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Yao Y, Zhang Q, Li Z, Zhang H. MDM2: current research status and prospects of tumor treatment. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:170. [PMID: 38741108 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03356-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Mousedouble minute 2 (MDM2) is one of the molecules activated by p53 and plays an important role in the regulation of p53. MDM2 is generally believed to function as a negative regulator of p53 by facilitating its ubiquitination and subsequent degradation. Consequently, blocked p53 activity often fails in damaged cells to undergo cell cycle arrest or apoptosis. Given that around 50% of human cancers involve the inactivation of p53 through genetic mutations, and directly targeting p53 through drug development has limited feasibility, targeting molecular regulation related to p53 has great potential and has become a research hotspot. For example, developing drugs that target the interaction between p53 and MDM2. Such drugs aim to reactivate p53 by targeting either MDM2 binding or p53 phosphorylation. Researchers have identified various compounds that can serve as inhibitors, either by directly binding to MDM2 or by modifying p53 through phosphorylation. Furthermore, a significant correlation exists between the expression of MDM2 in tumors and the effectiveness of immunotherapy, predominantly in the context of immune checkpoint inhibition. This review presents a comprehensive overview of the molecular characteristics of MDM2 and the current state of research on MDM2-targeting inhibitors. It includes a review of the impact of MDM2 targeting on the efficacy of immunotherapy, providing guidance and direction for the development of drugs targeting the p53-MDM2 interaction and optimization of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yumei Yao
- Zhaotong Health Vocational College, No 603 Yucai Road, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, 657000, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Zhaotong Health Vocational College, No 603 Yucai Road, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, 657000, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi Li
- Zhaotong Health Vocational College, No 603 Yucai Road, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, 657000, People's Republic of China
| | - Hushan Zhang
- Zhaotong Health Vocational College, No 603 Yucai Road, Zhaotong City, Yunnan Province, 657000, People's Republic of China.
- Anning First People's Hospital Affiliated to Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan, 650302, People's Republic of China.
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Wang C, Kang H, Yi Y, Ding Y, Wang F, Luo J, Ye M, Hong Y, Xia C, Yan J, Liu L, Liu J, Zhong Z, Zhang Z, Zhao Q, Chang Y. Rictor mediates p53 deactivation to facilitate the malignant transformation of hepatocytes and promote hepatocarcinogenesis. J Transl Med 2023; 21:919. [PMID: 38110956 PMCID: PMC10729423 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-023-04799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mutations in TP53 gene is considered a main driver of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). While TP53 mutations are the leading cause of p53 dysfunction, their occurrence rates may drop to approximately 10% in cohorts without hepatitis B virus and aflatoxin exposure. This observation suggests that the deactivation of wild-type p53 (p53wt) may be a critical factor in the majority of HCC cases. However, the mechanism undermining p53wt activity in the liver remains unclear. METHODS Microarray analysis and luciferase assay were utilized to confirm target associations. Gain- and/or loss-of-function methods were employed to assess alterations in signaling pathways. Protein interactions were analyzed by molecular immunological methods and further visualized by confocal microscopy. Bioinformatic analysis was performed to analyze clinical significance. Tumor xenograft nude mice were used to validate the findings in vivo. RESULTS Our study highlights the oncogenic role of Rictor, a key component of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2), in hepatocytes. Rictor exerts its oncogenic function by binding to p53wt and subsequently blocking p53wt activity based on p53 status, requiring the involvement of mTOR. Moreover, we observed a dynamic nucleocytoplasmic distribution pattern of Rictor, characterized by its translocation from the nucleus (in precancerous lesions) to the cytoplasm (in HCCs) during malignant transformation. Notably, Rictor is directly targeted by the liver-enriched microRNA miR-192, and the disruption of the miR-192-Rictor-p53-miR-192 signaling axis was consistently observed in both human and rat HCC models. Clinical analysis associated lower miR-192/higher Rictor with shorter overall survival and more advanced clinical stages (P < 0.05). In mice, xenograft tumors overexpressing miR-192 exhibited lower Rictor expression levels, leading to higher p53 activity, and these tumors displayed slower growth compared to untreated HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Rictor dynamically shuttles between the nucleus and cytoplasm during HCC development. Its pivotal oncogenic role involves binding and inhibiting p53wt activity within the nucleus in early hepatocarcinogenesis. Targeting Rictor presents a promising strategy for HCC based on p53 status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Hui Kang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yun Yi
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yang Ding
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jie Luo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Mingliang Ye
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinghui Hong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Chao Xia
- Department of Geriatrics, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Junwei Yan
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
- Department of Gastroenterology, Wuhan Central Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Lan Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Jing Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zibiao Zhong
- Transplant Center of Wuhan University, Institute of Hepatobiliary Diseases of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zhonglin Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qiu Zhao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Ying Chang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Clinical Center and Key Laboratory of Intestinal and Colorectal Diseases, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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3
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Ye J, Pang Y, Yang X, Zhang C, Shi L, Chen Z, Huang G, Wang X, Lu F. PPIH gene regulation system and its prognostic significance in hepatocellular carcinoma: a comprehensive analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:11448-11470. [PMID: 37874737 PMCID: PMC10637785 DOI: 10.18632/aging.205134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptidyl-prolyl isomerase H (PPIH) is a member of the cyclophilin protein family, which functions as a molecular chaperone and is involved in the splicing of pre-mRNA. According to reports, the malignant progression of HCC related to hepatitis B virus (HBV) is tightly associated with RNA-binding proteins. Nevertheless, there is no research on PPIH expression or its function in the occurrence and progression of HCC. RESULTS We are the first to reveal that the mRNA and protein levels of Ppih are substantially overexpressed in HCC, as the outcomes show. A significant correlation existed between enriched expression of Ppih within HCC and more advanced, poorly differentiated, and TP53-mutated tumors. CONCLUSION These findings, which suggest that Ppih may serve as a predictive biomarker for people with HCC, serve as a starting point for further investigation into the function of Ppih in the progression of carcinogenesis. METHODS Accordingly, we utilized clinical samples and bioinformatics analysis to assess Ppih's mRNA, protein expression, and gene regulatory system in HCC. Additionally, Wilcoxon signed-rank testing and logistic regression were utilized to inspect the association between clinicopathological factors and Ppih. Clinical pathological traits linked to overall survival (OS) among HCC patients were examined via TCGA data via Cox regression and the Kaplan-Meier approach. Additionally, via TCGA data collection, gene set enrichment assessment was also conducted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ye
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
| | - Yilin Pang
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, China
| | - Xunjun Yang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325027, China
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
| | - Lei Shi
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
| | - Zhitao Chen
- Department of Pathology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
| | - Guijia Huang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
| | - Xianhe Wang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
| | - Fangyang Lu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Kaili, Guizhou 556000, China
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Model-based translation of DNA damage signaling dynamics across cell types. PLoS Comput Biol 2022; 18:e1010264. [PMID: 35802572 PMCID: PMC9269748 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1010264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Interindividual variability in DNA damage response (DDR) dynamics may evoke differences in susceptibility to cancer. However, pathway dynamics are often studied in cell lines as alternative to primary cells, disregarding variability. To compare DDR dynamics in the cell line HepG2 with primary human hepatocytes (PHHs), we developed a HepG2-based computational model that describes the dynamics of DDR regulator p53 and targets MDM2, p21 and BTG2. We used this model to generate simulations of virtual PHHs and compared the results to those for PHH donor samples. Correlations between baseline p53 and p21 or BTG2 mRNA expression in the absence and presence of DNA damage for HepG2-derived virtual samples matched the moderately positive correlations observed for 50 PHH donor samples, but not the negative correlations between p53 and its inhibitor MDM2. Model parameter manipulation that affected p53 or MDM2 dynamics was not sufficient to accurately explain the negative correlation between these genes. Thus, extrapolation from HepG2 to PHH can be done for some DDR elements, yet our analysis also reveals a knowledge gap within p53 pathway regulation, which makes such extrapolation inaccurate for the regulator MDM2. This illustrates the relevance of studying pathway dynamics in addition to gene expression comparisons to allow reliable translation of cellular responses from cell lines to primary cells. Overall, with our approach we show that dynamical modeling can be used to improve our understanding of the sources of interindividual variability of pathway dynamics. Susceptibility to develop cancer varies among people, partially due to differences in genetic background. Ideally, healthy human-derived cells are used to investigate intracellular signaling pathways and their interindividual variability contributing to cancer susceptibility. Because cells from healthy human tissue are difficult to obtain and culture for periods longer than a few days, cell lines are often used as substitute. However, it is unclear to what extent signaling dynamics in cell lines represent dynamics in healthy human tissue. We asked whether we could reproduce interindividual variability in DNA damage response gene expression in a set of 50 human liver cell donors. Therefore, we built a mathematical model that simulates temporal expression dynamics of the DNA damage response in the HepG2 liver cell line upon chemical activation and used the simulations to create virtual donors. Our virtual donors displayed similar relations between genes as the samples from human donors, provided that we adjusted the strength of specific molecular interactions. Thus, our approach can be used to examine the applicability of widely used cell systems to healthy human tissue in terms of their dynamic responses.
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LINC01426 aggravates the malignant progression of glioma through miR-661/Mdm2 axis. Brain Res Bull 2022; 188:110-121. [PMID: 35772605 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Long intergenic non-protein coding RNA 1426 (LINC01426) is up-regulated in glioma and functions as a tumor promoter. However, the role of LINC01426 in glioma required further exploration. Therefore, this article mainly studied the role and possible mechanism of LINC01426 in glioma. METHODS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was used to determine the diagnostic value of LINC01426. The effect of LINC01426 on tumor growth was analyzed by tumorigenesis assay and immunohistochemical analysis. Bioinformatics analysis, dual-luciferase assay, RNA pull-down, Pearson test, and real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) were applied to verify the relationship between target genes. The expressions and effects of LINC01426, miR-661 and MDM2 proto-oncogene (Mdm2) in glioma were examined by bioinformatics analysis combined with molecular and functional experiments (RT-qRCR, 3-(4,5)-dimethylthiahiazo (-z-y1)-3,5-di-phenytetrazoliumromide, clone formation, BrdU, flow cytometry). The expressions of proliferation and apoptosis-related proteins were determined by Western blot. RESULTS LINC01426, which was high-expressed in glioma and was related to poor prognosis, could be used as a diagnostic marker for glioma. SiLINC01426 inhibited the malignant phenotype of glioma cells in vitro and attenuated tumor growth and PCNA expression in vivo, while the effects of LINC01426 were the opposite. LINC01426 targeted and inversely correlated with miR-661, which was low-expressed in glioma. MiR-661 inhibitor evidently overturned the effect of siLINC01426 on biological functions, proliferation, and apoptosis-related proteins of glioma cells. Mdm2 bound to miR-661. Moreover, siMdm2 reversed the effects of miR-661 inhibitor on the biological characteristics and Mdm2/p53/p21 expression of glioma cells. CONCLUSION LINC01426 aggravated the malignant progression of glioma through miR-661/Mdm2 axis.
