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Onisiforou A, Zanos P. From Viral Infections to Alzheimer's Disease: Unveiling the Mechanistic Links Through Systems Bioinformatics. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:S128-S140. [PMID: 39255398 PMCID: PMC11385591 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiae242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence suggests that viral infections may contribute to Alzheimer's disease (AD) onset and/or progression. However, the extent of their involvement and the mechanisms through which specific viruses increase AD susceptibility risk remain elusive. METHODS We used an integrative systems bioinformatics approach to identify viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms, by which Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV-1), Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), Kaposi Sarcoma-associated Herpesvirus (KSHV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), Influenza A Virus (IAV) and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could facilitate AD pathogenesis via virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs). We also explored potential synergistic pathogenic effects resulting from herpesvirus reactivation (HSV-1, HCMV, and EBV) during acute SARS-CoV-2 infection, potentially increasing AD susceptibility. RESULTS Herpesviridae members (HSV-1, EBV, KSHV, HCMV) impact AD-related processes like amyloid-β (Aβ) formation, neuronal death, and autophagy. Hepatitis viruses (HBV, HCV) influence processes crucial for cellular homeostasis and dysfunction, they also affect microglia activation via virus-host PPIs. Reactivation of HCMV during SARS-CoV-2 infection could potentially foster a lethal interplay of neurodegeneration, via synergistic pathogenic effects on AD-related processes like response to unfolded protein, regulation of autophagy, response to oxidative stress, and Aβ formation. CONCLUSIONS These findings underscore the complex link between viral infections and AD development. Viruses impact AD-related processes through shared and distinct mechanisms, potentially influencing variations in AD susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onisiforou
- Department of Psychology, Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
| | - Panos Zanos
- Department of Psychology, Translational Neuropharmacology Laboratory, University of Cyprus, Nicosia 2109, Cyprus
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2
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Burke SL, Grudzien A, Li T, Garcia S, Martinez SS, Jurich E, Jimenez DR, Hernández J, Liu Q, Tyrell TA, Campa AL, Johnson A, Bursac Z, Baum MK. Substance use moderates relationships between apolipoprotein E genotype, hepatitis C, cognition, and depression in Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) participants. J Neurovirol 2024:10.1007/s13365-024-01225-8. [PMID: 39134913 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01225-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 07/23/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
The impact of APOE on HIV and HCV disease course, cognition, and memory has been understudied in minoritized populations. This study examined whether scores on cognition and depression measures differed by APOE ε4 carrier status while considering HCV and HIV seropositivity and whether these measures were moderated by substance use. A retrospective analysis examined cognitive and psychological data from participants (n = 493) in the Miami Adult Studies on HIV (MASH) cohort. APOE genotyping was performed on banked blood samples. Multiple linear regression was employed to examine differences across participants living with and without HIV and/or HCV and by APOE ε4 genotype. APOE ε4 carriers living with HCV who used cannabis had higher depression scores than non-ε4 carriers, while nonusers had fewer depressive symptoms. APOE ε4 carriers living with HCV had better cognition scores after adjusting for cocaine, opiate, and cannabis use than non-ε4 carriers. Scores on cognitive and depression measures did not differ between APOE ε4 carriers and non-ε4 carriers in participants living with HIV, and substance use did not moderate this relationship. This study was the first of its kind to examine substance use as a moderator for cognition and depression among individuals with HIV and/or HCV stratified by APOE genotype. Findings support further research evaluating the frequency and duration of 1) domains of cognitive functioning impacted by APOE genotype relevant to substance use and 2) the influence of substance use on cognitive and depressive outcomes among adults living with HIV and HCV, HIV, or HCV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanna L Burke
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA.
| | - Adrienne Grudzien
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
- Community-Based Research Institute, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St. AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Tan Li
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Stephanie Garcia
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Sabrina Sales Martinez
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Emily Jurich
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Daniel R Jimenez
- School of Social Work, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Jacqueline Hernández
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Qingyun Liu
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | | | - Adriana L Campa
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Anglique Johnson
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Zoran Bursac
- Department of Biostatistics, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Marianna K Baum
- Department of Dietetics and Nutrition, Robert Stempel College of Public Health and Social Work, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th St., AHC5, Miami, FL, 33199, USA
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Pons-Fuster E, Bernal E, Guillamón CF, Gimeno L, Martínez-Sánchez MV, Ruiz-Lorente I, Campillo JA, Ceballos D, Torres A, Tomás C, Muñoz Á, Alcaraz A, Selma P, Ruiz-Nicolas C, Muro M, Minguela A. HLA-C*07 is associated with symptomatic HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) and immune dysregulation. Infect Dis (Lond) 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38743055 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2024.2351047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND HIV-1-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) in stable patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy (ART) may result from ongoing immune dysregulation and chronic inflammation. A contributing factor may result from the unstable HLA class I allele, HLA-C*07. OBJECTIVE To assess the genetic profile of killer-cell immunoglobulin-like receptors (KIR), human leukocyte antigens (HLA), and immune activation or senescence markers and their association with HAND in stable HIV-1 patients receiving ART. METHODS An observational cross-sectional study was carried out with 96 patients with asymptomatic or symptomatic HAND. HLA and KIR as well as immune activation/senescence biomarkers in peripheral blood cells were assessed by SSO-Luminex typing and flow cytometry, respectively. RESULTS HLA-C*07 is associated with symptomatic HAND. The frequency of two copies of HLA-C*07 was higher in patients with symptomatic than with asymptomatic HAND (12.0 vs. 2.2%, ρ < 0.001). The percentage of senescent CD8+CD28- T-cells was higher in patients with two copies of HLA-C*07 (ρ < 0.05). In patients with symptomatic HAND, the percentages of non-senescent CD8+CD28+ T cells were inversely proportional to the number of copies of the HLA-C*07 (ρ < 0.05). CONCLUSION Patients with symptomatic HAND showed a higher frequency of the homozygotic unstable HLA-C*07 allotype, which could be associated with neurocognitive complications. Two copies of HLA-C*07 were associated with immune senescent T lymphocyte profiles characterized by the loss of CD28 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Pons-Fuster
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Enrique Bernal
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía and Murcia University and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Concepción F Guillamón
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Lourdes Gimeno
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - María V Martínez-Sánchez
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ruiz-Lorente
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - José A Campillo
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Diana Ceballos
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ana Torres
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía and Murcia University and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Cristina Tomás
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía and Murcia University and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Ángeles Muñoz
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía and Murcia University and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Antonia Alcaraz
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía and Murcia University and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Pedro Selma
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía and Murcia University and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Carlos Ruiz-Nicolas
- Infectious Disease Unit, University Hospital Reina Sofía and Murcia University and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Manuel Muro
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
| | - Alfredo Minguela
- Immunologyservice, Clinic University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca and Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia Pascual Parrilla (IMIB), Murcia, Spain
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4
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Huebbe P, Bilke S, Rueter J, Schloesser A, Campbel G, Glüer CC, Lucius R, Röcken C, Tholey A, Rimbach G. Human APOE4 Protects High-Fat and High-Sucrose Diet Fed Targeted Replacement Mice against Fatty Liver Disease Compared to APOE3. Aging Dis 2024; 15:259-281. [PMID: 37450924 PMCID: PMC10796091 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2023.0530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent genome- and exome-wide association studies suggest that the human APOE ε4 allele protects against non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), while ε3 promotes hepatic steatosis and steatohepatitis. The present study aimed at examining the APOE genotype-dependent development of fatty liver disease and its underlying mechanisms in a targeted replacement mouse model. Male mice expressing the human APOE3 or APOE4 protein isoforms on a C57BL/6J background and unmodified C57BL/6J mice were chronically fed a high-fat and high-sucrose diet to induce obesity. After 7 months, body weight gain was more pronounced in human APOE than endogenous APOE expressing mice with elevated plasma biomarkers suggesting aggravated metabolic dysfunction. APOE3 mice exhibited the highest liver weights and, compared to APOE4, massive hepatic steatosis. An untargeted quantitative proteome analysis of the liver identified a high number of proteins differentially abundant in APOE3 versus APOE4 mice. The majority of the higher abundant proteins in APOE3 mice could be grouped to inflammation and damage-associated response, and lipid storage, amongst others. Results of the targeted qRT-PCR and Western blot analyses contribute to the overall finding that APOE3 as opposed to APOE4 promotes hepatic steatosis, inflammatory- and damage-associated response signaling and fibrosis in the liver of obese mice. Our experimental data substantiate the observation of an increased NAFLD-risk associated with the human APOEε3 allele, while APOEε4 appears protective. The underlying mechanisms of the protection possibly involve a higher capacity of nonectopic lipid deposition in subcutaneous adipose tissue and lower hepatic pathogen recognition in the APOE4 mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Stephanie Bilke
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Kiel University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Johanna Rueter
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Anke Schloesser
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Graeme Campbel
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Claus-C. Glüer
- Section Biomedical Imaging, Department of Radiology and Neuroradiology, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Ralph Lucius
- Anatomical Institute, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christoph Röcken
- Department of Pathology, Kiel University and University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, Proteomics & Bioanalytics, Kiel University, D-24105 Kiel, Germany.
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, D-24118 Kiel, Germany.
