren B, Elamin EA, Bakhiet AO, Satti RA, Xuan X, Musinguzi SP, Inoue N. Utilization of crude and recombinant ELISAs for serodiagnosis of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2019; 16:100278. [PMID: 31027599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2019.100278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out to evaluate the application of CATT/T. evansi, crude and recombinant (TeGM6-4r) antigen ELISAs in the diagnosis of camel trypanosomosis caused by two trypanosome species, T. evansi and T. vivax, in Sudan. Concurrently, the current situation of camel trypanosomosis was investigated based on the results of a serological analysis. The recombinant tandem repeat antigen TeGM6-4r is conserved among salivarian trypanosome species and was highly sensitive in the detection Trypanozoon, and T. vivax. It has been validated in the diagnosis of surra in cattle and water buffalo but not in camels. A comparative evaluation of a crude antigen ELISA and a recombinant antigen GM6 (rTeGM6-4r) ELISA was performed using 189 blood samples, which included 148 samples obtained from different camel herds in Eastern Sudan and 41 samples from camels that had been brought from Western Sudan to local markets. The results showed that the rTeGM6-4r ELISA detected the greatest number of positive samples (n = 118, 62%), while CATT/T. evansi and the crude antigen ELISA detected the lowest number of positive samples (n = 73, 39%). The kappa value of rTeGM6-4r as compared to TeCA ELISA was 0.5515, which indicated moderate agreement. We concluded that the rTeGM6-4r ELISA is the test of choice for use in screening camel for trypanosomosis caused by T. evansi and T. vivax in Sudan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan; National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan.
| | - Mohammed A Hassan
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Batdorj Davaasuren
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Elgailani A Elamin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314 Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Amel O Bakhiet
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Rawan A Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O.Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Simon Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan; Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University - Western Campus, P.O.Box 71, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Mossaad E, Salim B, Suganuma K, Musinguzi P, Hassan MA, Elamin EA, Mohammed GE, Bakhiet AO, Xuan X, Satti RA, Inoue N. Trypanosoma vivax is the second leading cause of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan after Trypanosoma evansi. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:176. [PMID: 28403897 PMCID: PMC5390396 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2117-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted in response to recurring reports from eastern Sudan of camel trypanosomosis that can no longer be treated by currently available trypanocidal drugs. One hundred and eighty-nine blood samples were obtained from camels in different herds and local markets in the western part of Sudan, and a cross-sectional study was carried out between December 2015 and February 2016 to identify the causative agents and possible circulating genotypes. RESULTS The prevalence of trypanosomes detected using the conventional parasitological techniques of Giemsa-stained blood smears, wet blood smears and the microhematocrit centrifugation technique (MHCT) was 7% (13/189), 11% (21/189) and 19% (36/189), respectively. However, a multi-species KIN-PCR targeting the ITS region revealed that the prevalence of Trypanosoma evansi was 37% (70/189), while that of T. vivax was 25% (47/189). Consequently, we used a T. evansi-specific PCR (RoTat1.2 VSG gene) to analyse the KIN-PCR-positive samples and a T. vivax-specific PCR (Cathepsin L-like gene) to analyse all of the samples. The prevalence of T. evansi was 59% (41/70), while the prevalence of T. vivax was 31% (59/189). Mixed infections were detected in 18% (34/189) of the samples. These results were further confirmed by sequencing and a phylogenetic analysis of the complete internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of T. evansi and the TviCatL gene of T. vivax. CONCLUSION We conclude that T. vivax was newly introduced to the camel population and that T. evansi is no longer the single cause of camel trypanosomosis in Sudan. The presence of T. vivax in camels detected in this study is a challenge in the choice of diagnostic approaches, particularly serology, and PCRs. However, an analysis of drug resistance should be performed, and the genotypic variation should be verified. To our knowledge, this is the first molecular study on T. vivax and mixed-infection with T. vivax and T. evansi in Sudanese camels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehab Mossaad
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Bashir Salim
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Peter Musinguzi
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Mohammed A. Hassan
- Tsetse and Trypanosomosis Control Department, Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Animal Resources Research Corporation, Ministry of Livestock, Fisheries and Rangelands, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - E. A. Elamin
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O Box 32, Khartoum-North, Sudan
| | - G. E. Mohammed
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Amel O. Bakhiet
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Xuenan Xuan
