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AbdelMassih A, Gaber H, El Shershaby M, Hanafy M, Omar Y, Husseiny R, AlShehry N, Ismail HA, Kamel A, Hozaien R, Khaled G, Amer M, Turki A, Fawzy H, Puligheddu S, Khaled D, Thabet NN, Abdelaziz MS, Barakat M, Sharaf S, Mohamed A, Mohsen D, El Feky A, Adly H, Ibrahim E, Mahmoud R, Reda M, Riad F, Vasile C, Shohdi MA, Hesham N, El-Husseiny N, Ragy R, Fouda R. Learned lesson from COVID-19: can routine immunizations be the first line of defense against the next pandemic? EGYPTIAN PEDIATRIC ASSOCIATION GAZETTE 2022. [PMCID: PMC8978766 DOI: 10.1186/s43054-022-00105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Single-cell sequencing studies on the lung microenvironment have revealed that the outcome of COVID-19 depends largely on the immune system response rather than the viral load. A robust innate immune response and a regulated adaptive immunity can prevent the worst outcomes such as hospitalization and the need for mechanical ventilation.
Main body
Intriguingly, several vaccines pertaining to the routine vaccination schedule, not only BCG, can skew the immune response towards the aforementioned beneficial effects.
Short conclusion
This means that routine immunization not only can help in the current pandemic but can also offer a rapid rescue in the subsequent epidemics or pandemics until a vaccine is developed.
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Pydi SS, Ghousunnissa S, Devalraju KP, Ramaseri SS, Gaddam R, Auzumeedi SK, Vankayalapati R, Valluri VL. Down regulation of RANTES in pleural site is associated with inhibition of antigen specific response in tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2019; 116S:S123-S130. [PMID: 31103419 DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2019.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Tuberculosis is the most common infectious reason for death and a major cause of pleural effusion globally. To understand the role of chemokines in trafficking of cells during TB pleurisy, we studied the responses to MTB, Ag85A in cells from pleural fluids and peripheral blood. Patients with TB pleural effusions, malignant effusions and asymptomatic healthy controls were enrolled. High expression (p < 0.05) of IP-10, MCP-1, MIG, IL-8, IFN-γ and IL-23 were observed in pleural fluids of TB patients compared to their plasma where expression of RANTES was significantly higher (p < 0.05). On specific stimulation of PFMCs with Ag85A, expression of RANTES was significantly lower in TB compared to NTB patients. We also observed increased expression of T regs and PD1 on CD8+T cells in PFMC of TB patients. Though some of the inflammatory chemokine/cytokines were up-regulated in pleura of TB patients, antigenic stimulation failed to induce them indicating poor antigenic responses at the site. Low expression of RANTES might be a reason for decreased trafficking of cells to the site and dissemination of infection into pleural site. The pattern of RANTES expression in pleural fluid vs serum is interesting. The observations necessitate further studies to investigate the levels of RANTES for its potential biological relevance in TB immunity and its use as a biomarker for diagnosis of pleural TB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satya Sudheer Pydi
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, 501301, India
| | - Sheikh Ghousunnissa
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, 501301, India
| | - Kamakshi Prudhula Devalraju
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, 501301, India
| | - Sharadambal Sunder Ramaseri
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, 501301, India
| | - Ramulu Gaddam
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, AP Chest and General Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Erragadda, Hyderabad, 500038, India
| | - Sai Kumar Auzumeedi
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, AP Chest and General Hospital, Osmania Medical College, Erragadda, Hyderabad, 500038, India
| | - Ramakrishna Vankayalapati
- Department of Pulmonary Immunology, Center for Biomedical Research, University of Texas Health Center, Tyler, TX, 75708, USA.
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Immunology and Molecular Biology Division, Blue Peter Public Health and Research Centre, LEPRA Society, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, 501301, India.
