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Sun L, Jiao A, Liu H, Ding R, Yuan N, Yang B, Zhang C, Jia X, Wang G, Su Y, Zhang D, Shi L, Sun C, Zhang A, Zhang L, Zhang B. Targeting a disintegrin and metalloprotease (ADAM) 17-CD122 axis enhances CD8 + T cell effector differentiation and anti-tumor immunity. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:152. [PMID: 38918390 PMCID: PMC11199508 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01873-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2023] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
CD8+ T cell immune responses are regulated by multi-layer networks, while the post-translational regulation remains largely unknown. Transmembrane ectodomain shedding is an important post-translational process orchestrating receptor expression and signal transduction through proteolytic cleavage of membrane proteins. Here, by targeting the sheddase A Disintegrin and Metalloprotease (ADAM)17, we defined a post-translational regulatory mechanism mediated by the ectodomain shedding in CD8+ T cells. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis revealed the involvement of post-translational regulation in CD8+ T cells. T cell-specific deletion of ADAM17 led to a dramatic increase in effector CD8+ T cell differentiation and enhanced cytolytic effects to eliminate pathogens and tumors. Mechanistically, ADAM17 regulated CD8+ T cells through cleavage of membrane CD122. ADAM17 inhibition led to elevated CD122 expression and enhanced response to IL-2 and IL-15 stimulation in both mouse and human CD8+ T cells. Intriguingly, inhibition of ADAM17 in CD8+ T cells improved the efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors. Our findings reveal a critical post-translational regulation in CD8+ T cells, providing a potential therapeutic strategy of targeting ADAM17 for effective anti-tumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Anjun Jiao
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Haiyan Liu
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Renyi Ding
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Ning Yuan
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Biao Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Cangang Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Jia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yanhong Su
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China
| | - Chenming Sun
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Lianjun Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Immunity and Inflammation, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
- Key Laboratory of Synthetic Biology Regulatory Elements, Suzhou Institute of Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Suzhou, 215123, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Baojun Zhang
- Department of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, Translational Medicine Institute, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710061, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Immune Related Diseases, Xi'an, Shannxi, 710061, China.
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Lokau J, Petasch LM, Garbers C. The soluble IL-2 receptor α/CD25 as a modulator of IL-2 function. Immunology 2024; 171:377-387. [PMID: 38037265 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The pleiotropic cytokine interleukin-2 (IL-2) is an integral regulator of healthy and pathological immune responses, with the most important role in regulating the homeostasis of regulatory T cells. IL-2 signalling involves three distinct receptors: The IL-2 receptor α (IL-2Rα/CD25), IL-2Rβ, and IL-2Rγ/γc . While IL-2Rβ and γc are essential for signal transduction, IL-2Rα regulates the affinity of the receptor complex towards IL-2. A soluble form of the IL-2Rα (sIL-2Rα) is present in the blood of healthy individuals and increased under various pathological conditions. Although it is known that the sIL-2Rα retains its ability to bind IL-2, it is not fully understood how this molecule affects IL-2 function and thus immune responses. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on the generation and function of the sIL-2Rα. We describe the molecular mechanisms leading to sIL-2Rα generation and discuss the different IL-2 modulating functions that have been attributed to the sIL-2Rα. Finally, we describe attempts to utilize the sIL-2Rα as a therapeutic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lynn M Petasch
- Department of Pathology, Medical Faculty, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Abu-Romman A, Scholand KK, Pal-Ghosh S, Yu Z, Kelagere Y, Yazdanpanah G, Kao WWY, Coulson-Thomas VJ, Stepp MA, de Paiva CS. Conditional deletion of CD25 in the corneal epithelium reveals sex differences in barrier disruption. Ocul Surf 2023; 30:57-72. [PMID: 37516317 PMCID: PMC10812880 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE IL-2 promotes activation, clonal expansion, and deletion of T cells. IL-2 signals through its heterotrimeric receptor (IL-2R) consisting of the CD25, CD122 and CD132 chains. CD25 knockout (KO) mice develop Sjögren Syndrome-like disease. This study investigates whether corneal CD25/IL-2 signaling is critical for ocular health. METHODS Eyes from C57BL/6 mice were collected and prepared for immunostaining or in-situ hybridization. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on the corneal epithelium from wild-type and CD25KO mice. We generated a conditional corneal-specific deletion of CD25 in the corneal epithelium (CD25Δ/ΔCEpi). Corneal barrier function was evaluated based on the uptake of a fluorescent dye. Mice were subjected to unilateral corneal debridement, followed by epithelial closure over time. RESULTS In C57BL/6 mice, CD25 mRNA was expressed in ocular tissues. Protein expression of CD25, CD122, and CD132 was confirmed in the corneal epithelium. Delayed corneal re-epithelization was seen in female but not male CD25KO mice. There were 771 differentially expressed genes in the corneal epithelium of CD25KO compared to wild-type mice. While barrier function is disrupted in CD25Δ/ΔCEpi mice, re-epithelialization rates are not delayed. CONCLUSIONS All three chains of the IL-2R are expressed in the corneal epithelium. Our results indicate for the first time, deleting CD25 systemically in all tissues in the mouse and deleting CD25 locally in just the corneal epithelium compromises corneal epithelial barrier function, leading to dry eye disease in female mice. Future studies are needed to delineate the pathways used by IL-2 signaling to influence cornea homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmar Abu-Romman
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Kaitlin K Scholand
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Yashaswini Kelagere
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Ghasem Yazdanpanah
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States.
| | - Winston W-Y Kao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
| | | | - Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States; Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States; Department of Biosciences, Rice University, Houston, TX, United States.
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Plasma N-Cleaved Galectin-9 Is a Surrogate Marker for Determining the Severity of COVID-19 and Monitoring the Therapeutic Effects of Tocilizumab. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043591. [PMID: 36835000 PMCID: PMC9964849 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Galectin-9 (Gal-9) is known to contribute to antiviral responses in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Increased circulating Gal-9 in COVID-19 is associated with COVID-19 severity. In a while, the linker-peptide of Gal-9 is susceptible to proteolysis that can cause the change or loss of Gal-9 activity. Here, we measured plasma levels of N-cleaved-Gal9, which is Gal9 carbohydrate-recognition domain at the N-terminus (NCRD) with attached truncated linker peptide that differs in length depending on the type of proteases, in COVID-19. We also investigated the time course of plasma N-cleaved-Gal9 levels in severe COVID-19 treated with tocilizumab (TCZ). As a result, we observed an increase in plasma N-cleaved-Gal9 levels in COVID-19 and its higher levels in COVID-19 with pneumonia compared to the mild cases (healthy: 326.1 pg/mL, mild: 698.0 pg/mL, and with pneumonia: 1570 pg/mL). N-cleaved-Gal9 levels were associated with lymphocyte counts, C-reactive protein (CRP), soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R), D-dimer, and ferritin levels, and ratio of percutaneous oxygen saturation to fraction of inspiratory oxygen (S/F ratio) in COVID-19 with pneumonia and discriminated different severity groups with high accuracy (area under the curve (AUC): 0.9076). Both N-cleaved-Gal9 and sIL-2R levels were associated with plasma matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 levels in COVID-19 with pneumonia. Furthermore, a decrease in N-cleaved-Gal9 levels was associated with a decrease of sIL-2R levels during TCZ treatment. N-cleaved-Gal9 levels showed a moderate accuracy (AUC: 0.8438) for discriminating the period before TCZ from the recovery phase. These data illustrate that plasma N-cleaved-Gal9 is a potential surrogate marker for assessing COVID-19 severity and the therapeutic effects of TCZ.