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5
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De Francesco MA. Herpesviridae, Neurodegenerative Disorders and Autoimmune Diseases: What Is the Relationship between Them? Viruses 2024; 16:133. [PMID: 38257833 PMCID: PMC10818483 DOI: 10.3390/v16010133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease represent the most common forms of cognitive impairment. Multiple sclerosis is a chronic inflammatory disease of the central nervous system responsible for severe disability. An aberrant immune response is the cause of myelin destruction that covers axons in the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. Systemic lupus erythematosus is an autoimmune disease characterized by alteration of B cell activation, while Sjögren's syndrome is a heterogeneous autoimmune disease characterized by altered immune responses. The etiology of all these diseases is very complex, including an interrelationship between genetic factors, principally immune associated genes, and environmental factors such as infectious agents. However, neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases share proinflammatory signatures and a perturbation of adaptive immunity that might be influenced by herpesviruses. Therefore, they might play a critical role in the disease pathogenesis. The aim of this review was to summarize the principal findings that link herpesviruses to both neurodegenerative and autoimmune diseases; moreover, briefly underlining the potential therapeutic approach of virus vaccination and antivirals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antonia De Francesco
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Institute of Microbiology, University of Brescia-ASST Spedali Civili, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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6
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Liang R, Rao H, Pang Q, Xu R, Jiao Z, Lin L, Li L, Zhong L, Zhang Y, Guo Y, Xiao N, Liu S, Chen XF, Su XZ, Li J. Human ApoE2 protects mice against Plasmodium berghei ANKA experimental cerebral malaria. mBio 2023; 14:e0234623. [PMID: 37874152 PMCID: PMC10746236 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02346-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Cerebral malaria (CM) is the deadliest complication of malaria infection with an estimated 15%-25% mortality. Even with timely and effective treatment with antimalarial drugs such as quinine and artemisinin derivatives, survivors of CM may suffer long-term cognitive and neurological impairment. Here, we show that human apolipoprotein E variant 2 (hApoE2) protects mice from experimental CM (ECM) via suppression of CD8+ T cell activation and infiltration to the brain, enhanced cholesterol metabolism, and increased IFN-γ production, leading to reduced endothelial cell apoptosis, BBB disruption, and ECM symptoms. Our results suggest that hApoE can be an important factor for risk assessment and treatment of CM in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hengjun Rao
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Pang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ruixue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhiwei Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Lirong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Li Zhong
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yazhen Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Nengming Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shengfa Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute of Xiamen University, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-zhuan Su
- Laboratory of Malaria and Vector Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Jian Li
- State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
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Chen F, Ke Q, Wei W, Cui L, Wang Y. Apolipoprotein E and viral infection: Risks and Mechanisms. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2023; 33:529-542. [PMID: 37588688 PMCID: PMC10425688 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2023.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) is a multifunctional protein critical for lipid metabolism and cholesterol homeostasis. In addition to being a well known genetic determinant of both neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, ApoE is frequently involved in various viral infection-related diseases. Human ApoE protein is functionally polymorphic with three isoforms, namely, ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4, with markedly altered protein structures and functions. ApoE4 is associated with increased susceptibility to infection with herpes simplex virus type-1 and HIV. Conversely, ApoE4 protects against hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection. With the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019, ApoE4 has been shown to determine the incidence and progression of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 infection. These findings clearly indicate the critical role of ApoE in viral infection. Furthermore, ApoE polymorphism has various or even opposite effects in these infection processes, which are partly related to the structural features that distinguish the different ApoE statuses. In the current review, we summarize the emerging relationship between ApoE and viral infection, discuss the potential mechanisms, and identify future directions that may help to advance our understanding of the link between ApoE and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Qiongwei Ke
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Wenyan Wei
- Department of Gerontology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Lili Cui
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Age-Related Cardiac and Cerebral Diseases, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical University, Zhanjiang 524000, China
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Okunorobo MN, Nnamah NK, Ude UA, Ude EA. Lipids and apolipoproteins C-III and E among treatment-naïve and treatment-experienced persons with HIV in Nigeria. Afr J Lab Med 2023; 12:2018. [PMID: 38023784 PMCID: PMC10655676 DOI: 10.4102/ajlm.v12i1.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Dyslipidaemia is a known cause of cardiovascular mortality. Persons living with HIV are at high risk of developing cardiovascular disease due to lipid metabolism disorders associated with HIV or its therapy. Objective This study evaluated concentrations of lipoproteins and apolipoprotein C-III and E, as a way of assessing cardiometabolic risks among HIV patients. Methods We enrolled 50 HIV-negative persons and 100 HIV-positive patients, 50 on antiretroviral therapy (ART) and 50 treatment-naïve persons, from the Central Hospital and the Stella Obasanjo Hospital, Benin City, Edo State, Nigeria, between May 2015 and November 2015. Participants with a history of metabolic abnormalities were excluded. Apolipoproteins were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, while lipids were measured by spectrophotometry. Results There were significant abnormalities in the lipid profile of patients with HIV. Triglycerides levels of HIV patients (ART-naïve: 1.44 ± 0.65 mmol/L; p < 0.001 and ART-experienced: 1.49 ± 0.70 mmol/L; p = 0.001) were significantly higher than among controls (0.95 ± 0.54 mmol/L). HIV patients had higher concentrations of apolipoprotein C-III than controls (p < 0.001) and higher low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (treatment-naïve: 2.83 mmol/L and ART-experienced patients: 3.59 mmol/L) than controls (2.50 mmol/L; p = 0.003). Conversely, HIV patients had significantly lowered high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels compared to controls (p < 0.001). Conclusion Dyslipidaemia was observed among HIV participants, irrespective of their ART experience. Therefore, it is crucial that the lipids of HIV patients be closely monitored to enable early intervention and decrease cardiovascular death. What this study adds This study affirms that dyslipidemia is a complication of HIV or the prolonged use of ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercy N Okunorobo
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Nwakasi K Nnamah
- Department of Chemical Pathology, Faculty of Clinical Medicine, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
| | - Ugomma A Ude
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Ebonyi State University, Abakaliki, Nigeria
| | - Enyioma A Ude
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, Faculty of Health Sciences and Technology, Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Nigeria
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9
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Rueter J, Rimbach G, Treitz C, Schloesser A, Lüersen K, Tholey A, Huebbe P. The mitochondrial BCKD complex interacts with hepatic apolipoprotein E in cultured cells in vitro and mouse livers in vivo. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:59. [PMID: 36749362 PMCID: PMC9905200 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04706-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is known for its role in lipid metabolism and its association with age-related disease pathology. The aim of the present work was to identify previously unknown functions of APOE based on the detection of novel APOE protein-protein interaction candidates. APPROACH AND RESULTS APOE targeted replacement mice and transfected cultured hepatocytes expressing the human isoforms APOE3 and APOE4 were used. For 7 months, APOE3 and APOE4 mice were fed a high-fat and high-sugar diet to induce obesity, while a subgroup was subjected to 30% dietary restriction. Proteomic analysis of coimmunoprecipitation products from APOE mouse liver extracts revealed 28 APOE-interacting candidate proteins, including branched-chain alpha-keto acid dehydrogenase (BCKD) complex subunit alpha (BCKDHA) and voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC1). The binding of APOE and BCKDHA was verified in situ by proximity ligation assay in cultured cells. The activity of the BCKD enzyme complex was significantly higher in obese APOE4 mice than in APOE3 mice, while the plasma levels of branched-chain amino acids and mTOR signalling proteins were not different. However, the protein-protein interaction with VDAC1 was strongly induced in APOE3 and APOE4 mice upon dietary restriction, suggesting a prominent role of APOE in mitochondrial function. CONCLUSIONS The protein-protein interactions of APOE with BCKDHA and VDAC1 appear to be of physiological relevance and are modulated upon dietary restriction. Because these are mitochondrial proteins, it may be suggested that APOE is involved in mitochondria-related processes and adaptation to hepatic energy demands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rueter
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Christian Treitz
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Anke Schloesser
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Kai Lüersen
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Tholey
- Institute of Experimental Medicine, University of Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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10
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Malik S, Sah R, Ahsan O, Muhammad K, Waheed Y. Insights into the Novel Therapeutics and Vaccines against Herpes Simplex Virus. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:325. [PMID: 36851203 PMCID: PMC9959597 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) is a great concern of the global health community due to its linked infection of inconspicuous nature and resultant serious medical consequences. Seropositive patients may develop ocular disease or genital herpes as characteristic infectious outcomes. Moreover, the infectious nature of HSV is so complex that the available therapeutic options have been modified in certain ways to cure it. However, no permanent and highly effective cure has been discovered. This review generates insights into the available prophylactic and therapeutic interventions against HSV. A methodological research approach is used for study design and data complication. Only the latest data from publications are acquired to shed light on updated therapeutic approaches. These studies indicate that the current antiviral therapeutics can suppress the symptoms and control viral transmission up to a certain level, but cannot eradicate the natural HSV infection and latency outcomes. Most trials that have entered the clinical phase are made part of this review to understand what is new within the field. Some vaccination approaches are also discussed. Moreover, some novel therapeutic options that are currently in research annals are given due consideration for future development. The data can enable the scientific community to direct their efforts to fill the gaps that remain unfilled in terms of therapies for HSV. The need is to integrate scientific efforts to produce a proper cure against HSV to control the virus spread, resistance, and mutation in future disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiza Malik
- Bridging Health Foundation, Rawalpindi 46000, Pakistan
| | - Ranjit Sah
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Medicine, Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Kathmandu 44600, Nepal
- Department of Microbiology, Dr. D. Y. Patil Medical College, Hospital and Research Center, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune 411018, Maharashtra, India
| | - Omar Ahsan
- Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Foundation University Islamabad, DHA Phase I, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Khalid Muhammad
- Department of Biology, College of Science, UAE University, Al Ain 15551, United Arab Emirates
| | - Yasir Waheed
- Office of Research, Innovation, and Commercialization (ORIC), Shaheed Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto Medical University, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
- Gilbert and Rose-Marie Chagoury School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Byblos 1401, Lebanon
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11
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Rudnicka-Drożak E, Drożak P, Mizerski G, Zaborowski T, Ślusarska B, Nowicki G, Drożak M. Links between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease-What Do We Already Know? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2146. [PMID: 36767513 PMCID: PMC9915236 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20032146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a life-changing condition whose etiology is explained by several hypotheses. Recently, a new virus contributed to the evidence of viral involvement in AD: the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which causes the COVID-19 coronavirus disease. AD was found to be one of the most common COVID-19 comorbidities, and it was found to increase mortality from this disease as well. Moreover, AD patients were observed to present with the distinct clinical features of COVID-19, with delirium being prevalent in this group. The SARS-CoV-2 virus enters host cells through the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. ACE2 is overexpressed in brains with AD, which thus increases the viral invasion. Furthermore, the inhibition of the ACE2 receptor by the SARS-CoV-2 virus may also decrease the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), contributing to neurodegeneration. The ApoE ε4 allele, which increases the risk of AD, was found to facilitate the SARS-CoV-2 entry into cells. Furthermore, the neuroinflammation and oxidative stress existing in AD patients enhance the inflammatory response associated with COVID-19. Moreover, pandemic and associated social distancing measures negatively affected the mental health, cognitive function, and neuro-psychiatric symptoms of AD patients. This review comprehensively covers the links between COVID-19 and Alzheimer's disease, including clinical presentation, molecular mechanisms, and the effects of social distancing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rudnicka-Drożak
- Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Drożak
- Student Scientific Society, Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Mizerski
- Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Tomasz Zaborowski
- Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
| | - Barbara Ślusarska
- Department of Family and Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Nowicki
- Department of Family and Geriatric Nursing, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland
| | - Martyna Drożak
- Student Scientific Society, Chair and Department of Family Medicine, Medical University of Lublin, Langiewicza 6a, 20-035 Lublin, Poland
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12
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Gupta K, Kaur G, Pathak T, Banerjee I. Systematic review and meta-analysis of human genetic variants contributing to COVID-19 susceptibility and severity. Gene 2022; 844:146790. [PMID: 35987511 PMCID: PMC9384365 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2022.146790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has spawned global health crisis of unprecedented magnitude, claiming millions of lives and pushing healthcare systems in many countries to the brink. Among several factors that contribute to an increased risk of COVID-19 and progression to exacerbated manifestations, host genetic landscape is increasingly being recognized as a critical determinant of susceptibility/resistance to infection and a prognosticator of clinical outcomes in infected individuals. Recently, several case-control association studies investigated the influence of human gene variants on COVID-19 susceptibility and severity to identify the culpable mutations. However, a comprehensive synthesis of the recent advances in COVID-19 host genetics research was lacking, and the inconsistent findings of the association studies required reliable evaluation of the strength of association with greater statistical power. In this study, we embarked on a systematic search of all possible reports of genetic association with COVID-19 till April 07, 2022, and performed meta-analyses of all the genetic polymorphisms that were examined in at least three studies. After identifying a total of 84 studies that investigated the association of 130 polymorphisms in 61 genes, we performed meta-analyses of all the eligible studies. Seven genetic polymorphisms involving 15,550 cases and 444,007 controls were explored for association with COVID-19 susceptibility, of which, ACE1 I/D rs4646994/rs1799752, APOE rs429358, CCR5 rs333, and IFITM3 rs12252 showed increased risk of infection. Meta-analyses of 11 gene variants involving 6702 patients with severe COVID-19 and 8640 infected individuals with non-severe manifestations revealed statistically significant association of ACE2 rs2285666, ACE2 rs2106809, ACE2 rs2074192, AGTR1 rs5186, and TNFA rs1800629 with COVID-19 severity. Overall, our study presents a synthesis of evidence on all the genetic determinants implicated in COVID-19 to date, and provides evidence of correlation between the above polymorphisms with COVID-19 susceptibility and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Indranil Banerjee
- Cellular Virology Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Mohali (IISER Mohali), Sector 81, S.A.S Nagar, Mohali 140306, India.
