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Yang HH, Wang X, Li S, Liu Y, Akbar R, Fan GC. Lipocalin family proteins and their diverse roles in cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Ther 2023; 244:108385. [PMID: 36966973 PMCID: PMC10079643 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2023.108385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
Abstract
The lipocalin (LCN) family members, a group of small extracellular proteins with 160-180 amino acids in length, can be detected in all kingdoms of life from bacteria to human beings. They are characterized by low similarity of amino acid sequence but highly conserved tertiary structures with an eight-stranded antiparallel β-barrel which forms a cup-shaped ligand binding pocket. In addition to bind small hydrophobic ligands (i.e., fatty acids, odorants, retinoids, and steroids) and transport them to specific cells, lipocalins (LCNs) can interact with specific cell membrane receptors to activate their downstream signaling pathways, and with soluble macromolecules to form the complex. Consequently, LCNs exhibit great functional diversity. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that LCN family proteins exert multiple layers of function in the regulation of many physiological processes and human diseases (i.e., cancers, immune disorders, metabolic disease, neurological/psychiatric disorders, and cardiovascular disease). In this review, we firstly introduce the structural and sequence properties of LCNs. Next, six LCNs including apolipoprotein D (ApoD), ApoM, lipocalin 2 (LCN2), LCN10, retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4), and Lipocalin-type prostaglandin D synthase (L-PGDS) which have been characterized so far are highlighted for their diagnostic/prognostic values and their potential effects on coronary artery disease and myocardial infarction injury. The roles of these 6 LCNs in cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure, diabetes-induced cardiac disorder, and septic cardiomyopathy are also summarized. Finally, their therapeutic potential for cardiovascular disease is discussed in each section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Yang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Xiaohong Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Siru Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Yueying Liu
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Rubab Akbar
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Guo-Chang Fan
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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Sørensen IM, Bertelsen M, Freese E, Lindhard K, Ullum H, Feldt-Rasmussen B, Nielsen LB, Christoffersen C, Bro S. Apolipoprotein M in patients with chronic kidney disease. Atherosclerosis 2018; 275:304-311. [PMID: 29980057 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.06.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Plasma apolipoprotein M (APOM) is bound to HDL-particles and has anti-atherogenic effects. The present study explored whether plasma APOM is reduced in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD), and associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD). In addition, we tested the hypothesis that the excretion of APOM into the urine is increased in patients with kidney disease. METHODS Plasma samples were collected from a cohort of patients with CKD stages 1 to 5D (N = 409) and controls (N = 35). Urine was collected from 47 subjects. Plasma APOM was measured with sandwich ELISA and urine APOM with competitive ELISA. RESULTS Plasma APOM levels were reduced in patients with CKD stages 3-5D as compared to patients with CKD stages 1 + 2 and controls (p < 0.01). CKD patients with known CVD displayed even further reduction in plasma APOM levels than CKD patients without known CVD (p < 0.001). Fast-phase liquid chromatography showed that plasma APOM was primarily associated with HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) across CKD stages. Accordingly, when plasma APOM values were corrected for HDL-C, a significant difference only persisted between patients with CKD stage 3 and stages 1 + 2 (p < 0.05), and the difference between CKD patients with and without known CVD disappeared. Urine APOM/creatinine ratio was not significantly increased in patients with kidney disease. CONCLUSIONS The results show that the difference in plasma APOM levels observed between patients with mild and advanced CKD may mainly be due to differences in plasma HDL-C. Whether APOM plays a role in human uremic atherogenesis warrants further experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Mh Sørensen
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Ellen Freese
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Henrik Ullum
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Lars Bo Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christina Christoffersen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Susanne Bro
- Department of Nephrology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Zhang P, Gao J, Pu C, Zhang Y. Apolipoprotein status in type 2 diabetes mellitus and its complications (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:9279-9286. [PMID: 29152661 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyslipidaemia in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by high plasma triglyceride concentrations, reduced high‑density lipoprotein concentrations and increased small density low‑density lipoprotein concentrations. Dyslipidaemia may lead to cardiovascular disease (CVD) and other complications. Apolipoproteins mainly comprise six species, apolipoprotein (apo)A, apoB, apoC, apoD, apoE and apoM, which are important components of plasma lipoproteins that carry lipids and stabilize the structure of lipoproteins. Complex metabolic disorders of apolipoproteins are present in T2DM, such as high plasma apoB, apoC‑II, apoC‑III and apoE concentrations, and low plasma apoA‑I and apoM concentrations, which are associated with dyslipidaemia and interrelated complications. Plasma concentrations of some apolipoproteins are also altered in T2DM with CVD or other complications. Several apolipoprotein polymorphisms are associated with diabetes susceptibility and/or lipid metabolism. The present review described the metabolic disorders of apolipoproteins in T2DM and its complications, and the relationship between each major apolipoprotein and T2DM, as well as the effects of apolipoprotein polymorphisms on diabetic susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puhong Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Jialin Gao