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Schwend T. Wiring the ocular surface: A focus on the comparative anatomy and molecular regulation of sensory innervation of the cornea. Differentiation 2023:S0301-4681(23)00010-5. [PMID: 36997455 DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The cornea is richly innervated with sensory nerves that function to detect and clear harmful debris from the surface of the eye, promote growth and survival of the corneal epithelium and hasten wound healing following ocular disease or trauma. Given their importance to eye health, the neuroanatomy of the cornea has for many years been a source of intense investigation. Resultantly, complete nerve architecture maps exist for adult human and many animal models and these maps reveal few major differences across species. Interestingly, recent work has revealed considerable variation across species in how sensory nerves are acquired during developmental innervation of the cornea. Highlighting such species-distinct key differences, but also similarities, this review provides a full, comparative anatomy analysis of sensory innervation of the cornea for all species studied to date. Further, this article comprehensively describes the molecules that have been shown to guide and direct nerves toward, into and through developing corneal tissue as the final architectural pattern of the cornea's neuroanatomy is established. Such knowledge is useful for researchers and clinicians seeking to better understand the anatomical and molecular basis of corneal nerve pathologies and to hasten neuro-regeneration following infection, trauma or surgery that damage the ocular surface and its corneal nerves.
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Huang W, Tourmouzis K, Perry H, Honkanen RA, Rigas B. Animal models of dry eye disease: Useful, varied and evolving (Review). Exp Ther Med 2021; 22:1394. [PMID: 34650642 PMCID: PMC8506913 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2021.10830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), which is a prevalent disease that still lacks successful treatment options, remains a major challenge in ophthalmology. Multiple animal models of DED have been used to decipher its pathophysiology and to develop novel treatments. These models use mice, rats, rabbits, cats, dogs and non-human primates. Each model assesses aspects of DED by focusing on elements of the lacrimal functional unit, which controls the homeostasis of the tear film. The present review outlines representative DED animal models and assesses their contribution to the study of DED. Murine models are the most extensively used, followed by rabbit models; the latter offer the advantage of larger eyes, a favorable biochemical profile for drug studies, experimental ease and relatively low cost, contrasting with non-human primates, which, although closer to humans, are not as accessible and are expensive. No comprehensive ‘ideal’ animal model encompassing all aspects of human DED exists nor is it feasible. Investigators often choose an animal model based on their experimental needs and the following four features of a given model: The size of the eye, its biochemical composition, the available research reagents and cost. As research efforts in DED expand, more refined animal models are needed to supplement the enormous contribution made to date by existing models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA.,Department of Ophthalmology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410011, P.R. China
| | | | - Henry Perry
- Ophthalomology Consultants of Long Island, Westbury, NY 11590, USA
| | - Robert A Honkanen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Basil Rigas
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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Trujillo-Vargas CM, Kutlehria S, Hernandez H, de Souza RG, Lee A, Yu Z, Pflugfelder SC, Singh M, de Paiva CS. Rapamycin Eyedrops Increased CD4 +Foxp3 + Cells and Prevented Goblet Cell Loss in the Aged Ocular Surface. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21238890. [PMID: 33255287 PMCID: PMC7727717 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21238890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED), one of the most prevalent conditions among the elderly, is a chronic inflammatory disorder that disrupts tear film stability and causes ocular surface damage. Aged C57BL/6J mice spontaneously develop DED. Rapamycin is a potent immunosuppressant that prolongs the lifespan of several species. Here, we compared the effects of daily instillation of eyedrops containing rapamycin or empty micelles for three months on the aged mice. Tear cytokine/chemokine profile showed a pronounced increase in vascular endothelial cell growth factor-A (VEGF-A) and a trend towards decreased concentration of Interferon gamma (IFN)-γ in rapamycin-treated groups. A significant decrease in inflammatory markers in the lacrimal gland was also evident (IFN-γ, IL-12, CIITA and Ctss); this was accompanied by slightly diminished Unc-51 Like Autophagy Activating Kinase 1 (ULK1) transcripts. In the lacrimal gland and draining lymph nodes, we also observed a significant increase in the CD45+CD4+Foxp3+ cells in the rapamycin-treated mice. More importantly, rapamycin eyedrops increased conjunctival goblet cell density and area compared to the empty micelles. Taken together, evidence from these studies indicates that topical rapamycin has therapeutic efficacy for age-associated ocular surface inflammation and goblet cell loss and opens the venue for new investigations on its role in the aging process of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia M. Trujillo-Vargas
- Grupo de Inmunodeficiencias Primarias, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, UdeA, Medellín 050010, Colombia;
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.H.); (R.G.d.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.P.)
| | - Shallu Kutlehria
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (S.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Humberto Hernandez
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.H.); (R.G.d.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.P.)
| | - Rodrigo G. de Souza
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.H.); (R.G.d.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.P.)
| | - Andrea Lee
- Graduate Program in Immunology & Microbiology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.H.); (R.G.d.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.P.)
| | - Stephen C. Pflugfelder
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.H.); (R.G.d.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.P.)
| | - Mandip Singh
- College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Florida A&M University, Tallahassee, FL 32307, USA; (S.K.); (M.S.)
| | - Cintia S. de Paiva
- Ocular Surface Center, Department of Ophthalmology, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.H.); (R.G.d.S.); (Z.Y.); (S.C.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-713-798-2124
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Hwang HS, Mikula E, Xie Y, Brown DJ, Jester JV. A novel transillumination meibography device for in vivo imaging of mouse meibomian glands. Ocul Surf 2020; 19:201-209. [PMID: 33075493 PMCID: PMC10388835 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2020.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE While mouse models of dry eye disease (DED) have been developed, studies evaluating the role of the meibomian glands limited by the inability to temporally document changes. In this report we describe the development of a novel mouse transillumination meibography device and assess the ability of this device to detect age-related changes in the meibomian glands of young and old mice. METHODS The mouse meibography device was comprised of a 3 mm wide right angle prism attached to broad spectrum light source by an optical fiber. Eyelids were then pulled over the prism using double tooth forceps and imaged using a stereomicroscope and low light level camera. Meibomian glands from four young and four old male, BALB/c mice were then imaged and analyzed using ImageJ. RESULTS In young mice, meibography documented the presence of 7-8 meibomian glands appearing as black and distinct eyelid structures with the length shorter in the lower eyelid compared to the upper eyelids. Eyelids of old mice showed apparent dropout of meibomian glands along with smaller and more irregularly shaped acini. The mean acini area of one meibomian gland was 0.088 ± 0.025 mm2 in young mice and 0.080 ± 0.020 mm2 in old mice (p = 0.564), but the Meibomian gland density was significantly lower in older mice (41.7 ± 6.4%, 27.3 ± 4.2%) (p = 0.021). CONCLUSION We have developed an in vivo meibography device that may prove useful in sequentially documenting changes during development of meibomian gland dysfunction and following treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ho Sik Hwang
- Department of Ophthalmology, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Eric Mikula
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yilu Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Donald J Brown
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - James V Jester
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.