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13
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Rueter J, Rimbach G, Huebbe P. Functional diversity of apolipoprotein E: from subcellular localization to mitochondrial function. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:499. [PMID: 36018414 PMCID: PMC9418098 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04516-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Human apolipoprotein E (APOE), originally known for its role in lipid metabolism, is polymorphic with three major allele forms, namely, APOEε2, APOEε3, and APOEε4, leading to three different human APOE isoforms. The ε4 allele is a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD); therefore, the vast majority of APOE research focuses on its role in AD pathology. However, there is increasing evidence for other functions of APOE through the involvement in other biological processes such as transcriptional regulation, mitochondrial metabolism, immune response, and responsiveness to dietary factors. Therefore, the aim of this review is to provide an overview of the potential novel functions of APOE and their characterization. The detection of APOE in various cell organelles points to previously unrecognized roles in mitochondria and others, although it is actually considered a secretory protein. Furthermore, numerous interactions of APOE with other proteins have been detected, providing indications for new metabolic pathways involving APOE. The present review summarizes the current evidence on APOE beyond its original role in lipid metabolism, to change the perspective and encourage novel approaches to future research on APOE and its isoform-dependent role in the cellular metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johanna Rueter
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Devision of Food Science, Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Hermann-Rodewald-Strasse 6, 24118, Kiel, Germany
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14
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Lima FB, Bezerra KC, Nascimento JCR, Meneses GC, Oriá RB. Risk Factors for Severe COVID-19 and Hepatitis C Infections: The Dual Role of Apolipoprotein E4. Front Immunol 2022; 13:721793. [PMID: 35359998 PMCID: PMC8962614 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.721793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Felipe B. Lima
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Division of Anesthesiology, Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Karine C. Bezerra
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - José Carlos R. Nascimento
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Division of Anesthesiology, Hospital Geral de Fortaleza, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Gdayllon C. Meneses
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo B. Oriá
- Laboratory of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology, School of Medicine, Institute of Biomedicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Reinaldo B. Oriá,
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15
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Onisiforou A, Spyrou GM. Identification of viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases using network-based approaches. Brief Bioinform 2021; 22:bbab141. [PMID: 34237135 PMCID: PMC8574625 DOI: 10.1093/bib/bbab141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During the course of a viral infection, virus-host protein-protein interactions (PPIs) play a critical role in allowing viruses to replicate and survive within the host. These interspecies molecular interactions can lead to viral-mediated perturbations of the human interactome causing the generation of various complex diseases. Evidences suggest that viral-mediated perturbations are a possible pathogenic etiology in several neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). These diseases are characterized by chronic progressive degeneration of neurons, and current therapeutic approaches provide only mild symptomatic relief; therefore, there is unmet need for the discovery of novel therapeutic interventions. In this paper, we initially review databases and tools that can be utilized to investigate viral-mediated perturbations in complex NDs using network-based analysis by examining the interaction between the ND-related PPI disease networks and the virus-host PPI network. Afterwards, we present our theoretical-driven integrative network-based bioinformatics approach that accounts for pathogen-genes-disease-related PPIs with the aim to identify viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms focusing in multiple sclerosis (MS) disease. We identified seven high centrality nodes that can act as disease communicator nodes and exert systemic effects in the MS-enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways network. In addition, we identified 12 KEGG pathways, 5 Reactome pathways and 52 Gene Ontology Immune System Processes by which 80 viral proteins from eight viral species might exert viral-mediated pathogenic mechanisms in MS. Finally, our analysis highlighted the Th17 differentiation pathway, a disease communicator node and part of the 12 underlined KEGG pathways, as a key viral-mediated pathogenic mechanism and a possible therapeutic target for MS disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Onisiforou
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, and the Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus
| | - George M Spyrou
- Department of Bioinformatics, Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, and professor at the Cyprus School of Molecular Medicine, Cyprus
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16
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Soo CC, Farrell MT, Tollman S, Berkman L, Nebel A, Ramsay M. Apolipoprotein E Genetic Variation and Its Association With Cognitive Function in Rural-Dwelling Older South Africans. Front Genet 2021; 12:689756. [PMID: 34721516 PMCID: PMC8551631 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.689756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) 𝜀4 allele carrier status is well known for its association with an increased likelihood of developing Alzheimer’s disease, but its independent role in cognitive function is unclear. APOE genetic variation is understudied in African populations; hence, this cross-sectional study in a rural South African community examined allele and genotype frequencies, and their associations with cognitive function. Cognitive function was assessed using two different screening methods to produce a total cognition score and four domain-specific cognition scores for verbal episodic memory, executive function, language, and visuospatial ability. Cognitive phenotype and APOE genotype data were used to determine whether APOE variation was significantly associated with cognitive function in this population. Observed allele frequencies for 1776 participants from the HAALSI study [age 40–80years (mean=56.19); 58.2% female] were 58.1% (𝜀3), 25.4% (𝜀4) and 16.5% (𝜀2). Allele distributions were similar to the African super population, but different from all non-African super populations from the 1,000 Genomes Project. The 𝜀3 homozygous genotype was most common (34.9%) and used as the base genotype for comparison in regression models. Four models were tested for each of the five cognitive phenotypes to explore association of APOE variation with cognitive function. In the first model assessing association with all genotypes for all individuals, marginally significant associations were observed for 𝜀2 homozygotes where executive function scored higher by ~0.5 standard deviations (p=0.037, SE=0.23), and for 𝜀3/𝜀4 heterozygotes where visuospatial ability scores were lower (p=0.046, SE=0.14). These did not survive correction for multiple testing. Regional African population differences were observed at the APOE locus. Marginally, significant associations between APOE genotype, and executive function and visuospatial ability indicate the need for larger studies to better examine these associations in African populations. Furthermore, longitudinal data could shed light on APOE genetic association with rate of change, or decline, in cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cassandra C Soo
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Division of Human Genetics, National Health Laboratory Service and School of Pathology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Meagan T Farrell
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Stephen Tollman
- MRC/Wits Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Lisa Berkman
- Harvard Center for Population and Development Studies, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Almut Nebel
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Michèle Ramsay
- Sydney Brenner Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
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17
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Al-Jaf SMA, Niranji SS, Ali HN, Mohammed OA. Association of Apolipoprotein e polymorphism with SARS-CoV-2 infection. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2021; 95:105043. [PMID: 34419671 PMCID: PMC8375275 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2021.105043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2). The disease resulted in global morbidity and mortality that led to considering as pandemic. The human body response to COVID-19 infection was massively different from being asymptomatic to developing severe symptoms. Host genetic factors are thought to be one of the reasons for these disparities in body responses. Few studies have suggested that Apolipoprotein Epsilon (Apo E) is a candidate gene for playing roles in the development of the disease symptoms. This work aims to find an association between different Apo E genotypes and alleles to COVID-19 infection comparing a general population and a group of COVID-19 patients. For the first time, the results found that Apo E4 is associated with COVID-19 disease in a Kurdish population of Iraq. Further study is required to reveal this association in different ethnic backgrounds all over the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirwan M A Al-Jaf
- Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kurdistan region, Iraq; Coronavirus Research and Identification Lab., University of Garmian, Kurdistan region, Iraq.
| | - Sherko S Niranji
- Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Garmian, Kurdistan region, Iraq; Coronavirus Research and Identification Lab., University of Garmian, Kurdistan region, Iraq.
| | - Hussein N Ali
- College of Medicine, University of Garmian, Kurdistan region, Iraq
| | - Omed A Mohammed
- College of Medicine, University of Garmian, Kurdistan region, Iraq
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18
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Freitas RS, Roque CR, Matos GA, Belayev L, de Azevedo OGR, Alvarez-Leite JI, Guerrant RL, Oriá RB. Immunoinflammatory role of apolipoprotein E4 in malnutrition and enteric infections and the increased risk for chronic diseases under adverse environments. Nutr Rev 2021; 80:1001-1012. [PMID: 34406390 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuab063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E plays a crucial role in cholesterol metabolism. The immunomodulatory functions of the human polymorphic APOE gene have gained particular interest because APOE4, a well-recognized risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, has also been recently linked to increased risk of COVID-19 infection severity in a large UK biobank study. Although much is known about apoE functions in the nervous system, much less is known about APOE polymorphism effects on malnutrition and enteric infections and the consequences for later development in underprivileged environments. In this review, recent findings are summarized of apoE's effects on intestinal function in health and disease and the role of APOE4 in protecting against infection and malnutrition in children living in unfavorable settings, where poor sanitation and hygiene prevail, is highlighted. The potential impact of APOE4 on later development also is discussed and gaps in knowledge are identified that need to be addressed to protect children's development under adverse environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raul S Freitas
- Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Cássia R Roque
- Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Gabriella A Matos
- Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Belayev
- Neuroscience Center of Excellence, School of Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, United States
| | - Orleâncio G R de Azevedo
- Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
| | | | - Richard L Guerrant
- Center for Global Health, Division of Infectious Diseases and International Health, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia, United States
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Laboratory of the Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, School of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Ceará, Brazil
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19
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Erickson MA, Rhea EM, Knopp RC, Banks WA. Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with the Blood-Brain Barrier. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2681. [PMID: 33800954 PMCID: PMC7961671 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Emerging data indicate that neurological complications occur as a consequence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a critical interface that regulates entry of circulating molecules into the CNS, and is regulated by signals that arise from the brain and blood compartments. In this review, we discuss mechanisms by which SARS-CoV-2 interactions with the BBB may contribute to neurological dysfunction associated with coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19), which is caused by SARS-CoV-2. We consider aspects of peripheral disease, such as hypoxia and systemic inflammatory response syndrome/cytokine storm, as well as CNS infection and mechanisms of viral entry into the brain. We also discuss the contribution of risk factors for developing severe COVID-19 to BBB dysfunction that could increase viral entry or otherwise damage the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A. Erickson
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Elizabeth M. Rhea
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - Rachel C. Knopp
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
| | - William A. Banks
- Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (E.M.R.); (R.C.K.)
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA 98104, USA
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20
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Lopatko Lindman K, Hemmingsson E, Weidung B, Brännström J, Josefsson M, Olsson J, Elgh F, Nordström P, Lövheim H. Herpesvirus infections, antiviral treatment, and the risk of dementia-a registry-based cohort study in Sweden. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (NEW YORK, N. Y.) 2021; 7:e12119. [PMID: 33614892 PMCID: PMC7882534 DOI: 10.1002/trc2.12119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Herpesviruses, including Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV1) and varicella zoster-virus (VZV), have been implicated in Alzheimer's disease (AD) development. Likewise, antiviral treatment has been suggested to protect against dementia development in herpes-infected individuals. METHODS The study enrolled 265,172 subjects aged ≥ 50 years, with diagnoses of VZV or HSV, or prescribed antiviral drugs between 31 December 2005 and 31 December 2017. Controls were matched in a 1:1 ratio by sex and birth year. RESULTS Antiviral treatment was associated with decreased risk of dementia (adjusted hazard ratio [HR] 0.89, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86 to 0.92), while herpes infection without antiviral drugs increased the risk of dementia (adjusted HR 1.50, 95% CI 1.29 to 1.74). DISCUSSION Antiviral treatment was associated with a reduced long-term risk of dementia among individuals with overt signs of herpes infection. This is consistent with earlier findings indicating that herpesviruses are involved in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lopatko Lindman
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Eva‐Stina Hemmingsson
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Bodil Weidung
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Department of Public Health and Caring Sciences, Geriatric MedicineUppsala UniversityUppsalaSweden
| | - Jon Brännström
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Maria Josefsson
- Centre for Demographic and Ageing ResearchUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Jan Olsson
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, VirologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Fredrik Elgh
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, VirologyUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Peter Nordström
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
| | - Hugo Lövheim
- Department of Community Medicine and Rehabilitation, Geriatric MedicineUmeå UniversityUmeåSweden
- Wallenberg Centre for Molecular Medicine (WCMM)Umeå UniversityUmeåSweden
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21
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Nascimento JCR, Matos GA, Pereira LC, Mourão AECCB, Sampaio AM, Oriá RB, Toniutto P. Impact of apolipoprotein E genetic polymorphisms on liver disease: An essential review. Ann Hepatol 2021; 19:24-30. [PMID: 31548169 DOI: 10.1016/j.aohep.2019.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cirrhosis is an advanced stage of liver disease, compromising liver function with systemic health implications and poor quality of life. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and alcoholic liver disease are the main causes of this pathology. However, since genetic factors may play a large role in the progression and severity of liver disease, and as apolipoprotein E (apoE) has been recognised to be mainly synthesised in the liver, apoE polymorphism studies are important to better understand the causal mechanisms in liver diseases. In this review, we summarise up-to-date studies addressing how apoE polymorphisms influence liver cirrhosis and liver transplantation outcomes and potential protective mechanisms. Although more clinical studies are needed to support these findings, the apoE ɛ4 allele seems to be protective against the progression of liver cirrhosis in the majority of aetiologies and the postoperative serum apoE phenotype of the transplanted subject receptors was converted to that of the donor, indicating that >90% of apoE in plasma is synthesised in the hepatic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José C R Nascimento
- Laboratory of Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil; Department of Anesthesia and Liver Transplantation, Fortaleza General Hospital, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Gabriella A Matos
- Laboratory of Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Lianna C Pereira
- Laboratory of Biology of Tissue Healing, Ontogeny and Nutrition, Department of Morphology and Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Anderson E C C B Mourão
- Department of Anesthesia and Liver Transplantation, Fortaleza General Hospital, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Aline M Sampaio
- Department of Anesthesia and Liver Transplantation, Fortaleza General Hospital, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil
| | - Reinaldo B Oriá
- Department of Anesthesia and Liver Transplantation, Fortaleza General Hospital, Fortaleza, CE, Brazil.
