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Allois R, Pagliaro P, Leonardo E, Roatta S. Effects of ischemic pre-conditioning on electrically stimulated contractions. Eur J Appl Physiol 2024:10.1007/s00421-024-05577-1. [PMID: 39168899 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-024-05577-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 08/23/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic pre-conditioning (IPC) offers protection against future ischemic events and may improve sports performance due to several mechanisms at local and systemic levels. This study investigates the local effects on muscle contractility in electrically induced muscle contractions, thus effectively excluding any uncontrolled change in the motor drive. METHODS Twenty-one subjects were divided into two groups: 12 subjects in the IPC group (3 × 5/5 min right arm ischemia/reperfusion; cuff pressure 250 mmHg) and 9 subjects in the SHAM group (same treatment at 20 mmHg). The adductor pollicis was contracted by supramaximal stimulation of the ulnar nerve with single pulses, trains of stimuli (5, 8, 10 and 12 Hz, 1-s duration) and bursts (4 pulses, 25 Hz), all separated by 5-s intervals. The stimulation sequence was delivered before and 15 and 30 min after IPC/SHAM treatment. The isometric contraction force, the superficial electromyographic signal, and tissue oxygenation were continuously monitored. RESULTS A significant force decrease in time was observed at 8, 10 (p < 0.01) and 12 Hz (p < 0.05) along with a decrease in half-relaxation time in single twitches and bursts (p = 0.01), regardless of treatment. This general time-related weakening was more marked in IPC than SHAM at 5-Hz stimulation. No effects were observed on the magnitude of the superficial electromyographic signal. CONCLUSION Data indicate that IPC does not increase muscle force during electrically stimulated contractions, supporting the idea that IPC's ergogenic effects are not due to increased muscle contractility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Allois
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, c.so Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Ermini Leonardo
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, c.so Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy
| | - Silvestro Roatta
- Laboratory of Integrative Physiology, Department of Neuroscience, University of Torino, c.so Raffaello 30, 10125, Turin, Italy.
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Panagiotides NG, Poledniczek M, Andreas M, Hülsmann M, Kocher AA, Kopp CW, Piechota-Polanczyk A, Weidenhammer A, Pavo N, Wadowski PP. Myocardial Oedema as a Consequence of Viral Infection and Persistence-A Narrative Review with Focus on COVID-19 and Post COVID Sequelae. Viruses 2024; 16:121. [PMID: 38257821 PMCID: PMC10818479 DOI: 10.3390/v16010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Microvascular integrity is a critical factor in myocardial fluid homeostasis. The subtle equilibrium between capillary filtration and lymphatic fluid removal is disturbed during pathological processes leading to inflammation, but also in hypoxia or due to alterations in vascular perfusion and coagulability. The degradation of the glycocalyx as the main component of the endothelial filtration barrier as well as pericyte disintegration results in the accumulation of interstitial and intracellular water. Moreover, lymphatic dysfunction evokes an increase in metabolic waste products, cytokines and inflammatory cells in the interstitial space contributing to myocardial oedema formation. This leads to myocardial stiffness and impaired contractility, eventually resulting in cardiomyocyte apoptosis, myocardial remodelling and fibrosis. The following article reviews pathophysiological inflammatory processes leading to myocardial oedema including myocarditis, ischaemia-reperfusion injury and viral infections with a special focus on the pathomechanisms evoked by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection. In addition, clinical implications including potential long-term effects due to viral persistence (long COVID), as well as treatment options, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noel G. Panagiotides
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.G.P.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (A.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Michael Poledniczek
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.G.P.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (A.W.); (N.P.)
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Martin Andreas
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.A.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Martin Hülsmann
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.G.P.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (A.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Alfred A. Kocher
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.A.); (A.A.K.)
| | - Christoph W. Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | | | - Annika Weidenhammer
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.G.P.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (A.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Noemi Pavo
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (N.G.P.); (M.P.); (M.H.); (A.W.); (N.P.)
| | - Patricia P. Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
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Poledniczek M, Neumayer C, Kopp CW, Schlager O, Gremmel T, Jozkowicz A, Gschwandtner ME, Koppensteiner R, Wadowski PP. Micro- and Macrovascular Effects of Inflammation in Peripheral Artery Disease-Pathophysiology and Translational Therapeutic Approaches. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2284. [PMID: 37626780 PMCID: PMC10452462 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11082284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation has a critical role in the development and progression of atherosclerosis. On the molecular level, inflammatory pathways negatively impact endothelial barrier properties and thus, tissue homeostasis. Conformational changes and destruction of the glycocalyx further promote pro-inflammatory pathways also contributing to pro-coagulability and a prothrombotic state. In addition, changes in the extracellular matrix composition lead to (peri-)vascular remodelling and alterations of the vessel wall, e.g., aneurysm formation. Moreover, progressive fibrosis leads to reduced tissue perfusion due to loss of functional capillaries. The present review aims at discussing the molecular and clinical effects of inflammatory processes on the micro- and macrovasculature with a focus on peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Poledniczek
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.); (C.W.K.); (O.S.); (M.E.G.); (R.K.)
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christoph Neumayer
- Division of Vascular Surgery, Department of General Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Christoph W. Kopp
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.); (C.W.K.); (O.S.); (M.E.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Oliver Schlager
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.); (C.W.K.); (O.S.); (M.E.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Thomas Gremmel
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Cardiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Landesklinikum Mistelbach-Gänserndorf, 2130 Mistelbach, Austria;
- Institute of Cardiovascular Pharmacotherapy and Interventional Cardiology, Karl Landsteiner Society, 3100 St. Pölten, Austria
| | - Alicja Jozkowicz
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Biophysics, Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 31-007 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Michael E. Gschwandtner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.); (C.W.K.); (O.S.); (M.E.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Renate Koppensteiner
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.); (C.W.K.); (O.S.); (M.E.G.); (R.K.)
| | - Patricia P. Wadowski
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (M.P.); (C.W.K.); (O.S.); (M.E.G.); (R.K.)
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Jarosz J, Gaweł D, Krzysztofik M, Zając A, Tsoukos A, Bogdanis GC, Wilk M. Effects of blood flow restriction on mechanical properties of the rectus femoris muscle at rest. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1244376. [PMID: 37664427 PMCID: PMC10469864 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1244376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: This study examined the effects of blood flow restriction (BFR) and reperfusion on the mechanical properties of the rectus femoris muscle at rest (frequency and stiffness). Methods: Fourteen trained men (body weight = 81.0 ± 10.3 kg; BMI = 25 ± 3.0 m/kg2; height = 181 ± 4 cm; training experience = 6.0 ± 2.2 years) participated in an experimental session involving their dominant (BFR) and non-dominant leg (control). Muscle mechanical properties were measured using Myoton's accelerometer at the midpoint of the rectus femoris muscle at five time points. In the BFR leg, an 80% arterial occlusion pressure was applied by a cuff for 5 min. No cuff was applied in the control leg. Femoral Myoton measurements were taken from both legs 2 and 4 min after the start of BRF as well as 30 s and 2 min after the end of the occlusion period. Results: The two-way ANOVA revealed a statistically significant interaction effect for stiffness and frequency (p < 0.001; η2 > 0.67). The post hoc analysis showed that both stiffness and frequency increased during BFR compared with rest and then dropped to the resting levels post BFR period. Also, stiffness and frequency were higher than control only during the BFR period, and similar during rest and post BFR. Conclusion: These results indicate that the application of BFR at rest leads to significant changes in mechanical properties of the rectus femoris muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Dawid Gaweł
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
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García-Sillero M, Maroto-Izquierdo S, Galván-García M, Benitez-Porres J, Vargas-Molina S, Jurado-Castro JM. Acute Effects of Blood Flow Restriction Training on Movement Velocity and Neuromuscular Signal during the Back Squat Exercise. J Clin Med 2023; 12:4824. [PMID: 37510938 PMCID: PMC10381307 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12144824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify the effects of blood flow restriction on movement velocity and muscle activity during the back squat exercise. METHODS Twenty-four university students participated in this study. In two randomized sessions 72 h apart, participants performed a 4-set protocol consisting of 30-15-15-15 repetitions performed at 30% of their one-repetition maximum in the back squat exercise. In both sessions, neuromuscular function was monitored by surface electromyography (EMG) and movement velocity (mean propulsive velocity (MPV), peak concentric velocity (Vmax), and the effort index (EI)). Blood flow restriction (BFR) was applied during exercise in one of the experimental sessions with 80% of full arterial occlusion pressure over lower limbs. RESULTS The BFR condition showed higher (p < 0.05) EI, peak, and rooted mean square normalized EMG in Set 1 compared to Set 2. Similar MPV and Vmax were observed in each set for both the BFR and control conditions. No significant differences were observed between conditions in any set. CONCLUSIONS BFR did not imply changes in neuromuscular performance during low-intensity resistance training, but it might induce greater intra-series velocity loss and less excitation of the muscles involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel García-Sillero
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Malaga, Spain
| | - Sergio Maroto-Izquierdo
- Department of Health Sciences, European University Miguel de Cervantes (UEMC), 47012 Valladolid, Spain
| | - María Galván-García
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Malaga, Spain
| | - Javier Benitez-Porres
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, University of Málaga, 29016 Málaga, Spain
| | - Salvador Vargas-Molina
- Physical Education and Sport, Faculty of Medicine, EADE-University of Wales Trinity Saint David, 29018 Malaga, Spain
| | - Jose Manuel Jurado-Castro
- Metabolism and Investigation Unit, Maimonides Biomedical Research Institute of Cordoba (IMIBIC), Reina Sofia University Hospital, University of Cordoba, 14004 Cordoba, Spain
- CIBER Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Ciencias De La Actividad Física y El Deporte, Escuela Universitaria de Osuna (Centro Adscrito a la Universidad de Sevilla), 41640 Osuna, Spain
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Allois R, Pagliaro P, Roatta S. Ischemic Conditioning to Reduce Fatigue in Isometric Skeletal Muscle Contraction. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030460. [PMID: 36979152 PMCID: PMC10044801 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/19/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is a non-invasive protective maneuver that alternates short periods of occlusion and reperfusion of tissue blood flow. Given the heterogeneity in the magnitude and frequency of IPC-induced improvements in physical performance, here we aimed to investigate, in a well-controlled experimental set-up, the local effects of IPC in exposed muscles in terms of tissue oxygenation and muscle fatigue. Nineteen subjects were enrolled in one of the two groups, IPC (3 × 5/5 min right arm ischemia/reperfusion; cuff inflations 250 mmHg) and SHAM (3 × 5/5 min pseudo ischemia/reperfusion; 20 mmHg). The subjects performed a fatiguing contraction protocol before and 30 min after the IPC treatment, consisting of unilateral intermittent isometric elbow flexions (3 s ON/OFF, 80% of maximal voluntary contraction) until exhaustion. While muscle strength did not differ between groups, post- vs. pre-treatment endurance was significantly reduced in the SHAM group (4.1 ± 1.9 vs. 6.4 ± 3.1 repetitions until exhaustion, p < 0.05) but maintained in IPC (7.3 ± 2.0 vs. 7.1 ± 4.3, n.s.). The decrease in tissue oxygenation and the increase in deoxygenated hemoglobin were significantly reduced post- vs. pre-IPC (p < 0.05), but not post- vs. pre-SHAM. The results suggest that IPC delays the onset of fatigue likely through improved metabolic efficiency of muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruben Allois
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy (S.R.)
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
| | - Pasquale Pagliaro
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-011-6705450
| | - Silvestro Roatta
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, 10125 Torino, Italy (S.R.)
