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Wang C, Wu DD, Yuan YH, Yao MC, Han JL, Wu YJ, Shan F, Li WP, Zhai JQ, Huang M, Peng SM, Cai QH, Yu JY, Liu QX, Liu ZY, Li LX, Teng MS, Huang W, Zhou JY, Zhang C, Chen W, Tu XL. Population genomic analysis provides evidence of the past success and future potential of South China tiger captive conservation. BMC Biol 2023; 21:64. [PMID: 37069598 PMCID: PMC10111772 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 04/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Among six extant tiger subspecies, the South China tiger (Panthera tigris amoyensis) once was widely distributed but is now the rarest one and extinct in the wild. All living South China tigers are descendants of only two male and four female wild-caught tigers and they survive solely in zoos after 60 years of effective conservation efforts. Inbreeding depression and hybridization with other tiger subspecies were believed to have occurred within the small, captive South China tiger population. It is therefore urgently needed to examine the genomic landscape of existing genetic variation among the South China tigers. RESULTS In this study, we assembled a high-quality chromosome-level genome using long-read sequences and re-sequenced 29 high-depth genomes of the South China tigers. By combining and comparing our data with the other 40 genomes of six tiger subspecies, we identified two significantly differentiated genomic lineages among the South China tigers, which harbored some rare genetic variants introgressed from other tiger subspecies and thus maintained a moderate genetic diversity. We noticed that the South China tiger had higher FROH values for longer runs of homozygosity (ROH > 1 Mb), an indication of recent inbreeding/founder events. We also observed that the South China tiger had the least frequent homozygous genotypes of both high- and moderate-impact deleterious mutations, and lower mutation loads than both Amur and Sumatran tigers. Altogether, our analyses indicated an effective genetic purging of deleterious mutations in homozygous states from the South China tiger, following its population contraction with a controlled increase in inbreeding based on its pedigree records. CONCLUSIONS The identification of two unique founder/genomic lineages coupled with active genetic purging of deleterious mutations in homozygous states and the genomic resources generated in our study pave the way for a genomics-informed conservation, following the real-time monitoring and rational exchange of reproductive South China tigers among zoos.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Dong-Dong Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | | | - Meng-Cheng Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China
| | - Jian-Lin Han
- CAAS-ILRI Joint Laboratory on Livestock and Forage Genetic Resources, Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences (CAAS), Beijing, 100193, China
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi, 00100, Kenya
| | - Ya-Jiang Wu
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Fen Shan
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Wan-Ping Li
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Jun-Qiong Zhai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Mian Huang
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Shi-Ming Peng
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | - Qin-Hui Cai
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China
| | | | | | | | - Lin-Xiang Li
- Suzhou Shangfangshan Forest Zoo, Suzhou, 215009, China
| | | | - Wei Huang
- Nanchang Zoo, Nanchang, 330025, China
| | - Jun-Ying Zhou
- Chinese Association of Zoological Gardens, Beijing, 100037, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- Qinghai Province Key Laboratory of Crop Molecular Breeding, Key Laboratory of Adaptation and Evolution of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining, 810008, Qinghai, China
| | - Wu Chen
- Guangzhou Zoo & Guangzhou Wildlife Research Center, Guangzhou, 510070, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Genetic Resources and Evolution, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
- Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650223, Yunnan, China.
- Kunming College of Life Science, University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650204, China.
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Wang X, Wang W, Qin Y, Wang M, Li Y, Liu H. Population Genetic Diversity of Two Blue Oat Mite Species on Triticum Hosts in China. INSECTS 2023; 14:377. [PMID: 37103192 PMCID: PMC10143575 DOI: 10.3390/insects14040377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Blue oat mite species, including Penthaleus major and P. tectus, are pests widely distributed across China that cause damage to winter wheat. This study evaluated the genetic diversity of P. major and P. tectus on Triticum hosts collected from 23 geographic locations based on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. We identified nine haplotypes in 438 P. major individuals from 21 geographic locations and five haplotypes in 139 P. tectus individuals from 11 geographic locations. Meanwhile, P. major exhibits high values of haplotype diversity (Hd) and nucleotide diversity (Pi) (Hd = 0.534 > 0.5 and Pi = 0.012 > 0.005), representing a large stable population with a long evolutionary history. P. tectus shows low values of Hd and Pi (Hd = 0.112 < 0.5 and Pi = 0 < 0.005), which suggest recent founder events. Moreover, demographic analysis suggested that P. major and P. tectus have not undergone a recent population expansion. The lowest genetic variation was observed in Xiangzhou (XZ-HB), Zaoyang (ZY-HB), Siyang (SY-JS), and Rongxian (RX-SC), with only one species and one haplotype identified in over 30 individuals. Robust genetic differentiation was found in P. major compared to P. tectus, which provides a theoretical basis for the widespread distribution of P. major in China.