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Veeramani S, Weiner GJ. Quantification of Receptor Occupancy by Ligand—An Understudied Class of Potential Biomarkers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12102956. [PMID: 33066142 PMCID: PMC7601969 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12102956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular complexes, such as ligand–receptor complexes, are vital for both health and disease and can be shed into the circulation in soluble form. Relatively little is known about the biology of soluble ligand–receptor complexes. The functional importance of such complexes and their potential use as clinical biomarkers in diagnosis and therapy remains underappreciated. Most traditional technologies used to study ligand–receptor complexes measure the individual levels of soluble ligands or receptors rather than the complexes themselves. The fraction of receptors occupied by ligand, and the potential clinical relevance of such information, has been largely overlooked. Here, we review the biological significance of soluble ligand–receptor complexes with a specific focus on their potential as biomarkers of cancer and other inflammatory diseases. In addition, we discuss a novel RNA aptamer-based technology, designated ligand–receptor complex-binding aptamers (LIRECAP), that can provide precise measurement of the fraction of a soluble receptor occupied by its ligand. The potential applicability of the LIRECAP technology as a biomarker discovery platform is also described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suresh Veeramani
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
| | - George J. Weiner
- Holden Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA;
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52241, USA
- Correspondence:
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10
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Blood substitution therapy rescues the brain of mice from ischemic damage. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4078. [PMID: 32843630 PMCID: PMC7447645 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17930-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute stroke causes complex, pathological, and systemic responses that have not been treatable by any single medication. In this study, using a murine transient middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model, a novel therapeutic strategy is proposed, where blood replacement (BR) robustly reduces infarctions and improves neurological deficits in mice. Our analyses of immune cell subsets suggest that BR therapy substantially decreases neutrophils in blood following a stroke. Electrochemiluminescence detection demonstrates that BR therapy reduces cytokine storm in plasma and ELISA demonstrates reduced levels of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) in the plasma and brains at different time points post-stroke. Further, we have demonstrated that the addition of MMP-9 to the blood diminishes the protective effect of the BR therapy. Our study is the first to show that BR therapy leads to profoundly improved stroke outcomes in mice and that the improved outcomes are mediated via MMP-9. These results offer new insights into the mechanisms of stroke damage. Acute stroke causes complex, pathological, and systemic responses which remain challenging to treat. Here, the authors show that substituting the blood of stroke model mice with whole-blood from naive healthy donor mice reduces infarct volume and improves neurological deficits.
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Lokau J, Garbers C. Biological functions and therapeutic opportunities of soluble cytokine receptors. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2020; 55:94-108. [PMID: 32386776 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2020.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Cytokines control the immune system by regulating the proliferation, differentiation and function of immune cells. They activate their target cells through binding to specific receptors, which either are transmembrane proteins or attached to the cell-surface via a GPI-anchor. Different tissues and individual cell types have unique expression profiles of cytokine receptors, and consequently this expression pattern dictates to which cytokines a given cell can respond. Furthermore, soluble variants of several cytokine receptors exist, which are generated by different molecular mechanisms, namely differential mRNA splicing, proteolytic cleavage of the membrane-tethered precursors, and release on extracellular vesicles. These soluble receptors shape the function of cytokines in different ways: they can serve as antagonistic decoy receptors which compete with their membrane-bound counterparts for the ligand, or they can form functional receptor/cytokine complexes which act as agonists and can even activate cells that would usually not respond to the ligand alone. In this review, we focus on the IL-2 and IL-6 families of cytokines and the so-called Th2 cytokines. We summarize for each cytokine which soluble receptors exist, were they originate from, how they are generated, and what their biological functions are. Furthermore, we give an outlook on how these soluble receptors can be exploited for therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Lokau
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Christoph Garbers
- Department of Pathology, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Medical Faculty, Magdeburg, Germany.
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Kim S, Maeng JY, Hyun SJ, Sohn HJ, Kim SY, Hong CH, Kim TG. Extracellular vesicles from human umbilical cord blood plasma modulate interleukin-2 signaling of T cells to ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Theranostics 2020; 10:5011-5028. [PMID: 32308765 PMCID: PMC7163430 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord blood (UCB) cell-derived extracellular vesicles (EV) reportedly play immunosuppressive roles; however, UCB plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (CBP EVs) remain poorly studied. We examined the immunosuppressive potential of CBP EVs compared to that of adult blood plasma-derived extracellular vesicles (ABP EVs) in vitro and constructed an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model. Methods: CBP EVs were isolated by ultracentrifugation and their proteomic profiling was performed using the high-resolution liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. Human T lymphocytes or mouse splenocytes labeled with carboxyfluorescein succinimidyl ester were incubated with CBP EV to measure the immunosuppressive function of CBP EV. The effect on T-cell polarization was analyzed by flow cytometry and enzyme-linked immunospot assay. The matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) function in CBP EV was specifically inhibited using a chemical inhibitor. The efficacy of CBP EVs in the EAE mouse model was determined by scoring the symptoms and analyzing cell phenotype and cytokines using mouse splenocytes. We generated genetically engineered artificial EVs using HLA/MIC-null HEK293T (H1ME-5) cell line to characterize the immunosuppressive effect of CBP EV. Results: CBP EVs primarily inhibited the proliferation of T cells by reducing the production of IL-2. Specifically, CBP EV-derived matrix metallopeptidase cleaved the IL-2 receptor α (CD25) on the surface of activated T cells, consequently downregulating IL-2 signaling in response to IL-2R engagement. Although the inhibition of MMP activity in CBP EVs abrogated CD25 cleavage and restored IL-2 production in activated T cells, the immunosuppressive response was not fully recovered. Thus, we further analyzed changes in immunosuppressive cells such as regulatory T cells and bone marrow-derived suppressor cells by CBP EV. Further, GAL-3, GAL-7, S100-A7, MMP-9, MMP-8, HSP-72, and PIP were highly enriched in CBP EV-mimics in which they served as pivotal mediators of CBP EV-induced immunosuppressive effects. Therefore, we generated genetically engineered GAL-3, GAL-7, S100-A7, MMP-9, MMP-8, HSP-72, and PIP-EVs using HLA/MIC-null HEK293T cells to characterize the immunosuppressive effect of these molecules. Among these, MMP-9 and HSP-72-enriched EVs showed the most significant T cell immunosuppression. Conclusion: CBP EVs inhibited T cell proliferation and EAE development by modulating IL-2 signaling and immunosuppressive cell fate. CBP EVs contain critical components for immunosuppression and that CBP EV mimics, specifically those expressing MMP-9 and HSP-72, may offer a novel promising strategy for the treatment of various autoimmune diseases.