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6
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The Effect of Encapsulated Apigenin Nanoparticles on HePG-2 Cells through Regulation of P53. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14061160. [PMID: 35745733 PMCID: PMC9228521 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14061160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Apigenin (Ap) is one of the most important natural flavonoids that has potent anticancer activity. This study was designed, for the first time, to load Ap into chitosan to improve its hydrophobicity and then it was coated with albumin-folic acid to increase its stability and bioavailability and to target cancer cells. The newly developed encapsulated Ap (Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs) was characterized and tested in vitro. The zeta potential of −17.0 mV was within the recommended range (−30 mV to +30 mV), indicating that encapsulated apigenin would not quickly settle and would be suspended. The in vitro results proved the great anticancer activity of the encapsulated apigenin on HePG-2 cells compared to pure Ap. The treated HePG-2 cells with Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs demonstrated the induction of apoptosis by increasing p53 gene expression, arresting the cell cycle, increasing caspase-9 levels, and decreasing both the MMP9 gene and Bcl-2 protein expression levels. Moreover, the higher antioxidant activity of the encapsulated apigenin treatment was evident through increasing SOD levels and decreasing the CAT concentration. In conclusion, the Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs were easy to produce with low coast, continued drug release, good loading capacity, high solubility in physiological pH, and were more stable than the formerly Ap-loaded liposomes or PLGA. Moreover, Ap-CH-BSA-FANPs may be a promising chemotherapeutic agent in the treatment of HCC.
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Wang W, Chen Y, Kuo C, Tsai J, Hsu F, Chung J, Pan P. DNA
damage and
NF‐κB
inactivation implicate glycyrrhizic acid‐induced
G
1
phase arrest in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14128. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei‐Shu Wang
- Department of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital Yilan Taiwan
- School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
| | - Yu‐Shan Chen
- Department of Radiation Oncology Show Chwan Memorial Hospital Changhua Taiwan
| | - Chen‐Yu Kuo
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital Yilan Taiwan
| | - Jai‐Jen Tsai
- School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital Yilan Taiwan
- Department of Nursing Cardinal Tien Junior College of Healthcare and Management New Taipei City Taiwan
| | - Fei‐Ting Hsu
- Department of Biological Science and Technology China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Jing‐Gung Chung
- Department of Biological Science and Technology China Medical University Taichung Taiwan
- Department of Medical Laboratory and Biotechnology Asia University Taichung Taiwan
| | - Po‐Jung Pan
- School of Medicine National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Taipei Taiwan
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University Hospital Yilan Taiwan
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Eskandari M, Shi Y, Liu J, Albanese J, Goel S, Verma A, Wang Y. The expression of MDM2, MDM4, p53 and p21 in myeloid neoplasms and the effect of MDM2/MDM4 dual inhibitor. Leuk Lymphoma 2020; 62:167-175. [PMID: 32924682 DOI: 10.1080/10428194.2020.1817441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
p53 together with its downstream product p21 plays an important role in tumorigenesis development. MDM2 and MDM4 are two p53 regulators. We studied the expression of p53, p21, MDM2, and MDM4 in a total of 120 cases of myeloid neoplasms including MDS, AML or MDS/MPN, and control, using single and double immunohistochemical stains. We found TP53 mutations had a worse outcome in patients with AML/MDS, and p53 expression detected by immunohistochemistry had a similar prognostic value. p21 expression was strongly related to TP53 mutation status, with loss of expression in almost all TP53 mutated cases. MDM2 and MDM4 were highly expressed in hematopoietic cells in both benign and neoplastic cells. MDM2/p53 double positive cells exceeded MDM4/p53 double positive cells in neoplastic cases. Finally, we observed that p21 protein expression was up regulated upon the use of ALRN-6924 (Aileron) while no significant changes were seen in p53, MDM2 and MDM4 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yang Shi
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - John Liu
- Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, MI, USA
| | - Joseph Albanese
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Swati Goel
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Amit Verma
- Department of Oncology, Montefiore Einstein Center for Cancer Care, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yanhua Wang
- Department of Pathology, Montefiore Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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Zhu JP, Ma YR, Teng Y, Chen J, Banwell MG, Lan P. Emulsifying Properties of an Homologous Series of Medium- and Long-Chain d-Maltotriose Esters and their Impacts on the Viabilities of Selected Cell Lines. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:9004-9013. [PMID: 32698579 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c02890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The development of functional as well as nutritional surfactants for the food industry remains a matter of great interest. In the present study, a series of 6″-O-acylmaltotriose monoesters bearing alkyl side chains of 10-18 carbons was prepared by enzymatic means. The emulsions derived from those monoesters incorporating palmitoyl, stearoyl, and oleoyl side chains generally displayed advantageous shelf-lives, superior resistance to environmental variations, and more favorable droplet size distributions as well as stronger cytotoxic effects against various cancer cell lines. Ester 6 was shown to significantly inhibit the proliferation of MCF-7 breast cancer cells by inducing G1 phase arrest. Specifically, the levels of the G1 phase-related markers cyclin D1 and cyclin E as well as the cycle-dependent kinase 4 were suppressed by this particular ester. This study thus reveals that maltotriose esters can not only serve as novel functional food emulsifiers but also act, in vitro, as notable cytotoxic agents through a well-defined mechanism-of-action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Peng Zhu
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Ya-Ru Ma
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
| | - Yinglai Teng
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Jing Chen
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
| | - Martin G Banwell
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia
| | - Ping Lan
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
- Institute for Advanced and Applied Chemical Synthesis, Jinan University, Zhuhai, Guangdong 519070, China
- College of Pharmacy, Jinan University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510632, China
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Abdou AG, Holah NS, Elazab DS, El-Gendy WG, Badr MT, Al-Sharaky DR. Hepatocellular Carcinoma Score and Subclassification Into Aggressive Subtypes Using Immunohistochemical Expression of p53, β-Catenin, CD133, and Ki-67. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2020; 29:20-33. [PMID: 32287076 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common primary hepatic malignancy in adults. Several studies have classified HCC into molecular subtypes aiming at detecting aggressive subtypes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the role of p53, β-catenin, CD133, and Ki-67 in subclassification of HCC into different aggressive subtypes and the correlation between those markers and the clinicopathologic characteristics of HCC patients. This retrospective study was conducted on paraffin-embedded blocks of 114 HCC specimens. Tissue microarray was constructed and immunostaining for p53, β-catenin, CD133, and Ki-67 was performed and HCC score was formulated. P53 expression was associated with old age (P=0.028), large tumor size (P=0.019), poorly differentiated HCC (P=0.012), hepatitis B virus (HBV) positivity (P=0.032), and hepatitis C virus (HCV) negativity (P =0.046). β-catenin expression was associated with small sized tumors (P=0.005), HBV negativity (P=0.027), early-staged tumors (P=0.029), and prolonged recurrence-free survival (P=0.045). High percentage of CD133 expression was associated with old patients (P=0.035) and HBV positivity (P= 0.045). Ki-67 expression was associated with large tumor size (P= 0.049), vascular invasion (P= 0.05), old age (P=0.035), and previous treatment of HCV by direct acting antiviral agents (P=0.005). Cases with high HCC score showed significant association with old patients (P=0.002), previous treatment of HCV by direct acting antiviral agents (P<0.001), large tumor size (P<0.001), and poorly differentiated tumors (P= 0.009). The proposed HCC score can divide HCC patients into subtypes necessitating tailoring of treatment strategy according to this proposed score to target and optimally treat the aggressive subtypes. This score needs to be further validated on large number of patients with longer follow-up period.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dina S Elazab
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Walaa G El-Gendy
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
| | - Mohammed T Badr
- National Liver Institute, Menoufia University, Shebein Elkom, Egypt
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11
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Wu MY, Tang YP, Liu JJ, Liang R, Luo XL. Global transcriptomic study of circRNAs expression profile in sorafenib resistant hepatocellular carcinoma cells. J Cancer 2020; 11:2993-3001. [PMID: 32226514 PMCID: PMC7086252 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-angiogenic drugs represented by sorafenib over the years have always been the first-line treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but the drug resistance has always been a "bottleneck" in curative effect. Recently, aberrant expression of circular RNA (circRNA) is considered to play a crucial role in many types of cancers. However, the genome-wide expression pattern of circRNAs in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells remains unknown. Herein, we identified 1717 differentially expressed circRNAs with 559 up-regulated and 1158 down-regulated (fold change > 2, P < 0.05) in sorafenib-resistant (HUH7-S) HCC cells along with 582 differentially expressed circRNAs with 272 up-regulated and 310 down-regulated (fold change > 2, P < 0.05) in sorafenib-resistant (HepG2-S) HCC cells, compared to parental sorafenib-sensitive (HUH7, HepG2) HCC cells by high-throughput sequencing. In addition, GO (Gene Ontology) term enrichment analysis results revealed an enrichment for binding and catalytic activity and for biological regulation of metabolic processes in both the Huh7-S and HepG2-S cell lines compared to parental cell lines. Moreover, KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) Pathway analysis of the differentially expressed genes were significantly related to pathways in cancer. Among them, hsa_circ_0006294 and hsa_circ_0035944 expression were consistently down-regulated in resistant HCC cells. Taken together, our data demonstrate, using a global transcriptomic network, that the circRNA expression profile is significantly altered in sorafenib-resistant HCC cells and that the differentially expressed circRNAs may play important functions in HCC sorafenib resistance and HCC progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Man-Ya Wu
- Research department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China.,Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, China
| | - Yan-Ping Tang
- Research department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Jun-Jie Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Rong Liang
- First Department of Chemotherapy, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
| | - Xiao-Ling Luo
- Research department, Guangxi Medical University Cancer Hospital, Nanning, China
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12
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Zhu GZ, Liao XW, Wang XK, Gong YZ, Liu XG, Yu L, Han CY, Yang CK, Su H, Huang KT, Yu TD, Huang JL, Li J, Zeng ZM, Qin W, Liu ZQ, Zhou X, Liu JQ, Lu L, Han QF, Shang LM, Ye XP, Peng T. Comprehensive investigation of p53, p21, nm23, and VEGF expression in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma overall survival after hepatectomy. J Cancer 2020; 11:906-918. [PMID: 31949494 PMCID: PMC6959013 DOI: 10.7150/jca.33766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: The goal of our current study is to assess the immunohistochemical of p53, p21, nm23, and VEGF expression in hepatitis B virus (HBV)-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) prognosis after hepatectomy, as well as the prospective molecular mechanisms of prognostic indicator. Methods: There were 419 HBV-related HCC patients who were from southern China of Guangxi province and were used to evaluate the immunohistochemical expression for these biomarkers in prognosis. A genome-wide expression microarray dataset of HBV-related HCC were obtained from GSE14520. Results: In our study, the expression of p53, p21, and nm23 in cancer tissues of patients with hepatitis B-related hepatocellular carcinoma did not affected the clinical outcome of 2 years, 5 years or overall. Patients with high expression of VEGF had a worse overall survival after 2 years of surgery than patients with low expression (adjusted P=0.040, adjusted HR = 1.652, 95% CI = 1.024-2.665). Survival analysis of VEGF in GSE14520 cohort also demonstrated that VEGF mRNA expression also significantly associated with HBV-related HCC OS (adjusted P=0.035, adjusted HR =1.651, 95% CI =1.035-2.634). The prospective molecular mechanisms by co-expression analysis suggested that VEGF might be correlated to regulation of cell proliferation, cell growth and apoptotic process, Rap1 signaling pathway, HIF-1 signaling pathway, PPAR signaling pathway, cell cycle. Whereas the GSEA suggested that VEGF might involve in the regulation of HIF and HIF1A pathway, and TP53 regulation pathway. Conclusion: Our findings suggested that VEGF might be a prognostic indicator of HBV-related HCC, and we also identified the VEGF prospective molecular mechanisms through the whole genome co-expression and GSEA approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Zhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi-Wen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang-Kun Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Zhen Gong