- Department of Endocrinology and Genetic Metabolism, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Chun Pu
- Clinical Laboratory, Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Biological Macromolecules Research, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui 241002, P.R. China
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Paththinige CS, Sirisena ND, Dissanayake V. Genetic determinants of inherited susceptibility to hypercholesterolemia - a comprehensive literature review. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:103. [PMID: 28577571 PMCID: PMC5457620 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-017-0488-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypercholesterolemia is a strong determinant of mortality and morbidity associated with cardiovascular diseases and a major contributor to the global disease burden. Mutations in four genes (LDLR, APOB, PCSK9 and LDLRAP1) account for the majority of cases with familial hypercholesterolemia. However, a substantial proportion of adults with hypercholesterolemia do not have a mutation in any of these four genes. This indicates the probability of having other genes with a causative or contributory role in the pathogenesis of hypercholesterolemia and suggests a polygenic inheritance of this condition. Here in, we review the recent evidence of association of the genetic variants with hypercholesterolemia and the three lipid traits; total cholesterol (TC), HDL-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C), their biological pathways and the associated pathogenetic mechanisms. Nearly 80 genes involved in lipid metabolism (encoding structural components of lipoproteins, lipoprotein receptors and related proteins, enzymes, lipid transporters, lipid transfer proteins, and activators or inhibitors of protein function and gene transcription) with single nucleotide variants (SNVs) that are recognized to be associated with hypercholesterolemia and serum lipid traits in genome-wide association studies and candidate gene studies were identified. In addition, genome-wide association studies in different populations have identified SNVs associated with TC, HDL-C and LDL-C in nearly 120 genes within or in the vicinity of the genes that are not known to be involved in lipid metabolism. Over 90% of the SNVs in both these groups are located outside the coding regions of the genes. These findings indicates that there might be a considerable number of unrecognized processes and mechanisms of lipid homeostasis, which when disrupted, would lead to hypercholesterolemia. Knowledge of these molecular pathways will enable the discovery of novel treatment and preventive methods as well as identify the biochemical and molecular markers for the risk prediction and early detection of this common, yet potentially debilitating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Paththinige
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka.
| | - N D Sirisena
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
| | - Vhw Dissanayake
- Human Genetics Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Colombo, Kynsey Road, Colombo, 00800, Sri Lanka
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Jian K, Wang Q, Jiang L, Guo Z, Jiang N, Wang L, Liu J. WITHDRAWN: Association between interleukin 8 -251 A/T and +781 C/T polymorphisms and coronary artery disease risk. Hum Immunol 2015:S0198-8859(15)00489-9. [PMID: 26429308 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2015.09.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Revised: 08/17/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- KaiTao Jian
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Qiang Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - ZhiGang Guo
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - Lianqun Wang
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China
| | - JianShi Liu
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Tianjin Chest Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300222, China.
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Liao B, Cheng K, Dong S, Liu H, Xu Z. Effect of apolipoprotein A1 genetic polymorphisms on lipid profiles and the risk of coronary artery disease. Diagn Pathol 2015; 10:102. [PMID: 26173491 PMCID: PMC4502599 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-015-0328-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The disorder of lipid metabolism and genetic predisposition are major risk factors for coronary artery disease (CAD). Variants in the apolipoprotein A1 (APOA1) gene play an important role in the regulation of lipids. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effect of two polymorphisms (-75 G/A and +83 C/T) of APOA1 on lipid profiles and the risk of CAD. Methods A total number of 300 subjects with CAD and 300 age and sex matched healthy controls were enrolled for the study. Genotyping of the APOA1 was performed by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) combined with gel electrophoresis, and then confirmed by direct sequencing. Results The frequencies of APOA1 -75 AA genotype [odds ratio (OR) =0.50, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 0.28, 0.88; P = 0.02] and APOA1 -75 A allele (OR =0.76, 95 % CI = 0.59, 0.98; P = 0.04) were significantly lower in CAD than in controls. The APOA1 -75 A allele was significantly associated with increasing serum concentrations of ApoA1 and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (P < 0.001). Conclusions The individuals with the APOA1 -75 A allele were likely to have a lower risk of CAD as a result of its effect on higher serum concentrations of ApoA1 and HDL-C.
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Affiliation(s)
- BiHong Liao
- Department of Cardiology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - KeQi Cheng
- Department of Cardiology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - ShaoHong Dong
- Department of Cardiology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - HuaDong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China
| | - ZhengLei Xu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Second Clinical Medical College of Jinan University, Shenzhen People's Hospital, NO. 1017 East Gate Road, Shenzhen, 518000, Guangdong Province, China.