| | - Pierluigi Toniutto
- Hepatology and Liver Transplantation Unit, Department of Medical Area (DAME) Academic Hospital, University of Udine, Italy
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22
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Sorokina EG, Semenova ZB, Averianova NS, Karaseva OV, N Arsenieva E, Luk'yanov VI, Reutov VP, Asanov AY, Roshal LM, Pinelis VG. [APOΕ gene polymorphism and markers of brain damage in the outcomes of severe traumatic brain injury in children]. Zh Nevrol Psikhiatr Im S S Korsakova 2020; 120:72-80. [PMID: 32490622 DOI: 10.17116/jnevro202012004172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotypes with outcomes and levels of neuromarkers in children with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). MATERIAL AND METHODS APOE polymorphisms were genotyped in 69 children with severe TBI. The following markers of brain damage were identified: neuron-specific enolase (NSE), glial protein S100b, content of autoantibodies (aAB) to glutamate receptors (to the NR2 subunit of NMDA receptors), aAB to S100b and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). RESULTS AND CONCLUSION There was no association between APOE 3/3, 3/4, 3/2 genotypes and outcomes assessed by the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS). The greatest number of favorable outcomes was noted in the group of APOE 3/3 genotype carriers (60%). The ratio of favorable outcomes to unfavorable outcomes was equal (50%:50%) in groups with APOE 3/4 and APOE 3/2 genotypes. An association between APOE polymorphism and BDNF was found: there were normal BDNF levels in the APOE 3/3 group and reduced levels in the APOE 3/2 group. The correlation between neuromarkers and GOS scores was shown for BDNF and aAB to S100b. In children with favorable TBI outcomes, normal BDNF levels and a lower level of aAB to S100b were observed. Regardless of APOE genotypes, almost all children with severe TBI (95%) showed a significant increase in aAB to glutamate receptors in the remote period and most children had an increase in aAB to S100b in the blood. This fact can be explained by the presence of cerebral hypoxia, activation of autoimmune processes and increased BBB permeability, which may be enhanced by increased NO content and intensification of oxidative processes in children with severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- E G Sorokina
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Zh B Semenova
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - N S Averianova
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - O V Karaseva
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - E N Arsenieva
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - V I Luk'yanov
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Reutov
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology, Moscow, Russia
| | - A Yu Asanov
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenovskiy University), Moscow, Russia
| | - L M Roshal
- Research Institute of Emergency Pediatric Surgery and Traumatology, Moscow Department of Health, Moscow, Russia
| | - V G Pinelis
- Federal State Autonomous Institution «National Medical Research Center of Children's Health» of the Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russia
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23
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Zhang LN, Li MJ, Shang YH, Zhao FF, Huang HC, Lao FX. Independent and Correlated Role of Apolipoprotein E ɛ4 Genotype and Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 in Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 77:15-31. [PMID: 32804091 DOI: 10.3233/jad-200607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ɛ4 allele of the Apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene in individuals infected by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) has been demonstrated to be a risk factor in Alzheimer's disease (AD). APOE-ɛ4 reduces the levels of neuronal cholesterol, interferes with the transportation of cholesterol, impairs repair of synapses, decreases the clearance of neurotoxic peptide amyloid-β (Aβ), and promotes the deposition of amyloid plaque, and eventually may cause development of AD. HSV-1 enters host cells and can infect the olfactory system, trigeminal ganglia, entorhinal cortex, and hippocampus, and may cause AD-like pathological changes. The lifecycle of HSV-1 goes through a long latent phase. HSV-1 induces neurotropic cytokine expression with pro-inflammatory action and inhibits antiviral cytokine production in AD. It should be noted that interferons display antiviral activity in HSV-1-infected AD patients. Reactivated HSV-1 is associated with infectious burden in cognitive decline and AD. Finally, HSV-1 DNA has been confirmed as present in human brains and is associated with APOEɛ4 in AD. HSV-1 and APOEɛ4 increase the risk of AD and relate to abnormal autophagy, higher concentrations of HSV-1 DNA in AD, and formation of Aβ plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Na Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Meng-Jie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Hui Shang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Fan-Fan Zhao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han-Chang Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Feng-Xue Lao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functional Foods, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,Institute of Functional Factors and Brain Science, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China.,College of Biochemical Engineering, Beijing Union University, Beijing, P.R. China
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24
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Lee KH, Kwon DE, Do Han K, La Y, Han SH. Association between cytomegalovirus end-organ diseases and moderate-to-severe dementia: a population-based cohort study. BMC Neurol 2020; 20:216. [PMID: 32466754 PMCID: PMC7254693 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-020-01776-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) and dementia remains controversial. Previous studies have suggested that CMV serostatus, as assessed by serum immunoglobulin G, plays a role in neurodegeneration with cognitive impairment. We aimed to evaluate the association between CMV tissue-invasive end-organ diseases and moderate-to-severe dementia. METHODS The ICD 10th revision codes from the National Health Insurance Database covering the entire population of the Republic of Korea were used to classify patients into exposed (n = 687, age ≥ 40 years, with CMV disease) and unexposed (n = 3435, without CMV disease) groups, matched by age and sex at a 1:5 ratio of exposed: unexposed. All non-HIV-1-infected subjects selected during 2010-2014 with a washout period of the previous 4 years were followed up until December 2016 to identify newly diagnosed cases of moderate-to-severe dementia. RESULTS Multivariate regression model (M3) adjusted for age, sex, low income, body mass index, transplantation status, malignant neoplasms, end-stage renal disease on dialysis, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and dyslipidaemia showed a significantly higher incidence of dementia (odds ratio: 1.9; 95% confidence interval: 1.2-2.8) in the exposed group than that in the unexposed group. The risk of vascular dementia (2.9, 1.1-7.5) was higher than that of Alzheimer's disease (1.6, 1.0-2.6) in the exposed group in M3. In M3, patients aged 40-59 years with CMV diseases had a significantly higher risk of all kinds of dementia than those aged 60-79 and ≥ 80 years (11.7, 2.5-49.4 vs. 1.8, 1.1-3.2 vs. 1.3, 0.5-2.8; P = 0.025). CONCLUSIONS CMV diseases may be associated with the risk of moderate-to-severe dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung Hwa Lee
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Da Eun Kwon
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Do Han
- Department of Biostatistics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonju La
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul, 06273, Republic of Korea.
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25
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Beyond the CNS: The many peripheral roles of APOE. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 138:104809. [PMID: 32087284 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2020.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a multifunctional protein synthesized and secreted by multiple mammalian tissues. Although hepatocytes contribute about 75% of the peripheral pool, APOE can also be expressed in adipose tissue, the kidney, and the adrenal glands, among other tissues. High levels of APOE production also occur in the brain, where it is primarily synthesized by glia, and peripheral and brain APOE pools are thought to be distinct. In humans, APOE is polymorphic, with three major alleles (ε2, ε3, and ε4). These allelic forms dramatically alter APOE structure and function. Historically, the vast majority of research on APOE has centered on the important role it plays in modulating risk for cardiovascular disease and Alzheimer's disease. However, the established effects of this pleiotropic protein extend well beyond these two critical health challenges, with demonstrated roles across a wide spectrum of biological conditions, including adipose tissue function and obesity, metabolic syndrome and diabetes, fertility and longevity, and immune function. While the spectrum of biological systems in which APOE plays a role seems implausibly wide at first glance, there are some potential unifying mechanisms that could tie these seemingly disparate disorders together. In the current review, we aim to concisely summarize a wide breadth of APOE-associated pathologies and to analyze the influence of APOE in the development of several distinct disorders in order to provide insight into potential shared mechanisms implied in these various pathophysiological processes.
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26
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La Rosa F, Agostini S, Bianchi A, Nemni R, Piancone F, Marventano I, Mancuso R, Saresella M, Clerici M. Herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) infection induces a potent but ineffective IFN-λ production in immune cells of AD and PD patients. J Transl Med 2019; 17:286. [PMID: 31455413 PMCID: PMC6712644 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-019-2034-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The sequential activation of immediate early (IE), early (E) and late (L) genes is required to allow productive herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) infection. Several evidences suggest that, together with inflammation, an immunological response incapable to counteract HSV-1 reactivation plays a role in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer’s (AD) and Parkinson’s (PD) diseases. IFN-lambda (IFN-λ), a cytokine endowed with a robust antiviral activity, contains HSV-1 reactivation. HSV-1-induced IFN-λ, IL-10 and IL-1β as well as the expression of viral IE, E and L genes were analyzed in vitro in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of AD and PD patients as well as of healthy controls (HC). Methods PBMC of AD, PD and HC were in vitro infected with one multiplicity of infection (1 MOI) HSV-1. IE, E, and L viral genes transcription as well as IFN-λ, IL-10 and IL-1β production were analyzed. Results In HSV-1-infected cells of AD and PD patients compared to HC: (1) transcription of IE (ICP0, ICP27) genes was reduced whereas that of E (UL41, UL29) and L (UL48, LAT) genes was increased; (2) IFN-λ mRNA expression was increased. IL-1β was augmented and IL-10 was reduced in unstimulated cells of AD and PD compared to HC; HSV-1 infection significantly increased IL-10 production in HC alone. Conclusions Data herein show that a proinflammatory condition is present in AD and PD, in whom attempts to obstacle viral replication via an initial, possibly more potent IFN-λ-mediated control of IE viral genes is unsuccessful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca La Rosa
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.