- Department of Colorectal and Anal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Guang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Chuang-Ye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Cheng-Kun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ke-Tuan Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting-Dong Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian-Lu Huang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China.,Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530031, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Pathology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Ming Zeng
- Department of Medical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 530021, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Qian Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun-Qi Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Quan-Fa Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ming Shang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin-Ping Ye
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, People's Republic of China
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13
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Wang JW, Qian Y, Wu CS, Zhao NH, Fang Y, Yuan XD, Gao S, Fan YC, Wang K. Combined use of murine double minute-2 promoter methylation and serum AFP improves diagnostic efficiency in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Int J Med Sci 2020; 17:3190-3199. [PMID: 33173438 PMCID: PMC7646102 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.47003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounts for approximately 85% of all cases of liver cancer. In China, chronic hepatitis B virus-related HCC (HBV-related HCC) is the most common type of HCC. However, the majority of HBV-related HCC patients are asymptomatic, and the best opportunities for treating these patients are missed. The precise diagnosis of HBV-related HCC is crucial. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate the diagnostic value of murine double minute-2 (MDM2) promoter methylation in HBV-related HCC patients. Methods: The methylation status of the MDM2 promoter was detected by methylation-specific PCR. The MDM2 expression levels were validated by quantitative real-time PCR. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was used to determine the levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor-necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in plasma. Results: The methylation frequency of the MDM2 promoter was decreased in HBV-related HCC patients. The MDM2 mRNA levels of patients with HBV-related HCC were higher than those of patients with liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B. The plasma levels of IL-6 and TNF-α were significantly higher in HBV-related HCC patients than that in liver cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis B patients. The TNF-α levels were higher in the unmethylated MDM2 promoter group than in the methylated MDM2 promoter group in HBV-related HCC patients. Moreover, the combination of MDM2 promoter methylation and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) improved the diagnosis of HBV-related HCC. Conclusions: Our study indicates, for the first time, that MDM2 promoter hypomethylation is present in HBV-related HCC patients. The combination of MDM2 promoter methylation and AFP can greatly improve diagnostic efficiency in HBV-related HCC, which might provide a new method for HBV-related HCC diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Chen-Si Wu
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Ning-Hui Zhao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu Fang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Xiao-Dong Yuan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Shuai Gao
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Yu-Chen Fan
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Hepatology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China.,Institute of Hepatology, Shandong University, Jinan 250012, China
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14
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Wang XQ, Zheng Y, Fang PF, Song XB. Nesfatin-1 is a potential diagnostic biomarker for gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 19:1577-1583. [PMID: 31966083 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.11200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of reliable plasma biomarkers limits their use in the diagnosis of gastric cancer (GC). The current study aimed to determine whether plasma nesfatin-1 can be used as a novel non-invasive biomarker for the diagnosis of GC. The levels of nesfatin-1 in 40 patients with GC and 40 healthy individuals, who were selected from the Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, were assessed. ELISA was used for the measurement of plasma nesfatin-1 levels, while immunohistochemistry was applied to determine Ki67 protein expression in GC and normal gastric tissues. The diagnostic value of plasma nesfatin-1 for GC was further assessed using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. The results revealed that, compared with the controls, the mean nesfatin-1 levels in patients with GC were significantly increased. Furthermore, the protein expression of Ki67 in GC tissue was significantly upregulated compared with that in normal gastric tissue. Plasma nesfatin-1 levels were also demonstrated to be correlated with Ki67 protein expression in GC tissues. Additionally, ROC curve analysis indicated the potential diagnostic value of nesfatin-1, and the area under the ROC curve (AUC) for nesfatin-1 was 0.857 (95% confidence interval, 0.769-0.946). At a threshold nesfatin-1 level of 1.075 ng/ml, the optimal sensitivity and specificity were 70.0 and 95.0%, respectively, in discriminating patients with GC from healthy controls. These results indicated that plasma nesfatin-1 may serve as a novel biomarker for the diagnosis of GC and determination of GC cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Yan Zheng
- Department of Pathology, Chaohu Hospital Affiliated to Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 238000, P.R. China
| | - Pei-Fei Fang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
| | - Xian-Bing Song
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical College, Hefei, Anhui 230601, P.R. China
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15
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Human amniotic membrane conditioned medium inhibits proliferation and modulates related microRNAs expression in hepatocarcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14193. [PMID: 31578445 PMCID: PMC6775050 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50648-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The placental stem cells have called the focus of attention for their therapeutic potential to treat different diseases, including cancer. There is plenty evidence about the antiproliferative, antiangiogenic and proapoptotic properties of the amniotic membrane. Liver cancer is the fifth cause of cancer in the world, with a poor prognosis and survival. Alternative treatments to radio- or chemotherapy have been searched. In this work we aimed to study the antiproliferative properties of the human amniotic membrane conditioned medium (AM-CM) in hepatocarcinoma cells. In addition, we have analyzed the regulation of pro and antiOncomiRs expression involved in hepatocarcinoma physiology. We have determined by 3H-thymidine incorporation assay that AM-CM inhibits DNA synthesis in HepG2 cells after 72 h of treatment. AM-CM pure or diluted at 50% and 25% also diminished HepG2 and HuH-7 cells viability and cell number. Furthermore, AM-CM induced cell cycle arrest in G2/M. When proliferation mechanisms were analyzed we found that AM-CM reduced the expression of both Cyclin D1 mRNA and protein. Nuclear expression of Ki-67 was also reduced. We observed that this CM was able to promote the expression of p53 and p21 mRNA and proteins, leading to cell growth arrest. Moreover, AM-CM induced an increase in nuclear p21 localization, observed by immunofluorescence. As p53 levels were increased, Mdm-2 expression was downregulated. Interestingly, HepG2 and HuH-7 cells treatment with AM-CM during 24 and 72 h produced an upregulation of antiOncomiRs 15a and 210, and a downregulation of proOncomiRs 206 and 145. We provide new evidence about the promising novel applications of human amniotic membrane in liver cancer.
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16
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Wang W, Hu B, Qin JJ, Cheng JW, Li X, Rajaei M, Fan J, Yang XR, Zhang R. A novel inhibitor of MDM2 oncogene blocks metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma and overcomes chemoresistance. Genes Dis 2019; 6:419-430. [PMID: 31832522 PMCID: PMC6889017 DOI: 10.1016/j.gendis.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Overexpression of the MDM2 oncogene and mutations in the p53 tumor suppressor commonly occur in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and are associated with increased mortality due to this disease. Inhibiting MDM2 has been demonstrated to be a valid approach for the treatment of HCC. However, most of the MDM2 inhibitors evaluated to date have been designed to block the MDM2 and p53 binding, and have limited efficacy against tumors with mutant or deficient p53. In the present study, we developed a novel MDM2 inhibitor (termed SP141) that has direct effects on MDM2 and exerts anti-HCC activity independent of the p53 status of the cancer cells. We demonstrate that SP141 inhibits cell growth and prevents cell migration and invasion, independent of p53. Mechanistically, SP141 directly binds the MDM2 protein and promotes MDM2 degradation. The inhibition of MDM2 by SP141 also increases the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib. In addition, in orthotopic and patient-derived xenograft models, SP141 inhibits MDM2 expression and suppresses tumor growth and metastasis, without any host toxicity. Furthermore, the inhibition of MDM2 by SP141 is essential for its anti-HCC activities. These results provide support for the further development of SP141 as a lead candidate for the treatment of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77204, USA. Fax: +713 743 1229.
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jian-Wen Cheng
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Mehrdad Rajaei
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery and Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
- Corresponding author. Liver Cancer Institute, Fudan University, 136 Yi Xue Yuan Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
- Corresponding author. Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Houston, 4849 Calhoun Rd., Houston, TX, 77204, USA. Fax: +713 743 1229.
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17
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Wang W, Cheng JW, Qin JJ, Hu B, Li X, Nijampatnam B, Velu SE, Fan J, Yang XR, Zhang R. MDM2-NFAT1 dual inhibitor, MA242: Effective against hepatocellular carcinoma, independent of p53. Cancer Lett 2019; 459:156-167. [PMID: 31181320 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.114429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The overexpression of the MDM2 oncoprotein frequently occurs in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Small molecules that inhibit MDM2-p53 binding show efficacy against p53 wild-type HCC, but most patients have p53-mutant tumors and intrinsic resistance to such MDM2 inhibitors. We have recently discovered that the NFAT1 transcription factor upregulates MDM2 expression, but the role of NFAT1 in HCC is not fully understood. The present study was designed to develop a dual-targeting (MDM2 and NFAT1) strategy for the treatment of HCC. We herein demonstrate that high expression levels of NFAT1 and MDM2 are independent predictors of a poor prognosis in patients with HCC. We have also identified a MDM2 and NFAT1 dual inhibitor (termed MA242) that induces MDM2 auto-ubiquitination and degradation and represses NFAT1-mediated MDM2 transcription. MA242 profoundly inhibits the growth and metastasis of HCC cells in vitro and in vivo, independent of p53. The present efficacy and mechanistic studies provide proof-of-principle data to support the therapeutic value of this dual targeting strategy in future drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
| | - Jian-Wen Cheng
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang-Jiang Qin
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Bo Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China; Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis and Cancer Invasion of Ministry of Education, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Bhavitavya Nijampatnam
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
| | - Jia Fan
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xin-Rong Yang
- Department of Liver Surgery & Transplantation, Liver Cancer Institute, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA; Drug Discovery Institute, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA.
