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Olar R, Badea M, Maxim C, Grumezescu AM, Bleotu C, Măruţescu L, Chifiriuc MC. Anti-biofilm Fe 3O 4@C 18-[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2- a]pyrimidin-4-ium-2-thiolate Derivative Core-shell Nanocoatings. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13204640. [PMID: 33080907 PMCID: PMC7603173 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The derivatives 5,7-dimethyl[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ium-2-thiolate (1) and 7-methyl-5-phenyl[1,3,4]thiadiazolo[3,2-a]pyrimidin-4-ium-2-thiolate (2) were fully characterized by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Their supramolecular structure is built through both π–π stacking and C=S–π interactions for both compounds. The embedment of the tested compounds into Fe3O4@C18 core-shell nanocoatings increased the protection degree against Candida albicans biofilms on the catheter surface, suggesting that these bioactive nanocoatings could be further developed as non-cytotoxic strategies for fighting biofilm-associated fungal infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodica Olar
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (M.B.); (C.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.C.C.)
| | - Mihaela Badea
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (M.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Cătălin Maxim
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bucharest, 90–92 Panduri Str., 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (M.B.); (C.M.)
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, 1–7 Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Coralia Bleotu
- Stefan S Nicolau Institute of Virology, Romanian Academy, 285 Mihai Bravu Ave., 030304 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Luminiţa Măruţescu
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor St., 60101 Bucharest, Romania;
- Environment and Earth Sciences Department, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, Splaiul Independenţei 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 1–3 Aleea Portocalelor St., 60101 Bucharest, Romania;
- Environment and Earth Sciences Department, Research Institute of the University of Bucharest—ICUB, Splaiul Independenţei 91–95, 050095 Bucharest, Romania
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 010071 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence: (R.O.); (M.C.C.)
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Recent developments in magneto-hydrodynamic Fe3O4 nanofluids for different molecular applications: A review study. J Mol Liq 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2017.11.171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Ramasamy M, Lee J. Recent Nanotechnology Approaches for Prevention and Treatment of Biofilm-Associated Infections on Medical Devices. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:1851242. [PMID: 27872845 PMCID: PMC5107826 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1851242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial colonization in the form of biofilms on surfaces causes persistent infections and is an issue of considerable concern to healthcare providers. There is an urgent need for novel antimicrobial or antibiofilm surfaces and biomedical devices that provide protection against biofilm formation and planktonic pathogens, including antibiotic resistant strains. In this context, recent developments in the material science and engineering fields and steady progress in the nanotechnology field have created opportunities to design new biomaterials and surfaces with anti-infective, antifouling, bactericidal, and antibiofilm properties. Here we review a number of the recently developed nanotechnology-based biomaterials and explain underlying strategies used to make antibiofilm surfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jintae Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan 38541, Republic of Korea
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Bielenica A, Stępień K, Napiórkowska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Krukowski S, Włodarczyk M, Struga M. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of 4-Chloro-3-Nitrophenylthiourea Derivatives Targeting Bacterial Type II Topoisomerases. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 87:905-17. [PMID: 26804238 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 01/07/2016] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
A series of novel 4-chloro-3-nitrophenylthiourea derivatives were synthesized and evaluated for their antimicrobial, antibiofilm and tuberculostatic activities. Most of compounds exhibited high antibacterial activity against both standard and hospital strains (MIC values 0.5-2 μg/mL), as compared to Ciprofloxacin. Derivatives with 3,4-dichlorophenyl (11) and 3-chloro-4-methylphenyl (13) substituents were the most promising towards Gram-positive pathogens. Both of them exhibited antibiofilm potency and effectively inhibited the formation of biofilms of methicillin-resistant and standard strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Two N-alkylthioureas (20, 21) showed twofold to fourfold increase in in vitro potency against isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, as compared to Isoniazid. An action of 7, 10, 11, 13, 20 and 21 against activity of topoisomerases isolated from Staphylococcus aureus was studied. Synthesized compounds were found as non-genotoxic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Karolina Stępień
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University, 02-007, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Napiórkowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Sylwester Krukowski
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marta Włodarczyk
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marta Struga
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 02-097, Warszawa, Poland
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Bielenica A, Stefańska J, Stępień K, Napiórkowska A, Augustynowicz-Kopeć E, Sanna G, Madeddu S, Boi S, Giliberti G, Wrzosek M, Struga M. Synthesis, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity of thiourea derivatives incorporating 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl moiety. Eur J Med Chem 2015; 101:111-25. [PMID: 26119992 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2015.06.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2014] [Revised: 06/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A total of 31 of thiourea derivatives was prepared reacting 3-(trifluoromethyl)aniline and commercial aliphatic and aromatic isothiocyanates. The yields varied from 35% to 82%. All compounds were evaluated in vitro for antimicrobial activity. Derivatives 3, 5, 6, 9, 15, 24 and 27 showed the highest inhibition against Gram-positive cocci (standard and hospital strains). The observed MIC values were in the range of 0.25-16 μg/ml. Inhibitory activity of thioureas 5 and 15 against topoisomerase IV isolated from Staphylococcus aureus was studied. Products 5 and 15 effectively inhibited the formation of biofilms of methicillin-resistant and standard strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis. Moreover, all obtained thioureas were evaluated for cytotoxicity and antiviral activity against a large panel of DNA and RNA viruses. Compounds 5, 6, 8-12, 15 resulted cytotoxic against MT-4 cells (CC50 ≤ 10 μM).