| | - Simone Agostini
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Anna Bianchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Raffaello Nemni
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Federica Piancone
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Ivana Marventano
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberta Mancuso
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Marina Saresella
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy
| | - Mario Clerici
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Biotechnology, IRCCS Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, via Capecelatro, 66, 20148, Milan, Italy.,Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
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27
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Qiao L, Luo GG. Human apolipoprotein E promotes hepatitis B virus infection and production. PLoS Pathog 2019; 15:e1007874. [PMID: 31393946 PMCID: PMC6687101 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a common cause of liver diseases, including chronic hepatitis, steatosis, fibrosis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). HBV chronically infects about 240 million people worldwide, posing a major global health problem. The current standard antiviral therapy effectively inhibits HBV replication but does not eliminate the virus unlike direct-acting antivirals (DAA) for curing hepatitis C. Our previous studies have demonstrated that human apolipoprotein E (apoE) plays important roles in hepatitis C virus infection and morphogenesis. In the present study, we have found that apoE is also associated with HBV and is required for efficient HBV infection. An apoE-specific monoclonal antibody was able to capture HBV similar to anti-HBs. More importantly, apoE monoclonal antibody could effectively block HBV infection, resulting in a greater than 90% reduction of HBV infectivity. Likewise, silencing of apoE expression or knockout of apoE gene by CRISPR/Cas9 resulted in a greater than 90% reduction of HBV infection and more than 80% decrease of HBV production, which could be fully restored by ectopic apoE expression. However, apoE silencing or knockout did not significantly affect HBV DNA replication or the production of nonenveloped (naked) nucleocapsids. These findings demonstrate that human apoE promotes HBV infection and production. We speculate that apoE may also play a role in persistent HBV infection by evading host immune response similar to its role in the HCV life cycle and pathogenesis. Inhibitors interfering with apoE biogenesis, secretion, and/or binding to receptors may serve as antivirals for elimination of chronic HBV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luhua Qiao
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
| | - Guangxiang George Luo
- Department of Microbiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
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28
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Qin Q, Li Y. Herpesviral infections and antimicrobial protection for Alzheimer's disease: Implications for prevention and treatment. J Med Virol 2019; 91:1368-1377. [PMID: 30997676 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that infections by herpesviruses might be closely linked to Alzheimer's disease (AD). Pathological hallmarks of AD brains include senile plaques induced by amyloid β peptide (Aβ) in the extracellular space and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) consisting of phosphorylated tau protein. The prevailing hypothesis for the mechanism of AD is amyloid cascade reaction. Recent studies revealed that infections by herpesviruses induce the similar pathological hallmarks of AD, including Aβ production, phosphorylation of tau (P-tau), oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, etc. Aβ peptide is regarded as one of the antimicrobial peptides, which inhibits HSV-1 replication. In the elderly, reactivation of herpesviruses might act as an initiator for amyloid cascade reaction in vulnerable individuals, triggering the neurofibrillary formation of phosphorylated tau and inducing oxidative stress and neuroinflammation, which can further contribute to the accumulation of Aβ and P-tau by impairing mitochondria and autophagosome. Epidemiological studies have shown AD susceptibility genes, such as APOE-ε4 allele, are highly linked to infections by herpesviruses. Interestingly, anti-herpesviral therapy significantly reduced the risk of AD in a large population study. Given that herpesviruses are arguably the most prevalent opportunistic pathogens and often reactivate in the elderly, it is reasonable to argue reactivation of herpesviruses might be major culprits for initiating AD in individuals carrying AD susceptibility genes. In this review, we summarize epidemiological and molecular evidence that support for a hypothesis of herpesviral infections and antimicrobial protection in the development of AD, and discuss the implications for future prevention and treatment of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingsong Qin
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yun Li
- Sleep Medicine Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Mental Health Center, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
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29
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The Genetic Variability of APOE in Different Human Populations and Its Implications for Longevity. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10030222. [PMID: 30884759 PMCID: PMC6471373 DOI: 10.3390/genes10030222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Human longevity is a complex phenotype resulting from the combinations of context-dependent gene-environment interactions that require analysis as a dynamic process in a cohesive ecological and evolutionary framework. Genome-wide association (GWAS) and whole-genome sequencing (WGS) studies on centenarians pointed toward the inclusion of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) polymorphisms ε2 and ε4, as implicated in the attainment of extreme longevity, which refers to their effect in age-related Alzheimer's disease (AD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD). In this case, the available literature on APOE and its involvement in longevity is described according to an anthropological and population genetics perspective. This aims to highlight the evolutionary history of this gene, how its participation in several biological pathways relates to human longevity, and which evolutionary dynamics may have shaped the distribution of APOE haplotypes across the globe. Its potential adaptive role will be described along with implications for the study of longevity in different human groups. This review also presents an updated overview of the worldwide distribution of APOE alleles based on modern day data from public databases and ancient DNA samples retrieved from literature in the attempt to understand the spatial and temporal frame in which present-day patterns of APOE variation evolved.
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30
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Fox M. 'Evolutionary medicine' perspectives on Alzheimer's Disease: Review and new directions. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 47:140-148. [PMID: 30059789 PMCID: PMC6195455 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Evolution by natural selection eliminates maladaptive traits from a species, and yet Alzheimer's Disease (AD) persists with rapidly increasing prevalence globally. This apparent paradox begs an explanation within the framework of evolutionary sciences. Here, I summarize and critique previously proposed theories to explain human susceptibility to AD, grouped into 8 distinct hypotheses based on the concepts of novel extension of the lifespan; lack of selective pressure during the post-reproductive phase; antagonistic pleiotropy; rapid brain evolution; delayed neuropathy by selection for grandmothering; novel alleles selected to delay neuropathy; by-product of selection against cardiovascular disease; and thrifty genotype. Subsequently, I describe a new hypothesis inspired by the concept of mismatched environments. Many of the factors that enhance AD risk today may have been absent or functioned differently before the modern era, potentially making AD a less common affliction for age-matched individuals before industrialization and for the majority of human history. Future research is needed to further explore whether changes in environments and lifestyles across human history moderate risk factors and susceptibility to AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Fox
- Department of Psychiatry & Biobehavioral Sciences, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA; Department of Anthropology, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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31
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Zipeto D, Serena M, Mutascio S, Parolini F, Diani E, Guizzardi E, Muraro V, Lattuada E, Rizzardo S, Malena M, Lanzafame M, Malerba G, Romanelli MG, Tamburin S, Gibellini D. HIV-1-Associated Neurocognitive Disorders: Is HLA-C Binding Stability to β 2-Microglobulin a Missing Piece of the Pathogenetic Puzzle? Front Neurol 2018; 9:791. [PMID: 30298049 PMCID: PMC6160745 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
AIDS dementia complex (ADC) and HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) are complications of HIV-1 infection. Viral infections are risk factors for the development of neurodegenerative disorders. Aging is associated with low-grade inflammation in the brain, i.e., the inflammaging. The molecular mechanisms linking immunosenescence, inflammaging and the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease, are largely unknown. ADC and HAND share some pathological features with AD and may offer some hints on the relationship between viral infections, neuroinflammation, and neurodegeneration. β2-microglobulin (β2m) is an important pro-aging factor that interferes with neurogenesis and worsens cognitive functions. Several studies published in the 80-90s reported high levels of β2m in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with ADC. High levels of β2m have also been detected in AD. Inflammatory diseases in elderly people are associated with polymorphisms of the MHC-I locus encoding HLA molecules that, by associating with β2m, contribute to cellular immunity. We recently reported that HLA-C, no longer associated with β2m, is incorporated into HIV-1 virions, determining an increase in viral infectivity. We also documented the presence of HLA-C variants more or less stably linked to β2m. These observations led us to hypothesize that some variants of HLA-C, in the presence of viral infections, could determine a greater release and accumulation of β2m, which in turn, may be involved in triggering and/or sustaining neuroinflammation. ADC is the most severe form of HAND. To explore the role of HLA-C in ADC pathogenesis, we analyzed the frequency of HLA-C variants with unstable binding to β2m in a group of patients with ADC. We found a higher frequency of unstable HLA-C alleles in ADC patients, and none of them was harboring stable HLA-C alleles in homozygosis. Our data suggest that the role of HLA-C variants in ADC/HAND pathogenesis deserves further studies. If confirmed in a larger number of samples, this finding may have practical implication for a personalized medicine approach and for developing new therapies to prevent HAND. The exploration of HLA-C variants as risk factors for AD and other neurodegenerative disorders may be a promising field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donato Zipeto
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Michela Serena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Simona Mutascio
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Francesca Parolini
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Erica Diani
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | - Marina Malena
- U.O.S. Infectious Diseases, AULSS 9 Scaligera, Verona, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Malerba
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Tamburin
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Davide Gibellini
- Department of Diagnostics and Public Health, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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Tizaoui K. Multiple sclerosis genetics: Results from meta-analyses of candidate-gene association studies. Cytokine 2018; 106:154-164. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2017.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Harris SA, Harris EA. Molecular Mechanisms for Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Pathogenesis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2018; 10:48. [PMID: 29559905 PMCID: PMC5845560 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2018.00048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on research in the areas of epidemiology, neuropathology, molecular biology and genetics that implicates herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) as a causative agent in the pathogenesis of sporadic Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Molecular mechanisms whereby HSV-1 induces AD-related pathophysiology and pathology, including neuronal production and accumulation of amyloid beta (Aβ), hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins, dysregulation of calcium homeostasis, and impaired autophagy, are discussed. HSV-1 causes additional AD pathologies through mechanisms that promote neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial damage, synaptic dysfunction, and neuronal apoptosis. The AD susceptibility genes apolipoprotein E (APOE), phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM), complement receptor 1 (CR1) and clusterin (CLU) are involved in the HSV lifecycle. Polymorphisms in these genes may affect brain susceptibility to HSV-1 infection. APOE, for example, influences susceptibility to certain viral infections, HSV-1 viral load in the brain, and the innate immune response. The AD susceptibility gene cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H) is upregulated in the AD brain and is involved in the antiviral immune response. HSV-1 interacts with additional genes to affect cognition-related pathways and key enzymes involved in Aβ production, Aβ clearance, and hyperphosphorylation of tau proteins. Aβ itself functions as an antimicrobial peptide (AMP) against various pathogens including HSV-1. Evidence is presented supporting the hypothesis that Aβ is produced as an AMP in response to HSV-1 and other brain infections, leading to Aβ deposition and plaque formation in AD. Epidemiologic studies associating HSV-1 infection with AD and cognitive impairment are discussed. Studies are reviewed supporting subclinical chronic reactivation of latent HSV-1 in the brain as significant in the pathogenesis of AD. Finally, the rationale for and importance of clinical trials treating HSV-1-infected MCI and AD patients with antiviral medication is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Harris
- St. Vincent Medical Group, Northside Internal Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Elizabeth A Harris
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago Medical Center, Chicago, IL, United States
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Kabuba N, Menon JA, Franklin DR, Lydersen S, Heaton RK, Hestad KA. Effect of age and level of education on neurocognitive impairment in HIV positive Zambian adults. Neuropsychology 2018; 32:519-528. [PMID: 29504779 DOI: 10.1037/neu0000438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Older age and lower education levels are known to be associated with worse neurocognitive (NC) performance in healthy adults, and individuals with HIV infection may experience accelerated brain/cognition aging. However, higher education may possibly protect against HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND). The aim of the current cross-sectional study was to assess the effect of age and education in an HIV-1 clade C infected adult population in urban Zambia. METHOD Demographically corrected Zambian norms on a neuropsychological (NP) test battery were used to correct for normal age and education effects. The study assessed 286 HIV positive (+) males (37.1%) and females (62.9%) with a mean age of 41.35 (SD = 8.56) and mean years of education = 10.16 (SD = 2.18). A comprehensive NP test battery was used to assess cognitive domains frequently affected by HIV: attention/working memory, learning/and delayed recall, executive function, verbal fluency, processing speed, verbal and visual episodic memory, and fine motor skills. RESULTS In younger HIV+ Zambians, higher education evidenced protective effects against NC impairments overall, and for the specific domains of executive functions, learning and speed of information processing. Impairment scores did not support accelerated overall brain aging although the restricted age range and relative youth of our total sample may have precluded detection of such tendencies. CONCLUSIONS The present study raises the need to investigate factors that could be implicated in the poor neurocognitive performance among the younger, less educated HIV+ individuals in Zambia. (PsycINFO Database Record
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stian Lydersen
- Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare-Central Norway
| | - Robert K Heaton
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego
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Harada R, Kimura M, Sato Y, Taniguchi T, Tomonari T, Tanaka T, Tanaka H, Muguruma N, Shinomiya H, Honda H, Imoto I, Sogabe M, Okahisa T, Takayama T. APOB codon 4311 polymorphism is associated with hepatitis C virus infection through altered lipid metabolism. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:24. [PMID: 29382324 PMCID: PMC5791310 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0747-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background It has been reported that some single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in lipid regulators such as apolipoproteins and cell surface molecules for hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry into hepatocytes are associated with HCV infection. However, it is unknown how HCV infection is affected by altered lipid metabolism resulting from the SNPs. We investigated the relationship between these SNPs and HCV infection status, and also analyzed the mechanism by which these SNPs mediate HCV infection via lipid metabolism alterations. Methods Serum lipid and apolipoprotein profiles were tested in 158 HCV-positive and 220 HCV-negative subjects. We selected 22 SNPs in five lipid regulator genes which were related to HCV entry into hepatocytes and to lipid metabolism (APOA1, APOB, SR-B1, LDLR, and APOE), and their polymorphisms were analyzed using the PCR-sequence-specific oligonucleotide probe-Luminex method. Results An APOB N4311S (g.41553a > g) SNP, rs1042034, was significantly associated with HCV positivity; the HCV positivity rate for the minor allele AA genotype was significantly higher than for genotype AG + GG (P = 0.016). Other SNPs except for APOB P2712L SNP rs676210, which is in linkage disequilibrium with rs1042034, showed no significant difference in genotype distribution. The serum level of low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) in the genotype AA group was significantly lower than in the genotype non-AA group (P = 0.032), whereas the triglyceride (TG) level was significantly higher (P = 0.007). Conclusion An APOB SNP, rs1042034, is closely associated with HCV infection through lipid metabolism alteration. The minor allele AA genotype might contribute to facilitating serum LDL uptake into hepatocytes via LDLR by modifying their affinity and interaction and may have an influence on HCV infection by their entry to the liver through the LDLR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Harada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masako Kimura
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Yasushi Sato
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Taniguchi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsu Tomonari
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Takahiro Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hironori Tanaka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Naoki Muguruma
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hirohiko Shinomiya
- Department of Gastroenterology, Yoshinogawa Medical Center, Yoshinogawa, Tokushima, 776-8511, Japan
| | - Hirohito Honda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tokushima Health Screening Center, 1-10-3, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-0042, Japan
| | - Issei Imoto
- Department of Human Genetics, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Masahiro Sogabe
- Department of General Medicine and Community Health Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Toshiya Okahisa
- Department of General Medicine and Community Health Science, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Tetsuji Takayama
- Department of Gastroenterology and Oncology, Tokushima University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 3-18-15, Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan.