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Mancha-Agresti P, de Castro CP, Dos Santos JSC, Araujo MA, Pereira VB, LeBlanc JG, Leclercq SY, Azevedo V. Recombinant Invasive Lactococcus lactis Carrying a DNA Vaccine Coding the Ag85A Antigen Increases INF-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α Cytokines after Intranasal Immunization. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1263. [PMID: 28744263 PMCID: PMC5504179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a major threat throughout the world and in 2015 it caused the death of 1.4 million people. The Bacillus Calmette-Guérin is the only existing vaccine against this ancient disease; however, it does not provide complete protection in adults. New vaccines against TB are eminently a global priority. The use of bacteria as vehicles for delivery of vaccine plasmids is a promising vaccination strategy. In this study, we evaluated the use of, an engineered invasive Lactococcus lactis (expressing Fibronectin-Binding Protein A from Staphylococcus aureus) for the delivery of DNA plasmid to host cells, especially to the mucosal site as a new DNA vaccine against tuberculosis. One of the major antigens documented that offers protective responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis is the Ag85A. L. lactis FnBPA+ (pValac:Ag85A) which was obtained and used for intranasal immunization of C57BL/6 mice and the immune response profile was evaluated. In this study we observed that this strain was able to produce significant increases in the amount of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6) in the stimulated spleen cell supernatants, showing a systemic T helper 1 (Th1) cell response. Antibody production (IgG and sIgA anti-Ag85A) was also significantly increased in bronchoalveolar lavage, as well as in the serum of mice. In summary, these findings open new perspectives in the area of mucosal DNA vaccine, against specific pathogens using a Lactic Acid Bacteria such as L. lactis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Mancha-Agresti
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Camila Prosperi de Castro
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Janete S C Dos Santos
- Laboratório de Inovação Biotecnológica, Fundação Ezequiel DiasBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Maíra A Araujo
- Laboratório de Inovação Biotecnológica, Fundação Ezequiel DiasBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vanessa B Pereira
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Jean G LeBlanc
- Centro de Referencia para Lactobacilos - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y TécnicasSan Miguel de Tucumán, Argentina
| | - Sophie Y Leclercq
- Laboratório de Inovação Biotecnológica, Fundação Ezequiel DiasBelo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Vasco Azevedo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Genetics, Department of General Biology, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas - Universidade Federal de Minas GeraisBelo Horizonte, Brazil
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Lee HW, Lee YJ, Kim SJ, Park JS, Cho YJ, Yoon HI, Lee CT, Lee JH. Comparing tuberculin skin test and interferon γ release assay (T-SPOT.TB) to diagnose latent tuberculosis infection in household contacts. Korean J Intern Med 2017; 32:486-496. [PMID: 28111432 PMCID: PMC5432797 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2015.344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2015] [Revised: 05/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The tuberculin skin test (TST) and interferon γ release assay are currently used as diagnostic tools to detect latent tuberculosis (TB) infection; however, there are inconsistencies about the degree of agreement between the tests. We aimed to evaluate the concordance rate between the two tests in household contacts of a country with intermediate TB burden, where most people were vaccinated. METHODS We recruited household contacts who spent > 8 hours daily with patients with microbiologically confirmed active pulmonary TB, and received both TST and T-SPOT.TB (Oxford Immunotec) simultaneously. The degree of agreement was analysed according to TST cutoff and Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccination status. Relevant factors were analysed to establish the association with TST or T-SPOT.TB. RESULTS Among 298 household contacts, 122 (40.9%) were spouses, and 250 (83.9%) had received BCG vaccination. In the contact sources, 117 (39.3%) showed a positive result for acid-fast bacillus (AFB) sputum smear and 109 (36.6%) had cavities. The highest agreement rate of 69.5% and κ value of 0.378 were found with a 10 mm cutoff. Spouse, time interval from TB diagnosis to test, and AFB sputum smear positivity were significantly associated with a positive result for T-SPOT.TB. Sex, BCG vaccination, and cavity on chest computed tomography were related to TST positivity. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested it was not possible for TST and T-SPOT.TB to replace each other because of considerable discrepancy between the two tests in household contacts in a country with intermediate TB prevalence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Woo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Se Joong Kim
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jong Sun Park
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Young-Jae Cho
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Ho Il Yoon
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Choon-Taek Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Jae-Ho Lee
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
- Correspondence to Jae-Ho Lee, M.D. Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, 82 Gumi-ro 173beongil, Bundang-gu, Seongnam 13620, Korea Tel: +82-31-787-7058 Fax: +82-31-787-4050 E-mail:
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Effect of IFN-γ, IL-12 and IL-10 cytokine production and mRNA expression in tuberculosis patients with diabetes mellitus and their household contacts. Cytokine 2016; 81:127-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2016.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Neela VSK, Devalraju KP, Pydi SS, Sunder SR, Adiraju KR, Singh SS, Anandaraj MPJS, Valluri VL. Mycobacterial r32-kDa antigen-specific T-cell responses correlate with successful treatment and a heightened anti-microbial response in human leprosy patients. Int Immunol 2016; 28:435-41. [DOI: 10.1093/intimm/dxw009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Joshi L, Ponnana M, Sivangala R, Chelluri LK, Nallari P, Valluri VL, Gaddam S. Cytokine production and mRNA expression in pulmonary tuberculosis patients and their household contacts of younger age group (15-25years). J Immunol Methods 2016; 432:65-71. [PMID: 26876300 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Household contacts of tuberculosis patients are at high risk of infection and development of active disease. In this study we evaluated the cytokine production and mRNA expression of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10&IL-6 stimulated with r32kDa M. bovis BCGAg in active pulmonary tuberculosis patients (APTB), household contacts (HHC) and healthy controls (HC). The results showed the stimulated levels of IFN-γ and TNF-α were low while IL-10 levels were high in APTB and HHC compared to HC. IL-6 has not shown any significant difference. The mRNA expression of TNF- α was 8 fold high in HCs compared to APTB and HHC. The IL-6 expression was 2.2 fold &1 fold less in APTB and HHC compared to HCs. Multinomial logistic regression analysis indicated that the stimulated levels of IFN-γ & IL-6 and sex significantly predicted the HHC group from HCs at p<0.05.In conclusion further follow up studies with r32kd antigen might help to identify the high risk individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavanya Joshi
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Meenakshi Ponnana
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Ramya Sivangala
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Lakshmi Kiran Chelluri
- Department of Transplant Biology& Stem Cell, Global Hospital Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Pratibha Nallari
- Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Vijaya Lakshmi Valluri
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; LEPRA India, Blue Peter Public Health & Research Centre, Cherlapally, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
| | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
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Montoya J, Solon JA, Cunanan SRC, Acosta L, Bollaerts A, Moris P, Janssens M, Jongert E, Demoitié MA, Mettens P, Gatchalian S, Vinals C, Cohen J, Ofori-Anyinam O. A randomized, controlled dose-finding Phase II study of the M72/AS01 candidate tuberculosis vaccine in healthy PPD-positive adults. J Clin Immunol 2013; 33:1360-75. [PMID: 24142232 PMCID: PMC3825318 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-013-9949-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose In this dose-finding Phase II study (NCT00621322), we evaluated the safety and immunogenicity of different formulations of the candidate tuberculosis vaccine containing the M72 antigen (10/20/40 μg doses) and the liposome-based AS01 Adjuvant System. We aimed to select the lowest-dose combination of M72 and AS01 that was clinically well tolerated with immunogenicity comparable to that of the previously tested M72/AS01B (40 μg) candidate vaccine. Methods Healthy PPD-positive (induration 3–10 mm) adults (18–45 years) in The Philippines were randomized (4:4:4:4:1:1) to receive 2 injections, 1 month apart, of M72/AS01B (40 μg), M72/AS01E (10 μg), M72/AS01E (20 μg), M72/AS02D (10 μg), M72/Saline (40 μg) or AS01B alone, and were followed up for 6 months. AS01E and AS02D contain half the quantities of the immunostimulants present in AS01B. AS02D is an oil-in-water emulsion. Vaccine selection was based on the CD4+ T-cell responses at 1 month post vaccination. Results All formulations had a clinically acceptable safety profile with no vaccine-related serious adverse events reported. Two vaccinations of each adjuvanted M72 vaccine induced M72-specific CD4+ T-cell and humoral responses persisting at 6 months post vaccination. No responses were observed with AS01B alone. One month post second vaccination, CD4+ T-cell responses induced by each of the three M72/AS01 vaccine formulations were of comparable magnitudes, and all were significantly higher than those induced by M72/AS02D (10 μg) and M72/Saline. Conclusions The formulation with the lowest antigen and adjuvant dose, M72/AS01E (10 μg), fulfilled our pre-defined selection criteria and has been selected for further clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Montoya
- Section of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of the Philippines College of Medicine, 547 Pedro Gil Street, Ermita, Manila, 1000, Philippines
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Pydi SS, Bandaru AR, Venkatasubramanian S, Jonnalagada S, Valluri VL. Vaccine for tuberculosis: Up-regulation of IL-15 by Ag85A and not by ESAT-6. Tuberculosis (Edinb) 2011; 91:136-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tube.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2010] [Revised: 11/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Hari Sai Priya V, Suman Latha G, Hasnain SE, Murthy K, Valluri VL. Enhanced T cell responsiveness to Mycobacterium bovis BCG r32-kDa Ag correlates with successful anti-tuberculosis treatment in humans. Cytokine 2010; 52:190-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Revised: 06/24/2010] [Accepted: 07/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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In vitro levels of interleukin 10 (IL-10) and IL-12 in response to a recombinant 32-kilodalton antigen of Mycobacterium bovis BCG after treatment for tuberculosis. CLINICAL AND VACCINE IMMUNOLOGY : CVI 2008; 16:111-5. [PMID: 18987165 DOI: 10.1128/cvi.00243-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Cell-mediated immunity plays a major role in conferring protection against tuberculosis (TB) on an individual. It is not known whether the immune status correlates with the bacterial load or whether the immunity improves after treatment. Also, it may be important to monitor treatment by being able to discriminate between active disease and successfully treated TB. The main aim of this study was to investigate the usefulness of a recombinant 32-kDa antigen (r32-kDa Ag) of Mycobacterium bovis BCG (Ag85A-BCG) as a diagnostic marker in patients being treated for TB. Specifically, the in vitro T-cell assays and the release of interleukin-12 (IL-12) (Th1-type cytokine) and IL-10 (Th2-type cytokine) in response to the r32-kDa Ag of BCG were assayed in patients with either pulmonary (sputum positive/negative, n = 74) or extrapulmonary TB (n = 49) and healthy controls. The proliferative responses of stimulated cells at 0, 2 to 4, and 6 months of treatment increased and were highly significant (P < 0.000) compared to the responses in controls. The increase in IL-12 and decrease in IL-10 release suggest that there is cytokine expression modification during different stages of TB, and treatment seems to have an influence on the levels of these cytokines, suggesting an augmentation in the protective responses. The in vitro response to the M. bovis BCG r32-kDa Ag may be useful in monitoring treatment of TB.
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