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Marangoz D, Oner C, Schicht M, Turgut Cosan D, Paulsen F, Yildiz E, Zibandeh N, Sahin A. The Effect of Androgens on Proinflammatory Cytokine Secretion from Human Ocular Surface Epithelial Cells. Ocul Immunol Inflamm 2019; 29:546-554. [PMID: 31738650 DOI: 10.1080/09273948.2019.1686155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced proinflammatory cytokine release in human ocular surface epithelial cells exposed to LPS and LPS-binding protein (LBP).Methods: Immortalized human corneal, conjunctival, and meibomian gland epithelial cells were cultured in keratinocyte-free medium. After confluency, they were exposed to a stratification medium Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (DMEM)/F12 in the presence of fetal bovine serum and were exposed to vehicle, LPS + LBP, or DHT. Culture media were processed for multiplex-bead analysis of specific proinflammatory cytokines including interferon (IFN)-γ, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-4, IL-8, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-A. Cytokine concentrations were compared by analysis of variance with Tukey post hoc testing. p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.Results: The results are LPS + LBP-induced the secretion of IFN-γ, IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF-A cytokines in corneal epithelial cells; TNF-α, IL-2, IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, VEGF-A cytokines in conjunctival epithelial cells; and IL-8, IL-6, IL-1β, VEGF-A cytokines in meibomian gland epithelial cells. When these LPS + LBP-stimulated cells were exposed to DHT for 2 days, it was found that DHT suppressed the secretion of IL-6, IL-10, IL-1β, VEGF-A cytokines in corneal epithelial cells; TNF-α, IL-6, IL-1β, VEGF-A cytokines in conjunctival epithelial cells; and IL-6, IL-1β, VEGF-A cytokines in meibomian gland epithelial cells.Conclusion: LPS + LBP is shown to induce the secretion of certain proinflammatory cytokines from ocular surface and adnexal epithelial cells. DHT showed anti-inflammatory activity by suppressing some of those cytokines in these cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deniz Marangoz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Cagri Oner
- Department of Biology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical School, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Martin Schicht
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Didem Turgut Cosan
- Department of Biology, Eskisehir Osmangazi University Medical School, Eskisehir, Turkey
| | - Friedrich Paulsen
- Institute of Functional and Clinical Anatomy, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Erdost Yildiz
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Noushin Zibandeh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Afsun Sahin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Koc University Medical School, Istanbul, Turkey
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Elevated serum soluble interleukin-2 receptor levels increase malignancy-related risk in patients on chronic hemodialysis. Int J Clin Oncol 2019; 24:1151-1160. [DOI: 10.1007/s10147-019-01455-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Tabrez S, Jabir NR, Khan MI, Khan MS, Shakil S, Siddiqui AN, Zaidi SK, Ahmed BA, Kamal MA. Association of autoimmunity and cancer: An emphasis on proteolytic enzymes. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 64:19-28. [PMID: 31100322 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cancer and autoimmune diseases are the two devastating conditions that together constitute a leading health problem worldwide. The rising burden of these disorders in the developing world demands a multifaceted approach to address the challenges it poses. Understanding the root causes and specific molecular mechanisms by which the progression of the diseases takes place is need of the hour. A strong inflammatory background and common developmental pathways, such as activation of immune cells, proliferation, increased cell survival and migration which are controlled by growth factors and inflammatory cytokines have been considered as the critical culprits in the progression and complications of these disorders. Enzymes are the potential immune modulators which regulate various inflammatory events and can break the circulating immune complexes via macrophages production. In the current manuscript, we have uncovered the possible role of proteolytic enzymes in the pathogenesis and progression of cancer and autoimmune diseases. In the light of the available scientific literature, we advocate in-depth comprehensive studies which will shed light towards the role of proteolytic enzymes in the modulation of inflammatory responses in cancer and autoimmune diseases together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Nasimudeen R Jabir
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Imran Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohd Shahnawaz Khan
- Protein Research Chair, Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Shazi Shakil
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia; Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Syed Kashif Zaidi
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research (CEGMR), King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bakrudeen Ali Ahmed
- Department of Biochemistry, Centre for Research and Development, PRIST University, Vallam, Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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The gelatinases, MMP-2 and MMP-9, as fine tuners of neuroinflammatory processes. Matrix Biol 2019; 75-76:102-113. [DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 11/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Stepp MA, Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Williams AR, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Reduced Corneal Innervation in the CD25 Null Model of Sjögren Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19123821. [PMID: 30513621 PMCID: PMC6320862 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19123821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Decreased corneal innervation is frequent in patients with Sjögren Syndrome (SS). To investigate the density and morphology of the intraepithelial corneal nerves (ICNs), corneal sensitivity, epithelial cell proliferation, and changes in mRNA expression of genes that are involved in autophagy and axon targeting and extension were assessed using the IL-2 receptor alpha chain (CD25 null) model of SS. ICN density and thickness in male and female wt and CD25 null corneas were assessed at 4, 6, 8, and 10/11 wk of age. Cell proliferation was assessed using ki67. Mechanical corneal sensitivity was measured. Quantitative PCR was performed to quantify expression of beclin 1, LC3, Lamp-1, Lamp-2, CXCL-1, BDNF, NTN1, DCC, Unc5b1, Efna4, Efna5, Rgma, and p21 in corneal epithelial mRNA. A significant reduction in corneal axon density and mechanical sensitivity were observed, which negatively correlate with epithelial cell proliferation. CD25 null mice have increased expression of genes regulating autophagy (beclin-1, LC3, LAMP-1, LAMP-2, CXCL1, and BDNF) and no change was observed in genes that were related to axonal targeting and extension. Decreased anatomic corneal innervation in the CD25 null SS model is accompanied by reduced corneal sensitivity, increased corneal epithelial cell proliferation, and increased expression of genes regulating phagocytosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Ann Stepp
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
- Department of Ophthalmology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Alexa R Williams
- Department of Anatomy and Regenerative Biology, The George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC 20037, USA.