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Gomaa HE, Mahmoud M, Saad NE, Saad-Hussein A, Ismail S, Thabet EH, Farouk H, Kandil D, Heiba A, Hafez W. Impact of Apo E gene polymorphism on HCV therapy related outcome in a cohort of HCV Egyptian patients. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 2017; 16:47-51. [PMID: 30647703 PMCID: PMC6296613 DOI: 10.1016/j.jgeb.2017.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The functional apolipoprotein E (Apo E) gene polymorphism could be used as a determinant of outcome of HCV infection. This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of Apo E genotype on the response to HCV combined therapy. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study has been implemented on 125 individuals with persistent HCV infection and 120 cases with sustained virologic response (SVR). All participants were genotyped for ApoE gene polymorphism by a real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). RESULTS Statistically significant differences were demonstrated regarding the Apo E genotypes between the two groups (P-value < .001) where the frequency of E3E3 was significantly higher among the chronic HCV-patients while E3E4 and E4E4 genotypes frequencies were higher among the SVR-subjects group and E3E3 genotype was associated with increased risk of chronicity (OR 4.7; 95% CI 1.9-12.1, P-value < .001). Moreover, There were statically significant differences regarding E3 and E4 alleles frequencies, where E3 allele display a higher frequency among the chronic HCV-patient group while the SVR-subjects group showed higher frequency of E4 allele and the carriers of E3 allele have 1.4 times more risk to develop chronicity than those with E4 allele (OR 1.4; 95% CI 1.0-2.0, P-value < .05). Meanwhile the protective E2 allele was absent in all infected participants. CONCLUSION This study supports the hypothesis of the protective impact of Apo E4 allele that favors viral clearance of HCV infection and its recovery after combined therapy, while the Apo E3 allele is considered as a particular risk factor for the chronicity in HCV patients and resistance to therapy. Whereas the Apo E2 allele confers a resistance to HCV infection at a time of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Howayda E Gomaa
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Mahmoud
- Internal Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Nevine E Saad
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Amal Saad-Hussein
- Environmental and Occupational Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Somaia Ismail
- Medical Molecular Genetics Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Eman H Thabet
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hebatallah Farouk
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Dina Kandil
- Clinical Pathology Department, National Research Centre, El-Behoos Street, Giza, Egypt
| | - Ahmed Heiba
- Internal Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
| | - Wael Hafez
- Internal Medicine Department, National Research Centre, Egypt
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Geffin R, Martinez R, de Las Pozas A, Issac B, McCarthy M. Apolipoprotein E4 Suppresses Neuronal-Specific Gene Expression in Maturing Neuronal Progenitor Cells Exposed to HIV. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2017; 12:462-483. [PMID: 28321820 PMCID: PMC5527073 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-017-9734-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein ε4 gene allele and the apolipoprotein E4 protein (ApoE4) are important host susceptibility factors linked to neurocognitive disorders associated with HIV infection or Alzheimer’s disease. Our previous studies showed differential effects of the two most common human ApoE genotypes, APOE3/3 and APOE3/4, on gene expression by differentiating human neuroepithelial progenitor cells continuously exposed to HIV. To investigate the effects of ApoE3 versus ApoE4 isoforms specifically on maturing neurons, we adapted a human neuronal progenitor cell line, hNP1, with ApoE genotype APOE3/3. Differentiating hNP1 cells were exposed for 16 days to HIV- or mock-infected supernatants and to added recombinant ApoE isoforms rApoE3 or rApoE4 to modulate the ApoE phenotype of the cells. Gene expression was investigated using microarray and functional genomics analyses. Added rApoE3 differentially affected 36 genes. Added rApoE4 differentially affected 85 genes; 41 of which were differentially expressed only in HIV or mock-supernatant treated cells, and 80% of which were downregulated. Genes differentially downregulated only by rApoE4 represented multiple neuronal functions related to neurogenesis. Approximately five times more genes were differentially enriched by rApoE4 versus rApoE3 in the Gene Ontology (GO) cellular process analysis, with 4 orders of magnitude greater significance. Half of the top 10 GO processes affected by rApoE4 treatment were neurogenesis-related. The largest differences in gene expression between the two isoforms were observed within the HIV-exposed cultures, suggesting that HIV exposure magnifies ApoE4’s suppressive effect on neuronal gene expression. This study provides evidence for neuronal-specific responses to ApoE4 that could affect neurogenesis and neuronal survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Geffin
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL, 33125, USA.,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Ricardo Martinez
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - Alicia de Las Pozas
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL, 33125, USA
| | - Biju Issac
- Biostatistics and Bioinformatics Core/Division of Bioinformatics, Clinical Research Building, University of Miami/Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, 1120 NW 14th Street, 6th Floor, Room 610L, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Micheline McCarthy
- Bruce W. Carter Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 1201 NW 16th Street, Miami, FL, 33125, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, 1120 NW 14th St, Miami, FL, 33136, USA.
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Cooley SA, Paul RH, Fennema-Notestine C, Morgan EE, Vaida F, Deng Q, Chen JA, Letendre S, Ellis R, Clifford DB, Marra CM, Collier AC, Gelman BB, McArthur JC, McCutchan JA, Simpson DM, Morgello S, Grant I, Ances BM. Apolipoprotein E ε4 genotype status is not associated with neuroimaging outcomes in a large cohort of HIV+ individuals. J Neurovirol 2016; 22:607-614. [PMID: 27021072 PMCID: PMC5040614 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-016-0434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2015] [Revised: 02/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Previous neuroimaging studies suggest a negative relationship between the apolipoprotein (ApoE) ε4 allele and brain integrity in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected (HIV+) individuals, although the presence of this relationship across adulthood remains unclear. The purpose of this study is to clarify the discrepancies using a large, diverse group of HIV+ individuals and multiple imaging modalities sensitive to HIV. The association of ApoE ε4 with structural neuroimaging and magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) was examined in 237 HIV+ individuals in the CNS HIV Anti-Retroviral Therapy Effects Research (CHARTER) study. Cortical and subcortical gray matter, abnormal and total white matter, ventricles, sulcal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), and cerebellar gray matter, white matter, and CSF volumes, and MRS concentrations of myo-inositol, creatine, N-acetyl-aspartate, and choline in the frontal white matter (FWM), frontal gray matter (FGM), and basal ganglia were examined. Secondary analyses explored this relationship separately in individuals ≥50 years old (n = 173) and <50 years old (n = 63). No significant differences were observed between ApoE ε4+ (ApoE ε3/ε4 and ApoE ε4/ε4) individuals (n = 69) and ApoE ε4- (ApoE ε2/ε3 and ApoE ε3/ε3) individuals (n = 167). When individuals were further divided by age, no significant genotype group differences were identified in individuals <50 or ≥50 years of age on any neuroimaging outcome. The ApoE ε4 allele did not affect brain integrity in this large, diverse sample of HIV+ individuals. The effects of ApoE ε4 may not be apparent until more advanced ages and may be more prominent when present along with other risk factors for neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert H Paul
- University of Missouri - St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Missouri Institute of Mental Health, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | | | - Erin E Morgan
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Florin Vaida
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Qianqian Deng
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Ronald Ellis
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - David B Clifford
- Washington University in St. Louis, Box 8111 660 South Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Susan Morgello
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Igor Grant
- University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Beau M Ances
- Washington University in St. Louis, Box 8111 660 South Euclid Ave, Saint Louis, MO, 63110, USA.