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18
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Qin C, Zhang Q, Wu G. RANBP9 suppresses tumor proliferation in colorectal cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:4409-4416. [PMID: 30988811 PMCID: PMC6447939 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.10134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
RAN binding protein 9 (RANBP9) is widely expressed in mammalian tissues, including osteosarcoma, lung, gastric and breast cancer tissues. However, currently, not much is known about the role of RANBP9 in colorectal cancer (CRC). In the present study, RANBP9 expression in CRC tissues and cell lines was measured by immunohistochemistry and western blotting, respectively. Subsequently, RANBP9-short hairpin RNA (shRNA) and RANBP9 plasmids were constructed and transfected into HCT116 and HT29 cells. The effects of RANBP9 knockdown were assessed by Cell Counting kit-8 and colony formation assays, and its effects on tumorigenicity in a nude mouse animal model were investigated. The effect of RANBP9-shRNA on cell cycle progression was analyzed by flow cytometry, while cell cycle-associated protein expression levels were examined by western blotting. Compared with in paired normal mucosa, RANBP9 was overexpressed in CRC tissues. Inhibition of RANBP9 in HCT116 and HT29 cells significantly promoted cell growth, colony formation and S phase transition, and increased tumorigenesis in vivo. Accordingly, RANBP9 overexpression inhibited cell growth and colony formation. Knockdown of RANBP9 was associated with upregulated cyclin A2 in the two cell lines. In conclusion, RANBP9 served an inhibitory role in CRC in vitro and in vivo. Therefore, RANBP9 may be considered a potential target for treatment of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunzhi Qin
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Qin Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
| | - Guangbin Wu
- Department of General Surgery, Jinshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 201508, P.R. China
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19
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Phosphorylation of p53 Serine 15 Is a Predictor of Survival for Patients with Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 2019:9015453. [PMID: 30881947 PMCID: PMC6383407 DOI: 10.1155/2019/9015453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common malignant cancers with a poor prognosis. Several commonly investigated immunohistochemical markers in resected HCC have potential prognostic value, but the prognostic utility of p53 expression in HCC has remained elusive. AIM To evaluate the prognostic value of p53 and p53 phosphorylation at serine 15 (p53 Ser15-P) in patients with HCC. METHODS Surgically resected tumors from 199 HCC patients were analyzed for p21, p53, p53 Ser15-P, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) expression using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Stratifying by the expression of p53 Ser15-P (P = 0.016), but not by p53 (P = 0.301), revealed significantly different survival outcomes in patients with HCC. Moreover, our analysis demonstrated that patients who were PCNA-positive and p53 Ser15-P-negative had significantly worse survival outcomes (P = 0.001) than patients who were PCNA-positive and p53 Ser15-P-positive. CONCLUSIONS P53 Ser15-P is associated with poor outcomes in patients with HCC, and this prognostic marker is useful for predicting the survival of patients with PCNA-positive HCC.
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20
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Li Q, Zhang Y, Jiang Q. MFAP5 suppression inhibits migration/invasion, regulates cell cycle and induces apoptosis via promoting ROS production in cervical cancer. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 507:51-58. [PMID: 30454902 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cervical cancer is one of the most lethal types of cancer among female. Microfibrillar-associated protein 5 (MFAP5) is an extracellular matrix (ECM) glycoprotein, and is confirmed to be involved in cell signaling during microfibril assembly, elastinogenesis and cell survival. However, the role of MFAP5 in cervical cancer development and progression remains poorly understood. In the study, MFAP5 was over-expressed in human cervical cancers, and in different cervical cancer cell lines. Patients suffering from cervical cancer with low MFAP5 expression exhibited better survival rate. Suppressing MFAP5 in cervical cancer cells markedly reduced the cell proliferation, migration and invasion by modulating epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related signaling pathway. In addition, MFAP5 knockdown induced large number of cells distributed in G2/M phase, along with reduced Cyclin B1, Cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) expressions, and enhanced p21 and p53 levels. Moreover, apoptosis was highly induced by MFAP5 silence through reducing Bcl-xl and Bcl-2 expressions, and promoting Bax, cleaved Caspase-3 and poly (ADP-Ribose) polymerase (PARP) expressions in cervical cancer cells. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production levels were also higher in MFAP5-knockdown cells, along with Jun-N-terminal kinase (JNK) activation. Importantly, we found that MFAP5 knockdown-inhibited cervical cancer cell growth was dependent on ROS production. Finally, the depletion of MFAP5 prevented cervical cancer progression in vivo. In summary, our study identified a critical role played by MFAP5 in the progression of cervical cancer and the potential mechanisms by which exerted its effects, indicating that targeting MFAP5-related pathways could be conducive to the therapies for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingmei Li
- 2nd Area of Obstetrics, The People's Hospital of Pingyi County, No. 7, Jinhua Road, Pingyi Street, Linyi, 273300, China
| | - Yanqin Zhang
- Department of Nursing, Yulin Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, No. 131 Xinjian South Road, Yuyang District, Yulin, 719000, China
| | - Qiuli Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Hanzhong Central Hospital, No.22, Kangfu Road, Hantai District, Hanzhomg, 723000, China.
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21
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Lodato NJ, Melia T, Rampersaud A, Waxman DJ. Sex-Differential Responses of Tumor Promotion-Associated Genes and Dysregulation of Novel Long Noncoding RNAs in Constitutive Androstane Receptor-Activated Mouse Liver. Toxicol Sci 2018; 159:25-41. [PMID: 28903501 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfx114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic agonists of constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) induce many hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes, but following prolonged exposure, promote hepatocellular carcinoma, most notably in male mouse liver. Here, we used nuclear RNA-seq to characterize global changes in the mouse liver transcriptome following exposure to the CAR-specific agonist ligand 1,4-bis-[2-(3,5-dichloropyridyloxy)]benzene (TCPOBOP), including changes in novel long noncoding RNAs that may contribute to xenobiotic-induced pathophysiology. Protein-coding genes dysregulated by 3 h TCPOBOP exposure were strongly enriched in KEGG pathways of xenobiotic and drug metabolism, with stronger and more extensive gene responses observed in female than male liver. After 27 h TCPOBOP exposure, the number of responsive genes increased >8-fold in males, where the top enriched pathways and their upstream regulators expanded to include factors implicated in cell cycle dysregulation and hepatocellular carcinoma progression (cyclin-D1, oncogenes E2f, Yap, Rb, Myc, and proto-oncogenes β-catenin, FoxM1, FoxO1, all predicted to be activated by TCPOBOP in male but not female liver; and tumor suppressors p21 and p53, both predicted to be inhibited). Upstream regulators uniquely associated with 3 h TCPOBOP-exposed females include TNF/NFkB pathway members, which negatively regulate CAR-dependent proliferative responses and may contribute to the relative resistance of female liver to TCPOBOP-induced tumor promotion. These responses may be modified by the many long noncoding liver RNAs we show are dysregulated by TCPOBOP or pregnane-X-receptor agonist exposure, including lncRNAs proximal to CAR target genes Cyp2b10, Por, and Alas1. These data provide a comprehensive view of the CAR-regulated transcriptome and give insight into the mechanism of sex-biased susceptibility to CAR-dependent mouse liver tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas J Lodato
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Tisha Melia
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - Andy Rampersaud
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
| | - David J Waxman
- Department of Biology and Bioinformatics Program, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02215
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22
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Pidugu VR, Yarla NS, Bishayee A, Kalle AM, Satya AK. Novel histone deacetylase 8-selective inhibitor 1,3,4-oxadiazole-alanine hybrid induces apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Apoptosis 2018; 22:1394-1403. [PMID: 28840369 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1410-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Identification of isoform-specific histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) is a significant advantage to overcome the adverse side effects of pan-HDACi for the treatment of various diseases, including cancer. We have designed, and synthesized novel 1,3,4 oxadiazole with glycine/alanine hybrids as HDAC8-specific inhibitors and preliminary evaluation has indicated that 1,3,4 oxadiazole with alanine hybrid [(R)-2-amino-N-((5-phenyl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl)propanamide (10b)] to be a potent HDAC8 inhibitor. In the present study, the in vitro efficacy of the molecule in inhibiting the cancer cell proliferation and the underlying molecular mechanism was studied. 10b inhibited the growth of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells, with a lower IC50 of 230 and 1000 nM, respectively, compared to K562, COLO-205 and HepG2 cells and was not cytotoxic to normal breast epithelial cells, MCF10A. 10b was specific to HDAC8 and did not affect the expression of other class I HDACs. Further, a dose-dependent increase in H3K9 acetylation levels demonstrated the HDAC-inhibitory activity of 10b in MDA-MB-231 cells. Flow cytometric analysis indicated a dose-dependent increase and decrease in the percent apoptotic cells and mitochondrial membrane potential, respectively, when treated with 10b. Immunoblot analysis showed a modulation of Bax/Bcl2 ratio with a decrease in Bcl2 expression and no change in Bax expression. 10b treatment resulted in induction of p21 and inhibition of CDK1 proteins along with cytochrome c release from mitochondria, activation of caspases-3 and -9 and cleavage of poly ADP-ribose polymerase leading to apoptotic death of MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 cells. In conclusion, our results clearly demonstrated the efficacy of 10b as an anticancer agent against breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijaya Rao Pidugu
- GVK Biosciences Private Limited, IDA Mallapur, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 076, India. .,Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 510, India.
| | - Nagendra Sastry Yarla
- Department of Biochemistry/Bioinformatics, Institute of Science, GITAM University, Vishakhapatnam, Andhra Pradesh, 530 045, India.,Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India
| | - Anupam Bishayee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Larkin University, Miami, FL, 33169, USA
| | - Arunasree M Kalle
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500 046, India.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Laboratory of Human Environmental Epigenomes, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, 615 N. Wolfe Street, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Alapati Krishna Satya
- Department of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, 522 510, India.
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23
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Yu J, Huang WL, Xu QG, Zhang L, Sun SH, Zhou WP, Yang F. Overactivated neddylation pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Med 2018; 7:3363-3372. [PMID: 29846044 PMCID: PMC6051160 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of the neddylation pathway is related to various cancers. However, the specific role of the neddylation pathway in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains largely unclear. In this study, the neddylation pathway in HCC and adjacent noncancerous liver (ANL) tissues was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), Western blotting, and qRT‐PCR (quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction). The results showed that the entire neddylation pathway, including NEDD8 (the IHC staining of NEDD8 represents the global‐protein neddylation), E1 NEDD8‐activating enzymes (NAE1 and UBA3), E2 NEDD8‐conjugating enzymes (UBE2F and UBE2M), E3 NEDD8‐ligases (MDM2, RBX1 and RNF7), and deneddylation enzymes (COPS5, UCHL1 and USP21), was overactivated in HCC. Furthermore, the upregulation of NEDD8 in HCC was correlated with aggressive characteristics and was an independent risk factor for overall survival (OS) and recurrence‐free survival (RFS) in patients with HCC after hepatectomy. The upregulation of NAE1, UBE2M, and UCHL1 in HCC was associated with aggressive characteristics and poor OS and RFS in patients with HCC after hepatectomy. In conclusion, our research reveals that the entire neddylation pathway is overactivated in HCC and associated with clinical characteristics and prognosis of patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer (SMMU), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology (EHBH), Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Long Huang
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer (SMMU), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology (EHBH), Shanghai, China
| | - Qing-Guo Xu
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer (SMMU), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology (EHBH), Shanghai, China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Han Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei-Ping Zhou
- The Third Department of Hepatic Surgery, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Signaling Regulation and Targeting Therapy of Liver Cancer (SMMU), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Hepatobiliary Tumor Biology (EHBH), Shanghai, China
| | - Fu Yang
- Department of Medical Genetics, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
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24
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MDM2-p53 Interactions in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma: What Is the Role of Nutlins and New Therapeutic Options? J Clin Med 2018; 7:jcm7040064. [PMID: 29584707 PMCID: PMC5920438 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7040064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer and is associated with poor prognosis worldwide. The molecular mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of HCC have been an area of continuing interest, and recent studies using next generation sequencing (NGS) have revealed much regarding previously unsettled issues. Molecular studies using HCC samples have been mainly targeted with the aim to identify the fundamental mechanisms contributing to HCC and identify more effective treatments. In response to cellular stresses (e.g., DNA damage or oncogenes), activated p53 elicits appropriate responses that aim at DNA repair, genetic stability, cell cycle arrest, and the deletion of DNA-damaged cells. On the other hand, the murine double minute 2 (MDM2) oncogene protein is an important cellular antagonist of p53. MDM2 negatively regulates p53 activity through the induction of p53 protein degradation. However, current research has shown that the mechanisms underlying MDM2-p53 interactions are more complex than previously thought. Microarray data have added new insight into the transcription changes in HCC. Recently, Nutlin-3 has shown potency against p53-MDM2 binding and the enhancement of p53 stabilization as well as an increment of p53 cellular accumulation with potential therapeutic effects. This review outlines the molecular mechanisms involved in the p53-MDM2 pathways, the biological factors influencing these pathways, and their roles in the pathogenesis of HCC. It also discusses the action of Nutlin-3 treatment in inducing growth arrest in HCC and elaborates on future directions in research in this area. More research on the biology of p53-MDM2 interactions may offer a better understanding of these mechanisms and discover new biomarkers, sensitive prognostic indicators as well as new therapeutic interventions in HCC.
