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Mahato RK, Singh M, Pathak H, Gogoi NR, Kharbithai R, Chowrasia P, Bora PL, Sarkar T, Jana BK, Mazumder B. Emerging nanotechnology backed formulations for the management of atopic dermatitis. Ther Deliv 2023; 14:543-569. [PMID: 37671556 DOI: 10.4155/tde-2023-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis is a prevalent chronic skin inflammation affecting 2.1 to 4.1% of adults globally. The complexity of its pathogenesis and the relapsing nature make it challenging to treat. Current treatments follow European Academy of Dermatology and Venerology guidelines, but advanced cases with recurring lesions lack effective therapies. To address this gap, researchers are exploring nanotechnology for targeted drug delivery. Nanoparticles offer benefits such as improved drug retention, stability, controlled release and targeted delivery through the disrupted epidermal barrier. This integrated review evaluates the current state of AD treatment and highlights the potential of novel nano-formulations as a promising approach to address the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranjit Kumar Mahato
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Mohini Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Hemanta Pathak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Niva Rani Gogoi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Rikynjai Kharbithai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Pinky Chowrasia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Pankaj Lochan Bora
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Tumpa Sarkar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Bani Kumar Jana
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
| | - Bhaskar Mazumder
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Dibrugarh University, Dibrugarh, 786004, Assam, India
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Bosch A, Bott J, Warfving N, Nolde J. Investigation on the skin penetration of synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) used in cosmetic products. Toxicol Lett 2023:S0378-4274(23)00236-9. [PMID: 37541533 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2023.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/06/2023]
Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) is used as additive in a variety of industrial applications for many decades and has been approved to be used in food, food contact materials, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics. Due its internal structure, SAS is considered as a nanomaterial, thus it is affected by a general safety discussion. Based on the production process, SAS for cosmetic application is a nanomaterial by the EU Recommendation, although it was not considered as such, because the solely size-dependent definitions of the term "nanomaterial" emerged in recent times first in Recommendation 2011/696/EU. Therefore, former physicochemical and toxicological evaluations of SAS were already performed on nanomaterials, however, without being addressed as such. Safety concerns can only emerge if two criteria, (toxicological) hazard and exposure towards the substance is fulfilled at the same time. In case of SAS, the Scientific Committee on Consumer Safety (SCCS) challenged provided data to be insufficient to draw a conclusion regarding the safety of SAS and thus, requested further investigations, in particular by exploring skin penetration of particulate SAS.Investigation of specific particulate substances in skin penetration tests is an analytical challenge. The number of available analytical techniques that are capable to detect nanomaterials in complex matrices, like receptor fluids from skin penetration testing, are limited and still emerging. In the new studies, a comprehensive set of analytical techniques were used to investigate the skin penetration potential of SAS. Particle-sensitive, element and particle-specific combinations of techniques and different sample preparation procedures, that respected the particulate nature of SAS, were used to detect SAS in receptor fluids directly. In addition, electron microscopic techniques were used to examine different layers of skin to detect adsorbed SAS.The combination of Asymmetric Flow Field-Flow Fractionation (AF4) in combination with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) for examination of receptor fluids and Scanning Electron Microscopy coupled with Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) for examination of skin itself, were identified as suitable techniques for the detection of SAS in skin penetration tests. Data from literature was used to compare the results of the studies with the outcome of other test systems (other particles, other techniques). Both, the test results, and literature evaluation led to the conclusion, that SAS does not penetrate skin. Based on this outcome and local and systemic dermal toxicity review of SAS, it can be concluded that dermal application of SAS in cosmetic formulations is negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Bosch
- Consultant Toxicology, 84503 Altötting, Germany
| | - Johannes Bott
- Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging (IVV), Giggenhauser Str. 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Nils Warfving
- AnaPath Services GmbH, Buchsweg 4, 4625 Oberbuchsiten, Hammerstrasse 49, 4410 Liestal, Switzerland
| | - Juergen Nolde
- Grace Europe Holding GmbH, In der Hollerhecke 1, 67547 Worms, Germany.