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Bielenica
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland.
| | - Joanna Stefańska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University, 02-007 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Karolina Stępień
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Medical University, 02-007 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Napiórkowska
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Ewa Augustynowicz-Kopeć
- Department of Microbiology, National Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Institute, 01-138 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Giuseppina Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Silvia Madeddu
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Stefano Boi
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Gabriele Giliberti
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Cagliari, 09042 Monserrato, CA, Italy
| | - Małgorzata Wrzosek
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
| | - Marta Struga
- Department of Pharmacogenomics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University, 02-097 Warszawa, Poland
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Limban C, Missir AV, Grumezescu AM, Oprea AE, Grumezescu V, Vasile BS, Socol G, Trușcă R, Caproiu MT, Chifiriuc MC, Gălățeanu B, Costache M, Morușciag L, Pîrcălăbioru G, Nuță DC. Bioevaluation of novel anti-biofilm coatings based on PVP/Fe3O4 nanostructures and 2-((4-ethylphenoxy)methyl)-N- (arylcarbamothioyl)benzamides. Molecules 2014; 19:12011-30. [PMID: 25120054 PMCID: PMC6270780 DOI: 10.3390/molecules190812011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel derivatives were prepared by reaction of aromatic amines with 2-(4-ethylphenoxymethyl)benzoyl isothiocyanate, affording the N-[2-(4-ethylphenoxymethyl) benzoyl]-Nꞌ-(substituted phenyl)thiourea. Structural elucidation of these compounds was performed by IR, NMR spectroscopy and elemental analysis. The new compounds were used in combination with Fe3O4 and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) for the coating of medical surfaces. In our experiments, catheter pieces were coated by Matrix Assisted Pulsed Laser Evaporation (MAPLE) technique. The microbial adherence ability was investigated in 6 multi-well plates by using culture based methods. The obtained surfaces were also assessed for their cytotoxicity with respect to osteoblast cells, by using fluorescence microscopy and MTT assay. The prepared surfaces by advanced laser processing inhibited the adherence and biofilm development ability of Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa tested strains while cytotoxic effects on the 3T3-E1 preosteoblasts embedded in layer shaped alginate hydrogels were not observed. These results suggest that the obtained medical surfaces, based on the novel thiourea derivatives and magnetic nanoparticles with a polymeric shell could represent a promising alternative for the development of new and effective anti-infective strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Limban
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Vasile Missir
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7,011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Alexandra Elena Oprea
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7,011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Valentina Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7,011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Bogdan Stefan Vasile
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7,011061 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Gabriel Socol
- National Institute for Lasers, Plasma & Radiation Physics, Lasers Department, P.O. Box MG-36, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania.
| | - Roxana Trușcă
- Metav-CD S.A., 31Rosetti Str., 020015 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Miron Teodor Caproiu
- The Organic Chemistry Center of Romanian Academy "Costin C.D. Nenitescu" Bucharest, Splaiul Independentei, 202B, 77208 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Research Institute ofUniversity of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor No. 1-3, 060101 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Bianca Gălățeanu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 91-95 Splaiul Independenței, 050095 Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Laurențiu Morușciag
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
| | | | - Diana Camelia Nuță
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia No. 6, 020956 Bucharest, Romania.