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Mueller T, Fischer J, Gessner R, Rosendahl J, Böhm S, van Bömmel F, Knop V, Sarrazin C, Witt H, Marques AM, Kovacs P, Schleinitz D, Stumvoll M, Blüher M, Bugert P, Schott E, Berg T. Apolipoprotein E allele frequencies in chronic and self-limited hepatitis C suggest a protective effect of APOE4 in the course of hepatitis C virus infection. Liver Int 2016; 36:1267-74. [PMID: 26880346 DOI: 10.1111/liv.13094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Infectious hepatitis C virus (HCV) particles bind to host lipoproteins such as low-density lipoproteins (LDLs). Low-density lipoprotein receptors (LDLR) have been termed candidate receptors for HCV-LDL complexes. Functional host genetic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene encoding apolipoprotein E (apoE) - a major structural LDL component and natural ligand of LDLR - likely influence the course of HCV infection. We investigated the prevalence of APOE SNPs in two large and independent cohorts of patients with chronic HCV infection compared to respective controls. METHODS We genotyped 996 chronically HCV-infected patients; 179 patients with spontaneous HCV clearance; 283 individuals with non-HCV-associated liver disease; and 2 234 healthy controls. RESULTS APOE genotype proportions in patients with persistent HCV infection significantly differed from healthy controls (P = 0.007) primarily because of a substantial under-representation of APOE4 alleles in chronically HCV-infected patients (10.2%) compared to 13.0% in healthy controls (P = 0.001). The distribution of APOE4 allele positive genotypes (ε2ε4, ε3ε4, ε4ε4) also significantly differed between chronically HCV-infected patients and healthy controls (1.4%, 17%, 1% vs. 2.4%, 20.5%, 1.7%; P = 0.001), suggesting a protective effect of the APOE4 allele in HCV infection. This was confirmed by a significant over-representation of the APOE4 allele in patients with spontaneous HCV clearance (17.6%; P = 0.00008). The APOE4 allele distribution in patients with non-HCV-associated liver disease (14.0%) was very similar to healthy controls and also differed from chronically HCV-infected patients (P = 0.012), suggesting HCV specificity. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the APOE4 allele may confer a protective effect in the course of HCV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Mueller
- Medizinische Klinik m. S. Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Janett Fischer
- Sektion Hepatologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Gastroenterologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reinhard Gessner
- Klinik für Visceral-, Transplantations-, Thorax- und Gefäßchirurgie, Universitätsklinikum Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Jonas Rosendahl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Martin Luther University, Halle, Germany
| | - Stephan Böhm
- Sektion Hepatologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Gastroenterologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Florian van Bömmel
- Sektion Hepatologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Gastroenterologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Viola Knop
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum der Johann Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Christoph Sarrazin
- Medizinische Klinik I, Universitätsklinikum der Johann Wolfgang-Goethe Universität, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Heiko Witt
- Kinderklinik und Poliklinik, Technische Universität München (TUM), München, Germany
| | | | - Peter Kovacs
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Dorit Schleinitz
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Michael Stumvoll
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Blüher
- IFB Adiposity Diseases, Leipzig University Medical Center, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Bugert
- Institute of Transfusion Medicine and Immunology, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, German Red Cross Blood Service of Baden-Württemberg-Hessen, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Eckart Schott
- Medizinische Klinik m. S. Hepatologie und Gastroenterologie, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Berg
- Sektion Hepatologie, Klinik und Poliklinik für Gastroenterologie und Rheumatologie, Universitätsklinikum, Leipzig, Germany
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Dose J, Huebbe P, Nebel A, Rimbach G. APOE genotype and stress response - a mini review. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:121. [PMID: 27457486 PMCID: PMC4960866 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0288-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The APOE gene is one of currently only two genes that have consistently been associated with longevity. Apolipoprotein E (APOE) is a plasma protein which plays an important role in lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. In humans, there are three major APOE isoforms, designated APOE2, APOE3, and APOE4. Of these three isoforms, APOE3 is most common while APOE4 was shown to be associated with age-related diseases, including cardiovascular and Alzheimer’s disease, and therefore an increased mortality risk with advanced age. Evidence accumulates, showing that oxidative stress and, correspondingly, mitochondrial function is affected in an APOE isoform-dependent manner. Accordingly, several stress response pathways implicated in the aging process, including the endoplasmic reticulum stress response and immune function, appear to be influenced by the APOE genotype. The investigation and development of treatment strategies targeting APOE4 have not resolved any therapeutic yet that could be entirely recommended. This mini-review provides an overview on the state of research concerning the impact of the APOE genotype on stress response-related processes, emphasizing the strong interconnection between mitochondrial function, endoplasmic reticulum stress and the immune response. Furthermore, this review addresses potential treatment strategies and associated pitfalls as well as lifestyle interventions that could benefit people with an at risk APOE4 genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Dose
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany. .,Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
| | - Almut Nebel
- Institute of Clinical Molecular Biology, Kiel University, Schittenhelmstr. 12, D-24105, Kiel, Germany
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Kiel University, Hermann-Rodewald-Str. 6, D-24118, Kiel, Germany
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41
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Huebbe P, Lange J, Lietz G, Rimbach G. Dietary beta-carotene and lutein metabolism is modulated by the APOE genotype. Biofactors 2016; 42:388-96. [PMID: 27040933 DOI: 10.1002/biof.1284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The human apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype has been suggested to interact with nutrient metabolism particularly with lipid soluble vitamins. Plasma carotenoid levels are determined by numerous dietary and genetic factors with high inter-individual variation; however, the APOE genotype has not been systematically examined so far. Our aim was to investigate the effect of the APOE genotype on dietary carotenoid metabolism with special regard to transcriptional regulation of carotenoid absorption, cleavage and adipocyte fat storage. We supplemented targeted replacement mice expressing human APOE3 and APOE4 isoforms with dietary beta-carotene (BC) and lutein (LUT) for 8 weeks. Plasma BC and adipose tissue BC and LUT levels were in trend lower in APOE4 than APOE3 mice, while hepatic expression of the beta-carotene oxygenases BCO1 and BCO2 was significantly higher. In contrast to the liver, mRNA levels of proteins involved in carotenoid absorption and cleavage in the small intestinal mucosa as well as of adipogenic markers in the adipose tissue were not different between APOE3 and APOE4 mice. Our data suggest that the hepatic carotenoid cleavage activity is higher in APOE4 mice partially reducing the circulation and extra-hepatic accumulation of intact carotenoids as compared to APOE3. Therefore we suggest considering the APOE genotype as modulator of carotenoid status in the future. © 2016 BioFactors, 42(4):388-396, 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Huebbe
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Jennifer Lange
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
| | - Georg Lietz
- School of Agriculture, Food and Rural Development, Human Nutrition Research Centre, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, U.K
| | - Gerald Rimbach
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Kiel, 24118, Germany
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Harris SA, Harris EA. Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 and Other Pathogens are Key Causative Factors in Sporadic Alzheimer's Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 48:319-53. [PMID: 26401998 PMCID: PMC4923765 DOI: 10.3233/jad-142853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on research in epidemiology, neuropathology, molecular biology, and genetics regarding the hypothesis that pathogens interact with susceptibility genes and are causative in sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD). Sporadic AD is a complex multifactorial neurodegenerative disease with evidence indicating coexisting multi-pathogen and inflammatory etiologies. There are significant associations between AD and various pathogens, including Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1), Cytomegalovirus, and other Herpesviridae, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, spirochetes, Helicobacter pylori, and various periodontal pathogens. These pathogens are able to evade destruction by the host immune system, leading to persistent infection. Bacterial and viral DNA and RNA and bacterial ligands increase the expression of pro-inflammatory molecules and activate the innate and adaptive immune systems. Evidence demonstrates that pathogens directly and indirectly induce AD pathology, including amyloid-β (Aβ) accumulation, phosphorylation of tau protein, neuronal injury, and apoptosis. Chronic brain infection with HSV-1, Chlamydophila pneumoniae, and spirochetes results in complex processes that interact to cause a vicious cycle of uncontrolled neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Infections such as Cytomegalovirus, Helicobacter pylori, and periodontal pathogens induce production of systemic pro-inflammatory cytokines that may cross the blood-brain barrier to promote neurodegeneration. Pathogen-induced inflammation and central nervous system accumulation of Aβ damages the blood-brain barrier, which contributes to the pathophysiology of AD. Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) enhances brain infiltration by pathogens including HSV-1 and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. ApoE4 is also associated with an increased pro-inflammatory response by the immune system. Potential antimicrobial treatments for AD are discussed, including the rationale for antiviral and antibiotic clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven A Harris
- St. Vincent Medical Group, Northside Internal Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Wu S, Hsu LA, Teng MS, Lin JF, Chou HH, Lee MC, Wu YM, Su CW, Ko YL. Interactive effects of C-reactive protein levels on the association between APOE variants and triglyceride levels in a Taiwanese population. Lipids Health Dis 2016; 15:94. [PMID: 27177774 PMCID: PMC4866423 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0262-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Apolipoprotein E (APOE) plays a major role in lipid metabolism and inflammation. However, the association between APOE gene polymorphisms and serum triglyceride levels remains controversial. We tested the effects of APOE variants on triglyceride levels and their interactions with the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) in a Taiwanese population. Methods Two APOE single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs429358 and rs7412 were genotyped by TaqMan Assay using real time PCR in 595 healthy subjects attending the clinic for routine visits. Results After adjustment for clinical covariates, subjects carrying the rs429358-TT genotype and non-ε4 alleles were found to have higher CRP levels, whereas those with rs7412-CC genotype and non-ε2 alleles had significantly higher total and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (all P < 0.01). Using subgroup and interaction analyses, we observed significantly lower triglyceride levels in subjects carrying the rs429358-TT genotype and non-ε4 alleles in the low CRP group (P = 2.71× 10−4 and P = 4.32 × 10−4, respectively), but not in those in the high CRP group (interaction P = 0.013 and 0.045, respectively). In addition, multivariate stepwise linear regression analysis showed that subjects carrying the rs429358-TT genotype and non-ε4 alleles with low CRP levels had significantly lower triglyceride levels (P < 0.001 and P < 0.001, respectively). In addition, when combined with the risk alleles of GCKR, APOA5 and LPL gene variants, we observed that triglyceride levels increased significantly with the number of risk alleles (P = 2.9 × 10−12). Conclusions The combination of SNPs and ε alleles at the APOE locus is involved in managing lipid and CRP levels in the Taiwanese population. APOE polymorphisms interact with CRP to regulate triglyceride levels, thus triglyceride concentration is influenced by both the genetic background of the APOE locus and the inflammatory status of a subject. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12944-016-0262-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semon Wu
- Department of Life Science, Chinese Culture University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Lung-An Hsu
- The First Cardiovascular Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital and Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Sheng Teng
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Feng Lin
- The Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Hsin-Hua Chou
- The Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming Wu
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Wen Su
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Ko
- Department of Research, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, New Taipei City, Taiwan. .,The Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, The Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical foundation, 289 Jianguo Road, Xindian District, New Taipei City, 231, Taiwan. .,School of Medicine, Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan.
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DeVaughn S, Müller-Oehring EM, Markey B, Brontë-Stewart HM, Schulte T. Aging with HIV-1 Infection: Motor Functions, Cognition, and Attention--A Comparison with Parkinson's Disease. Neuropsychol Rev 2015; 25:424-38. [PMID: 26577508 PMCID: PMC5519342 DOI: 10.1007/s11065-015-9305-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in highly active anti-retroviral therapy (HAART) in their various combinations have dramatically increased the life expectancies of HIV-infected persons. People diagnosed with HIV are living beyond the age of 50 but are experiencing the cumulative effects of HIV infection and aging on brain function. In HIV-infected aging individuals, the potential synergy between immunosenescence and HIV viral loads increases susceptibility to HIV-related brain injury and functional brain network degradation similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease (PD), the second most common neurodegenerative disorder in the aging population. Although there are clear diagnostic differences in the primary pathology of both diseases, i.e., death of dopamine-generating cells in the substantia nigra in PD and neuroinflammation in HIV, neurotoxicity to dopaminergic terminals in the basal ganglia (BG) has been implied in the pathogenesis of HIV and neuroinflammation in the pathogenesis of PD. Similar to PD, HIV infection affects structures of the BG, which are part of interconnected circuits including mesocorticolimbic pathways linking brainstem nuclei to BG and cortices subserving attention, cognitive control, and motor functions. The present review discusses the combined effects of aging and neuroinflammation in HIV individuals on cognition and motor function in comparison with age-related neurodegenerative processes in PD. Despite the many challenges, some HIV patients manage to age successfully, most likely by redistribution of neural network resources to enhance function, as occurs in healthy elderly; such compensation could be curtailed by emerging PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- S DeVaughn
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - E M Müller-Oehring
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - B Markey
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - H M Brontë-Stewart
- Department of Neurology & Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - T Schulte
- Bioscience Division, Neuroscience Program, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
- Pacific Graduate School of Psychology, Palo Alto University, Palo Alto, CA, USA.