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Radbruch M, Pischon H, Du F, Haag R, Schumacher F, Kleuser B, Mundhenk L, Gruber AD. Biodegradable core-multishell nanocarrier: Topical tacrolimus delivery for treatment of dermatitis. J Control Release 2022; 349:917-928. [PMID: 35905785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2021] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Two challenges in topical drug delivery to the skin include solubilizing hydrophobic drugs in water-based formulations and increasing drug penetration into the skin. Polymeric core-multishell nanocarrier (CMS), particularly the novel biodegradable CMS (bCMS = hPG-PCL1.1K-mPEG2k-CMS) have shown both advantages on excised skin ex vivo. Here, we investigated topical delivery of tacrolimus (TAC; > 500 g/mol) by bCMS in a hydrogel on an oxazolone-induced model of dermatitis in vivo. As expected, bCMS successfully delivered TAC into the skin. However, in vivo they did not increase, but decrease TAC penetration through the stratum corneum compared to ointment. Differences in the resulting mean concentrations were mostly non-significant in the skin (epidermis: 35.7 ± 20.9 ng/cm2 for bCMS vs. 92.6 ± 62.7 ng/cm2 for ointment; dermis: 76.8 ± 26.8 ng/cm2vs 118.2 ± 50.4 ng/cm2), but highly significant in blood (plasma: 1.1 ± 0.4 ng/ml vs 11.3 ± 9.3 ng/ml; erythrocytes: 0.5 ± 0.2 ng/ml vs 3.4 ± 2.4 ng/ml) and liver (0.01 ± 0.01 ng/mg vs 0.03 ± 0.01 ng/mg). bCMS were detected in the stratum corneum but not in viable skin or beyond. The therapeutic efficacy of TAC delivered by bCMS was equivalent to that of standard TAC ointment. Our results suggest that bCMS may be a promising carrier for the topical delivery of TAC. The quantitative difference to previous results should be interpreted in light of structural differences between murine and human skin, but highlights the need as well as potential methods to develop more a complex ex vivo analysis on human skin to ensure quantitative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Radbruch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah Pischon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fang Du
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Schumacher
- Department for Nutritional Toxicology, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Department for Nutritional Toxicology, Universität Potsdam, Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany; Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Königin-Luise-Str. 2+4, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
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Morais RP, Hochheim S, de Oliveira CC, Riegel-Vidotti IC, Marino CEB. Skin interaction, permeation, and toxicity of silica nanoparticles: Challenges and recent therapeutic and cosmetic advances. Int J Pharm 2022; 614:121439. [PMID: 34990742 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2021.121439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Silica nanoparticles (SNPs) received more attention with the emergence of nanotechnology with the aim and promise of becoming innovative drug delivery systems. They have been fulfilling this objective with excellence and nowadays they play a central role in biomedical applications. New SNPs application routes are being explored such as the epidermal, dermal, and transdermal routes. With that, novel models of synthesis, functionalization, and applications constantly appear. However, it is essential that such innovations are accompanied by in-depth studies on permeation, biodistribution, metabolization, and elimination of the generated by-products. Such studies are still incipient, if not rare. This article reviews significant findings on SNPs and their skin interactions. An extensive literature review on SNPs synthesis and functionalization methodologies was performed, as well as on the skin characteristics, skin permeation mechanisms, and in vivo toxicity assessments. Furthermore, studies of the past 5 years on the main therapeutic and cosmetic products employing SNPs, with greater emphasis on in vivo and ex vivo studies were included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Pinho Morais
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Sabrina Hochheim
- Department of Chemistry, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
| | | | | | - Cláudia E B Marino
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil.