| | - Stephen C Pflugfelder
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ocular Surface Center, Cullen Eye Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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Huang W, Wei X, Wei Y, Feng R. Biology of Tumor Associated Macrophages in Diffuse Large B Cell Lymphoma. DNA Cell Biol 2018; 37:947-952. [PMID: 30403536 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor associated microenvironment is known to play a vital role during the development and progression of different malignant tumors. As a part of tumor microenvironment, tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) are crucial for the genesis, proliferation, metastasis, and survival of tumor cells. Recently, more and more studies showed that TAMs were related with poor clinical status and survival in patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Considering the complex roles which TAMs play in the tumor microenvironment of DLBCL, the aim of this study was to review the biological mechanisms between TAMs and DLBCL cells, including extracellular matrix remodeling and angiogenesis promotion, tumor promotion, immune suppression, and phagocytosis inhibition. This review will help us to further understand the comprehensive impact of TAMs on DLBCL and explore possible prognostic markers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaolei Wei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongqiang Wei
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
| | - Ru Feng
- Department of Hematology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University , Guangzhou, China
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Masoud Y, Ramin S, Mahboobeh R, Mehrnoosh M, Fahimeh J, Parastoo K. Effect of Lithium and Valproate on Proliferation and Migration of Limbal Epithelial Stem/Progenitor Cells. Curr Eye Res 2018; 44:154-161. [PMID: 30203661 DOI: 10.1080/02713683.2018.1521978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of lithium (Li) and Valproic Acid (VA) drugs have been recently revealed to improve the Mesenchymal stem cells')MSCs (migration and proliferation processes. The aim of this study is to determine the expression of the genes involved in the proliferation and migration of limbal epithelial stem/progenitor cells (LESPCs) after treatment with Li and VA. METHODS After extraction of LSCs from human Corneoscleral tissue, cells were subcultured three times. The cell culture media were divided into four separate groups including groups treated with VA, Li, combination, and control groups after determining the non-toxic concentration of drugs (64mml) Li and (28mml) VA based on MTT assay, and then cells cultures were treated for 3 hours. A real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to detect the expression levels of CD44, Ki67, CXCR4, CXCR7, MMP-2, MMP-9, and SDF-1 genes. Changes in the expression of each gene in different treatments were calculated. Finally, the graphs were analyzed by SPSS (Version 18) software. RESULTS The highest expression of CXCR4 and CXCR7 was in the Li-treated group. Additionally, the highest expression levels of MMP-9 and CD44 genes were observed in the VA-treated group. In contrast, the expression level of SDF-1a, MMP2, and Ki67 genes in all three treatment groups reduced compared to the control group. CONCLUSION Increasing the LSCs migration genes (CXCR4 and MMP9) was more evident than cell proliferation genes (Ki67). In sum, Li and VA can affect the process of proliferation and migration of LSCs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasemi Masoud
- a Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran.,d Health research center, Life style institute , Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Salouti Ramin
- a Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Razmkhah Mahboobeh
- b Shiraz Institute for Cancer Research, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Maalhagh Mehrnoosh
- a Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
| | - Javidi Fahimeh
- c Molecular Genetics , National institute of Genetic engineering and Biotechnology , Tehran , Iran
| | - Kariminejad Parastoo
- a Poostchi Ophthalmology Research Center, Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine , Shiraz University of Medical Sciences , Shiraz , Iran
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Contribution of the plasma and lymph Degradome and Peptidome to the MHC Ligandome. Immunogenetics 2018; 71:203-216. [PMID: 30343358 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-018-1093-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Every biological fluid, blood, interstitial fluid and lymph, urine, saliva, lacrimal fluid, nipple aspirate, and spinal fluid, contains a peptidome-degradome derived from the cellular secretome along with byproducts of the metabolic/catabolic activities of each parenchymal organ. Clement et al. (J Proteomics 78:172-187, 2013), Clement et al. (J Biol Chem 291:5576-5595, 2016), Clement et al. (PLoS One 5:e9863, 2010), Clement et al. (Trends Immunol 32:6-11, 2011), Clement et al. (Front Immunol 4:424, 2013), Geho et al. (Curr Opin Chem Biol 10, 50-55, 2006), Interewicz et al. (Lymphology 37:65‑72, 2004), Leak et al. (Proteomics 4:753‑765, 2004), Popova et al. (PLoS One 9:e110873, 2014), Zhou et al. (Electrophoresis 25:1289‑1298, 2004), D'Alessandro et al. (Shock 42:509‑517, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 42:485‑498, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 35:331‑338, 2011), Jordan et al. (J Surg Res 143:130‑135, 2007), Peltz et al. (Surgery 146:347‑357, 2009), Zurawel et al. (Clin Proteomics 8:1, 2011), Ling et al. (Clin Proteomics 6:175‑193, 2010), Sturm et al. (Nat Commun 4:1616, 2013). Over the last decade, qualitative and quantitative analysis of the biological fluids peptidome and degradome have provided a dynamic measurement of tissue homeostasis as well as the tissue response to pathological damage. Proteomic profiling has mapped several of the proteases and resulting degradation by-products derived from cell cycle progression, organ/tissue remodeling and cellular growth, physiological apoptosis, hemostasis, and angiogenesis. Currently, a growing interest lies in the degradome observed during pathological conditions such as cancer, autoimmune diseases, and immune responses to pathogens as a way to exploit biological fluids as liquid biopsies for biomarker discovery Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 42:485-498, 2014), Dzieciatkowska et al. (Shock 35:331-338, 2011), Ling et al. (Clin Proteomics 6:175-193, 2010), Ugalde et al. (Methods Mol Biol 622:3-29, 2010), Quesada et al. (Nucleic Acids Res 37:D239‑243, 2009), Cal et al. (Front Biosci 12, 4661-4669, 2007), Shen et al. (PLoS One 5:e13133, 2010a), Antwi et al. (Mol Immunol 46:2931-2937, 2009a), Antwi et al. (J Proteome Res 8:4722‑4731, 2009b), Bedin et al. (J Cell Physiol 231, 915‑925, 2016), Bery et al. (Clin Proteomics 11:13, 2014), Bhalla et al. (Sci Rep 7:1511, 2017), Fan et al. (Diagn Pathol 7:45, 2012a), Fang et al. (Shock 34:291‑298, 2010), Fiedler et al. (Clin Cancer Res 15:3812‑3819, 2009), Fredolini et al. (AAPS J 12:504‑518, 2010), Greening et al. (Enzymes 42:27‑64, 2017), He et al. (PLoS One 8:e63724, 2013), Huang et al. (Int J Gynecol Cancer 28:355‑362, 2018), Hashiguchi et al. (Med Hypotheses 73:760‑763, 2009), Liotta and Petricoin (J Clin Invest 116:26‑30, 2006), Petricoin et al. (Nat Rev Cancer 6:961‑967, 2006), Shen et al. (J Proteome Res 9:2339‑2346, 2010a), Shen et al. (J Proteome Res 5:3154‑3160, 2006), Smith (Clin Proteomics 11:23, 2014), Wang et al. (Oncotarget 8:59376‑59386, 2017), Yang et al. (Clin Exp Med 12:79‑87, 2012a), Yang et al. (J Clin Lab Anal 26:148‑154, 2012b), Yang et al. (Anat Rec (Hoboken) 293:2027‑2033, 2010), Zapico-Muniz et al. (Pancreas 39:1293‑1298, 2010), Villanueva et al. (Mol Cell Proteomics 5:1840‑1852, 2006), Robbins et al. (J Clin Oncol 23:4835‑4837, 2005), Klupczynska et al. (Int J Mol Sci 17:410, 2016). In this review, we focus on the current knowledge of the degradome/peptidome observed in two main biological fluids (plasma and lymph) during physiological and pathological conditions and its importance for immune surveillance.
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Guimaraes de Souza R, Yu Z, Stern ME, Pflugfelder SC, de Paiva CS. Suppression of Th1-Mediated Keratoconjunctivitis Sicca by Lifitegrast. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2018; 34:543-549. [PMID: 29958030 DOI: 10.1089/jop.2018.0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Increased interferon gamma (IFN-γ) expression in dry eye causes ocular surface epithelial disease termed keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). The purpose of this study was to investigated the effects of the LFA-1 antagonist, lifitegrast, in a mouse desiccating stress (DS) dry eye model that develops KCS similar to Sjögren syndrome. METHODS Mice were treated with vehicle or lifitegrast twice daily for 5 days and expression of Th1 family genes (IFN-γ, CXCL9, and CXCL11) was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Cornea barrier function was assessed by Oregon Green dextran staining and goblet cell number and area were measured. RESULTS Compared to the vehicle-treated group, the lifitegrast-treated group had significantly lower expression of Th1 family genes, less corneal barrier disruption, and greater conjunctival goblet cell density/area. CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that lifitegrast inhibits DS-induced IFN-γ expression and KCS. This suggests that ICAM-LFA-1 signaling is involved with generation of Th1 inflammation in KCS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhiyuan Yu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | - Michael E Stern
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
| | | | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine , Houston, Texas
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Abstract
CD25 deficiency (Interleukin-2 receptor alpha deficiency) is a rare subtype of combined B- and T-cell immunodeficiency. Recurrent infections and lymphocyte infiltration of multiple tissues are the main clinical presentations. Only four patients have been reported in whom ophthalmological findings were not described. In this article, ocular findings of CD25 deficiency in a 12-year-old child are highlighted.