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25
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Kopanja D, Huang S, Al Raheed MRH, Guzman G, Raychaudhuri P. p19Arf inhibits aggressive progression of H-ras-driven hepatocellular carcinoma. Carcinogenesis 2018; 39:318-326. [PMID: 29228217 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgx140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Arf, a well-established tumor suppressor, is either mutated or downregulated in a wide array of cancers. However, its role in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) progression is controversial. Conflicting observations have been published regarding its expression in HCC. In this study, we provide clear genetic evidence demonstrating a protective role of p19Arf in hepatocarcinogenesis. Using Ras-induced mouse model, we show that p19Arf deficiency accelerates progression of aggressive HCC in vivo. To investigate the role of p14ARF in human liver cancers, we analyzed its expression in human HCC using immunohistochemistry (IHC). We observe lack of nucleolar p14ARF in 43.02% of human HCC samples and that low expression of p14ARF strongly correlates with the early onset of HCC. Importantly, cirrhotic livers that did not progress to HCC harbor higher expression of the p14ARF protein in hepatocytes compared with that in cirrhotic livers with HCC. These results are significant because they suggest that nucleolar p14ARF can be used as early prognostic marker in chronic liver disease to reliably identify patients with high risk for developing liver cancer. Currently, there is no effective systemic therapy for advanced liver cancer; hence, more efficient patient screening and early detection of HCC would significantly contribute to the eradication of this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dragana Kopanja
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M/C 669), University of Illinois, College of Medicine, USA
| | - Shuo Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M/C 669), University of Illinois, College of Medicine, USA
| | | | - Grace Guzman
- Department of Pathology, University of Illinois, College of Medicine, USA
| | - Pradip Raychaudhuri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics (M/C 669), University of Illinois, College of Medicine, USA.,Department of Research, Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, USA
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26
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Zhan L, Cao H, Wang G, Lyu Y, Sun X, An J, Wu Z, Huang Q, Liu B, Xing J. Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission promotes cell proliferation through crosstalk of p53 and NF-κB pathways in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2018; 7:65001-65011. [PMID: 27542250 PMCID: PMC5323133 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are highly dynamic and undergo constant fusion and fission that are essential for maintaining physiological functions of cells. Recently, we have reported that increased mitochondrial fission promotes autophagy and apoptosis resistance in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cell through ROS-mediated coordinated regulation of NF-κB and p53 pathways. However, little is known about the roles of mitochondrial dynamics in HCC cell proliferation, another key feature of cancer cells. In this study, we systematically investigated the functional role of mitochondrial fission in the regulation of HCC cell proliferation. Furthermore, the underlying molecular mechanisms were deeply explored. We found that, increased mitochondrial fission by forced expression of Drp1 promoted the proliferation of HCC cells both in vitro and in vivo mainly by facilitating G1/S phase transition of cell cycle. Whereas, Drp1 knockdown or treatment with mitochondrial division inhibitor-1 induced significant G1 phase arrest in HCC cells and reduced tumor growth in the xenotransplantation model. We further demonstrated that the proliferation-promoting role of Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission was mediated via p53/p21 and NF-κB/cyclins pathways. Moreover, the crosstalk between p53 and NF-κB pathways was proved to be involved in the regulation of mitochondrial fission-mediated cell proliferation. In conclusion, our findings demonstrate that Drp1-mediated mitochondrial fission plays a critical role in the regulation of cell cycle progression and HCC cell proliferation. Thus, targeting Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission may provide a novel strategy for suppressing tumor growth of HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Haiyan Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Gang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yinghua Lyu
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xiacheng Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiaze An
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Zhenbiao Wu
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Qichao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Bingrong Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Jinliang Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
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27
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Xu B, Li M, Yu Y, He J, Hu S, Pan M, Lu S, Liao K, Pan Z, Zhou Y, Zhu J. Effects of harmaline on cell growth of human liver cancer through the p53/p21 and Fas/FasL signaling pathways. Oncol Lett 2017; 15:1931-1936. [PMID: 29434892 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of harmaline on the viability and apoptosis of human liver carcinoma were investigated in vitro. HepG2 cells were treated with harmaline (0-10 µM), and the proliferation and apoptosis of HepG2 cells were investigated using an MTT assay and flow cytometry, respectively. The protein expression of cellular tumor antigen p53 (p53), cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1 (p21), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 6 (Fas), Fas ligand (FasL) and caspase-8 was subsequently measured using western blotting. In addition, an ELISA was used to analyze caspase-8/3 activity. Harmaline significantly increased p53, p21, Fas and FasL protein expression in HepG2 cells. Additionally, treatment with harmaline significantly increased the expression of caspase-8 and caspase-8/3 activity. The results from the present study suggest that harmaline suppresses the viability, but induces the apoptosis, of human liver carcinoma cells through upregulation of the p53/p21 and Fas/FasL signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Minpeng Li
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Yuan Yu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Jun He
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Siqin Hu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Meng Pan
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Shifeng Lu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Ke Liao
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Zhuang Pan
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Yanxun Zhou
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
| | - Jiye Zhu
- Department of Liver Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanning, Guangxi 530023, P.R. China
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28
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Okagawa Y, Takada K, Arihara Y, Kikuchi S, Osuga T, Nakamura H, Kamihara Y, Hayasaka N, Usami M, Murase K, Miyanishi K, Kobune M, Kato J. Activated p53 with Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor Enhances L-Fucose-Mediated Drug Delivery through Induction of Fucosyltransferase 8 Expression in Hepatocellular Carcinoma Cells. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168355. [PMID: 27977808 PMCID: PMC5158067 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prognosis of advanced hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is dismal, underscoring the need for novel effective treatments. The α1,6-fucosyltransferase (fucosyltransferase 8, FUT8) has been reported to accelerate malignant potential in HCC. Our study aimed to investigate the regulation of FUT8 expression by p53 and develop a novel therapeutic strategy for targeting HCC cells using L-fucose-mediated drug delivery. METHODS Binding sites for p53 were searched for within the FUT8 promoter region. FUT8 expression was assessed by immunoblotting. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assays were performed to analyze p53 binding to the FUT8 promoter. The delivery of Cy5.5-encapsulated L-fucose-liposomes (Fuc-Lip-Cy5.5) to a Lens Culinaris agglutinin-reactive fraction of α-fetoprotein (AFP-L3)-expressing HCC cells was analyzed by flow cytometry. The induction of FUT8 by histone deacetylase inhibitor (HDACi) -inducing acetylated -p53 was evaluated by immunoblotting. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to assess whether the activation of p53 by HDACi affected the uptake of Fuc-Lip-Cy5.5 by HCC cells. The cytotoxicity of an L-fucose-bound liposome carrying sorafenib (Fuc-Lip-sorafenib) with HDACi was assessed in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS The knock down of p53 with siRNA led to decreased FUT8 expression. ChIP assays revealed p53 binds to the FUT8 promoter region. Flow cytometric analyses demonstrated the specific uptake of Fuc-Lip-Cy5.5 into AFP-L3-expressing HCC cells in a p53- and FUT8-dependent manner. HDACi upregulated the uptake of Fuc-Lip-Cy5.5 by HCC cells by increasing FUT8 via acetylated -p53. The addition of a HDACi increased apoptosis induced by Fuc-Lip-sorafenib in HCC cells. CONCLUSIONS Our findings reveal that FUT8 is a p53 target gene and suggest that p53 activated by HDACi induces Fuc-Lip-sorafenib uptake by HCC cells, highlighting this pathway as a promising therapeutic intervention for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Okagawa
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kohichi Takada
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yohei Arihara
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Shohei Kikuchi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Osuga
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hajime Nakamura
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yusuke Kamihara
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Naotaka Hayasaka
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Makoto Usami
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazuyuki Murase
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Koji Miyanishi
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Kobune
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Junji Kato
- Department of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
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29
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The Differential Immunohistochemical Expression of p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 Between HCV-related Hepatocellular Carcinoma With and Without Cirrhosis. Appl Immunohistochem Mol Morphol 2016; 24:75-87. [PMID: 25710583 DOI: 10.1097/pai.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) constitutes 70.48% of all liver tumors among Egyptians with multifactorial etiology and complex pathogenesis. HCV infection is the most common risk factor of HCC in Egypt, which commonly develops on top of cirrhosis (HCC-C); however, 15% to 20% of HCC are reported to arise in noncirrhotic livers (HCC-NC). This study aimed to explore the differences in the immunohistochemical expression of p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 between HCC-C and HCC-NC to verify the underlying molecular pathways and to study their role in hepatocarcinogenesis. This study investigated 103 cases of HCC (86 cases of HCC-C and 17 cases HCC-NC including tumorous and nontumorous tissues) together with 10 cases of chronic hepatitis and 10 cases of pure cirrhosis as control groups. Zero, 100%, 100%, and 50% of chronic hepatitis cases were positive for p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21, respectively. All cirrhotic cases were negative for p53 and c-Jun, whereas they were all positive for c-Myc and p21. A total of 41%, 11.65%, 86.4%, and 57.3% of HCC cases showed p53, c-Jun, c-Myc, and p21 expression, respectively. The only difference between HCC-C and HCC-NC was the H-score values of p21 expression, which were higher in HCC-C compared with HCC-NC (P=0.03). HCV-related HCC commonly develops on top of cirrhosis with a minority develops on top of noncirrhotic liver. Only p21 pathway appears to be upregulated in favor of HCC-C than HCC-NC. p53 is considered as a late-event molecular carcinogen, whereas p21 and c-Myc may serve as early-event molecular carcinogen in HCC. The oncogenic role of p21 may be related to its cytoplasmic localization and its promotion of c-Myc expression. Progressive increase in the intensity of c-Myc expression from chronic hepatitis to cirrhosis to HCC may refer to its role as a multistep regulator of hepatocarcinogenesis. The marked reduction of c-Jun in HCC may refer to its tumor suppressor activity.