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Rodrigues AL, Ide BN, Sasaki JE, DE Oliveira DCX, DE Oliveira Assumpção C, Marocolo M, Mota GR. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves the Bench-Press Maximal Strength in Resistance-Trained Men. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXERCISE SCIENCE 2023; 16:217-229. [PMID: 37113512 PMCID: PMC10124736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether acute ischemic preconditioning (IPC) would affect upper limb maximal strength performance in resistance-trained men. Using a counterbalanced randomized crossover design, fifteen men (29.9 ± 5.9 yrs.; 86.3 ± 9.6 kg; 8.0 ± 5.0 yrs. resistance training experience) performed one-repetition maximum (1-RM) bench press tests on three different occasions: control, 10 min post-IPC or 10 min post-placebo (SHAM). One-way analysis of variance showed that the post-IPC condition increased (P < 0.0001) 1-RM loads compared to both control and post-SHAM (control 113.3 ± 15.9 kg vs. SHAM 113.9 ± 15.8 kg vs. IPC 115.7 ± 15.6 kg), while control and SHAM did not differ (P > 0.05). Individual results showed that 13 participants (~87%) improved their performance post-IPC compared to control, and 11 participants (~73%) performed better post-IPC compared to post-SHAM. Reported session rating of perceived exertion (RPE) was lower (P < 0.0001) post-IPC (8.5 ± 0.6 arb.u) compared to control (9.3 ± 0.5 arb.u) and post-SHAM (9.3 ± 0.5 arb.u). Therefore, we conclude that IPC acutely improves upper limb maximal strength performance and reduces session-RPE in resistance-trained men. These results suggest an acute ergogenic effect of IPC for strength and power sports such as powerlifting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anderson Luiz Rodrigues
- Exercise Science Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, Brazil
| | - Bernardo N Ide
- Exercise Science Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, Brazil
| | - Jeffer Eidi Sasaki
- Exercise Science Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, Brazil
| | - Donizete Cicero X DE Oliveira
- Exercise Science Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, Brazil
| | - Claudio DE Oliveira Assumpção
- Exercise Science Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora/MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Mota
- Exercise Science Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba/MG, Brazil
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Salagas A, Tsoukos A, Terzis G, Paschalis V, Katsikas C, Krzysztofik M, Wilk M, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC. Effectiveness of either short-duration ischemic pre-conditioning, single-set high-resistance exercise, or their combination in potentiating bench press exercise performance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1083299. [PMID: 36589445 PMCID: PMC9797974 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1083299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the effects of short-duration ischemic preconditioning, a single-set high-resistance exercise and their combination on subsequent bench press performance. Twelve men (age: 25.8 ± 6.0 years, bench press 1-RM: 1.21 ± 0.17 kg kg-1 body mass) performed four 12 s sets as fast as possible, with 2 min of recovery between sets, against 60% 1-RM, after: a) 5 min ischemic preconditioning (IPC; at 100% of full arterial occlusion pressure), b) one set of three bench press repetitions at 90% 1-RM (PAPE), c) their combination (PAPE + IPC) or d) control (CTRL). Mean barbell velocity in ischemic preconditioning was higher than CTRL (by 6.6-9.0%, p < 0.05) from set 1 to set 3, and higher than PAPE in set 1 (by 4.4%, p < 0.05). Mean barbell velocity in PAPE was higher than CTRL from set 2 to set 4 (by 6.7-8.9%, p < 0.05), while mean barbell velocity in PAPE + IPC was higher than CTRL only in set 1 (+5.8 ± 10.0%). Peak barbell velocity in ischemic preconditioning and PAPE was higher than CTRL (by 7.8% and 8.5%, respectively; p < 0.05). Total number of repetitions was similarly increased in all experimental conditions compared with CTRL (by 7.0-7.9%, p < 0.05). Rating of perceived exertion was lower in ischemic preconditioning compared with CTRL (p < 0.001) and PAPE (p = 0.045), respectively. These results highlight the effectiveness of short-duration ischemic preconditioning in increasing bench press performance, and suggest that it may be readily used by strength and conditioning coaches during resistance training due to its brevity and lower perceived exertion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Salagas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Gerasimos Terzis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vassilis Paschalis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Christos Katsikas
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sports Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece,*Correspondence: Gregory C. Bogdanis,
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O’Brien L, Jacobs I. Potential physiological responses contributing to the ergogenic effects of acute ischemic preconditioning during exercise: A narrative review. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1051529. [PMID: 36518104 PMCID: PMC9742576 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1051529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been reported to augment exercise performance, but there is considerable heterogeneity in the magnitude and frequency of performance improvements. Despite a burgeoning interest in IPC as an ergogenic aid, much is still unknown about the physiological mechanisms that mediate the observed performance enhancing effects. This narrative review collates those physiological responses to IPC reported in the IPC literature and discusses how these responses may contribute to the ergogenic effects of IPC. Specifically, this review discusses documented central and peripheral cardiovascular responses, as well as selected metabolic, neurological, and perceptual effects of IPC that have been reported in the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O’Brien
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- The Tannenbaum Institute for Science in Sport, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Peden DL, Mitchell EA, Bailey SJ, Ferguson RA. Ischaemic preconditioning blunts exercise-induced mitochondrial dysfunction, speeds oxygen uptake kinetics but does not alter severe-intensity exercise capacity. Exp Physiol 2022; 107:1241-1254. [PMID: 36030522 PMCID: PMC9826326 DOI: 10.1113/ep090264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
NEW FINDINGS What is the central question of this study? Ischaemic preconditioning is a novel pre-exercise priming strategy. We asked whether ischaemic preconditioning would alter mitochondrial respiratory function and pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and improve severe-intensity exercise performance. What is the main finding and its importance? Ischaemic preconditioning expedited overall pulmonary oxygen uptake kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration, proportional to maximal electron transfer system and ADP-stimulated respiration, that was evoked by severe-intensity exercise in sham-control conditions. However, severe-intensity exercise performance was not improved. The results do not support ischaemic preconditioning as a pre-exercise strategy to improve exercise performance in recreationally active participants. ABSTRACT We examined the effect of ischaemic preconditioning (IPC) on severe-intensity exercise performance, pulmonary oxygen uptake ( V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ ) kinetics, skeletal muscle oxygenation (muscle tissue O2 saturation index) and mitochondrial respiration. Eight men underwent contralateral IPC (4 × 5 min at 220 mmHg) or sham-control (SHAM; 20 mmHg) before performing a cycling time-to-exhaustion test (92% maximum aerobic power). Muscle (vastus lateralis) biopsies were obtained before IPC or SHAM and ∼1.5 min postexercise. The time to exhaustion did not differ between SHAM and IPC (249 ± 37 vs. 240 ± 32 s; P = 0.62). Pre- and postexercise ADP-stimulated (P) and maximal (E) mitochondrial respiration through protein complexes (C) I, II and IV did not differ (P > 0.05). Complex I leak respiration was greater postexercise compared with baseline in SHAM, but not in IPC, when normalized to wet mass (P = 0.01 vs. P = 0.19), mitochondrial content (citrate synthase activity, P = 0.003 vs. P = 0.16; CI+IIP, P = 0.03 vs. P = 0.23) and expressed relative to P (P = 0.006 vs. P = 0.30) and E (P = 0.004 vs. P = 0.26). The V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ mean response time was faster (51.3 ± 15.5 vs. 63.7 ± 14.5 s; P = 0.003), with a smaller slow component (270 ± 105 vs. 377 ± 188 ml min-1 ; P = 0.03), in IPC compared with SHAM. The muscle tissue O2 saturation index did not differ between trials (P > 0.05). Ischaemic preconditioning expedited V ̇ O 2 ${\dot V_{{{\rm{O}}_{\rm{2}}}}}$ kinetics and appeared to prevent an increase in leak respiration through CI, when expressed proportional to E and P evoked by severe-intensity exercise, but did not improve exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donald L. Peden
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Emma A. Mitchell
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Stephen J. Bailey
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
| | - Richard A. Ferguson
- School of SportExercise and Health SciencesLoughborough UniversityLoughboroughUK
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Telles LGDS, Billaut F, Cunha G, Ribeiro ADS, Monteiro ER, Barreto AC, Leitão L, Panza P, Vianna JM, Novaes JDS. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Handgrip Strength and Functional Capacity in Active Elderly Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19116628. [PMID: 35682213 PMCID: PMC9180149 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19116628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background: Aging decreases some capacities in older adults, sarcopenia being one of the common processes that occur and that interfered with strength capacity. The present study aimed to verify the acute effect of IPC on isometric handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women. Methods: In a single-blind, placebo-controlled design, 16 active elderly women (68.1 ± 7.6 years) were randomly performed on three separate occasions a series of tests: (1) alone (control, CON); (2) after IPC (3 cycles of 5-min compression/5-min reperfusion at 15 mmHg above systolic blood pressure, IPC); and (3) after placebo compressions (SHAM). Testing included a handgrip isometric strength test (HIST) and three functional tests (FT): 30 s sit and stand up from a chair (30STS), get up and go time (TUG), and 6 min walk distance test (6MWT). Results: HIST significantly increased in IPC (29.3 ± 6.9 kgf) compared to CON (27.3 ± 7.1 kgf; 7.1% difference; p = 0.01), but not in SHAM (27.7 ± 7.9; 5.5%; p = 0.16). The 30STS increased in IPC (20.1 ± 4.1 repetitions) compared to SHAM (18.5 ± 3.5 repetitions; 8.7%; p = 0.01) and CON (18.5 ± 3.9 repetitions; 8.6%; p = 0.01). TUG was significantly lower in IPC (5.70 ± 1.35 s) compared to SHAM (6.14 ± 1.37 s; −7.2%; p = 0.01), but not CON (5.91 ± 1.45 s; −3.7%; p = 0.24). The 6MWT significantly increased in IPC (611.5 ± 93.8 m) compared to CON (546.1 ± 80.5 m; 12%; p = 0.02), but not in SHAM (598.7 ± 67.6 m; 2.1%; p = 0.85). Conclusions: These data suggest that IPC can promote acute improvements in handgrip strength and functional capacity in active elderly women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luiz Guilherme da Silva Telles
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
- Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20261-063, Brazil;
| | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Gélio Cunha
- Estácio de Sá University (UNESA), Rio de Janeiro 20261-063, Brazil;
| | - Aline de Souza Ribeiro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
- Department of Physical Therapy, University Center of Augusto Motta of UNISUAM, Rio de Janeiro 21041-020, Brazil
| | | | - Luís Leitão
- Sciences and Technology Department, Superior School of Education of Polytechnic Institute of Setubal, 2910-761 Setúbal, Portugal
- Life Quality Research Centre, 2040-413 Rio Maior, Portugal
- Correspondence:
| | - Patrícia Panza
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, São Pedro 36036-900, Brazil; (A.d.S.R.); (P.P.); (J.M.V.)
| | - Jefferson da Silva Novaes
- Physical Education and Sports Department, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro 21941-901, Brazil; (L.G.d.S.T.); (E.R.M.); (J.d.S.N.)
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12
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Cheng CF, Kuo YH, Hsu WC, Chen C, Pan CH. Local and Remote Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Sprint Interval Exercise Performance in Team Sport Athletes. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:10653. [PMID: 34682399 PMCID: PMC8535734 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182010653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 10/04/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of local (LIPC) and remote (RIPC) ischemic preconditioning on sprint interval exercise (SIE) performance. Fifteen male collegiate basketball players underwent a LIPC, RIPC, sham (SHAM), or control (CON) trial before conducting six sets of a 30-s Wingate-based SIE test. The oxygen uptake and heart rate were continuously measured during SIE test. The total work in the LIPC (+2.2%) and RIPC (+2.5%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). The mean power output (MPO) at the third and fourth sprint in the LIPC (+4.5%) and RIPC (+4.9%) conditions was significantly higher than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). The percentage decrement score for MPO in the LIPC and RIPC condition was significantly lower than that in the CON condition (p < 0.05). No significant interaction effects were found in pH and blood lactate concentrations. There were no significant differences in the accumulated exercise time at ≥80%, 90%, and 100% of maximal oxygen uptake during SIE. Overall, both LIPC and RIPC could improve metabolic efficiency and performance during SIE in athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Feng Cheng
- Department of Athletic Performance, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
| | - Yu-Hsuan Kuo
- Department of Physical Education, Chinese Culture University, Taipei 11114, Taiwan;
| | - Wei-Chieh Hsu
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
- Graduate Institute of Sports Training, University of Taipei, Taipei 11153, Taiwan
| | - Chu Chen
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Hsueh Pan
- Sports Performance Lab, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 11677, Taiwan; (W.-C.H.); (C.C.); (C.-H.P.)
- Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei 10610, Taiwan
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13
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Caroca S, Villagran D, Chabert S. Four functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques for skeletal muscle exploration, a systematic review. Eur J Radiol 2021; 144:109995. [PMID: 34628310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejrad.2021.109995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of muscle health has become more relevant lately, due to global aging and a higher incidence of musculoskeletal pathologies. Current exploration techniques, such as electromyography, do not provide accurate spatial information. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work is to perform a systematic review of the literature to synthesize the contributions that can offer functional MRI techniques commonly used in neuroimaging, applied to skeletal muscle: Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD), IntraVoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM), Arterial Spin Labeling (ASL) and Dynamic Contrast Enhanced (DCE). EVIDENCE ACQUISITION Web of Science and Medline databases were searched, over the last 10 years, focused on the use of BOLD, ASL, IVIM or DCE in skeletal muscle. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS 59 articles were included after applying the selection criteria. 37 studies were performed in healthy subjects, and 22 in patients with different pathologies: in peripheral arterial disease, systemic sclerosis, diabetes, osteoporosis, adolescent idiopathic scoliosis, and dermatomyositis. Reference values in healthy subjects still vary in some cases. CONCLUSION The studies show the feasibility of implementing functional MRI through BOLD, ASL, IVIM or DCE imaging in several muscles and their possible utility in different pathologies. A synthesis of how to implement such exploration is given here. CLINICAL IMPACT These four techniques are based on sequences already present in clinical MRI scanners, therefore, their use for functional muscle exploration does not require additional investment. These techniques allow visualization and quantification of parameters associated with the vascular health of the muscles and represent interesting support for musculoskeletal exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Caroca
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Diego Villagran
- Servicio de Imagenología, Hospital Carlos van Buren, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Steren Chabert
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile; CINGS, Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en INGeniería en Salud, Universidad de Valparaiso, Valparaíso, Chile; Millennium Nucleus for Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance, Chile.
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14
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Angius L, Pageaux B, Crisafulli A, Hopker J, Marcora SM. Ischemic preconditioning of the muscle reduces the metaboreflex response of the knee extensors. Eur J Appl Physiol 2021; 122:141-155. [PMID: 34596759 PMCID: PMC8748374 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-021-04815-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Purpose This study investigated the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IP) on metaboreflex activation following dynamic leg extension exercise in a group of healthy participants. Method Seventeen healthy participants were recruited. IP and SHAM treatments (3 × 5 min cuff occlusion at 220 mmHg or 20 mmHg, respectively) were administered in a randomized order to the upper part of exercising leg’s thigh only. Muscle pain intensity (MP) and pain pressure threshold (PPT) were monitored while administrating IP and SHAM treatments. After 3 min of leg extension exercise at 70% of the maximal workload, a post-exercise muscle ischemia (PEMI) was performed to monitor the discharge group III/IV muscle afferents via metaboreflex activation. Hemodynamics were continuously recorded. MP was monitored during exercise and PEMI. Results IP significantly reduced mean arterial pressure compared to SHAM during metaboreflex activation (mean ± SD, 109.52 ± 7.25 vs. 102.36 ± 7.89 mmHg) which was probably the consequence of a reduced end diastolic volume (mean ± SD, 113.09 ± 14.25 vs. 102.42 ± 9.38 ml). MP was significantly higher during the IP compared to SHAM treatment, while no significant differences in PPT were found. MP did not change during exercise, but it was significantly lower during the PEMI following IP (5.10 ± 1.29 vs. 4.00 ± 1.54). Conclusion Our study demonstrated that IP reduces hemodynamic response during metaboreflex activation, while no effect on MP and PPT were found. The reduction in hemodynamic response was likely the consequence of a blunted venous return.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Angius
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Department of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK.
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK.
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- École de Kinésiologie et des Sciences de l'Activité Physique (EKSAP), Faculté de Médicine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Gériatrie de Montréal (CRIUGM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Antonio Crisafulli
- The Department of Medical Sciences, Sports Physiology Laboratory, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - James Hopker
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
| | - Samuele Maria Marcora
- Endurance Research Group, School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham Maritime, UK
- Department of Biomedical and NeuroMotor Sciences (DiBiNeM), University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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15
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Jarosz J, Trybulski R, Krzysztofik M, Tsoukos A, Filip-Stachnik A, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC, Wilk M. The Effects of Ischemia During Rest Intervals on Bar Velocity in the Bench Press Exercise With Different External Loads. Front Physiol 2021; 12:715096. [PMID: 34447318 PMCID: PMC8383203 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.715096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main aim of the present study was to evaluate the acute effects of ischemia used during rest periods on bar velocity changes during the bench press exercise at progressive loads, from 20 to 90% of 1RM. Ten healthy resistance trained men volunteered for the study (age = 26.3 ± 4.7 years; body mass = 89.8 ± 6.3 kg; bench press 1RM = 142.5 ± 16.9 kg; training experience = 7.8 ± 2.7 years). During the experimental sessions the subjects performed the bench press exercise under two different conditions, in a randomized and counterbalanced order: (a) ischemia condition, with ischemia applied before the first set and during every rest periods between sets, and (b) control condition where no ischemia was applied. During each experimental session eight sets of the bench press exercise were performed, against loads starting from 20 to 90% 1RM, increased progressively by 10% in each subsequent set. A 3-min rest interval between sets was used. For ischemia condition the cuffs was applied 3 min before the first set and during every rest period between sets. Ischemia was released during exercise. The cuff pressure was set to ∼80% of full arterial occlusion pressure. The two-way repeated measures ANOVA showed a statistically significant interaction effect for peak bar velocity (p = 0.04) and for mean bar velocity (p = 0.01). There was also a statistically significant main effect of condition for peak bar velocity (p < 0.01) but not for mean bar velocity (p = 0.25). The post hoc analysis for interaction showed significantly higher peak bar velocity for the ischemia condition compared to control at a load of 20% 1RM (p = 0.007) and at a load of 50% 1RM (p = 0.006). The results of the present study indicate that ischemia used before each set even for a brief duration of <3 min, has positive effects on peak bar velocity at light loads, but it is insufficient to induce such effect on higher loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland.,Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland
| | - Michał Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Athanasios Tsoukos
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Aleksandra Filip-Stachnik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
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16
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Valenzuela PL, Martín-Candilejo R, Sánchez-Martínez G, Bouzas Marins JC, de la Villa P, Sillero-Quintana M. Ischemic Preconditioning and Muscle Force Capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 2021; 35:2187-2192. [PMID: 30908369 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Valenzuela, PL, Martín-Candilejo, R, Sánchez-Martínez, G, Bouzas Marins, JC, de la Villa, P, and Sillero-Quintana, M. Ischemic preconditioning and muscle force capabilities. J Strength Cond Res 35(8): 2187-2192, 2021-This study analyzed the effects of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on muscle force capabilities. Sixteen male subjects participated in this randomized, crossover, sham-controlled study. They were assigned to either IPC (3 × 5 minutes at 220 mm Hg in both arms with 5-minute rests) or a sham intervention (SHAM) (occlusion pressure set at 10 mm Hg). Forty minutes later, their force capabilities on the bench press exercise were assessed (load-velocity relationship with light, moderate, and heavy loads [30, 50, and 70% body mass, respectively]; 1 repetition maximum [1RM]; and number of repetitions to failure in 3 sets with 60% RM). The skin temperature (Tsk) of the pectoral and biceps muscles was analyzed as a secondary endpoint by means of infrared thermography. A significant decrease in the Tsk of the pectoral and biceps muscles was observed after the intervention (p < 0.01) and before the warm-up (p < 0.05) in IPC, but not in SHAM. However, exercise resulted in a similar Tsk increase in the pectoral muscles in both conditions (p > 0.05). No significant differences (p > 0.05 for all) were observed between conditions in the mean velocity attained with light (1.11 ± 0.11 and 1.09 ± 0.14 m·s-1, respectively), moderate (0.83 ± 0.14 and 0.83 ± 0.16 m·s-1), nor heavy loads (0.56 ± 0.17 and 0.54 ± 0.16 m·s-1), in 1RM (75.0 ± 18.9 and 73.1 ± 15.0 kg for IPC and SHAM, respectively; p = 0.181), nor in the number of repetitions performed (52 ± 13 and 54 ± 16 repetitions, p = 0.492). In summary, IPC decreased Tsk locally (biceps) and remotely (pectoral). However, it did not alter muscle force capabilities nor the Tsk response to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro L Valenzuela
- Systems Biology Department, University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Sport and Health, Spanish Agency for Health Protection in Sport (AEPSAD), Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosalía Martín-Candilejo
- Sports Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF Madrid), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; and
| | | | - Joao Carlos Bouzas Marins
- Department of Physical Education, Human Performance Laboratory, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Manuel Sillero-Quintana
- Sports Department, Faculty of Physical Activity and Sport Sciences (INEF Madrid), Technical University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain ; and
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17
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Wilk M, Trybulski R, Krzysztofik M, Wojdala G, Campos Y, Zajac A, Lulińska E, Stastny P. Acute Effects of Different Blood Flow Restriction Protocols on Bar Velocity During the Squat Exercise. Front Physiol 2021; 12:652896. [PMID: 34234686 PMCID: PMC8255669 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.652896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of the present study was to evaluate the effects of different blood flow restriction (BFR) protocols (continuous and intermittent) on peak bar velocity (PV) and mean bar velocity (MV) during the squat exercise at progressive loads, from 40 to 90% 1RM. Eleven healthy men (age = 23.4 ± 3.1 years; body mass = 88.5 ± 12.1 kg; squat 1RM = 183.2 ± 30.7 kg; resistance training experience, 5.7 ± 3.6 years) performed experimental sessions once a week for 3 weeks in random and counterbalanced order: without BFR (NO-BFR), with intermittent BFR (I-BFR), and with continuous BFR (C-BFR). During the experimental session, the participants performed six sets of the barbell squat exercise with loads from 40 to 90% 1RM. In each set, they performed two repetitions. During the C-BFR session, the cuffs were maintained throughout the training session. During the I-BFR, the cuffs were used only during the exercise and released for each rest interval. The BFR pressure was set to ∼80% arterial occlusion pressure (AOP). Analyses of variance showed a statistically significant interaction for MV (p < 0.02; η2 = 0.18). However, the post hoc analysis did not show significant differences between particular conditions for particular loads. There was no significant condition × load interaction for PV (p = 0.16; η2 = 0.13). Furthermore, there were no main effects for conditions in MV (p = 0.38; η2 = 0.09) as well as in PV (p = 0.94; η2 = 0.01). The results indicate that the different BFR protocols used during lower body resistance exercises did not reduce peak bar velocity and mean bar velocity during the squat exercise performed with various loads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Robert Trybulski
- Department of Medical Sciences, The Wojciech Korfanty School of Economics, Katowice, Poland.,Provita Zory Medical Center, Zory, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Wojdala
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Yuri Campos
- Postgraduate Program, Faculty of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil.,Study Group and Research in Neuromuscular Responses, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Brazil
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Ewelina Lulińska
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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18
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Lindner TD, Scholten SD, Halverson JM, Baumgarten KM, Birger CB, Nowotny BG. The Acute Effects of Ischemic Preconditioning on Power and Sprint Performance. SOUTH DAKOTA MEDICINE : THE JOURNAL OF THE SOUTH DAKOTA STATE MEDICAL ASSOCIATION 2021; 74:210-219. [PMID: 34437779 PMCID: PMC9272512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been shown to induce positive effects on skeletal muscle resulting in enhanced physical performance. Data display that IPC positively impacts both aerobic and anaerobic performance. However, there is inconclusive data exemplifying IPC's effects on power and sprint performance. We hypothesized 15 minutes of bilateral lower limb IPC, applied 25-45 minutes prior to power and sprint activity, would enhance power and sprint performance. METHODS Using a randomized crossover design, 14 NCAA Division II athletes received IPC (100 percent occlusion) and sham (50 mmHg) treatments followed by either a 0 minute or a 20 minute rest. A Delfi Personalized Tourniquet System (PTS) for blood flow restriction with an internal doppler radar was used to occlude blood flow to the lower extremities. Followed by IPC treatment, power and sprint performance was assessed using a vertical jump, reactive strength index (RSI), broad jump, flying 10m dash, and pro-agility. Each of the fourteen subjects in the experimental group received all four protocols. RESULTS Using an ANOVA, no statistical significance was found between the type of treatment (i.e., sham 0 min, sham 20 min, IPC 0 min, IPC 20 min) and the performance tests: vertical jump (p=0.97), RSI (p=0.73), broad jump (p=0.98), flying 10m dash (p=0.99), and pro-agility (p=0.90). In addition, no statistical significance was found between the order of treatments and the performance tests (p=0.97). CONCLUSION Despite previous research suggesting IPC enhances anaerobic and anaerobic performance, the current results indicate IPC doesn't significantly enhance power and sprint performance in highly trained athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiegen D Lindner