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
- Research Center for Global Agromedicine, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555 Japan
| | - Rawan A. Satti
- Department of Pathology, Parasitology and Microbiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Sudan University of Science and Technology, P.O. Box 204, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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Birhanu H, Fikru R, Said M, Kidane W, Gebrehiwot T, Hagos A, Alemu T, Dawit T, Berkvens D, Goddeeris BM, Büscher P. Epidemiology of Trypanosoma evansi and Trypanosoma vivax in domestic animals from selected districts of Tigray and Afar regions, Northern Ethiopia. Parasit Vectors 2015; 8:212. [PMID: 25889702 PMCID: PMC4403896 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-0818-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background African animal trypanosomosis, transmitted cyclically by tsetse flies or mechanically by other biting flies, causes serious inflictions to livestock health. This study investigates the extent of non-tsetse transmitted animal trypanosomosis (NTTAT) by Trypanosoma (T.) evansi and T. vivax in domestic animals in the tsetse-free regions of Northern Ethiopia, Afar and Tigray. Methods A cross sectional study was conducted on 754 dromedary camels, 493 cattle, 264 goats, 181 sheep, 84 donkeys, 25 horses and 10 mules. The microhaematocrit centrifugation technique was used as parasitological test. Plasma was collected for serodiagnosis with CATT/T.evansi and RoTat 1.2 immune trypanolysis (ITL) while buffy coat specimens were collected for molecular diagnosis with T. evansi type A specific RoTat 1.2 PCR, T. evansi type B specific EVAB PCR and T. vivax specific TvPRAC PCR. Results The parasitological prevalence was 4.7% in Tigray and 2.7% in Afar and significantly higher (z = 2.53, p = 0.011) in cattle (7.3%) than in the other hosts. Seroprevalence in CATT/T.evansi was 24.6% in Tigray and 13.9% in Afar and was significantly higher (z = 9.39, p < 0.001) in cattle (37.3%) than in the other hosts. On the other hand, seroprevalence assessed by ITL was only 1.9% suggesting cross reaction of CATT/T.evansi with T. vivax or other trypanosome infections. Molecular prevalence of T. evansi type A was 8.0% in Tigray and in Afar and varied from 28.0% in horses to 2.2% in sheep. It was also significantly higher (p < 0.001) in camel (11.7%) than in cattle (6.1%), donkey (6%), goat (3.8%), and sheep (2.2%). Four camels were positive for T. evansi type B. Molecular prevalence of T. vivax was 3.0% and was similar in Tigray and Afar. It didn’t differ significantly among the host species except that it was not detected in horses and mules. Conclusions NTTAT caused by T. vivax and T. evansi, is an important threat to animal health in Tigray and Afar. For the first time, we confirm the presence of T. evansi type B in Ethiopian camels. Unexplained results obtained with the current diagnostic tests in bovines warrant particular efforts to isolate and characterise trypanosome strains that circulate in Northern Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadush Birhanu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia. .,Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Regassa Fikru
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium. .,College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Mussa Said
- Department of Statistics, College of Natural and Computational Sciences, Mekelle University, P.O.Box 231, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Weldu Kidane
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Tadesse Gebrehiwot
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Mekelle University, P. O. Box 2084, Mekelle, Ethiopia.
| | - Ashenafi Hagos
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Tola Alemu
- College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Addis Ababa University, P.O. Box 34, Bishoftu, Ethiopia.
| | - Tesfaye Dawit
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hawassa University, P.O. Box 05, Hawassa, Ethiopia.
| | - Dirk Berkvens
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
| | - Bruno Maria Goddeeris
- Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Philippe Büscher
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Nationalestraat 155, Antwerp, Belgium.
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Trypanosoma evansi: detection of Trypanosoma evansi DNA in naturally and experimentally infected animals using TBR(1) & TBR(2) primers. Exp Parasitol 2013; 134:109-14. [PMID: 23454630 DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2009] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 02/05/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
A polymerase chain reaction (PCR-based) assay was evaluated for detection of Trypanosoma evansi DNA in experimentally infected mice and naturally infected camels, sheep and goats using the set of primers TBr(1) & TBr(2) that amplified 164 bp DNA fragment. The results revealed that PCR-based assay was able to detect T. evansi directly from the blood during both acute and chronic phase of infection in all tested animals and in the blood and tissues of intraperitoneally infected mice depending upon the level of infection in the test samples. PCR was more powerful than CATT/T. evansi and mouse inoculation tests, when detected the infection in mice (24 h) post infection. Present results show that sheep & goats probably play a role in transmission of T. evansi to camels and supported that PCR could be used as a diagnostic tool for epidemiological studies on T. evansi in Egypt.
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