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Krautbauer S, Meier EM, Rein-Fischboeck L, Pohl R, Weiss TS, Sigruener A, Aslanidis C, Liebisch G, Buechler C. Ceramide and polyunsaturated phospholipids are strongly reduced in human hepatocellular carcinoma. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1767-1774. [PMID: 27570113 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Lipid composition affects membrane function, cell proliferation and cell death and is changed in cancer tissues. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is an aggressive cancer and this study aimed at a comprehensive characterization of hepatic and serum lipids in human HCC. Cholesteryl ester were higher in tumorous tissues (TT) compared to adjacent non-tumorous tissues (NT). Free cholesterol exerting cytotoxic effects was not changed. Phosphatidylethanolamine, -serine (PS) and -inositol but not phosphatidylcholine (PC) and lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) were reduced in HCC tissues. Saturated species mostly increased and polyunsaturated species were diminished in all of these phospholipids. Ceramide (Cer) was markedly reduced in HCC tissues and higher levels of sphingomyelin suggest impaired sphingomyelinase activity as one of the underlying mechanisms. Importantly, ceramide in NT increased in HCC stage T3. Ceramide released from hepatocytes attracts immune cells and a positive association of the macrophage specific receptor CD163 with NT ceramide was identified. HCC associated lipid changes did not differ in patients suffering from type 2 diabetes. Protein levels of p53 were induced in TT and negatively correlated with Cer d18:1/16:0 and PS 36:1. Of the lipid species changed in HCC tissues only TT Cer d18:1/16:0, Cer d18:1/24:1, PC 38:6 and LPC 22:6 correlated with the respective serum levels. Our study demonstrates a considerably altered hepatic lipidome in HCC tissues. Ceramide was markedly reduced in HCC tissues, and therefore, raising ceramide levels specifically in the tumor represents a reasonable therapeutic approach for the treatment of this malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Krautbauer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth M Meier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Rein-Fischboeck
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Rebekka Pohl
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Thomas S Weiss
- University Children Hospital (KUNO), Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Sigruener
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Charalampos Aslanidis
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gerhard Liebisch
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Christa Buechler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Regensburg University Hospital, Regensburg, Germany.
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Han C, Liao X, Qin W, Yu L, Liu X, Chen G, Liu Z, Lu S, Chen Z, Su H, Zhu G, Lu Z, Liu Z, Qin X, Gui Y, Mo Z, Li L, Peng T. EGFR and SYNE2 are associated with p21 expression and SYNE2 variants predict post-operative clinical outcomes in HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma. Sci Rep 2016; 6:31237. [PMID: 27502069 PMCID: PMC4977508 DOI: 10.1038/srep31237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study was to explore the association between gene variants and p21 expression and investigate the TP53-independent p21 regulation in hepatitis B virus (HBV) related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients from Guangxi by genome-wide association study. 426 HBV-related HCC patients were enrolled. Results showed that, after quality control, a total of 21,643 SNPs were identified in 107 p21 positive and 298 p21 negative patients. The variants of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR; rs2227983 and rs6950826) and spectrin repeat containing, nuclear envelope 2 (SYNE2; rs8010699, rs4027405 and rs1890908) were associated with p21 expression. Moreover the haplotype block (rs2227983 and rs6950826, r2 = 0.378) in EGFR and the haplotype block in SYNE2 (rs8010699 was in strong LD with rs4027405 and rs1890908 (r2 = 0.91 and 0.70, respectively)) were identified, and the haplotype A-G of EGFR and haplotype G-A-A of SYNE2 were significantly associated with p21 expression (P < 0.01). rs4027405 and rs1890908 were significantly associated with overall survival, and patients with AG/GG genotypes of SYNE2 gene had a worse overall survival (P = 0.001, P = 0.002). Our findings indicate that variants of EGFR and SYNE2 play an important role in p21 regulation and are associated with the clinical outcome of HBV-related HCC in a TP53-indenpdent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuangye Han
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiwen Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Wei Qin
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Long Yu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xiaoguang Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhengtao Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Sicong Lu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiwei Chen
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Hao Su
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Guangzhi Zhu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zili Lu
- Department of Pathology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zhiming Liu
- Department of General Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Xue Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Ying Gui
- Department of Clinical laboratory center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Zengnan Mo
- Center for Genomic and Personalized Medicine, Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Lequn Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
| | - Tao Peng
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, Guangxi Province, China
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Zhang M, Duan T, Wang L, Tang J, Luo R, Zhang R, Kang T. Low expression of centrosomal protein 78 (CEP78) is associated with poor prognosis of colorectal cancer patients. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CANCER 2016; 35:62. [PMID: 27357513 PMCID: PMC4928268 DOI: 10.1186/s40880-016-0121-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Centrosomal protein 78 (CEP78) has been characterized as a component of the centrosome required for the regulation of centrosome-related events during the cell cycle, but its role in human cancers remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the role and the clinical value of CEP78 in colorectal cancer (CRC). Methods Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunohistochemistry were performed to examine CEP78 expression in CRC tissues and adjacent noncancerous tissues. The association between CEP78 expression and clinical outcomes of CRC patients was determined. The effect of CEP78 on cell growth was examined in vitro by 3-(4,5-dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl-2-H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay, colony formation, and flow cytometry assays and in vivo using a nude mouse model. Results The expression level of CEP78 was significantly lower in tumor tissues than in the adjacent normal tissues (P < 0.01). Low CEP78 expression was significantly associated with poor differentiation (P = 0.003), large tumor size (P = 0.017), lymphatic metastasis (P = 0.034), distant metastasis (P = 0.029), and advanced stage (P = 0.011). Kaplan–Meier analysis indicated that patients with low CEP78 expression had shorter survival than those with high CEP78 expression (P < 0.01). Overexpression of CEP78 in CRC cells significantly reduced cell viability and colony formation in vitro and halted tumor growth in vivo. Further study showed that CEP78 reintroduction in CRC cells resulted in G2/M phase arrest rather than cell apoptosis. Conclusions CEP78 might function as a tumor suppressor and serve as a novel prognostic marker in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meifang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tingmei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Research Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Research Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Jianjun Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Research Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Rongzhen Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Ruhua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.,Research Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China
| | - Tiebang Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China. .,Research Department, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, Guangdong, P. R. China.
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p53 expression and relationship with MDM2 amplification in breast carcinomas. Ann Diagn Pathol 2016; 21:29-34. [PMID: 27040927 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2016.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carcinoma of the breast, like other malignancies, is a genetic disease with multiple genetic events leading to the malignant phenotype. p53 mutations are the most common genetic events in human cancer. Inactivation of p53 can be a result of mutation in gene sequence. One of the main structures that regulate p53 stabilization is MDM2. It suppresses p53 transcriptional activation by recognizing transactivation domain of p53. The loss of MDM2 function on p53 regulation results in deprivation of p53 tumor suppressor ability. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP309 T->G exchange) or MDM2 amplification has been proposed to play a role in this issue. In the present study, our aim is to analyze p53 and MDM2 status and investigate their interactions in human sporadic breast carcinoma. The study groups were separated according to their molecular classifications. In each group, histologic type of the tumor, conventional prognostic parameters, p53, and MDM2 interactions were compared statistically. Tumors are divided into 4 subtypes due to estrogen and progesterone receptor status, HER-2, and Ki-67 proliferation index results. According to this classification, 23 cases are in the luminal A, 32 cases are in the luminal B, 15 cases are in the HER-2 positive, and 22 cases are in the triple-negative group, with a total of 92 cases. p53 expression is low in luminal breast carcinomas than HER-2 and triple-negative subtypes. MDM2 amplification frequency was found to be 5.4% in total. MDM2 gene amplification does not have a significant role in breast carcinogenesis, but other possible mechanisms may play a role in its inactivation.
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Teng YC, Shen ZQ, Kao CH, Tsai TF. Hepatocellular carcinoma mouse models: Hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocarcinogenesis and haploinsufficient tumor suppressor genes. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:300-325. [PMID: 26755878 PMCID: PMC4698494 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i1.300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The multifactorial and multistage pathogenesis of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has fascinated a wide spectrum of scientists for decades. While a number of major risk factors have been identified, their mechanistic roles in hepatocarcinogenesis still need to be elucidated. Many tumor suppressor genes (TSGs) have been identified as being involved in HCC. These TSGs can be classified into two groups depending on the situation with respect to allelic mutation/loss in the tumors: the recessive TSGs with two required mutated alleles and the haploinsufficient TSGs with one required mutated allele. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) is one of the most important risk factors associated with HCC. Although mice cannot be infected with HBV due to the narrow host range of HBV and the lack of a proper receptor, one advantage of mouse models for HBV/HCC research is the numerous and powerful genetic tools that help investigate the phenotypic effects of viral proteins and allow the dissection of the dose-dependent action of TSGs. Here, we mainly focus on the application of mouse models in relation to HBV-associated HCC and on TSGs that act either in a recessive or in a haploinsufficient manner. Discoveries obtained using mouse models will have a great impact on HCC translational medicine.