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | - Shane D Scholten
- Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, Augustana University, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
| | | | - Keith M Baumgarten
- Orthopedic Institute, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- University of South Dakota Sanford School of Medicine, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
- The John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | - Brett G Nowotny
- Sanford POWER Sports Physical Therapy, Sioux Falls, South Dakota
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19
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O'Brien L, Jacobs I. Methodological Variations Contributing to Heterogenous Ergogenic Responses to Ischemic Preconditioning. Front Physiol 2021; 12:656980. [PMID: 33995123 PMCID: PMC8117357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.656980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been repeatedly reported to augment maximal exercise performance over a range of exercise durations and modalities. However, an examination of the relevant literature indicates that the reproducibility and robustness of ergogenic responses to this technique are variable, confounding expectations about the magnitude of its effects. Considerable variability among study methodologies may contribute to the equivocal responses to IPC. This review focuses on the wide range of methodologies used in IPC research, and how such variability likely confounds interpretation of the interactions of IPC and exercise. Several avenues are recommended to improve IPC methodological consistency, which should facilitate a future consensus about optimizing the IPC protocol, including due consideration of factors such as: location of the stimulus, the time between treatment and exercise, individualized tourniquet pressures and standardized tourniquet physical characteristics, and the incorporation of proper placebo treatments into future study designs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liam O'Brien
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ira Jacobs
- Human Physiology Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology and Physical Education, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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20
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Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Jarosz J, Krol P, Leznicka K, Zajac A, Stastny P, Bogdanis GC. Impact of Ischemic Intra-Conditioning on Power Output and Bar Velocity of the Upper Limbs. Front Physiol 2021; 12:626915. [PMID: 33716773 PMCID: PMC7947627 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.626915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of ischemic conditioning on power output and bar velocity in the bench press exercise. Ten healthy males (age: 25 ± 2 years; body mass: 92 ± 8 kg; bench press one repetition maximum -1RM: 145 ± 13 kg), took part in two experimental sessions (with and without ischemia), 1 week apart in random and counterbalanced order. In the ischemic condition, cuffs placed around the upper part of the arms were inflated to 80% of arterial occlusion pressure before each set, while in the control condition there was no blood flow restriction. The exercise protocol included 5 sets of three repetitions each, against a resistance equal to 60% 1RM, with 5 min recovery intervals between sets. There was a main effect of condition for mean power output (MP) and mean bar velocity (MV) (p = 0.01), with overall MP being higher in ischemia than in control by 5.6 ± 4.1% (mean ± 90% compatibility limits), a standardized effect size (ES) of 0.51. Overall MV was also higher by 5.5 ± 4.0%, ES = 0.63. Peak power output (PP) and peak bar velocity (PV) were similar in set 1 of the control and ischemia condition (1039 ± 105 vs. 1054 ± 82 W; 684 ± 74 vs. 696 ± 53 W; 1.09 ± 0.07 vs. 1.12 ± 0.09 m/s; 0.81 ± 0.05 vs. 0.82 ± 0.05 m/s, p = 0.67 to 0.99, mean ± standard deviation). However, from set 3 onward (p = 0.03 to 0.001), PP and PV were higher in ischemia compared with control, with the highest difference observed in set 5 (10.9 ± 5.9%, ES = 0.73 for PP and 8.6 ± 4.6%; ES = 0.89 for PV). These results indicate that ischemia used before each set of the bench press exercise increases power output and bar velocity and this may be used as performance-enhancing stimulus during explosive resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Jakub Jarosz
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Pawel Krol
- College of Medical Sciences, Institute of Physical Culture Studies, University of Rzeszów, Rzeszów, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Leznicka
- Faculty of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Department of Sport Games, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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21
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Hyngstrom AS, Nguyen JN, Wright MT, Tarima SS, Schmit BD, Gutterman DD, Durand MJ. Two weeks of remote ischemic conditioning improves brachial artery flow mediated dilation in chronic stroke survivors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2020; 129:1348-1354. [PMID: 33090908 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00398.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Many stroke survivors have reduced cardiorespiratory fitness as a result of their stroke. Ischemic conditioning (IC) is a noninvasive, cost-effective, easy-to-administer intervention that can be performed at home and has been shown to improve both motor function in stroke survivors and vascular endothelial function in healthy individuals. In this study, we examined the effects of 2 wk of remote IC (RIC) on brachial artery flow mediated dilation (FMD) in chronic stroke survivors. We hypothesized that FMD would be improved following RIC compared with a sham RIC control group. This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, controlled study. Twenty-four chronic stroke survivors (>6 mo after stroke) were enrolled and randomized to receive either RIC or sham RIC on their affected thigh every other day for 2 wk. For the RIC group, a blood pressure cuff was inflated to 225 mmHg for 5 min, followed by 5 min of recovery, and repeated a total of five times per session. For the sham RIC group, the inflation pressure was 10 mmHg. Brachial artery FMD was assessed on the nonaffected arm at study enrollment and following the 2-wk intervention period. Nine men and fourteen women completed all study procedures. Brachial artery FMD increased from 5.4 ± 4.8 to 7.8 ± 4.4% (P = 0.030; n = 12) in the RIC group, while no significant change was observed in the sham RIC group (3.5 ± 3.9% pretreatment versus 2.4 ± 3.1% posttreatment; P = 0.281, n = 11). Two weeks of RIC increases brachial artery FMD in chronic stroke survivors.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In this study, we report that 2 wk of remote ischemic conditioning (RIC) improves brachial artery flow-mediated dilation in chronic stroke survivors. Because poor cardiovascular health puts stroke survivors at a heightened risk for recurrent stroke and other cardiovascular events, an intervention that is simple, cost-effective, and easy to perform like RIC holds promise as a means to improve cardiovascular health in this at-risk population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jennifer N Nguyen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael T Wright
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Sergey S Tarima
- Institute of Health and Equity, Division of Biostatistics, Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University and the Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew J Durand
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin.,Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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22
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Paradis-Deschênes P, Lapointe J, Joanisse DR, Billaut F. Similar Recovery of Maximal Cycling Performance after Ischemic Preconditioning, Neuromuscular Electrical Stimulation or Active Recovery in Endurance Athletes. J Sports Sci Med 2020; 19:761-771. [PMID: 33239951 PMCID: PMC7675617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the efficacy of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on the recovery of maximal aerobic performance and physiological responses compared with commonly used techniques. Nine endurance athletes performed two 5-km cycling time trials (TT) interspersed by 45 minutes of recovery that included either IPC, active recovery (AR) or neuromuscular electrical stimulation (NMES) in a randomized crossover design. Performance, blood markers, arterial O2 saturation (SpO2), heart rate (HR), near-infrared spectroscopy-derived muscle oxygenation parameters and perceptual measures were recorded throughout TTs and recovery. Differences were analyzed using repeated-measures ANOVAs and Cohen's effect size (ES). The decrement in chronometric performance from TT1 to TT2 was similar between recovery modalities (IPC: -6.1 sec, AR: -7.9 sec, NMES: -5.4 sec, p = 0.84, ES 0.05). The modalities induced similar increases in blood volume before the start of TT2 (IPC: 13.3%, AR: 14.6%, NMES: 15.0%, p = 0.79, ES 0.06) and similar changes in lactate concentration and pH. There were negligible differences between conditions in bicarbonate concentration, base excess of blood and total concentration of carbon dioxide, and no difference in SpO2, HR and muscle O2 extraction during exercise (all p > 0.05). We interpreted these findings to suggest that IPC is as effective as AR and NMES to enhance muscle blood volume, metabolic by-products clearance and maximal endurance performance. IPC could therefore complement the athlete's toolbox to promote recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Paradis-Deschênes
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Julien Lapointe
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - Denis R Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC, Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Quebec, QC, Canada
- Quebec Heart and Lung Institute, Quebec, QC, Canada
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23
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Wilk M, Gepfert M, Krzysztofik M, Stastny P, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC. Acute Effects of Continuous and Intermittent Blood Flow Restriction on Movement Velocity During Bench Press Exercise Against Different Loads. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569915. [PMID: 33329020 PMCID: PMC7728989 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.569915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effects of continuous and intermittent blood flow restriction (BFR) with 70% of full arterial occlusion pressure on bar velocity during the bench press exercise against a wide range of resistive loads. Eleven strength-trained males (age: 23.5 ± 1.4 years; resistance training experience: 2.8 ± 0.8 years, maximal bench press strength - 1RM = 101.8 ± 13.9 kg; body mass = 79.8 ± 10.4 kg), performed three different testing protocols in random and counterbalanced order: without BFR (NO-BFR); intermittent BFR (I-BFR) and continuous BFR (C-BFR). During each experimental session, subjects performed eight sets of two repetitions each, with increasing loads from 20 to 90% 1RM (10% steps), and 3 min rest between each set. In the C-BFR condition occlusion was kept throughout the trial, while in the I-BFR, occlusion was released during each 3 min rest interval. Peak bar velocity (PV) during the bench press exercise was higher by 12-17% in both I-BFR and C-BFR compared with NO-BFR only at the loads of 20, 30, 40, and 50% 1RM (p < 0.001), while performance at higher loads remained unchanged. Mean bar velocity (MV) was unaffected by occlusion (p = 0.342). These results indicate that BFR during bench press exercise increases PV and this may be used as an enhanced stimulus during explosive resistance training. At higher workloads, bench press performance was not negatively affected by BFR, indicating that the benefits of exercise under occlusion can be obtained while explosive performance is not impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Mariola Gepfert
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport Games, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C. Bogdanis
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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24
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Vangsoe MT, Nielsen JK, Paton CD. A Comparison of Different Prerace Warm-Up Strategies on 1-km Cycling Time-Trial Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2020; 15:1109-1116. [PMID: 32294619 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 10/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) and postactivation potentiation (PAP) are warm-up strategies proposed to improve high-intensity sporting performance. However, only few studies have investigated the benefits of these strategies compared with an appropriate control (CON) or an athlete-selected (SELF) warm-up protocol. Therefore, this study examined the effects of 4 different warm-up routines on 1-km time-trial (TT) performance with competitive cyclists. METHODS In a randomized crossover study, 12 well-trained cyclists (age 32 [10] y, mass 77.7 [4.6] kg, peak power output 1141 [61] W) performed 4 different warm-up strategies-(CON) 17 minutes CON only, (SELF) a self-determined warm-up, (IPC) IPC + CON, or (PAP) CON + PAP-prior to completing a maximal-effort 1-km TT. Performance time and power, quadriceps electromyograms, muscle oxygen saturation (SmO2), and blood lactate were measured to determine differences between trials. RESULTS There were no significant differences (P > .05) in 1-km performance time between CON (76.9 [5.2] s), SELF (77.3 [6.0] s), IPC (77.0 [5.5] s), or PAP (77.3 [5.9] s) protocols. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mean or peak power output between trials. Finally, electromyogram activity, SmO2, and recovery blood lactate concentration were not different between conditions. CONCLUSIONS Adding IPC or PAP protocols to a short CON warm-up appears to provide no additional benefit to 1-km TT performance with well-trained cyclists and is therefore not recommended. Furthermore, additional IPC and PAP protocols had no effect on electromyograms and SmO2 values during the TT or peak lactate concentration during recovery.