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Jasienska G, Ellison PT, Galbarczyk A, Jasienski M, Kalemba-Drozdz M, Kapiszewska M, Nenko I, Thune I, Ziomkiewicz A. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) polymorphism is related to differences in potential fertility in women: a case of antagonistic pleiotropy? Proc Biol Sci 2015; 282:20142395. [PMID: 25673673 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2014.2395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The alleles that are detrimental to health, especially in older age, are thought to persist in populations because they also confer some benefits for individuals (through antagonistic pleiotropy). The ApoE4 allele at the ApoE locus, encoding apolipoprotein E (ApoE), significantly increases risk of poor health, and yet it is present in many populations at relatively high frequencies. Why has it not been replaced by natural selection with the health-beneficial ApoE3 allele? ApoE is a major supplier of cholesterol precursor for the production of ovarian oestrogen and progesterone, thus ApoE has been suggested as the potential candidate gene that may cause variation in reproductive performance. Our results support this hypothesis showing that in 117 regularly menstruating women those with genotypes with at least one ApoE4 allele had significantly higher levels of mean luteal progesterone (144.21 pmol l(-1)) than women with genotypes without ApoE4 (120.49 pmol l(-1)), which indicates higher potential fertility. The hormonal profiles were based on daily data for entire menstrual cycles. We suggest that the finding of higher progesterone in women with ApoE4 allele could provide first strong evidence for an evolutionary mechanism of maintaining the ancestral and health-worsening ApoE4 allele in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grazyna Jasienska
- Department of Environmental Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Peter T Ellison
- Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Andrzej Galbarczyk
- Department of Environmental Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Michal Jasienski
- Center for Innovatics, Nowy Sacz Business School-National-Louis University, Zielona 27, 33-300 Nowy Sacz, Poland
| | | | | | - Ilona Nenko
- Department of Environmental Health, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Krakow, Poland
| | - Inger Thune
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, Tromsø, Norway The Cancer Center, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Ziomkiewicz
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Unit of Anthropology in Wroclaw, Poland
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Chen XF, Wei Z, Wang T, Zhang ZL, Wang Y, Heckman MG, Diehl NN, Zhang YW, Xu H, Bu G. Demographic and Lifestyle Characteristics, but Not Apolipoprotein E Genotype, Are Associated with Intelligence among Young Chinese College Students. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0143157. [PMID: 26574747 PMCID: PMC4648581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0143157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intelligence is an important human feature that strongly affects many life outcomes, including health, life-span, income, educational and occupational attainments. People at all ages differ in their intelligence but the origins of these differences are much debated. A variety of environmental and genetic factors have been reported to be associated with individual intelligence, yet their nature and contribution to intelligence differences have been controversial. OBJECTIVE To investigate the contribution of apolipoprotein E (APOE) genotype, which is associated with the risk for Alzheimer's disease, as well as demographic and lifestyle characteristics, to the variation in intelligence. METHODS A total of 607 Chinese college students aged 18 to 25 years old were included in this prospective observational study. The Chinese revision of Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (the fourth edition, short version) was used to determine the intelligence level of participants. Demographic and lifestyle characteristics data were obtained from self-administered questionnaires. RESULTS No significant association was found between APOE polymorphic alleles and different intelligence quotient (IQ) measures. Interestingly, a portion of demographic and lifestyle characteristics, including age, smoking and sleep quality were significantly associated with different IQ measures. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that demographic features and lifestyle characteristics, but not APOE genotype, are associated with intelligence measures among young Chinese college students. Thus, although APOE ε4 allele is a strong genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease, it does not seem to impact intelligence at young ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Fen Chen
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- * E-mail: (XC); (GB)
| | - Zichen Wei
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Zhen-Lian Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Yiwei Wang
- The first affiliated hospital of Xiamen university, Xiamen, 361003, China
| | - Michael G. Heckman
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
| | - Nancy N. Diehl
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
| | - Yun-Wu Zhang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Huaxi Xu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Guojun Bu
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, Institute of Neuroscience, Medical College, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, United States of America
- * E-mail: (XC); (GB)
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Gbandi E, Goulas A, Sevastianos V, Hadziyannis S, Panderi A, Koskinas J, Papatheodoridis G, Vasiliadis T, Agapakis D, Protopapas A, Ioannidou P, Zacharakis G, Sinakos E, Koutsounas S, Germanidis G. Common ABCB1 polymorphisms in Greek patients with chronic hepatitis C infection: A comparison with hyperlipidemic patients and the general population. Pharmacol Rep 2015; 68:476-82. [PMID: 26922556 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2015] [Revised: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 10/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis C virus infectivity and replication efficiency appears to be dependent on the lipid content and organization of the plasma membrane of the host cell, as well as of the intracellular membranous web. As there is increasing awareness of a role played by the efflux pump ABCB1 (p-glycoprotein, P-gp) in lipid homeostasis, its function could be a determinant of chronic HCV infection. The aim of the present study was to examine and compare the distribution of common ABCB1 genotypes in patients with chronic HCV infection (n=168), hyperlipidemic patients (n=168) and a control group (n=173), all from Greece. METHODS Participants were genotyped for the ABCB12677G>T/A and 3435C>T polymorphisms with previously reported PCR-RFLP methods. Genotype and allele frequency distributions were compared between the three groups with the χ(2) test of independence. RESULTS The ABCB1 2677GG (ancestral) genotypes were significantly over-represented in patients with chronic hepatitis C compared to controls (39.3% vs. 26.6%, p=0.015 according to the dominant model). A similar result was obtained when hyperlipidemic patients were compared to controls (45.2% vs. 26.6%, p<0.001 according to the dominant model). Comparison of ABCB1 3435C>T genotype and allele distributions provided similar but not as significant differences. Genotype and allele distributions for both ABCB12677G>T/A and 3435C>T were very similar between HCV patients and hyperlipidemic patients. CONCLUSION Our findings imply an influence of ABCB1 polymorphisms on HCV infectivity, possibly through an effect on lipid homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Gbandi
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Antonis Goulas
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | | | | | - Athanasia Panderi
- 1st Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - John Koskinas
- 2nd Academic Department of Internal Medicine, Hippokration Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Papatheodoridis
- Department of Gastroenterology, Athens University Medical School, Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Vasiliadis
- 3rd Department of Internal Medicine, Papageorgiou Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Agapakis
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Andreas Protopapas
- 1st Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiota Ioannidou
- Department of Gastroenterology, Athens University Medical School, Laikon General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - George Zacharakis
- 2nd Department of Gastroenterology, Evangelismos General Hospital of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Emmanuil Sinakos
- 4th Department of Internal Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki Medical School, Hippokration General Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Georgios Germanidis
- 1st Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
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Zhang L, Yesupriya A, Chang MH, Teshale E, Teo CG. Apolipoprotein E and protection against hepatitis E viral infection in American non-Hispanic blacks. Hepatology 2015; 62:1346-52. [PMID: 26096528 PMCID: PMC6686672 DOI: 10.1002/hep.27938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hepatitis E viral (HEV) infection imposes a heavy health burden worldwide and is common in the United States. Previous investigations of risks addressed environmental and host behavioral/lifestyle factors, but host genetic factors have not been examined. We assessed strength of associations between antibody to HEV (anti-HEV) immunoglobulin G seropositivity indicating past or recent HEV infection and human genetic variants among three major racial/ethnic populations in the United States, involving 2434 non-Hispanic whites, 1919 non-Hispanic blacks, and 1919 Mexican Americans from the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1991-1994. We studied 497 single-nucleotide polymorphisms across 190 genes (particularly those associated with lipid metabolism). The genomic control method was used to adjust for potential population stratification. Non-Hispanic blacks had the lowest seroprevalence of anti-HEV immunoglobulin G (15.3%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 12.3%-19.0%) compared with non-Hispanic whites (22.3%, 95% CI 19.1%-25.7%) and Mexican Americans (21.8%, 95% CI 19.0%-25.3%; P<0.01). Non-Hispanic blacks were the only population that showed association between anti-HEV seropositivity and functional ε3 and ε4 alleles of the apolipoprotein E (APOE) gene, encoding the apolipoprotein E protein that mediates lipoprotein metabolism. Seropositivity was significantly lower in participants carrying APOE ε4 (odds ratio=0.5, 95% CI 0.4-0.7; P=0.00004) and ε3 (odds ratio=0.6, 95% CI 0.4-0.8; P=0.001) compared to those carrying APOE ε2. No significant associations were observed between other single-nucleotide polymorphisms and anti-HEV seropositivity in non-Hispanic blacks or between any single-nucleotide polymorphisms and anti-HEV seropositivity in non-Hispanic whites or Mexican Americans. CONCLUSION Both APOE ε3 and ε4 are significantly associated with protection against HEV infection in non-Hispanic blacks; additional studies are needed to understand the basis of protection so that preventive services can be targeted to at-risk persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyna Zhang
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Ajay Yesupriya
- Research Data Center, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Man-Huei Chang
- Office of Directors, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Eyasu Teshale
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Chong-Gee Teo
- Division of Viral Hepatitis, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA
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Radwan ZH, Wang X, Waqar F, Pirim D, Niemsiri V, Hokanson JE, Hamman RF, Bunker CH, Barmada MM, Demirci FY, Kamboh MI. Comprehensive evaluation of the association of APOE genetic variation with plasma lipoprotein traits in U.S. whites and African blacks. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114618. [PMID: 25502880 PMCID: PMC4264772 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Although common APOE genetic variation has a major influence on plasma LDL-cholesterol, its role in affecting HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides is not well established. Recent genome-wide association studies suggest that APOE also affects plasma variation in HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. It is thus important to resequence the APOE gene to identify both common and uncommon variants that affect plasma lipid profile. Here, we have sequenced the APOE gene in 190 subjects with extreme HDL-cholesterol levels selected from two well-defined epidemiological samples of U.S. non-Hispanic Whites (NHWs) and African Blacks followed by genotyping of identified variants in the entire datasets (623 NHWs, 788 African Blacks) and association analyses with major lipid traits. We identified a total of 40 sequence variants, of which 10 are novel. A total of 32 variants, including common tagSNPs (≥5% frequency) and all uncommon variants (<5% frequency) were successfully genotyped and considered for genotype-phenotype associations. Other than the established associations of APOE*2 and APOE*4 with LDL-cholesterol, we have identified additional independent associations with LDL-cholesterol. We have also identified multiple associations of uncommon and common APOE variants with HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. Our comprehensive sequencing and genotype-phenotype analyses indicate that APOE genetic variation impacts HDL-cholesterol and triglycerides in addition to affecting LDL-cholesterol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zaheda H. Radwan
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xingbin Wang
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Fahad Waqar
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dilek Pirim
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Vipavee Niemsiri
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - John E. Hokanson
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard F. Hamman
- Department of Epidemiology, Colorado School of Public Health, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Clareann H. Bunker
- Department of Epidemiology, Graduate School of Public Health, University Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Michael Barmada
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - F. Yesim Demirci
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - M. Ilyas Kamboh
- Department of Human Genetics, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) invades the brain early during infection and generates a chronic inflammatory microenvironment that can eventually result in neurological disease, even in the absence of significant viral replication. Thus, HIV-1 infection of the brain has been characterized both as a neuroimmunological and neurodegenerative disorder. While the brain and central nervous system (CNS) have historically been regarded as immune privileged or immunologically quiescent, newer concepts of CNS immunity suggest an important if not defining role for innate immune responses generated by glial cells. Innate immunity may be the first line of defense against HIV infection of the brain and CNS, with multiple cellular elements providing responses that can be anti-viral and neuroprotective, but also potentially neurotoxic, impairing neurogenesis and promoting neuronal apoptosis. To investigate the effects of HIV exposure on neurogenesis and neuronal survival, we have studied the responses of human neuroepithelial progenitor (NEP) cells, which undergo directed differentiation into astrocytes and neurons in vitro. We identified a group of genes that were differentially expressed in NEP-derived cells during virus exposure. This included genes that are strongly related to interferon-induced responses and antigen presentation. Moreover, we observed that the host factor apolipoprotein E influences the innate immune response expressed by these cells, with a more robust response in the apolipoprotein E3/E3 genotype cultures compared to the apolipoprotein E3/E4 counterparts. Thus, neuroepithelial progenitors and their differentiated progeny recognize HIV and respond to it by mounting an innate immune response with a vigor that is influenced by the host factor apolipoprotein E.
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