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Bron AJ, de Paiva CS, Chauhan SK, Bonini S, Gabison EE, Jain S, Knop E, Markoulli M, Ogawa Y, Perez V, Uchino Y, Yokoi N, Zoukhri D, Sullivan DA. TFOS DEWS II pathophysiology report. Ocul Surf 2017; 15:438-510. [PMID: 28736340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1001] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The TFOS DEWS II Pathophysiology Subcommittee reviewed the mechanisms involved in the initiation and perpetuation of dry eye disease. Its central mechanism is evaporative water loss leading to hyperosmolar tissue damage. Research in human disease and in animal models has shown that this, either directly or by inducing inflammation, causes a loss of both epithelial and goblet cells. The consequent decrease in surface wettability leads to early tear film breakup and amplifies hyperosmolarity via a Vicious Circle. Pain in dry eye is caused by tear hyperosmolarity, loss of lubrication, inflammatory mediators and neurosensory factors, while visual symptoms arise from tear and ocular surface irregularity. Increased friction targets damage to the lids and ocular surface, resulting in characteristic punctate epithelial keratitis, superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis, filamentary keratitis, lid parallel conjunctival folds, and lid wiper epitheliopathy. Hybrid dry eye disease, with features of both aqueous deficiency and increased evaporation, is common and efforts should be made to determine the relative contribution of each form to the total picture. To this end, practical methods are needed to measure tear evaporation in the clinic, and similarly, methods are needed to measure osmolarity at the tissue level across the ocular surface, to better determine the severity of dry eye. Areas for future research include the role of genetic mechanisms in non-Sjögren syndrome dry eye, the targeting of the terminal duct in meibomian gland disease and the influence of gaze dynamics and the closed eye state on tear stability and ocular surface inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Bron
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; Vision and Eye Research Unit, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Cintia S de Paiva
- Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sunil K Chauhan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefano Bonini
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Campus Biomedico, Rome, Italy
| | - Eric E Gabison
- Department of Ophthalmology, Fondation Ophtalmologique Rothschild & Hôpital Bichat Claude Bernard, Paris, France
| | - Sandeep Jain
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Erich Knop
- Departments of Cell and Neurobiology and Ocular Surface Center Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Maria Markoulli
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Yoko Ogawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Victor Perez
- Department of Ophthalmology, Bascom Palmer Eye Institute, University of Miami, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Yuichi Uchino
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Norihiko Yokoi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Driss Zoukhri
- Tufts University School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David A Sullivan
- Schepens Eye Research Institute & Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Algotar AM, Behnejad R, Singh P, Thompson PA, Hsu CH, Stratton SP. EFFECT OF SELENIUM SUPPLEMENTATION ON PROTEOMIC SERUM BIOMARKERS IN ELDERLY MEN. J Frailty Aging 2016; 4:107-10. [PMID: 26366377 DOI: 10.14283/jfa.2015.48] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of selenium supplementation on the human proteomic profile. DESIGN Serum samples were collected in this pilot study from a randomized placebo controlled Phase 2 clinical trial (Watchful Waiting (WW)). SETTING Subjects were followed every three months for up to five years at the University of Arizona Prostate Cancer Prevention Program. PARTICIPANTS One hundred and forty men (age < 85 years) had biopsy-proven prostate cancer, a Gleason sum score less than eight, no metastatic cancer, and no prior treatment for prostate cancer. INTERVENTION As part of the WW trial, men were randomized to placebo, selenium 200 μg/day or selenium 800 μg/day. For the purpose of the current study, 40 subjects enrolled in the WW study (20 from the placebo group and 20 from Se 800 μg/day group) were selected. MEASUREMENTS Baseline serum samples were collected at each follow-up visit and stored at -80 degrees Celsius. A multiplexed proteomic panel investigated changes in 120 proteins markers simultaneously. RESULTS Thirteen proteins (Apolipoprotein J, IL-10, IL-1 alpha, MMP-3, IL-12p70, IL-2 receptor alpha, cathepsin B, eotaxin, EGFR, FGF-basic, myeloperoxidase, RANTES, TGF-beta) were determined to be either statistically (p-value < 0.05) or marginally significantly (0.05 < p-value <0.1) changed in the selenium supplemented group as compared to placebo. CONCLUSION Although independent validation of these results is needed, this study is the first of its kind to utilize high throughput fluorescence based protein multiplex panel in analyzing changes in the proteomic profile due to selenium supplementation. Results from this study provide insight into the ability of selenium to modulate numerous protein markers and thus impact various biological processes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Algotar
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, CA ; University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - R Behnejad
- University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ
| | - P Singh
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - P A Thompson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
| | - C H Hsu
- Mel and Enid Zuckerman College of Public Health, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
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Doughty MJ. On the prescribing of oral doxycycline or minocycline by UK optometrists as part of management of chronic Meibomian Gland Dysfunction (MGD). Cont Lens Anterior Eye 2016; 39:2-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clae.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Chang DK, Peterson E, Sun J, Goudie C, Drapkin RI, Liu JF, Matulonis U, Zhu Q, Marasco WA. Anti-CCR4 monoclonal antibody enhances antitumor immunity by modulating tumor-infiltrating Tregs in an ovarian cancer xenograft humanized mouse model. Oncoimmunology 2015; 5:e1090075. [PMID: 27141347 PMCID: PMC4839340 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1090075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated that regulatory T cells (Tregs) are recruited to tumor sites where they can suppress antitumor immunity. The chemokine receptor CCR4 is expressed at high levels on functional CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ Tregs and production of the CCR4 ligand CCL22 by tumor cells and tumor-associated macrophages is associated with Treg recruitment to the tumor site. Here, we tested IgG1 and IgG4 isotypes of human anti-CCR4 mAb2-3 for their in vitro activity and in vivo capacity in a NSG mouse model bearing CCL22-secreting ovarian cancer (OvCA) xenograft to modulate Tregs and restore antitumor activity. Both mAb2-3 isotypes blocked in vitro chemoattraction of Tregs to CCL22-secreting OvCA cells. However, they differed in their in vivo mode of action with IgG1 causing Treg depletion and IgG4 blocking migration to the tumors. Primary T cells that were primed with OvCA-pulsed dendritic cells (DCs) demonstrated INFγ secretion that could be enhanced through Treg depletion by mAb2-3. Humanized mice reconstructed with allogeneic tumor-primed T cells (TP-T) were used to evaluate the restoration of OvCA immunity by depletion or blockade of Tregs with mAb2-3. We observed that IgG1 was more potent than IgG4 in inhibiting tumor growth. Mechanism studies demonstrated that mAb2-3 treatment lead to inhibition of IL-2 binding to its receptor. Further studies showed that mAb2-3 induced CD25 shedding (sCD25) from Tregs which lead to a decrease in IL-2-dependent survival. Together, the results demonstrate that mAb2-3 is an agonist antibody that can restore anti-OvCA immunity through modulation of Treg activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- De-Kuan Chang
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Eric Peterson
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jiusong Sun
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Calum Goudie
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ronny I Drapkin