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25
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Bernardo Neme Ide
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Biochemistry Department, Biology Institute, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Gustavo R Mota
- Human Performance and Sports Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
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26
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da Mota GR, Willis SJ, Sobral NDS, Borrani F, Billaut F, Millet GP. Ischemic Preconditioning Maintains Performance on Two 5-km Time Trials in Hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2020; 51:2309-2317. [PMID: 31169794 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The ergogenic effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on endurance exercise performed in hypoxia remains debated and has never been investigated with successive exercise bouts. Therefore, we evaluated if IPC would provide immediate or delayed effects during two 5-km cycling time trials (TT) separated by ~1 h in hypoxia. METHODS In a counterbalanced randomized crossover design, 13 healthy males (27.5 ± 3.6 yr) performed two maximal cycling 5-km TT separated by ~1 h of recovery (TT1 25 min and TT2 2 h post-IPC/SHAM), preceded by IPC (3 × 5 min occlusion 220 mm Hg/reperfusion 0 mm Hg, bilaterally on thighs) or SHAM (20 mm Hg) at normobaric hypoxia (fraction of inspired oxygen [FiO2] of 16%). Performance and physiological (i.e., oxyhemoglobin saturation, heart rate, blood lactate, and vastus lateralis oxygenation) parameters were recorded. RESULTS Time to complete (P = 0.011) 5-km TT and mean power output (P = 0.005) from TT1 to TT2 were worse in SHAM, but not in IPC (P = 0.381/P = 0.360, respectively). There were no differences in time, power output, or physiological variables during the two TT between IPC and SHAM. All muscle oxygenation indices differed (P < 0.001) during the IPC/SHAM with a greater deoxygenation in IPC. During the TT, there was a greater concentration of total hemoglobin in IPC than SHAM (P = 0.047) and greater total hemoglobin in TT1 than TT2. Further, the concentration of oxyhemoglobin was lower during TT2 than TT1 (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION In moderate hypoxia, IPC allowed maintaining a higher blood volume during a subsequent maximal exercise, mitigating the performance decrement between two consecutive cycling TT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo R da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, BRAZIL.,Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Sarah J Willis
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Nelson Dos Santos Sobral
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | - Fabio Borrani
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
| | | | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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27
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Wilk M, Krzysztofik M, Filip A, Zajac A, Bogdanis GC, Lockie RG. Short-Term Blood Flow Restriction Increases Power Output and Bar Velocity During the Bench Press. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 36:2082-2088. [PMID: 32379236 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Wilk, M, Krzysztofik, M, Filip, A, Zajac, A, Bogdanis, GC, and Lockie, RG. Short-term blood flow restriction increases power output and bar velocity during the bench press. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-This study examined the effect of blood flow restriction (BFR) with 2 different types of cuffs on peak power output (PP), mean power output (MP), peak bar velocity (PV), and mean bar velocity (MV) in the bench press exercise (BP). Fourteen healthy strength-trained male athletes (age = 27.6 ± 3.5 years; body mass = 84.1 ± 8.0 kg; height = 175.8 ± 6.7 cm; BP 1 repetition maximum [RM] = 138.6 ± 17.8 kg) performed 3 different testing protocols as follows: without BFR (NO-BFR), BFR with a narrow cuff (BFRNARROW), and BFR with a wide cuff (BFRWIDE) in a randomized crossover design. During all sessions, subjects performed one set of 3 repetitions of the BP exercise using 70% 1RM. Cuff pressure was set to approximately 90% full arterial occlusion pressure of the upper limb at rest. Analyses of variance showed an increase in PP (by 21%, p < 0.01; effect size [ES] = 1.67), MP (by 16%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.93), PV (by 22%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.79), and MV (by 21%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.36) during BFRWIDE compared with NO-BFR and a significant increase in PP (by 15%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.07), MP (by 17%, p < 0.01; ES = 0.78), PV (by 18%, p < 0.01; ES = 1.65), and MV (by 13% p < 0.01; ES = 1.00) during BFRWIDE compared with BFRNARROW. There were no significant differences in any of the variable between NO-BFR and BFRNARROW. The results of the study indicate that short-term BFR training increases power output and bar velocity during the BP exercise. However, only BFRWIDE significantly influenced bar velocity and power output, which indicates that the width of the cuff is a critical factor determining acute exercise adaptation during BFR resistance training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Wilk
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Michal Krzysztofik
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Filip
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Adam Zajac
- Institute of Sport Sciences, Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Gregory C Bogdanis
- School of P.E. and Sport Science, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Center for Sports Performance, Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
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28
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Changes in the quadriceps spinal reflex pathway after repeated sprint cycling are not influenced by ischemic preconditioning. Eur J Appl Physiol 2020; 120:1189-1202. [PMID: 32239310 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-020-04359-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We examined the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on changes in muscle force, activation, and the spinal reflex pathway during and after repeated sprint cycling. METHODS Eight recreationally active men (high-intensity cardiorespiratory training > 3 times per week, > 6 months) completed two exercise sessions (5 sets of 5 cycling sprints, 150% max W), preceded by either IPC (3 × 5 min leg occlusions at 220 mmHg) or SHAM (3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg). Knee extensor maximal force and rate of force were measured before (PRE), immediately post (POST), 1H, and 24H after cycling. Twitch interpolation and resting potentiated twitches were applied to estimate voluntary activation and muscle contractility, respectively. Quadriceps H-reflex recruitment curves were collected at all time-points using 10 Hz doublet stimulation to allow estimation of H-reflex post-activation depression. Surface electromyograms and tissue oxygenation (via near-infrared spectroscopy) were continuously recorded during cycling. RESULTS IPC did not affect any measure of neuromuscular function or performance during cycling. Maximal force and muscle contractility were significantly lower at POST and 1H compared to PRE and 24H by up to 50% (p < 0.01). Maximal force was lower than PRE at 24H by 8.7% (p = 0.028). Voluntary activation and rate of force were unchanged. A rightwards shift was observed for the H-reflex recruitment curve POST, and post-activation depression was higher than all other time-points at 24H (p < 0.05). Muscle activation and oxygenation decreased during cycling. CONCLUSIONS IPC has a nominal effect on mechanisms associated with neuromuscular function during and after exercise in healthy populations.
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da Silva Novaes J, da Silva Telles LG, Monteiro ER, da Silva Araujo G, Vingren JL, Silva Panza P, Reis VM, Laterza MC, Vianna JM. Ischemic Preconditioning Improves Resistance Training Session Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2020; 35:2993-2998. [PMID: 32224716 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000003532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
da Silva Novaes, J, da Silva Telles, LG, Monteiro, ER, da Silva Araujo, G, Vingren, JL, Silva Panza, P, Reis, VM, Laterza, MC, and Vianna, JM. Ischemic preconditioning improves resistance training session performance. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2020-The aim of this study was to investigate the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) in a resistance exercise (RE) training session on the number of repetitions performed, total volume, and rating of perceived exertion in recreationally trained and normotensive men. Sixteen recreationally trained and normotensive men completed 3 RE sessions in a counterbalanced and randomized order: (a) IPC protocol using 220 mm Hg followed by RE (IPC), (b) IPC cuff control protocol with 20 mm Hg followed by RE (CUFF), and (c) no IPC (control) followed by RE (CON). RE was performed with 3 sets of each exercise (bench press, leg press, lateral pulldown, hack machine squat, shoulder press, and Smith back squat) until concentric muscular failure, at 80% of one repetition maximum, with 90 seconds of rest between sets and 2 minutes of rest between exercises. Ischemic preconditioning and CUFF consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of occlusion/low pressure alternating with 5 minutes of no occlusion (0 mm Hg) using a pneumatic tourniquet applied around the subaxillary region of the upper arm. For each condition, the number of repetitions completed, total volume of work performed, and rating of perceived exertion were determined. No significant difference was found for rating of perceived exertion between any experimental protocol. Ischemic preconditioning significantly (p < 0.05) increased the number of repetitions across exercises. Consequently, total volume performed (sum of total number of repetitions x load for each exercise) was significantly higher in IPC (46,170 kg) compared with CON (34,069 kg) and CUFF (36,590 kg) across all exercises. This work may have important implications for athletic populations because it demonstrates increase in muscle performance outcomes during a single RE session. Therefore, performing IPC before RE could be an important exercise prescription recommendation to increase maximum repetition performance and total volume of work performed and thus potentially increase desired training adaptations (i.e., strength and hypertrophy).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jefferson da Silva Novaes
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Luiz Guilherme da Silva Telles
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Estacio de Sá University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Estêvão Rios Monteiro
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,Department of Physical Therapy, Augusto Motta University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Gleisson da Silva Araujo
- School of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.,University Center of Barra Mansa, Barra Mansa, Brazil
| | - Jakob L Vingren
- Applied Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Health Promotion, and Recreation, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas
| | - Patrícia Silva Panza
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Victor Machado Reis
- Research Center in Sports Sciences, Health Sciences and Human Development, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - Mateus Camaroti Laterza
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Macedo Vianna
- College of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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30
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Huang BH, Wang TY, Lu KH, Chang CY, Chan KH. Effects of ischemic preconditioning on local hemodynamics and isokinetic muscular function. ISOKINET EXERC SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.3233/ies-194184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Huei Huang
- Charles Perkins Centre, School of Public Health, the University of Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ting-Yao Wang
- General Education Centre, Tzu Chi University of Science and Technology, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Kang-Hao Lu
- Sports Science and Research Department, National Sports Training Centre, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Kuei-Hui Chan
- Graduate Institute of Athletics and Coaching Science, National Taiwan Sport University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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31
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Marocolo M, Simim MAM, Bernardino A, Monteiro IR, Patterson SD, da Mota GR. Ischemic preconditioning and exercise performance: shedding light through smallest worthwhile change. Eur J Appl Physiol 2019; 119:2123-2149. [PMID: 31451953 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-019-04214-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been suggested as a potential ergogenic aid to improve exercise performance, although controversial findings exist. The controversies may be explained by several factors, including the mode of exercise, the ratio between the magnitude of improvement, or the error of measurement and physiological meaning. However, a relevant aspect has been lacking in the literature: the interpretation of the findings considering statistical tests and adequate effect size (ES) according to the fitness level of individuals. Thus, we performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to update the effects of IPC on exercise performance and physiological responses, using traditional statistics (P values), ES, and smallest worth change (SWC) approach contextualizing the IPC application to applied Sports and Exercise performance. Forty-five studies met the inclusion criteria. Overall, the results show that IPC has a minimal or nonsignificant effect on performance considering the fitness level of the individuals, using statistical approaches (i.e., tests with P value, ES, and SWC). Therefore, IPC procedures should be revised and refined in future studies to evaluate if IPC promotes positive effects on performance in a real-world scenario with more consistent interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Mario A Moura Simim