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Roach KA, Stefaniak AB, Roberts JR. Metal nanomaterials: Immune effects and implications of physicochemical properties on sensitization, elicitation, and exacerbation of allergic disease. J Immunotoxicol 2019; 16:87-124. [PMID: 31195861 PMCID: PMC6649684 DOI: 10.1080/1547691x.2019.1605553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent surge in incorporation of metallic and metal oxide nanomaterials into consumer products and their corresponding use in occupational settings have raised concerns over the potential for metals to induce size-specific adverse toxicological effects. Although nano-metals have been shown to induce greater lung injury and inflammation than their larger metal counterparts, their size-related effects on the immune system and allergic disease remain largely unknown. This knowledge gap is particularly concerning since metals are historically recognized as common inducers of allergic contact dermatitis, occupational asthma, and allergic adjuvancy. The investigation into the potential for adverse immune effects following exposure to metal nanomaterials is becoming an area of scientific interest since these characteristically lightweight materials are easily aerosolized and inhaled, and their small size may allow for penetration of the skin, which may promote unique size-specific immune effects with implications for allergic disease. Additionally, alterations in physicochemical properties of metals in the nano-scale greatly influence their interactions with components of biological systems, potentially leading to implications for inducing or exacerbating allergic disease. Although some research has been directed toward addressing these concerns, many aspects of metal nanomaterial-induced immune effects remain unclear. Overall, more scientific knowledge exists in regards to the potential for metal nanomaterials to exacerbate allergic disease than to their potential to induce allergic disease. Furthermore, effects of metal nanomaterial exposure on respiratory allergy have been more thoroughly-characterized than their potential influence on dermal allergy. Current knowledge regarding metal nanomaterials and their potential to induce/exacerbate dermal and respiratory allergy are summarized in this review. In addition, an examination of several remaining knowledge gaps and considerations for future studies is provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine A Roach
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
- b School of Pharmacy , West Virginia University , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Aleksandr B Stefaniak
- c Respiratory Health Division (RHD) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
| | - Jenny R Roberts
- a Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch (ACIB) , National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) , Morgantown , WV , USA
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Palmer BC, Jatana S, Phelan-Dickinson SJ, DeLouise LA. Amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles modulate immune responses in a model of allergic contact dermatitis. Sci Rep 2019; 9:5085. [PMID: 30911099 PMCID: PMC6434075 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41493-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Amorphous silicon dioxide nanoparticles (SiNPs) are ubiquitous, and they are currently found in cosmetics, drugs, and foods. Biomedical research is also focused on using these nanoparticles as drug delivery and bio-sensing platforms. Due to the high potential for skin exposure to SiNPs, research into the effect of topical exposure on both healthy and inflammatory skin models is warranted. While we observe only minimal effects of SiNPs on healthy mouse skin, there is an immunomodulatory effect of these NPs in a model of allergic contact dermatitis. The effect appears to be mediated partly by keratinocytes and results in decreases in epidermal hyperplasia, inflammatory cytokine release, immune cell infiltration, and a subsequent reduction in skin swelling. Additional research is required to further our mechanistic understanding and to validate the extent of this immunomodulatory effect in human subjects in order to assess the potential prophylactic use of SiNPs for treating allergic skin conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian C. Palmer
- 0000 0004 1936 9166grid.412750.5Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Samreen Jatana
- 0000 0004 1936 9174grid.16416.34Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York USA
| | - Sarah J. Phelan-Dickinson
- 0000 0004 1936 9166grid.412750.5Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Lisa A. DeLouise
- 0000 0004 1936 9166grid.412750.5Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA ,0000 0004 1936 9174grid.16416.34Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York USA ,0000 0004 1936 9166grid.412750.5Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York USA
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8
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Radbruch M, Pischon H, Ostrowski A, Volz P, Brodwolf R, Neumann F, Unbehauen M, Kleuser B, Haag R, Ma N, Alexiev U, Mundhenk L, Gruber AD. Dendritic Core-Multishell Nanocarriers in Murine Models of Healthy and Atopic Skin. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2017; 12:64. [PMID: 28116609 PMCID: PMC5256633 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-017-1835-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic hPG-amid-C18-mPEG core-multishell nanocarriers (CMS) represent a novel class of unimolecular micelles that hold great potential as drug transporters, e.g., to facilitate topical therapy in skin diseases. Atopic dermatitis is among the most common inflammatory skin disorders with complex barrier alterations which may affect the efficacy of topical treatment.Here, we tested the penetration behavior and identified target structures of unloaded CMS after topical administration in healthy mice and in mice with oxazolone-induced atopic dermatitis. We further examined whole body distribution and possible systemic side effects after simulating high dosage dermal penetration by subcutaneous injection.Following topical administration, CMS accumulated in the stratum corneum without penetration into deeper viable epidermal layers. The same was observed in atopic dermatitis mice, indicating that barrier alterations in atopic dermatitis had no influence on the penetration of CMS. Following subcutaneous injection, CMS were deposited in the regional lymph nodes as well as in liver, spleen, lung, and kidney. However, in vitro toxicity tests, clinical data, and morphometry-assisted histopathological analyses yielded no evidence of any toxic or otherwise adverse local or systemic effects of CMS, nor did they affect the severity or course of atopic dermatitis.Taken together, CMS accumulate in the stratum corneum in both healthy and inflammatory skin and appear to be highly biocompatible in the mouse even under conditions of atopic dermatitis and thus could potentially serve to create a depot for anti-inflammatory drugs in the skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Radbruch