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Ovarian Cancer Research Center, Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joyce F Liu
- Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ursula Matulonis
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute , Boston, MA, USA
| | - Quan Zhu
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Wayne A Marasco
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Das P, Gokani A, Bagchi K, Bhaduri G, Chaudhuri S, Law S. Limbal epithelial stem-microenvironmental alteration leads to pterygium development. Mol Cell Biochem 2015; 402:123-39. [PMID: 25559558 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2320-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of tissue homeostasis relies on the accurate regulation of tissue specific stem cell activity which is governed by the dynamic interaction between the positive and negative feedback modulating mechanism of stem cell microenvironmental niche. Alteration or deregulation of the "stem-microenvironmental networking" provokes disease development. Limbal epithelial stem cells (LESC) are the initiator hierarchy that maintains corneal integrity. Compartmentalization of LESC within the limbal vicinity provides an opportunity to understand the stem-microenvironmental relationship. The purpose of this study was to determine the microenvironmental alteration associated with LESCs fate in pterygium condition in comparison with healthy state. Clinical observations evaluated the ocular surface disorder with respect to corneal vascularization, tear film abnormality, and thickening of limbal area in pterygium patients. Structural alteration of limbal stem/progenitor cells and its neighboring niche components were observed using histology and scanning electron microscopy. Receptor overexpression of TGFβ-R1, EGF-R1, and IL6-Rα and alteration of IL2-Rα expression pointed toward aberration of "stem-microenvironmental networking" in the limbal vicinity during disease development. Increased cell proliferation index along with TERT, Cyclin-D1, and PCNA over-expression in limbal part of pterygium epithelial cells indicated increased cellular proliferation and disturbed homeostatic equilibrium. We postulate that pterygium is associated with limbal microenvironmental anomaly where the resident epithelial cells became hyperproliferative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prosun Das
- Stem Cell Research and Application Unit, Department of Biochemistry and Medical Biotechnology, Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine, 108 C R Avenue, Kolkata, 700073, India
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Stawarski M, Stefaniuk M, Wlodarczyk J. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 involvement in the structural plasticity of dendritic spines. Front Neuroanat 2014; 8:68. [PMID: 25071472 PMCID: PMC4091410 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2014.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dendritic spines are the locus for excitatory synaptic transmission in the brain and thus play a major role in neuronal plasticity. The ability to alter synaptic connections includes volumetric changes in dendritic spines that are driven by scaffolds created by the extracellular matrix (ECM). Here, we review the effects of the proteolytic activity of ECM proteases in physiological and pathological structural plasticity. We use matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) as an example of an ECM modifier that has recently emerged as a key molecule in regulating the morphology and dysmorphology of dendritic spines that underlie synaptic plasticity and neurological disorders, respectively. We summarize the influence of MMP-9 on the dynamic remodeling of the ECM via the cleavage of extracellular substrates. We discuss its role in the formation, modification, and maintenance of dendritic spines in learning and memory. Finally, we review research that implicates MMP-9 in aberrant synaptic plasticity and spine dysmorphology in neurological disorders, with a focus on morphological abnormalities of dendritic protrusions that are associated with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Stawarski
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland
| | - Marzena Stefaniuk
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Mzowieckie, Poland
| | - Jakub Wlodarczyk
- Laboratory of Cell Biophysics, Department of Molecular and Cellular Neurobiology, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology Warsaw, Mazowieckie, Poland
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29
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Karabasheva D, Cole NB, Donaldson JG. Roles for trafficking and O-linked glycosylation in the turnover of model cell surface proteins. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:19477-90. [PMID: 24891503 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.564666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteins targeted to the plasma membrane (PM) of cells are degraded at different rates. Sorting motifs contained within the cytoplasmic domains of transmembrane proteins, post-translational modifications (e.g. ubiquitination), and assembly into multiprotein or protein-lipid complexes all may affect the efficiency of endocytosis and recycling and influence the delivery to degradative compartments. Using the SNAP-tag labeling system, we examined the turnover of a model PM protein, the α chain of the interleukin-2 receptor (Tac). The surface lifetimes of SNAP-Tac fusions were influenced by their mode of entry into cells (clathrin-dependent versus clathrin-independent), their orientation in the PM (transmembrane versus glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored), and ubiquitination in their cytosolic domains. In addition, shedding of SNAP-Tac into the medium was greatly influenced by its O-linked glycosylation status. For a number of PM proteins, delivery to lysosomes and ectodomain shedding represent distinct parallel mechanisms to determine protein half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darya Karabasheva
- From the Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Nelson B Cole
- From the Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Julie G Donaldson
- From the Cell Biology and Physiology Center, NHLBI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
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Farina AR, Mackay AR. Gelatinase B/MMP-9 in Tumour Pathogenesis and Progression. Cancers (Basel) 2014; 6:240-96. [PMID: 24473089 PMCID: PMC3980597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers6010240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its original identification as a leukocyte gelatinase/type V collagenase and tumour type IV collagenase, gelatinase B/matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 is now recognised as playing a central role in many aspects of tumour progression. In this review, we relate current concepts concerning the many ways in which gelatinase B/MMP-9 influences tumour biology. Following a brief outline of the gelatinase B/MMP-9 gene and protein, we analyse the role(s) of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in different phases of the tumorigenic process, and compare the importance of gelatinase B/MMP-9 source in the carcinogenic process. What becomes apparent is the importance of inflammatory cell-derived gelatinase B/MMP-9 in tumour promotion, early progression and triggering of the "angiogenic switch", the integral relationship between inflammatory, stromal and tumour components with respect to gelatinase B/MMP-9 production and activation, and the fundamental role for gelatinase B/MMP-9 in the formation and maintenance of tumour stem cell and metastatic niches. It is also apparent that gelatinase B/MMP-9 plays important tumour suppressing functions, producing endogenous angiogenesis inhibitors, promoting inflammatory anti-tumour activity, and inducing apoptosis. The fundamental roles of gelatinase B/MMP-9 in cancer biology underpins the need for specific therapeutic inhibitors of gelatinase B/MMP-9 function, the use of which must take into account and substitute for tumour-suppressing gelatinase B/MMP-9 activity and also limit inhibition of physiological gelatinase B/MMP-9 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonietta Rosella Farina
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
| | - Andrew Reay Mackay
- Department of Applied Clinical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of L'Aquila, Via Vetoio, Coppito 2, L'Aquila 67100, Italy.