- Institute of Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Anderson Bernardino
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Iury Reis Monteiro
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- Faculty of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, London, UK
| | - Gustavo R da Mota
- Department of Sport Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
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Andreas M, Oeser C, Kainz FM, Shabanian S, Aref T, Bilban M, Messner B, Heidtmann J, Laufer G, Kocher A, Wolzt M. Intravenous Heme Arginate Induces HO-1 (Heme Oxygenase-1) in the Human Heart. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:2755-2762. [PMID: 30354231 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective- HO-1 (heme oxygenase-1) induction may prevent or reduce ischemia-reperfusion injury. We previously evaluated its in vivo induction after a single systemic administration of heme arginate in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The current trial was designed to assess the pharmacological tissue induction of HO-1 in the human heart with heme arginate in vivo. Approach and Results- Patients planned for conventional aortic valve replacement received placebo (n=8), 1 mg/kg (n=7) or 3 mg/kg (n=9) heme arginate infused intravenously 24 hours before surgery. A biopsy of the right ventricle was performed directly before aortic cross-clamping and after cross-clamp release. In addition, the right atrial appendage was partially removed for analysis. HO-1 protein and mRNA concentrations were measured in tissue samples and in peripheral blood mononuclear cells before to and up to 72 hours after surgery. No study medication-related adverse events occurred. A strong, dose-dependent effect on myocardial HO-1 mRNA levels was observed (right ventricle: 7.9±5.0 versus 88.6±49.1 versus 203.6±148.7; P=0.002 and right atrium: 10.8±8.8 versus 229.8±173.1 versus 392.7±195.7; P=0.001). This was paralleled by a profound increase of HO-1 protein concentration in atrial tissue (8401±3889 versus 28 585±10 692 versus 29 022±8583; P<0.001). Surgery and heme arginate infusion significantly increased HO-1 mRNA concentration in peripheral blood mononuclear cells ( P<0.001). HO-1 induction led to a significant increase of postoperative carboxyhemoglobin (1.7% versus 1.4%; P=0.041). No effect on plasma HO-1 protein levels could be detected. Conclusions- Myocardial HO-1 mRNA and protein can be dose-dependently induced by heme arginate. Protective effects of this therapeutic strategy should be evaluated in upcoming clinical trials. Clinical Trial Registration- URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov . Unique identifier: NCT02314780.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Andreas
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Oeser
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Frieda-Maria Kainz
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Shiva Shabanian
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Tandis Aref
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Bilban
- Department of Laboratory Medicine (M.B.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.B., M.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Barbara Messner
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Julian Heidtmann
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Guenther Laufer
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Alfred Kocher
- From the Department of Cardiac Surgery (M.A., C.O., F.-M.K., S.S., T.A., B.M., J.H., G.L., A.K.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Wolzt
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology (M.B., M.W.), Medical University of Vienna, Austria
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Caru M, Levesque A, Lalonde F, Curnier D. An overview of ischemic preconditioning in exercise performance: A systematic review. JOURNAL OF SPORT AND HEALTH SCIENCE 2019; 8:355-369. [PMID: 31333890 PMCID: PMC6620415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jshs.2019.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is an attractive method for athletes owing to its potential to enhance exercise performance. However, the effectiveness of the IPC intervention in the field of sports science remains mitigated. The number of cycles of ischemia and reperfusion, as well as the duration of the cycle, varies from one study to another. Thus, the aim of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive review examining the IPC literature in sports science. A systematic literature search was performed in PubMed (MEDLINE) (from 1946 to May 2018), Web of Science (sport sciences) (from 1945 to May 2018), and EMBASE (from 1974 to May 2018). We included all studies investigating the effects of IPC on exercise performance in human subjects. To assess scientific evidence for each study, this review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses statement. The electronic database search generated 441 potential articles that were screened for eligibility. A total of 52 studies were identified as eligible and valid for this systematic review. The studies included were of high quality, with 48 of the 52 studies having a randomized, controlled trial design. Most studied showed that IPC intervention can be beneficial to exercise performance. However, IPC intervention seems to be more beneficial to healthy subjects who wish to enhance their performance in aerobic exercises than athletes. Thus, this systematic review highlights that a better knowledge of the mechanisms generated by the IPC intervention would make it possible to optimize the protocols according to the characteristics of the subjects with the aim of suggesting to the subjects the best possible experience of IPC intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Caru
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre 92000, France
- Laboratoire EA 4430 – Clinique Psychanalyse Developpement (CliPsyD), University of Paris-Nanterre, Nanterre 92000, France
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
| | - Ariane Levesque
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
- Department of Psychology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1G1, Canada
| | - François Lalonde
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Sciences, Université du Québec à Montréal, Montreal, Quebec H2L 2C4, Canada
| | - Daniel Curnier
- Laboratory of Pathophysiology of EXercise (LPEX), School of Kinesiology and Physical Activity Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec H3T 1J4, Canada
- CHU Ste-Justine Research Center, CHU Ste-Justine, Montreal H3T 1C5, Canada
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Halley SL, Marshall P, Siegler JC. The effect of IPC on central and peripheral fatiguing mechanisms in humans following maximal single limb isokinetic exercise. Physiol Rep 2019; 7:e14063. [PMID: 31025549 PMCID: PMC6483935 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.14063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has been suggested to preserve neural drive during fatiguing dynamic exercise, however, it remains unclear as to whether this may be the consequence of IPC-enhanced muscle oxygenation. We hypothesized that the IPC-enhanced muscle oxygenation during a dynamic exercise task would subsequently attenuate exercise-induced reductions in voluntary activation. Ten resistance trained males completed three 3 min maximal all-out tests (AOTs) via 135 isokinetic leg extensions preceded by treatments of IPC (3 × 5 min bilateral leg occlusions at 220 mmHg), SHAM (3 × 5 min at 20 mmHg) or CON (30 min passive rest). Femoral nerve stimulation was utilized to assess voluntary activation and potentiated twitch torque during maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) performed at baseline (BL), prior to the AOT (Pre), and then 10 sec post (Post). Tissue oxygenation (via near-infrared spectroscopy) and sEMG activity was measured throughout the AOT. MVC and twitch torque levels declined (MVC: -87 ± 23 Nm, 95% CI = -67 to -107 Nm; P < 0.001, twitch: -30 ± 13 Nm; 95% CI = -25 to -35 Nm; P < 0.001) between Pre and Post without reductions in voluntary activation (P = 0.72); there were no differences between conditions (MVC: P = 0.75, twitch: P = 0.55). There were no differences in tissue saturation index (P = 0.27), deoxyhemoglobin concentrations (P = 0.86) or sEMG activity (P = 0.92) throughout the AOT. These findings demonstrate that IPC does not preserve neural drive during an all-out 3 min isokinetic leg extension task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel L. Halley
- Sport and Exercise ScienceSchool of Science and HealthWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Paul Marshall
- Sport and Exercise ScienceSchool of Science and HealthWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | - Jason C. Siegler
- Sport and Exercise ScienceSchool of Science and HealthWestern Sydney UniversitySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
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Durand MJ, Boerger TF, Nguyen JN, Alqahtani SZ, Wright MT, Schmit BD, Gutterman DD, Hyngstrom AS. Two weeks of ischemic conditioning improves walking speed and reduces neuromuscular fatigability in chronic stroke survivors. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2019; 126:755-763. [PMID: 30653420 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00772.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This pilot study examined whether ischemic conditioning (IC), a noninvasive, cost-effective, and easy-to-administer intervention, could improve gait speed and paretic leg muscle function in stroke survivors. We hypothesized that 2 wk of IC training would increase self-selected walking speed, increase paretic muscle strength, and reduce neuromuscular fatigability in chronic stroke survivors. Twenty-two chronic stroke survivors received either IC or IC Sham on their paretic leg every other day for 2 wk (7 total sessions). IC involved 5-min bouts of ischemia, repeated five times, using a cuff inflated to 225 mmHg on the paretic thigh. For IC Sham, the cuff inflation pressure was 10 mmHg. Self-selected walking speed was assessed using the 10-m walk test, and paretic leg knee extensor strength and fatigability were assessed using a Biodex dynamometer. Self-selected walking speed increased in the IC group (0.86 ± 0.21 m/s pretest vs. 1.04 ± 0.22 m/s posttest, means ± SD; P < 0.001) but not in the IC Sham group (0.92 ± 0.47 m/s pretest vs. 0.96 ± 0.46 m/s posttest; P = 0.25). Paretic leg maximum voluntary contractions were unchanged in both groups (103 ± 57 N·m pre-IC vs. 109 ± 65 N·m post-IC; 103 ± 59 N·m pre-IC Sham vs. 108 ± 67 N·m post-IC Sham; P = 0.81); however, participants in the IC group maintained a submaximal isometric contraction longer than participants in the IC Sham group (278 ± 163 s pre-IC vs. 496 ± 313 s post-IC, P = 0.004; 397 ± 203 s pre-IC Sham vs. 355 ± 195 s post-IC Sham; P = 0.46). The results from this pilot study thus indicate that IC training has the potential to improve walking speed and paretic muscle fatigue resistance poststroke. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This pilot study is the first to demonstrate that ischemic conditioning can improve self-selected walking speed and reduce paretic muscle fatigue in stroke survivors. Ischemic conditioning has been shown to be safe in numerous patient populations, can be accomplished at home or at the bedside in only 45 min, and requires no specialized training. Future larger studies are warranted to determine the efficacy of ischemic conditioning as a neurorehabilitation therapy poststroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Durand
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Timothy F Boerger
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer N Nguyen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Saad Z Alqahtani
- Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Michael T Wright
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Ischemic Preconditioning: No Influence on Maximal Sprint Acceleration Performance. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2018; 13:986-990. [PMID: 29345532 DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) was initially developed to protect the myocardium from ischemia through altered cardiocyte metabolism. Because of the observed effects on metabolism and oxygen kinetics, IPC gained interest as a potential ergogenic aid in sports. Limited research evaluating the effects of IPC on maximal short-duration activities has been performed, and of the existing literature, mixed outcomes resulting from intrasubject variation may have clouded the efficacy of this technique for enhancing sprint performance. Therefore, the current study employed a randomized repeated-measures crossover design with IPC, placebo (SHAM), and control conditions while using sprint-trained athletes (N = 18) to determine the effect of IPC (3 × 5-min occlusions, with 5-min reperfusion), concluding 15 min prior to maximal 10-s and 20-m sprinting. A visual analog scale was used in conjunction with the sprint trials to evaluate any possible placebo effect on performance. Despite a "significantly beneficial" perception of the IPC treatment compared with the SHAM trials (P < .001), no changes in sprint performance were observed after either the IPC or SHAM condition over 10 m (IPC Δ < 0.01 [0.02] s, SHAM Δ < 0.01 [0.02] s) or 20 m (IPC Δ = -0.01 [0.03] s, SHAM Δ < 0.01 [0.03] s) compared with control. Thus, an IPC protocol does not improve 10- or 20-m sprint performance in sprint-trained athletes.