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35
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Shen J, LeFave C, Sirosh I, Siegel AB, Tycko B, Santella RM. Integrative epigenomic and genomic filtering for methylation markers in hepatocellular carcinomas. BMC Med Genomics 2015; 8:28. [PMID: 26059414 PMCID: PMC4460673 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-015-0105-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Epigenome-wide studies in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have identified numerous genes with aberrant DNA methylation. However, methods for triaging functional candidate genes as useful biomarkers for epidemiological study have not yet been developed. Methods We conducted targeted next-generation bisulfite sequencing (bis-seq) to investigate associations of DNA methylation and mRNA expression in HCC. Integrative analyses of epigenetic profiles with DNA copy number analysis were used to pinpoint functional genes regulated mainly by altered DNA methylation. Results Significant differences between HCC tumor and adjacent non-tumor tissue were observed for 28 bis-seq amplicons, with methylation differences varying from 12% to 43%. Available mRNA expression data in Oncomine were evaluated. Two candidate genes (GRASP and TSPYL5) were significantly under-expressed in HCC tumors in comparison with precursor and normal liver tissues. The expression levels in tumor tissues were, respectively, 1.828 and − 0.148, significantly lower than those in both precursor and normal liver tissue. Validations in an additional 42 paired tissues showed consistent under-expression in tumor tissue for GRASP (−7.49) and TSPYL5 (−9.71). A highly consistent DNA hypermethylation and mRNA repression pattern was obtained for both GRASP (69%) and TSPYL5 (73%), suggesting that their biological function is regulated by DNA methylation. Another two genes (RGS17 and NR2E1) at Chr6q showed significantly decreased DNA methylation in tumors with loss of DNA copy number compared to those without, suggesting alternative roles of DNA copy number losses and hypermethylation in the regulation of RGS17 and NR2E1. Conclusions These results suggest that integrative analyses of epigenomic and genomic data provide an efficient way to filter functional biomarkers for future epidemiological studies in human cancers. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12920-015-0105-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shen
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Clare LeFave
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Iryna Sirosh
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Abby B Siegel
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Benjamin Tycko
- Institute for Cancer Genetics, Herbert Irving Comprehensive Cancer Center, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA. .,Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
| | - Regina M Santella
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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Liu X, Chi X, Gong Q, Gao L, Niu Y, Chi X, Cheng M, Si Y, Wang M, Zhong J, Niu J, Yang W. Association of serum level of growth differentiation factor 15 with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127518. [PMID: 25996938 PMCID: PMC4440744 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and liver cirrhosis are associated with high mortality worldwide. Currently, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is used as a standard serum marker for the detection of HCC, but its sensitivity and specificity are unsatisfactory, and optimal diagnostic markers for cirrhosis are lacking. We previously reported that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was significantly induced in HCV-infected hepatocytes. This study aimed to investigate GDF15 expression and its correlation with hepatitis virus-related liver diseases. A total of 412 patients with various liver diseases were studied. Healthy and Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected subjects were included as controls. Serum and tissue GDF15 levels were measured. Serum GDF15 levels were significantly increased in patients with HCC (6.66±0.67 ng/mL, p<0.0001) and cirrhosis (6.51±1.47 ng/mL, p<0.0001) compared with healthy controls (0.31±0.01 ng/mL), though the GDF15 levels in HBV and HCV carriers were moderately elevated (1.34±0.19 ng/mL and 2.13±0.53 ng/mL, respectively). Compared with HBV or HCV carriers, GDF15 had a sensitivity of 63.1% and a specificity of 86.6% at the optimal cut-off point of 2.463 ng/mL in patients with liver cirrhosis or HCC. In HCC patients, the area under the receiver operating curve was 0.84 for GDF15 and 0.76 for AFP, but 0.91 for the combined GDF15 and AFP. Serum GDF15 levels did not significantly differ between the high-AFP and low-AFP groups. GDF15 protein expression in HCC was significantly higher than that in the corresponding adjacent paracarcinomatous tissue and normal liver. Using a combination of GDF15 and AFP will improve the sensitivity and specificity of HCC diagnosis. Further research and the clinical implementation of serum GDF15 measurement as a biomarker for HCC and cirrhosis are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuying Liu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiumei Chi
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Qiaoling Gong
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Gao
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Yuqiang Niu
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaojing Chi
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Min Cheng
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Youhui Si
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Maorong Wang
- Liver Disease Center of PLA, the 81st Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, China
| | - Jin Zhong
- Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (JN); (JZ)
| | - Junqi Niu
- First Hospital, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (JN); (JZ)
| | - Wei Yang
- MOH Key Laboratory of Systems Biology of Pathogens, Institute of Pathogen Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (WY); (JN); (JZ)
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Abstract
Abnormalities in the TP53 gene and overexpression of MDM2, a transcriptional target and negative regulator of p53, are commonly observed in cancers. The MDM2-p53 feedback loop plays an important role in tumor progression and thus, increased understanding of the pathway has the potential to improve clinical outcomes for cancer patients. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has emerged as one of the most commonly diagnosed forms of human cancer; yet, the current treatment for HCC is less effective than those used against other cancers. We review the current studies of the MDM2-p53 pathway in cancer with a focus on HCC and specifically discuss the impact of p53 mutations along with other alterations of the MDM2-p53 feedback loop in HCC. We also discuss the potential diagnostic and prognostic applications of p53 and MDM2 in malignant tumors as well as therapeutic avenues that are being developed to target the MDM2-p53 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Hospital and Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China
| | - Derek A Franklin
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Jiahong Dong
- Hospital and Institute of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China. Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China.
| | - Yanping Zhang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina. Laboratory of Biological Cancer Therapy, Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, China. Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Setia S, Nehru B, Sanyal SN. Celecoxib prevents colitis associated colon carcinogenesis: An upregulation of apoptosis. Pharmacol Rep 2014; 66:1083-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharep.2014.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Revised: 07/17/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Xie D, Lan L, Huang K, Chen L, Xu C, Wang R, Shi Y, Wu X, Wang L, Liu Y, Lu B. Association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking with tumor progression and poor prognosis in non-small cell lung cancer patients. Oncol Rep 2014; 32:2517-26. [PMID: 25333671 DOI: 10.3892/or.2014.3538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for approximately 80-85% of all lung cancer cases. Cigarette smoking is the number one risk factor which is attributed to more than four out of five cases of lung cancers. The prognostic impact of cell cycle regulation-associated tumor suppressors including p53 and p21 for NSCLC is still controversial. In the present study, we examined p53 and p21 expression using immunoblotting in tumor and adjacent non-cancerous tissues from NSCLC patients. Moreover, tissue microarrays (TMAs) including 150 specimens was used to examine p53 and p21 expression by immunohistochemical staining (IHC). The association between p53/p21 and various clinicopathological characteristics was evaluated. Kaplan-Meier overall survival was used to analyze the association between p53/p21 expression and prognosis of NSCLC patients, as well as the association of cigarette smoking with p53/p21 expression and prognosis. The results of the immunoblotting showed that expression of p53 and p21 in tumor tissues was significantly higher than that in the matched adjacent non-cancerous tissues (P<0.001 and P<0.05, respectively). The IHC results showed that 50.67% of the cases had high expression of p21; however, the percentage of patients having high expression of p53 was 31.3%. Univariate and Cox regression models were used to evaluate the factors related to prognosis with p53 and p21 expression. Multivariate analysis indicated that p53 expression was an independent prognostic factor for NSCLC (P=0.005), while p21 could not serve as an independent prognostic factor (P=0.123). In addition, smoking history was closely related to lung cancer risk (P=0.041), but could not be an independent assessment factor (P=0.740). In this study, we further demonstrated the association of p53/p21 expression and cigarette smoking. Our results suggest that cigarette smoking and overexpression of p53 or p21 are associated with poor prognosis. The combination of p53/p21 expression and smoking history may be a useful biomarker for tumor progression and prognosis of NSCLC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyao Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Linhua Lan
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Kate Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Lin Chen
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Cuicui Xu
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yang Shi
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyi Wu
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Lu Wang
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Yongzhang Liu
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
| | - Bin Lu
- Protein Quality Control and Diseases Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, School of Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325035, P.R. China
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Liu M, Zheng SJ, Chen Y, Li N, Ren PF, Dai LP, Duan ZP, Zhang JY. Autoantibody response to murine double minute 2 protein in immunodiagnosis of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:906532. [PMID: 24955377 PMCID: PMC4053260 DOI: 10.1155/2014/906532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common malignancy worldwide. Although new therapeutic strategies have been continuously developed and applied to clinical treatment for HCC, the prognosis is still very poor. Thus, early detection of HCC may enhance effective and curative management. In this study, autoantibody responses to MDM2 protein in HCC patient's serum were evaluated by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and part sera were evaluated by Western blotting and indirect immunofluorescence assay. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) over tissue array slides was also performed to analyze protein expression of MDM2 in HCC and control tissues. The prevalence of autoantibodies against MDM2 was significantly higher than that in liver cirrhosis (LC), chronic hepatitis (CH), and normal human sera (NHS). The average titer of autoantibodies against MDM2 in HCC serum was higher compared to that in LC, CH, and NHS. A high titer of autoantibodies against MDM2 in ELISA could be observed in the serum in 6 to 9 months before the clinical diagnosis of HCC in the serum of several HCC patients with serial bleeding samples. Our preliminary data indicate that MDM2 and anti-MDM2 system may be a potential biomarker for early stage HCC screening and immunodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mei Liu
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Su-jun Zheng
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
| | - Yu Chen
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
| | - Ning Li
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
| | - Peng-fei Ren
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Li-ping Dai
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
| | - Zhong-ping Duan
- Beijing You'an Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 10069, China
| | - Jian-Ying Zhang
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX 79968, USA
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Ji YN, Wang Q, Xue J. TP53 immunohistochemical expression is associated with the poor outcome for hepatocellular carcinoma: evidence from a meta-analysis. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:1653-9. [PMID: 24078450 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-013-1228-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2013] [Accepted: 09/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Various studies examined the relationship between p53 expression with the clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but yielded conflicting results. Electronic databases updated to July 2013 were searched to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between p53 expression and survival of patients with HCC. Survival data were aggregated and quantitatively analyzed. We performed a meta-analysis of 24 studies that evaluated the correlation between p53 expression and survival in patients with HCC. Combined hazard ratios suggested that p53 expression had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) (HR (hazard ratio) = 1.55, 95 % CI (confidence interval) 1.36-1.74) and disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.54, 95 % CI 1.21-1.88) in patients with HCC. No significant heterogeneity was observed among 20 studies for OS (P = 0.786) and among 11 studies for DFS (P = 0.698). P53 expression indicates a poor prognosis for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Zhan P, Ji YN. Prognostic significance of TP53 expression for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma: a meta-analysis. Hepatobiliary Surg Nutr 2014; 3:11-7. [PMID: 24696834 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2304-3881.2014.01.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Various studies evaluated the relationship between p53 expression and the clinical outcome in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), but yielded conflicting results. METHODS Electronic databases updated to Dec 2013 were searched to find relevant studies. A meta-analysis was conducted with eligible studies which quantitatively evaluated the relationship between p53 expression and survival of patients with HCC. Survival data were aggregated and quantitatively analyzed. RESULTS We performed a meta-analysis of 24 studies that evaluated the correlation between p53 expression and survival in patients with HCC. Combined hazard ratios (HRs) suggested that p53 expression had an unfavorable impact on overall survival (OS) [HR =1.64, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.40-1.85], and disease free survival (DFS) (HR =1.57, 95% CI: 1.26-1.87) in patients with HCC. CONCLUSIONS p53 expression indicates a poor prognosis for patients with HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Zhan
- 1 First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ji
- 1 First Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nanjing Chest Hospital, Nanjing 210029, China ; 2 Jiangsu Province Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Nanjing 210029, China
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Fornari F, Milazzo M, Galassi M, Callegari E, Veronese A, Miyaaki H, Sabbioni S, Mantovani V, Marasco E, Chieco P, Negrini M, Bolondi L, Gramantieri L. p53/mdm2 feedback loop sustains miR-221 expression and dictates the response to anticancer treatments in hepatocellular carcinoma. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:203-16. [PMID: 24324033 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0312-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The overexpression of microRNA-221 (miR-221) is reported in several human cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma, and its targeting by tailored treatments has been proposed. The evidence supporting the role of miR-221 in cancer is growing and has been mainly focused on the discovery of miR-221 targets as well as on its possible therapeutic exploitations. However, the mechanism sustaining miR-221 aberrant expression remains to be elucidated. In this study, MDM2 (E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase homolog), a known p53 (TP53) modulator, is identified as a direct target of miR-221, and a feed-forward loop is described that sustains miR-221 aberrant expression. Interestingly, miR-221 can activate the p53/mdm2 axis by inhibiting MDM2 and, in turn, p53 activation contributes to miR-221 enhanced expression. Moreover, by modulating the p53 axis, miR-221 impacts cell-cycle progression and apoptotic response to doxorubicin in hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell lines. Finally, CpG island methylation status was assessed as a causative event associated with miR-221 upregulation in hepatocellular carcinoma cells and primary tumor specimens. In hepatocellular carcinoma-derived cell lines, pharmacologically induced DNA hypomethylation potentiated a significant increase in miR-221 expression. These data were confirmed in clinical specimens of hepatocellular carcinoma in which elevated miR-221 expression was associated with the simultaneous presence of wild-type p53 and DNA hypomethylation. IMPLICATIONS These findings reveal a novel miR-221-sustained regulatory loop that determines a p53-context-specific response to doxorubicin treatment in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Fornari
- St. Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, via Albertoni, 15, 40138 Bologna, Italy.