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hannah Pischon
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anja Ostrowski
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Pierre Volz
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Brodwolf
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falko Neumann
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Michael Unbehauen
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Burkhard Kleuser
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Rainer Haag
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Organic Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Nan Ma
- Institute of Biomaterial Science and Berlin-Brandenburg Centre for Regenerative Therapies, Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Teltow, Germany
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- Institute of Experimental Physics, Department of Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D. Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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Abstract
In recent years there has been considerable effort to understand the interaction of nanomaterials with the skin. In this study we use an in vivo mouse model of allergic contact dermatitis to investigate how nanoparticles (NPs) may alter allergic responses in skin. We investigate a variety of NPs that vary in size, charge and composition. Results show that small (<200 nm) negative and neutral charged NPs exhibit an immunosuppressive effect but that positively charged NPs do not. Confocal imaging suggests positively charged NPs may penetrate skin to a lesser extent and thereby are less able interact with and alter the local immune responses. Interestingly, negatively charged silica (20 nm) NPs suppress allergic response to two chemically distinct sensitizers; 1-fluoro-2, 4-dinitrobenzene and 2-deoxyurushiol. Skin wiping and NP application time studies suggest that the immunomodulatory mechanism is not due solely to the blocking of sensitizer adduct formation in skin. Results suggest that NPs modulate early immune events that impact mast cell degranulation. Our study shows for the first time the potential to modulate the elicitation phase of the allergic response which depends on the NP charge and composition. These finding can be used to inform the design topical therapeutics to mitigate allergic responses in skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samreen Jatana
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA
| | - Brian C Palmer
- Department of Toxicology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Sarah J Phelan
- Department of Toxicology, University of Rochester Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Lisa A DeLouise
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York, USA.
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Pischon H, Radbruch M, Ostrowski A, Volz P, Gerecke C, Unbehauen M, Hönzke S, Hedtrich S, Fluhr JW, Haag R, Kleuser B, Alexiev U, Gruber AD, Mundhenk L. Stratum corneum targeting by dendritic core-multishell-nanocarriers in a mouse model of psoriasis. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2017; 13:317-327. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Ostrowski A, Nordmeyer D, Boreham A, Holzhausen C, Mundhenk L, Graf C, Meinke MC, Vogt A, Hadam S, Lademann J, Rühl E, Alexiev U, Gruber AD. Overview about the localization of nanoparticles in tissue and cellular context by different imaging techniques. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2015; 6:263-80. [PMID: 25671170 PMCID: PMC4311646 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.6.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/12/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The increasing interest and recent developments in nanotechnology pose previously unparalleled challenges in understanding the effects of nanoparticles on living tissues. Despite significant progress in in vitro cell and tissue culture technologies, observations on particle distribution and tissue responses in whole organisms are still indispensable. In addition to a thorough understanding of complex tissue responses which is the domain of expert pathologists, the localization of particles at their sites of interaction with living structures is essential to complete the picture. In this review we will describe and compare different imaging techniques for localizing inorganic as well as organic nanoparticles in tissues, cells and subcellular compartments. The visualization techniques include well-established methods, such as standard light, fluorescence, transmission electron and scanning electron microscopy as well as more recent developments, such as light and electron microscopic autoradiography, fluorescence lifetime imaging, spectral imaging and linear unmixing, superresolution structured illumination, Raman microspectroscopy and X-ray microscopy. Importantly, all methodologies described allow for the simultaneous visualization of nanoparticles and evaluation of cell and tissue changes that are of prime interest for toxicopathologic studies. However, the different approaches vary in terms of applicability for specific particles, sensitivity, optical resolution, technical requirements and thus availability, and effects of labeling on particle properties. Specific bottle necks of each technology are discussed in detail. Interpretation of particle localization data from any of these techniques should therefore respect their specific merits and limitations as no single approach combines all desired properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Ostrowski
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Nordmeyer
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Boreham
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Cornelia Holzhausen
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Lars Mundhenk
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina Graf
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Martina C Meinke
- Department of Dermatology, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Annika Vogt
- Department of Dermatology, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Sabrina Hadam
- Department of Dermatology, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jürgen Lademann
- Department of Dermatology, Charite - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry - Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustr. 3, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Ulrike Alexiev
- Department of Physics, Institute of Experimental Physics, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 14, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim D Gruber
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Str. 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany
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