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Hyngstrom AS, Murphy SA, Nguyen J, Schmit BD, Negro F, Gutterman DD, Durand MJ. Ischemic conditioning increases strength and volitional activation of paretic muscle in chronic stroke: a pilot study. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:1140-1147. [PMID: 29420152 PMCID: PMC6050199 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01072.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemic conditioning (IC) on the arm or leg has emerged as an intervention to improve strength and performance in healthy populations, but the effects on neurological populations are unknown. The purpose of this study was to quantify the effects of a single session of IC on knee extensor strength and muscle activation in chronic stroke survivors. Maximal knee extensor torque measurements and surface EMG were quantified in 10 chronic stroke survivors (>1 yr poststroke) with hemiparesis before and after a single session of IC or sham on the paretic leg. IC consisted of 5 min of compression with a proximal thigh cuff (inflation pressure = 225 mmHg for IC or 25 mmHg for sham) followed by 5 min of rest. This was repeated five times. Maximal knee extensor strength, EMG magnitude, and motor unit firing behavior were measured before and immediately after IC or sham. IC increased paretic leg strength by 10.6 ± 8.5 Nm, whereas no difference was observed in the sham group (change in sham = 1.3 ± 2.9 Nm, P = 0.001 IC vs. sham). IC-induced increases in strength were accompanied by a 31 ± 15% increase in the magnitude of muscle EMG during maximal contractions and a 5% decrease in motor unit recruitment thresholds during submaximal contractions. Individuals who had the most asymmetry in strength between their paretic and nonparetic legs had the largest increases in strength ( r2 = 0.54). This study provides evidence that a single session of IC can increase strength through improved muscle activation in chronic stroke survivors. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Present rehabilitation strategies for chronic stroke survivors do not optimally activate paretic muscle, and this limits potential strength gains. Ischemic conditioning of a limb has emerged as an effective strategy to improve muscle performance in healthy individuals but has never been tested in neurological populations. In this study, we show that ischemic conditioning on the paretic leg of chronic stroke survivors can increase leg strength and muscle activation while reducing motor unit recruitment thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Spencer A Murphy
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, and the Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Jennifer Nguyen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Brian D Schmit
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Marquette University, and the Medical College of Wisconsin Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Francesco Negro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Università degli Studi di Brescia , Brescia Italy
| | - David D Gutterman
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
| | - Matthew J Durand
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
- Cardiovascular Center, Medical College of Wisconsin , Milwaukee, Wisconsin
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Franz A, Behringer M, Harmsen JF, Mayer C, Krauspe R, Zilkens C, Schumann M. Ischemic Preconditioning Blunts Muscle Damage Responses Induced by Eccentric Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2018; 50:109-115. [PMID: 28832392 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Ischemic preconditioning (IPC) is known to reduce muscle damage induced by ischemia and reperfusion injury during surgery. Because of similarities between the pathophysiological formation of ischemia and reperfusion injury and eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD), as characterized by an intracellular accumulation of Ca, an increased production of reactive oxygen species, and increased proinflammatory signaling, the purpose of the present study was to investigate whether IPC performed before eccentric exercise may also protect against EIMD. METHODS Nineteen healthy men were matched to an eccentric-only (ECC; n = 9) or eccentric proceeded by IPC group (IPC + ECC; n = 10). The exercise protocol consisted of bilateral biceps curls (3 × 10 repetitions at 80% of the concentric one-repetition maximum). In IPC + ECC, IPC was applied bilaterally at the upper arms by a tourniquet (200 mm Hg) immediately before the exercise (3 × 5 min of occlusion, separated by 5 min of reperfusion). Creatine kinase (CK), arm circumference, subjective pain (visual analog scale score), and radial displacement (tensiomyography, maximal radial displacement) were assessed before IPC, preexercise, postexercise, and 20 min, 2 h, 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h postexercise. RESULTS CK differed from baseline only in ECC at 48 h (P < 0.001) and 72 h (P < 0.001) postexercise. After 24, 48, and 72 h, CK was increased in ECC compared with IPC + ECC (between groups: 24 h, P = 0.004; 48 h, P < 0.001; 72 h, P < 0.001). The visual analog scale score was significantly higher in ECC at 24-72 h postexercise when compared with IPC + ECC (between groups: all P values < 0.001). The maximal radial displacement was decreased on all postexercise days in ECC (all P values < 0.001) but remained statistically unchanged in IPC + ECC (between groups: P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS These findings indicate that IPC performed before a bout of eccentric exercise of the elbow flexors blunts EIMD and exercise-induced pain while maintaining the contractile properties of the muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Franz
- 1Department of Orthopedics, University Hospital Duesseldorf, Duesseldorf, GERMANY; 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, GERMANY; and 3Department of Molecular and Cellular Sport Medicine, German Sport University, Cologne, GERMANY
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王 华, 戴 世, 卢 铨, 叶 林, 李 华, 宋 希, 洪 涛, 沙 卫. [Effect of different time windows and interventions on skin pressure ulcers and ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2017; 37:1688-1694. [PMID: 29292267 PMCID: PMC6744022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the effect of different time windows and interventions on skin pressure ulcers and ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury in rats. METHODS Sixty?eight SD rats were randomly divided into blank control group (n=4) and model group (n=64). The rats in the model group were randomly divided into group A (n=32) without intervention and group B (n=32) with post?conditioning. The degree of skin compression, neutrophil infiltration and serum levels of free radicals were observed in the rats after compression for 2, 4, 6, and 8 h (8 rats at each time point). RESULTS A significant difference was found in the severity of skin damage among the control group, group A, and group B (P=0.001), and the injury was milder in group B than in group A. Severe skin lesions occurred in 2 rats after skin compression for 6 h, as compared with 6 after compression for 8 h (P=0.043), but in none of the rats after compression for 2 or 4. Seventeen rats in group B and 15 in group A showed grade 1 neutrophil infiltration in the skin lesions, and 8 rats in group B and 10 in group A showed grade II neutrophil infiltration (P=0.002). Neutrophil infiltration was the mildest in rats with a 2?h compression, and exacerbated progressively and significantly as the compression time extended (P=0.027). With the prolongation of the intervention time, the rats in both groups A and B showed decreased SOD and increased MDA and NO levels, and overall the I/R injury was milder in 2? and 4?h compression groups than in 6? and 8?h compression groups. The level of serum SOD was significantly higher and MDA and NO levels were significantly higher in group B than in group A (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Ischemic post?conditioning can relieve I/R injury in acute pressure ulcer in rats. The effective time window for intervention is within 6 h of ischemia, and the effect of ischemic post-conditioning is optimal within 2 h. Ischemic post?conditioning can alleviate free radical injury and inflammation caused by I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- 华军 王
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 世学 戴
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 铨 卢
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 林昌 叶
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 华 李
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 希 宋
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 涛 洪
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
| | - 卫红 沙
- />广东省医学科学院//广东省人民医院消化内科,广东 广州 510080Department of Gastroenterology, Guangdong General Hospital and Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou 510080, China
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Zinner C, Born DP, Sperlich B. Ischemic Preconditioning Does Not Alter Performance in Multidirectional High-Intensity Intermittent Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 8:1029. [PMID: 29311963 PMCID: PMC5732929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.01029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Research dealing with ischemic preconditioning (IPC) has primarily focused on variables associated to endurance performance with little research about the acute responses of IPC on repeated multidirectional running sprint performance. Here we aimed to investigate the effects of IPC of the arms and the legs on repeated running sprint performance with changes-of-direction (COD) movements. Methods: Thirteen moderately-to-well-trained team-sport athletes (7 males; 6 females; age: 24 ± 2 years, size: 175 ± 8 cm, body mass: 67.9 ± 8.1 kg) performed 16 × 30 m all-out sprints (15 s rest) with multidirectional COD movements on a Speedcourt with IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (IPCleg; 240 mm Hg) or of the arms (remote IPC: IPCremote; 180–190 mm Hg) 45 min before the sprints and a control trial (CON; 20 mm Hg). Results: The mean (±SD) time for the 16 × 30 m multidirectional COD sprints was similar between IPCleg (Mean t: 16.0 ± 1.8 s), IPCremote (16.2 ± 1.7 s), and CON (16.0 ± 1.6 s; p = 0.50). No statistical differences in oxygen uptake (mean difference: 0%), heart rate (1.1%) nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis (4.7%) and biceps brachii (7.8%) between the three conditions were evident (all p > 0.05). Conclusions: IPC (3 × 5 min) of the legs (220 mm Hg) or arms (180–190 mm Hg; remote IPC) applied 45 min before 16 × 30 m repeated multidirectional running sprint exercise does not improve sprint performance, oxygen uptake, heart rate nor muscle oxygen saturation of the vastus lateralis muscle when compared to a control trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Zinner
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department of Sport, University of Applied Sciences for Police and Administration of Hesse, Wiesbaden, Germany
| | - Dennis-Peter Born
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.,Department for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Billy Sperlich
- Department of Sport Science, Julius-Maximilians-University Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Londe AM, Patterson SD, Barbosa Neto O, Marocolo M. Acute ischemic preconditioning does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance. PeerJ 2017; 5:e4118. [PMID: 29204325 PMCID: PMC5712465 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.4118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the acute effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on a high-intensity intermittent exercise performance and physiological indicators in amateur soccer players. Thirteen players (21.5 ± 2 yrs) attended three trials separated by 3–5 days in a counterbalanced randomized cross-over design: IPC (4 × 5-min occlusion 220 mmHg/reperfusion 0 mmHg) in each thigh; SHAM (similar to the IPC protocol but “occlusion” at 20 mmHg) and control (seated during the same time of IPC). After 6-min of each trial (IPC, SHAM or control), the players performed the YoYo Intermittent Endurance Test level 2 (YoYoIE2). The distance covered in the YoYoIE2 (IPC 867 ± 205 m; SHAM 873 ± 212 m; control 921 ± 206 m) was not different among trials (p = 0.10), furthermore, lactate concentration and rate of perceived exertion did not differ (P > 0.05) among protocols. There were also no significant differences in either mean heart rate (HR) or peak HR (p > 0.05) for both IPC and SHAM compared to control. Therefore, we conclude that acute IPC does not influence high-intensity intermittent exercise performance in amateur soccer players and that rate of perceived exertion, heart rate and lactate do not differ between the intervention IPC, SHAM and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabela Coelho Marocolo
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - André Monteiro Londe
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Stephen D Patterson
- School of Sport, Health, and Applied Science, St. Mary's University, Twickenham, UK
| | - Octávio Barbosa Neto
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, Uberaba, MG, Brazil
| | - Moacir Marocolo
- Physiology and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Physiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
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Ma Z, Xin Z, Di W, Yan X, Li X, Reiter RJ, Yang Y. Melatonin and mitochondrial function during ischemia/reperfusion injury. Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:3989-3998. [PMID: 28795196 PMCID: PMC11107672 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-017-2618-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion (IR) injury occurs in many organs and tissues, and contributes to morbidity and mortality worldwide. Melatonin, an endogenously produced indolamine, provides a strong defense against IR injury. Mitochondrion, an organelle for ATP production and a decider for cell fate, has been validated to be a crucial target for melatonin to exert its protection against IR injury. In this review, we first clarify the mechanisms underlying mitochondrial dysfunction during IR and melatonin's protection of mitochondria under this condition. Thereafter, special focus is placed on the protective actions of melatonin against IR injury in brain, heart, liver, and others. Finally, we explore several potential future directions of research in this area. Collectively, the information compiled here will serve as a comprehensive reference for the actions of melatonin in IR injury identified to date and will hopefully aid in the design of future research and increase the potential of melatonin as a therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Ma
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Zhenlong Xin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Fourth Military Medical University, 169 Changle West Road, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wencheng Di
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Nanjing University Medical School, 321 Zhongshan Road, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaolong Yan
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Xiaofei Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 1 Xinsi Road, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Russel J Reiter
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Resource Biology and Biotechnology in Western China, Ministry of Education, Faculty of Life Sciences, UT Health San Antonio, 229 Taibai North Road, Xi'an, 710069, China.
- Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, UT Health Science Center, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
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Garcia CA, da Mota GR, Leicht AS, Marocolo M. Ischemic Preconditioning and Acute Recovery of Performance in Rugby Union Players. Sports Med Int Open 2017; 1:E107-E112. [PMID: 30539094 PMCID: PMC6226083 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-111082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic preconditioning has been used as a training and/or pre-competition strategy; however its use for post-exercise recovery is still unclear. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of ischemic preconditioning on performance and recovery ratings following a simulated match in sub-elite rugby players. Following baseline measures, male players (n=8) performed a 40 min, rugby-specific exercise protocol followed by an intervention: 21 min of ischemic preconditioning (3×5 min occlusion at 220 mmHg with 2 min reperfusion at 0 mmHg) or passive rest (control) on 2 separate days. An agility T-test, a single vertical countermovement jump and 30 s of continuous vertical jumps were performed at baseline (–24 h), immediately after exercise, and immediately after the intervention. The rugby-specific exercise protocol induced similar mean heart rates (158.3±18.0 vs. 158.7±16.0 bpm) and perceived exertion levels (8.2±0.9 vs. 8.0±1.0) for both trials with all recovery performance measures and rating of recovery (13.9±1.4 vs. 13.6±1.6) similar between ischemic preconditioning and control trials (best p=0.385). We conclude that the use of ischemic preconditioning does not improve recovery acutely (~1 h) including specific variables related to rugby performance in amateur rugby union players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cintia A Garcia
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, UBERABA, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Ribeiro da Mota
- Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences/Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triangulo Mineiro, UBERABA, Brazil
| | | | - Moacir Marocolo
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Institute of Biological Sciences, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Kancirová I, Jašová M, Muráriková M, Sumbalová Z, Uličná O, Ravingerová T, Waczulíková I, Ziegelhöffer A, Ferko M. Cardioprotection induced by remote ischemic preconditioning preserves the mitochondrial respiratory function in acute diabetic myocardium. Physiol Res 2017; 65:S611-S619. [PMID: 28006943 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A 2×2 factorial design was used to evaluate possible preservation of mitochondrial functions in two cardioprotective experimental models, remote ischemic preconditioning and streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus, and their interaction during ischemia/reperfusion injury (I/R) of the heart. Male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into four groups: control (C), streptozotocin-induced diabetic (DM), preconditioned (RPC) and preconditioned streptozotocin-induced diabetic (DM+RPC). RPC was conducted by 3 cycles of 5-min hind-limb ischemia and 5-min reperfusion. DM was induced by a single dose of 65 mg/kg streptozotocin. Isolated hearts were exposed to ischemia/reperfusion test according to Langendorff. Thereafter mitochondria were isolated and the mitochondrial respiration was measured. Additionally, the ATP synthase activity measurements on the same preparations were done. Animals of all groups subjected to I/R exhibited a decreased state 3 respiration with the least change noted in DM+RPC group associated with no significant changes in state 2 respiration. In RPC, DM and DM+RPC group, no significant changes in the activity of ATP synthase were observed after I/R injury. These results suggest that the endogenous protective mechanisms of RPC and DM do preserve the mitochondrial function in heart when they act in combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Kancirová
- Institute for Heart Research, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Centre of Excellence of SAS NOREG, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.