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Baddour N, Farrag E, Zeid A, Bedewy E, Taher Y. Decreased apoptosis in advanced-stage/high-grade hepatocellular carcinoma complicating chronic hepatitis C is mediated through the downregulation of p21 ras. Chin J Cancer Res 2013; 25:281-8. [PMID: 23825904 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.1000-9604.2013.04.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE AND BACKGROUND Although p21 ras has been reported to be upregulated in hepatocellular carcinoma complicating chronic hepatitis C type I, p21 ras has a different role in advanced stages, as it has been found to be downregulated. The goal of this study was to investigate the status of p21 ras in early-stage/low-grade and late-stage/high-grade hepatocellular carcinoma and its possible link to apoptosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Thirty-five cases each of chronic HCV hepatitis type 4 (group I) and cirrhosis with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) complicating chronic HCV hepatitis (groups II and III) were immunohistochemically evaluated using a p21 ras polyclonal antibody. The apoptotic index was determined in histologic sections using the terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated d-UTP biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay. RESULTS Significant differences (P=0.001) were detected in p21 ras protein expression between the three groups. A near 2-fold increase in p21 ras staining was observed in the cirrhotic cases compared to the hepatitis cases, and p21 ras expression was decreased in the HCC group. p21 ras expression correlated with stage (r=0.64, P=0.001) and grade (r=(-)0.65, P=0.001) in the HCC group and grade in the HCV group (r=0.44, P=0.008). Both p21 ras expression and TUNEL-LI were significantly lower in large HCCs compared to small HCCs (P=0.01 each). The TUNEL values were negatively correlated with stage in the HCC group (r=(-)0.85, P=0.001). The TUNEL values were also negatively correlated with grade in both the HCV and HCC groups (r=0.89, P=0.001 and r=(-)0.53, P=0.001, respectively). The p21 ras scores were significantly correlated with the TUNEL-LI values in the HCC group (r=0.63, P=0.001) and HCV group (r=0.88, P=0.001). CONCLUSIONS p21 ras acts as an initiator in HCC complicating type 4 chronic HCV and is downregulated with HCC progression, which most likely promotes tumor cell survival because it facilitates the downregulation of apoptosis with tumor progression.
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Hamid AS, Li J, Wang Y, Wu X, Ali HAA, Du Z, Bo L, Zhang Y, Zhang G. Recombinant human decorin upregulates p57KIP² expression in HepG2 hepatoma cell lines. Mol Med Rep 2013; 8:511-6. [PMID: 23754492 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2013.1510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Increasing the expression of cyclin-cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors (cyclin-CDK) using small molecule inhibitors is a therapeutic strategy used to suppress cancer cell growth. Decorin (DCN), a functional component of the extracellular matrix, has been implicated in the suppression of cell proliferation by upregulating p21, a cyclin-CDK inhibitor. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of recombinant decorin on the reactivation of p57KIP2, whose expression is silenced in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Cell viability assay, cell cycle analysis, apoptosis assay and quantitative real time-PCR experiments were performed in three groups of HepG2 human cells: Uninfected HepG2 cells (control group), pcDNA3.1 vector-infected HepG2 cells (pcDNA3.1 group) and pcDNA3.1-DCN-infected HepG2 cells (pcDNA3.1‑DCN group). Our results revealed that recombinant human decorin inhibited cell proliferation, induced G0/G1 phase arrest and induced apoptosis by increasing the expression of caspase-3 in the pcDNA3.1-DCN group. The expression of p57KIP2 mRNA in the pcDNA3.1-DCN group was higher than in the pcDNA3.1 and control groups (P<0.05); however, there was no statistically significant difference between the control and pcDNA3.1 groups (P>0.05). In conclusion, recombinant human decorin reactivated p57KIP2 expression in HepG2 cells. As the expression level of p57KIP2 is downregulated in HCC, our finding may serve as a basis for the therapy and prognosis of HCC, although further studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdu Selim Hamid
- Central Laboratory, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin 130033, P.R. China
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15-Lipoxygenase-1/15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid promotes hepatocellular cancer cells growth through protein kinase B and heat shock protein 90 complex activation. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2013; 45:1031-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2013.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2012] [Revised: 02/05/2013] [Accepted: 02/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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Ma HB, Huang T, Han F, Chen WY. Association between MDM2 promoter SNP309 T/G polymorphism and liver cancer risk - a meta-analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2013; 13:2841-6. [PMID: 22938470 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.6.2841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Many studies have investigated the association between the MDM2 promoter SNP309 T/G polymorphism and liver cancer risk, but inconsistencies make drawwing definitive conclusions difficult. METHODS We therefore searched main databases for articles relating MDM2 SNP309 T/G polymorphism to risk of liver cancer in humans and estimated summary odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) to assess the possible association in a meta-analysis. RESULTS The main analysis revealed no significant heterogeneity, and the pooled ORs of fixed-effects were all significant (for G versus T, OR = 1.59, 95% CI 1.42-1.78; for GG versus TT, OR = 2.45, 95% CI 1.93-3.12; for GT versus TT, OR = 1.70, 95% CI 1.38-2.09; for GG versus GT, OR = 1.49, 95% CI 1.24-1.79; for GG and GT versus TT, OR = 1.95, 95% CI 1.61-2.38; for GG versus TT and GT, OR = 1.73, 95% CI 1.46-2.07). Subgroup analyses by ethnicity and sensitivity analyses both showed associations to remain significant. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis of available data showed a significant association between the MDM2 SNP309 T/G polymorphism and liver cancer risk, the MDM2 SNP309 G allele contributing to increased risk in both Asians and Caucasians in a graded, dose-dependent fashion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Bo Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Henan Tumor Hospital, the Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.
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Pal D, Sur S, Mandal S, Das A, Roy A, Das S, Panda CK. Prevention of liver carcinogenesis by amarogentin through modulation of G1/S cell cycle check point and induction of apoptosis. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2424-31. [PMID: 22948180 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Amarogentin, a secoiridoid glycoside, is an active component of the medicinal plant Swertia chirata. In this study, chemopreventive and chemotherapeutic actions of amarogentin were evaluated in a carbon tetrachloride (CCl(4))/N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced liver carcinogenesis mouse model system during continuous and posttreatment schedule. Better survival, no toxicity and increased body weight were noted in amarogentin-treated mice. Reduction in proliferation and increase in apoptosis frequency were evident in amarogentin-treated groups. In carcinogen control group moderate dysplasia, severe dysplasia and hepatocellular carcinoma were evident at 10th, 20th and 30th week, respectively. Amarogentin was found to prevent progression of liver carcinogenesis at mild dysplastic stage. Exposure to CCl(4)/NDEA resulted in upregulation of ppRb807/811, cyclinD1 and cdc25A at 10th week and additional activation of cMyc and mdm2 along with downregulation of LIMD1, p53 and p21 at 20th week. This was followed by activation of ppRb567 and downregulation of Rbsp3 at 30th week. Prevention of carcinogenesis by amarogentin in both groups might be due to cumulative upregulation of LIMD1, RBSP3, p16 and downregulation of cdc25A at 10th week along with activation of p53 and p21 and downregulation of ppRb807/811 and ppRb567 at 20th week, followed by downregulation of cyclinD1, cMyc and mdm2 at 30th week. During carcinogenesis reduction of apoptosis was evident since 20th week. However, amarogentin treatment could significantly induce apoptosis through upregulation of the Bax-Bcl2 ratio, activation of caspase-3 and poly ADP ribose polymerase cleavage. This is the first report of chemopreventive/therapeutic role of amarogentin during liver carcinogenesis through modulation of cell cycle and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debolina Pal
- Department of Oncogene Regulation, Chittaranjan National Cancer Institute, 37, S.P. Mukherjee Road, Kolkata 700 026, India
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Embade N, Fernández-Ramos D, Varela-Rey M, Beraza N, Sini M, de Juan VG, Woodhoo A, Martínez-López N, Rodríguez-Iruretagoyena B, Bustamante FJ, de la Hoz AB, Carracedo A, Xirodimas DP, Rodríguez MS, Lu SC, Mato JM, Martínez-Chantar ML. Murine double minute 2 regulates Hu antigen R stability in human liver and colon cancer through NEDDylation. Hepatology 2012; 55:1237-48. [PMID: 22095636 PMCID: PMC3298572 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Hu antigen R (HuR) is a central RNA-binding protein regulating cell dedifferentiation, proliferation, and survival, which are well-established hallmarks of cancer. HuR is frequently overexpressed in tumors correlating with tumor malignancy, which is in line with a role for HuR in tumorigenesis. However, the precise mechanism leading to changes in HuR expression remains unclear. In the liver, HuR plays a crucial role in hepatocyte proliferation, differentiation, and transformation. Here, we unraveled a novel mean of regulation of HuR expression in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and colon cancer. HuR levels correlate with the abundance of the oncogene, murine double minute 2 (Mdm2), in human HCC and colon cancer metastases. HuR is stabilized by Mdm2-mediated NEDDylation in at least three lysine residues, ensuring its nuclear localization and protection from degradation. CONCLUSION This novel Mdm2/NEDD8/HuR regulatory framework is essential for the malignant transformation of tumor cells, which, in turn, unveils a novel signaling paradigm that is pharmacologically amenable for cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nieves Embade
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - David Fernández-Ramos
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marta Varela-Rey
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Naiara Beraza
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Marcella Sini
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Virginia Gutiérrez de Juan
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Ashwin Woodhoo
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Nuria Martínez-López
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Begoña Rodríguez-Iruretagoyena
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | | | - Ana Belén de la Hoz
- Midatech Biogune S.L., Technology Park of Bizkaia Ed. 800 48160 Derio Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Arkaitz Carracedo
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Dimitris P. Xirodimas
- Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire - UMR 5237, CNRS, Route de Mende 34 293, Montpellier,Cedex 5, France
| | - Manuel S Rodríguez
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Shelly C Lu
- Division of Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases, USC Research Center for Liver Diseases, Southern California Research Center for Alcoholic Liver and Pancreatic Diseases and Cirrhosis, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
| | - José M Mato
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - María L Martínez-Chantar
- CIC bioGUNE, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Hepáticas y Digestivas (Ciberehd), Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160-Derio, Bizkaia, Spain,Contact information: ML Martínez-Chantar, CIC bioGUNE, Technology Park of Bizkaia, 48160 Derio, Bizkaia, Spain. ; Tel: +34-944-061318; Fax: +34-944-061301
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