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HUANG LIZHU, GAO JIALIN, PU CHUN, ZHANG PUHONG, WANG LIZHUO, FENG GANG, ZHANG YAO. Apolipoprotein M: Research progress, regulation and metabolic functions (Review). Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:1617-24. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2014] [Accepted: 03/16/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Borup A, Christensen PM, Nielsen LB, Christoffersen C. Apolipoprotein M in lipid metabolism and cardiometabolic diseases. Curr Opin Lipidol 2015; 26:48-55. [PMID: 25551802 DOI: 10.1097/mol.0000000000000142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This review will address recent findings on apolipoprotein M (apoM) and its ligand sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) in lipid metabolism and inflammatory diseases. RECENT FINDINGS ApoM's likely role(s) in health and disease has become more diverse after the discovery that apoM functions as a chaperone for S1P. Hence, apoM has recently been implicated in lipid metabolism, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis through in-vivo, in-vitro and genetic association studies. It remains to be established to which degree such associations with apoM can be attributed to its ability to bind S1P. SUMMARY The apoM/S1P axis and its implications in atherosclerosis and lipid metabolism have been thoroughly studied. Owing to the discovery of the apoM/S1P axis, the scope of apoM research has broadened. ApoM and S1P have been implicated in lipid metabolism, that is by modulating HDL particles. Also, the importance in regulating endothelial function is being investigated. Furthermore, both apoM and S1P have been linked to diabetes and glucose and insulin metabolism. Finally, genetic variations in the apoM gene are associated with lipid disturbances, diabetes and rheumatoid arthritis. These findings suggest not only diverse effects of apoM, but also the important question of whether apoM mainly acts as a S1P carrier, if apoM carries other substances with biological effects as well, or whether the apoM protein has effects on its own.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Borup
- aDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet bInstitute of Biomedical Sciences cInstitute of Clinical Medicine, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark *Dr Anna Borup and Pernille M. Christensen contributed equally to the writing of this article
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Guo H, Zhao XX, Zhang XJ, Chen W, Zhang J. Functional study of -724I/D polymorphism in apolipoprotein M (apoM) gene promoter region and its association with myocardial infarction. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:371-5. [PMID: 25637426 PMCID: PMC4321410 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to detect the function of -724I/D polymorphism in the apolipoprotein M (apoM) gene promoter region and to determine its relationship with myocardial infarction (MI). Material/Methods We selected 309 patients with MI and 309 healthy controls for this case-control study. The PCR products of the apoM gene promoter region were directly sequenced to analyze the -724I/D polymorphism. Differences in frequency distributions of genotype and allele were compared between the MI group and the control group. We used gene recombination and site-directed mutagenesis technique to observe the impact of -724 I/D on transcription activity of apoM gene promoter in vitro. Results The allele frequency of the -724Del in the MI group was higher than that in the control group (9.5% vs. 3.2%, OR=3.156, 95% CI (1.876~5.309), P<0.001). Compared to the I/I genotype carriers, the apoM levels decreased but the total cholesterol (TC) levels increased significantly in the -724Del allele carriers in plasma. The activity of apoM I/I genotype promoter decreased significantly after the deletion mutation at -724 position in apoM gene. Conclusions -724 I/D polymorphism decreases the apoM promoter activity, down-regulates the apoM protein expression level, and increases the risk of MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Guo
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Clinical Medical College, Second Military Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Xian-Xian Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China (mainland)
| | - Xiao-Juan Zhang
- Dialysis Center, Jingdu Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jie Zhang
- Department of Geriatric Cardiology, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University, School of Medicine, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Cui F, Li K, Li Y, Zhang X, An C. Apolipoprotein C3 genetic polymorphisms are associated with lipids and coronary artery disease in a Chinese population. Lipids Health Dis 2014; 13:170. [PMID: 25380998 PMCID: PMC4232690 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-13-170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The disorder of triglyceride (TG) metabolism leading to hypertriglyceridemia is an independent risk factor for coronary artery disease (CAD). Variants in the apolipoprotein C3 (APOC3) gene were found to be associated with elevated TG levels. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of two polymorphisms (1100 C/T and 3238 C/G) of APOC3 on plasma lipid and risk of CAD in a Chinese population. METHODS The study population consisted of 600 patients with CAD and 600 age- and gender-matched controls. The APOC3 gene polymorphism was analyzed using polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). RESULTS Patients with CAD had a significantly higher frequency of APOC3 3238 GG genotype [odds ratio (OR) =1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI) =1.10, 2.43; P = 0.01] and APOC3 3238 G allele (OR =1.27, 95% CI =1.04, 1.55; P = 0.02) than controls. The findings are still emphatic by the Bonferroni correction. When stratifying by hyperlipidemia, CAD patients with hyperlipidemia had a significantly higher frequency of APOC3 3238 GG genotype (OR =1.73, 95% CI =1.13, 2.64; P = 0.01) than without hyperlipidemia. The APOC3 3238 G allele was significantly associated with increasing plasma TG levels and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) levels both in cases and controls (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS The APOC3 3238 G allele might contribute to an increased risk of CAD as a result of its effect on TG and VLDL-C metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - ChangShan An
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Clinical College of Yanbian University, No, 1327 Juzi Street, Yanji 133000, China.
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