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Hong Y, Zhang B, Yu L, Duan SS. Cell membrane integrity and revascularization: The possible functional mechanism of ischemic preconditioning for skeletal muscle protection against ischemic-reperfusion injury. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:309-314. [PMID: 28291543 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 02/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this paper was to evaluate whether ischemic preconditioning (IPC) could make protective effects against skeletal muscle injuries induced by ischemic-reperfusion (I/R). METHODS Eighteen rats were randomly divided into three groups of 6 subjects each: control group, I/R group, and IPC group. Thigh root ischemia of rats in the I/R group was induced by 3h ischemia and 24h reperfusion. IPC was applied by 3 periods of 15min ischemia/15min reperfusion prior to ischemia. Morphological changes in skeletal muscle cells induced by I/R and IPC were observed by hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining and electron microscopy. In addition, angiogenesis was evaluated by immunolabeling of CD31. RESULTS IPC could prevented morphological alternations induced by ischemia, including myofilament, cell membrane, cell matrix, nucleus, mitochondria, and sarcoplasmic reticulum damage in skeletal muscle cells. The CD31 immunolabeling showed that neovascularization was observed in the IPC group but not in the I/R group. IPC could protect skeletal muscle cells from necrosis, apoptosis, and morphological damages induced by I/R injury. CONCLUSION Revascularization may play a key role in the mechanism underlying the protective effects of IPC in vivo.
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Kogan F, Stafford RB, Englund EK, Gold GE, Hariharan H, Detre JA, Reddy R. Perfusion has no effect on the in vivo CEST effect from Cr (CrCEST) in skeletal muscle. NMR IN BIOMEDICINE 2017; 30:10.1002/nbm.3673. [PMID: 27898185 PMCID: PMC5518925 DOI: 10.1002/nbm.3673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Creatine, a key component of muscle energy metabolism, exhibits a chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) effect between its amine group and bulk water, which has been exploited to spatially and temporally map creatine changes in skeletal muscle before and after exercise. In addition, exercise leads to an increase in muscle perfusion. In this work, we determined the effects of perfused blood on the CEST effects from creatine in skeletal muscle. Experiments were performed on healthy human subjects (n = 5) on a whole-body Siemens 7T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scanner with a 28-channel radiofrequency (RF) coil. Reactive hyperemia, induced by inflation and subsequent deflation of a pressure cuff secured around the thigh, was used to increase tissue perfusion whilst maintaining the levels of creatine kinase metabolites. CEST, arterial spin labeling (ASL) and 31 P MRS data were acquired at baseline and for 6 min after cuff deflation. Reactive hyperemia resulted in substantial increases in perfusion in human skeletal muscle of the lower leg as measured by the ASL mean percentage difference. However, no significant changes in CrCEST asymmetry (CrCESTasym ) or 31 P MRS-derived PCr levels of skeletal muscle were observed following cuff deflation. This work demonstrates that perfusion changes do not have a major confounding effect on CrCEST measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feliks Kogan
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Randall B. Stafford
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Erin K. Englund
- Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Garry E. Gold
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
| | - Hari Hariharan
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, B1 Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - John A. Detre
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, B1 Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
- Center for Functional Neuroimaging, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Ravinder Reddy
- Center for Magnetic Resonance and Optical Imaging, Department of Radiology, University of Pennsylvania, B1 Stellar-Chance Labs, 422 Curie Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104
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Marocolo M, Willardson JM, Marocolo IC, da Mota GR, Simão R, Maior AS. Ischemic Preconditioning and Placebo Intervention Improves Resistance Exercise Performance. J Strength Cond Res 2016; 30:1462-9. [PMID: 26466134 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of ischemic preconditioning (IPC) on resistance exercise performance in the lower limbs. Thirteen men participated in a randomized crossover design that involved 3 separate sessions (IPC, PLACEBO, and control). A 12-repetition maximum (12RM) load for the leg extension exercise was assessed through test and retest sessions before the first experimental session. The IPC session consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of occlusion at 220 mm Hg of pressure alternated with 5 minutes of reperfusion at 0 mm Hg for a total of 40 minutes. The PLACEBO session consisted of 4 cycles of 5 minutes of cuff administration at 20 mm Hg of pressure alternated with 5 minutes of pseudo-reperfusion at 0 mm Hg for a total of 40 minutes. The occlusion and reperfusion phases were conducted alternately between the thighs, with subjects remaining seated. No ischemic pressure was applied during the control (CON) session and subjects sat passively for 40 minutes. Eight minutes after IPC, PLACEBO, or CON, subjects performed 3 repetition maximum sets of the leg extension (2-minute rest between sets) with the predetermined 12RM load. Four minutes after the third set for each condition, blood lactate was assessed. The results showed that for the first set, the number of repetitions significantly increased for both the IPC (13.08 ± 2.11; p = 0.0036) and PLACEBO (13.15 ± 0.88; p = 0.0016) conditions, but not for the CON (11.88 ± 1.07; p > 0.99) condition. In addition, the IPC and PLACEBO conditions resulted insignificantly greater repetitions vs. the CON condition on the first set (p = 0.015; p = 0.007) and second set (p = 0.011; p = 0.019), but not on the third set (p = 0.68; p > 0.99). No difference (p = 0.465) was found in the fatigue index and lactate concentration between conditions. These results indicate that IPC and PLACEBO IPC may have small beneficial effects on repetition performance over a CON condition. Owing to potential for greater discomfort associated with the IPC condition, it is suggested that ischemic preconditioning might be practiced gradually to assess tolerance and potential enhancements to exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moacir Marocolo
- 1Human Performance and Sport Research Group, Post-Graduate Program in Physical Education and Sports, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil; 2Physiology and Anatomy, German Sport University, Cologne, Germany; 3Health and Human Performance Department, Rocky Mountain College, Billings, Montana; 4Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Physical Education Post-Graduation Program, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil; and 5Rehabilitation and Sport Research Group, Post-Graduate Program in Rehabilitation Sciences, University Augusto Motta (UNISUAM), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Mechanisms underpinning protection against eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage by ischemic preconditioning. Med Hypotheses 2016; 98:21-27. [PMID: 28012598 DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2016.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Eccentric exercise training is effective for increasing muscle mass and strength, and improving insulin sensitivity and blood lipid profiles. However, potential muscle damage symptoms such as prolonged loss of muscle function and delayed onset of muscle soreness may restrict the use of eccentric exercise, especially in clinical populations. Therefore, strategies to reduce eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD) are necessary, and an extensive number of scientific studies have tried to identify potential intervention modalities to perform eccentric exercises without adverse effects. The present paper is based on a narrative review of current literature, and provides a novel hypothesis by which an ischemic preconditioning (IPC) of the extremities may reduce EIMD. IPC consists of an intermittent application of short-time non-lethal ischemia to an extremity (e.g. using a tourniquet) followed by reperfusion and was discovered in clinical settings in an attempt to minimize inflammatory responses induced by ischemia and ischemia-reperfusion-injury (I/R-Injury) during surgery. The present hypothesis is based on morphological and biochemical similarities in the pathophysiology of skeletal muscle damage during clinical surgery and EIMD. Even though the primary origin of stress differs between I/R-Injury and EIMD, subsequent cellular alterations characterized by an intracellular accumulation of Ca2+, an increased production of reactive oxygen species or increased apoptotic signaling are essential elements for both. Moreover, the incipient immune response appears to be similar in I/R-Injury and EIMD, which is indicated by an infiltration of leukocytes into the damaged soft-tissue. Thus far, IPC is considered as a potential intervention strategy in the area of cardiovascular or orthopedic surgery and provides significant impact on soft-tissue protection and downregulation of undesired excessive inflammation induced by I/R-Injury. Based on the known major impact of IPC on skeletal muscle physiology and immunology, the present paper aims to illustrate the potential protective effects of IPC on EIMD by discussing possible underlying mechanisms.
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Mitochondrial Respiration after One Session of Calf Raise Exercise in Patients with Peripheral Vascular Disease and Healthy Older Adults. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0165038. [PMID: 27760222 PMCID: PMC5070763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0165038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Mitochondria are essential for energy production in the muscle cell and for this they are dependent upon a sufficient supply of oxygen by the circulation. Exercise training has shown to be a potent stimulus for physiological adaptations and mitochondria play a central role. Whether changes in mitochondrial respiration are seen after exercise in patients with a reduced circulation is unknown. The aim of the study was to evaluate the time course and whether one session of calf raise exercise stimulates mitochondrial respiration in the calf muscle of patients with peripheral vascular disease. METHODS One group of patients with peripheral vascular disease (n = 11) and one group of healthy older adults (n = 11) were included. Patients performed one session of continuous calf raises followed by 5 extra repetitions after initiation of pain. Healthy older adults performed 100 continuous calf raises. Gastrocnemius muscle biopsies were collected at baseline and 15 minutes, one hour, three hours and 24 hours after one session of calf raise exercise. A multi substrate (octanoylcarnitine, malate, adp, glutamate, succinate, FCCP, rotenone) approach was used to analyze mitochondrial respiration in permeabilized fibers. Mixed-linear model for repeated measures was used for statistical analyses. RESULTS Patients with peripheral vascular disease have a lower baseline respiration supported by complex I and they increase respiration supported by complex II at one hour post-exercise. Healthy older adults increase respiration supported by electron transfer flavoprotein and complex I at one hour and 24 hours post-exercise. CONCLUSION Our results indicate a shift towards mitochondrial respiration supported by complex II as being a pathophysiological component of peripheral vascular disease. Furthermore exercise stimulates mitochondrial respiration already after one session of calf raise exercise in patients with peripheral vascular disease and healthy older adults. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01842412.
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Paradis-Deschênes P, Joanisse DR, Billaut F. Ischemic preconditioning increases muscle perfusion, oxygen uptake, and force in strength-trained athletes. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:938-44. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Muscle ischemia and reperfusion induced by ischemic preconditioning (IPC) can improve performance in various activities. However, the underlying mechanisms are still poorly understood. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of IPC on muscle hemodynamics and oxygen (O2) uptake during repeated maximal contractions. In a cross-over, randomized, single-blind study, 10 strength-trained men performed 5 sets of 5 maximal voluntary knee extensions of the right leg on an isokinetic dynamometer, preceded by either IPC of the right lower limb (3×5-min compression/5-min reperfusion cycles at 200 mm Hg) or sham (20 mm Hg). Changes in deoxyhemoglobin, expressed as a percentage of arterial occlusion, and total hemoglobin ([THb]) concentrations of the vastus lateralis muscle were monitored continuously by near-infrared spectroscopy. Differences between IPC and sham were analyzed using Cohen’s effect size (ES) ± 90% confidence limits, and magnitude-based inferences. Compared with sham, IPC likely increased muscle blood volume at rest (↑[THb], 46.5%; ES, 0.56; 90% confidence limits for ES, –0.21, 1.32). During exercise, peak force was almost certainly higher (11.8%; ES, 0.37; 0.27, 0.47), average force was very likely higher (12.6%; ES, 0.47; 0.29, 0.66), and average muscle O2 uptake was possibly increased (15.8%; ES, 0.36; –0.07, 0.79) after IPC. In the recovery periods between contractions, IPC also increased blood volume after sets 1 (23.6%; ES, 0.30; –0.05, 0.65) and 5 (25.1%; ES, 0.32; 0.09, 0.55). Three cycles of IPC immediately increased muscle perfusion and O2 uptake, conducive to higher repeated force capacity in strength-trained athletes. This maneuver therefore appears relevant to enhancing exercise training stimulus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pénélope Paradis-Deschênes
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Denis R. Joanisse
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - François Billaut
- Department of Kinesiology, Laval University, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Institut national du sport du Québec, Montréal, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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