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Grumezescu V, Holban AM, Grumezescu AM, Socol G, Ficai A, Vasile BS, Truscă R, Bleotu C, Lazar V, Chifiriuc CM, Mogosanu GD. Usnic acid-loaded biocompatible magnetic PLGA-PVA microsphere thin films fabricated by MAPLE with increased resistance to staphylococcal colonization. Biofabrication 2014; 6:035002. [PMID: 24722318 DOI: 10.1088/1758-5082/6/3/035002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Due to their persistence and resistance to the current therapeutic approaches, Staphylococcus aureus biofilm-associated infections represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the hospital environment. Since (+)-usnic acid (UA), a secondary lichen metabolite, possesses antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive cocci, including S. aureus, the aim of this study was to load magnetic polylactic-co-glycolic acid-polyvinyl alcohol (PLGA-PVA) microspheres with UA, then to obtain thin coatings using matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation and to quantitatively assess the capacity of the bio-nano-active modified surface to control biofilm formation by S. aureus, using a culture-based assay. The UA-loaded microspheres inhibited both the initial attachment of S. aureus to the coated surfaces, as well as the development of mature biofilms. In vitro bioevalution tests performed on the fabricated thin films revealed great biocompatibility, which may endorse them as competitive candidates for the development of improved non-toxic surfaces resistant to S. aureus colonization and as scaffolds for stem cell cultivation and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxide Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street no 1-7, 011061 Bucharest, Romania. Lasers Department, Plasma and Radiation Physics, National Institute for Lasers, PO Box MG-36, Bucharest-Magurele, Romania
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Anionic polymers and 10nm Fe3O4@UA wound dressings support human foetal stem cells normal development and exhibit great antimicrobial properties. Int J Pharm 2014; 463:146-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.08.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Chifiriuc MC, Grumezescu AM, Andronescu E, Ficai A, Cotar AI, Grumezescu V, Bezirtzoglou E, Lazar V, Radulescu R. Water dispersible magnetite nanoparticles influence the efficacy of antibiotics against planktonic and biofilm embedded Enterococcus faecalis cells. Anaerobe 2013; 22:14-9. [PMID: 23664902 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2013] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of magnetic nanoparticles to potentiate, but also to accomplish a sustained and controlled drug release and subsequently improve the efficacy of antibiotics against Enterococcus faecalis, one of the most resistant opportunistic pathogens, that poses a threat to chronically infected or immunocompromised patients and is difficult to eradicate from medical devices. To our knowledge, this is the first study trying to investigate the ability of magnetite nanoparticles to improve the anti-bacterial activity of the current antibiotics against planktonic and biofilm growing E. faecalis. Our results are suggesting that the magnetite nanoparticles may be considered an effective aminoglycoside antibiotics carrier, but a complete understanding of the way in which they selectively interact with different antibiotics and with the bacterial cell is needed, in order to obtain improved strategies for elimination of E. faecalis biofilms on biomedical devices or human tissues.
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Anghel I, Grumezescu AM. Hybrid nanostructured coating for increased resistance of prosthetic devices to staphylococcal colonization. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:6. [PMID: 23281840 PMCID: PMC3599461 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Prosthetic medical device-associated infections are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality rates. Novel improved materials and surfaces exhibiting inappropriate conditions for microbial development are urgently required in the medical environment. This study reveals the benefit of using natural Mentha piperita essential oil, combined with a 5 nm core/shell nanosystem-improved surface exhibiting anti-adherence and antibiofilm properties. This strategy reveals a dual role of the nano-oil system; on one hand, inhibiting bacterial adherence and, on the other hand, exhibiting bactericidal effect, the core/shell nanosystem is acting as a controlled releasing machine for the essential oil. Our results demonstrate that this dual nanobiosystem is very efficient also for inhibiting biofilm formation, being a good candidate for the design of novel material surfaces used for prosthetic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Anghel
- ENT, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Traian Vuia no.6, Bucharest 020956, Romania
- Doctor Anghel Medical Center, Theodor Sperantia Street, Bucharest, 30932, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street no 1-7, Bucharest 011061, Romania
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Anghel I, Holban AM, Grumezescu AM, Andronescu E, Ficai A, Anghel AG, Maganu M, Lazǎr V, Chifiriuc MC. Modified wound dressing with phyto-nanostructured coating to prevent staphylococcal and pseudomonal biofilm development. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2012; 7:690. [PMID: 23272823 PMCID: PMC3563570 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-7-690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Accepted: 12/16/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports a newly fabricated nanophyto-modified wound dressing with microbicidal and anti-adherence properties. Nanofluid-based magnetite doped with eugenol or limonene was used to fabricate modified wound dressings. Nanostructure coated materials were characterized by TEM, XRD, and FT-IR. For the quantitative measurement of biofilm-embedded microbial cells, a culture-based method for viable cell count was used. The optimized textile dressing samples proved to be more resistant to staphylococcal and pseudomonal colonization and biofilm formation compared to the uncoated controls. The functionalized surfaces for wound dressing seems to be a very useful tool for the prevention of wound microbial contamination on viable tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ion Anghel
- ENT (Otolaryngology) Department, Coltea Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, IC Bratianu No. 1, Bucharest, 030171, Romania
- Doctor Anghel Medical Center, Theodor Sperantia Street, Bucharest, 30932, Romania
| | - Alina Maria Holban
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universtity of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor No. 1-3, Bucharest, 060101, Romania
| | - Alexandru Mihai Grumezescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7, Bucharest, 011061, Romania
| | - Ecaterina Andronescu
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7, Bucharest, 011061, Romania
| | - Anton Ficai
- Department of Science and Engineering of Oxidic Materials and Nanomaterials, Faculty of Applied Chemistry and Materials Science, University Politehnica of Bucharest, Polizu Street No. 1-7, Bucharest, 011061, Romania
| | - Alina Georgiana Anghel
- ENT (Otolaryngology) Department, Coltea Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, IC Bratianu no 1, 030171, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Maganu
- Center of Organic Chemistry “Costin D. Nenitescu”, Romanian Academy, 202B Splaiul Independentei, Bucharest, 050461, Romania
| | - Veronica Lazǎr
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universtity of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor No. 1-3, Bucharest, 060101, Romania
| | - Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Biology, Universtity of Bucharest, Aleea Portocalelor No. 1-3, Bucharest, 060101, Romania
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