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31
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Yoshida N, Oda M, Kuroda Y, Katayama Y, Okikawa Y, Masunari T, Fujiwara M, Nishisaka T, Sasaki N, Sadahira Y, Mihara K, Asaoku H, Matsui H, Seto M, Kimura A, Arihiro K, Sakai A. Clinical significance of sIL-2R levels in B-cell lymphomas. PLoS One 2013; 8:e78730. [PMID: 24236041 PMCID: PMC3827264 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0078730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Elevated soluble interleukin-2 receptor (sIL-2R) in sera is observed in patients with malignant lymphoma (ML). Therefore, sIL-2R is commonly used as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for ML, but the mechanisms responsible for the increase in sIL-2R levels in patients with B-cell lymphomas have not yet been elucidated. We first hypothesized that lymphoma cells expressing IL-2R and some proteinases such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in the tumor microenvironment can give rise to increased sIL-2R in sera. However, flow cytometric studies revealed that few lymphoma cells expressed IL-2R α chain (CD25) in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) and follicular lymphoma (FL), and most CD25-expressing cells in the tumor were T-cells. Distinct correlations between CD25 expression on B-lymphoma cells and sIL-2R levels were not observed. We then confirmed that MMP-9 plays an important role in producing sIL-2R in functional studies. Immunohistochemical (IHC) analysis also revealed that MMP-9 is mainly derived from tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs). We therefore evaluated the number of CD68 and CD163 positive macrophages in the tumor microenvironment using IHC analysis. A positive correlation between the levels of sIL-2R in sera and the numbers of CD68 positive macrophages in the tumor microenvironment was confirmed in FL and extranodal DLBCL. These results may be useful in understanding the pathophysiology of B-cell lymphomas.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Antigens, Differentiation, Myelomonocytic/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/blood
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Humans
- Interleukin-2 Receptor alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/blood
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/mortality
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/pathology
- Macrophages/enzymology
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism
- Middle Aged
- Prognosis
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/blood
- Statistics, Nonparametric
- Survival Analysis
- Tumor Microenvironment
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Affiliation(s)
- Noriaki Yoshida
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine at Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail: (NY); (AS)
| | - Miyo Oda
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Kuroda
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yuta Katayama
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Okikawa
- Department of Hematology, National Hospital Organization Kure Medical Center, Kure, Japan
| | - Taro Masunari
- Department of Hematology, Chugoku Central Hospital, Fukuyama, Japan
| | - Megumu Fujiwara
- Department of Pathology, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Takashi Nishisaka
- Department of Laboratory Pathology, Hiroshima Prefecture Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Naomi Sasaki
- Department of Pathology, Kure Kyosai Hospital, Kure, Japan
| | - Yoshito Sadahira
- Department of Pathology, Kawasaki Medical School, Kurashiki, Japan
| | - Keichiro Mihara
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hideki Asaoku
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hiroshima Red Cross Hospital & Atomic-Bomb Survivors Hospital, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Matsui
- Department of Molecular Oncology & Leukemia Program Project, Research Institute for Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Masao Seto
- Division of Molecular Medicine, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine at Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akiro Kimura
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Laboratory medicine, Kure Kyosai Hospital, Kure, Japan
| | - Koji Arihiro
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Akira Sakai
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Research Institute Radiation Biology and Medicine, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
- Department of Radiation Life Science, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
- * E-mail: (NY); (AS)
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Kumar P, Thakar MS, Ouyang W, Malarkannan S. IL-22 from conventional NK cells is epithelial regenerative and inflammation protective during influenza infection. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:69-82. [PMID: 22739232 PMCID: PMC3835350 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Influenza infection primarily targets the upper respiratory system, leading to a severe destruction of the epithelial cell layer. The role of immune cells in the regeneration of tracheal and bronchial epithelial cells is not well defined. Here, we investigated the production of pro-constructive cytokine, Interleukin-22 (IL-22), in the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), trachea, lung tissue, and spleen during influenza infection. We found that conventional natural killer (NK) cells (NCR1(+)NK1.1(+)CD127(-)RORγt(-)) were the predominant IL-22-producers in the BAL, trachea, and lung tissues. Tracheal epithelial cells constitutively expressed high levels of IL-22R and underwent active proliferation in response to IL-22 in the wild-type mice. Infection of IL-22(-/-) mice with influenza virus resulted in a severe impairment in the regeneration of tracheal epithelial cells. In addition, IL-22(-/-) mice continued to lose body weight even after 10 days post infection without any recovery. Tracheal epithelial cell proliferation was significantly reduced in IL-22(-/-) mice during influenza infection. Adoptive transfer of IL-22-sufficient but not IL-22-deficient NK cells into IL-22(-/-) mice restored the tracheal/bronchial epithelial cell regeneration and conferred protection against inflammation. Our findings strongly suggest that conventional NK cells have evolved to both kill virus-infected cells and also to provide vital cytokines for tissue regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pawan Kumar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | - Monica S Thakar
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Pediatrics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
| | | | - Subramaniam Malarkannan
- Laboratory of Molecular Immunology and Immunotherapy, Blood Research Institute, 8727 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53226
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Huet E, Vallée B, Delbé J, Mourah S, Prulière-Escabasse V, Tremouilleres M, Kadomatsu K, Doan S, Baudouin C, Menashi S, Gabison EE. EMMPRIN modulates epithelial barrier function through a MMP-mediated occludin cleavage: implications in dry eye disease. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1278-86. [PMID: 21777561 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2010] [Revised: 05/04/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dry eye is a common disease that develops as a result of alteration of tear fluid, leading to osmotic stress and a perturbed epithelial barrier. Matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) may be important in dry eye disease, as its genetic knockout conferred resistance to the epithelial disruption. We show that extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer (EMMPRIN; also termed CD147), an inducer of MMP expression, participates in the pathogenesis of dry eye through MMP-mediated cleavage of occludin, an important component of tight junctions. EMMPRIN expression was increased on the ocular surface of dry eye patients and correlated with those of MMP-9. High osmolarity in cell culture, mimicking dry eye conditions, increased both EMMPRIN and MMP-9 and resulted in the disruption of epithelial junctions through the cleavage of occludin. Exogenously added recombinant EMMPRIN had similar effects that were abrogated in the presence of the MMP inhibitor marimastat. Membrane occludin immunostaining was markedly increased in the apical corneal epithelium of both EMMPRIN and MMP-9 knock-out mice. Furthermore, an inverse correlation between EMMPRIN and occludin membrane staining was consistently observed both in vitro and in vivo as a function of corneal epithelial cells differentiation. These data suggest a possible role of EMMPRIN in regulating the amount of occludin at the cell surface in homeostasis beyond pathological situations such as dry eye disease, and EMMPRIN may be essential for the formation and maintenance of organized epithelial structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Huet
- CRRET Laboratory, Université Paris-Est, CNRS, Créteil, France
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Abstract
A healthy ocular surface environment is essential to preserve visual function, and as such the eye has evolved a complex network of mechanisms to maintain homeostasis. Fundamental to the health of the ocular surface is the immune system, designed to respond rapidly to environmental and microbial insults, whereas maintaining tolerance to self-antigens and commensal microbes. To this end, activation of the innate and adaptive immune response is tightly regulated to limit bystander tissue damage. However, aberrant activation of the immune system can result in autoimmunity to self-antigens localized to the ocular surface and associated tissues. Environmental, microbial and endogenous stress, antigen localization, and genetic factors provide the triggers underlying the immunological events that shape the outcome of the diverse spectrum of autoimmune-based ocular surface disorders.
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