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Charmouh AP, Reid JM, Bilde T, Bocedi G. Eco-evolutionary extinction and recolonization dynamics reduce genetic load and increase time to extinction in highly inbred populations. Evolution 2022; 76:2482-2497. [PMID: 36117269 PMCID: PMC9828521 DOI: 10.1111/evo.14620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how genetic and ecological effects can interact to shape genetic loads within and across local populations is key to understanding ongoing persistence of systems that should otherwise be susceptible to extinction through mutational meltdown. Classic theory predicts short persistence times for metapopulations comprising small local populations with low connectivity, due to accumulation of deleterious mutations. Yet, some such systems have persisted over evolutionary time, implying the existence of mechanisms that allow metapopulations to avoid mutational meltdown. We first hypothesize a mechanism by which the combination of stochasticity in the numbers and types of mutations arising locally (genetic stochasticity), resulting local extinction, and recolonization through evolving dispersal facilitates metapopulation persistence. We then test this mechanism using a spatially and genetically explicit individual-based model. We show that genetic stochasticity in highly structured metapopulations can result in local extinctions, which can favor increased dispersal, thus allowing recolonization of empty habitat patches. This causes fluctuations in metapopulation size and transient gene flow, which reduces genetic load and increases metapopulation persistence over evolutionary time. Our suggested mechanism and simulation results provide an explanation for the conundrum presented by the continued persistence of highly structured populations with inbreeding mating systems that occur in diverse taxa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders P. Charmouh
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
| | - Jane M. Reid
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 2TZUnited Kingdom,Centre for Biodiversity DynamicsInstitutt for Biologi, NTNUTrondheim7491Norway
| | - Trine Bilde
- Department of BiologyAarhus UniversityAarhus C8000Denmark
| | - Greta Bocedi
- School of Biological SciencesUniversity of AberdeenAberdeenAB24 2TZUnited Kingdom
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4
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Pham T, Nguyen QT, Tran DM, Nguyen H, Le HT, Hoang QTH, Van YT, Tran TN. Phylogenetic Analysis Based on DNA Barcoding and Genetic Diversity Assessment of Morinda officinalis How in Vietnam Inferred by Microsatellites. Genes (Basel) 2022; 13:1938. [PMID: 36360175 PMCID: PMC9689669 DOI: 10.3390/genes13111938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Morinda officinalis How is well-known as a valuable medicinal plant found in some regions of Vietnam. This species is mainly used for treating male impotence, irregular menstruation, and rheumatoid arthritis. This study aimed to identify the species of and genetic diversity in three M. officinalis populations: one each in Quang Binh (QB), Thua Thien Hue (TTH), and Quang Nam (QN). In this study, four DNA barcoding markers (ITS1, ITS2, matK, and rbcL) were used to identify the species and 22 microsatellite markers were applied for population structure and diversity analyses. The results showed that the sequences of gene regions studied in M. officinalis had a high similarity (>95%) to the ITS1, ITS2, matK, and rbcL sequences of M. officinalis on BLAST. Of the four DNA barcoding markers used, ITS1 and ITS2 showed higher efficiency in DNA amplification of M. officinalis. From this study, 27 GenBank codes were published on BLAST. The results also revealed high levels of genetic diversity in populations. The average observed and expected heterozygosity values were HO = 0.513 and HE = 0.612, respectively. The average FST value was 0.206. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed 70% variation within populations and 30% among populations. The population structure of M. officinalis inferred in STRUCTURE revealed that the optimum number of genetic groups for the admixture model was K = 2. These findings provided vital background information for future studies in the conservation of M. officinalis in both ex situ and in situ plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Pham
- Department of Biology, University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Quynh Thi Nguyen
- Department of Biology, University of Education, Hue University, 34 Le Loi, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Duc Minh Tran
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Hoi Nguyen
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Hung Thai Le
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Que Thi Hong Hoang
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Yen Thi Van
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue 530000, Vietnam
| | - Thang Nam Tran
- Faculty of Forestry, University of Agriculture and Forestry, Hue University, 102 Phung Hung, Hue 530000, Vietnam
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5
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Vandergast AG, Kus BE, Smith JG, Mitelberg A. Recent declines in genetic diversity with limited dispersal among coastal cactus wren populations in San Diego County, California. CONSERVATION SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/csp2.12780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Amy G. Vandergast
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey San Diego California USA
| | - Barbara E. Kus
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey San Diego California USA
| | - Julia G. Smith
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey San Diego California USA
| | - Anna Mitelberg
- Western Ecological Research Center U.S. Geological Survey San Diego California USA
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6
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Andersen D, Maslova I, Purevdorj Z, Li JT, Messenger KR, Ren JL, Jang Y, Borzée A. East palearctic treefrog past and present habitat suitability using ecological niche models. PeerJ 2022; 10:e12999. [PMID: 35261821 PMCID: PMC8898549 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Ecological niche modeling is a tool used to determine current potential species' distribution or habitat suitability models which can then be used to project suitable areas in time. Projections of suitability into past climates can identify locations of climate refugia, or areas with high climatic stability likely to contain the highest levels of genetic diversity and stable populations when climatic conditions are less suitable in other parts of the range. Modeling habitat suitability for closely related species in recent past can also reveal potential periods and regions of contact and possible admixture. In the east palearctic, there are five Dryophytes (Hylid treefrog) clades belonging to two groups: Dryophytes japonicus group: Clades A and B; and Dryophytes immaculatus group: Dryophytes immaculatus, Dryophytes flaviventris, and Dryophytes suweonensis. We used maximum entropy modeling to determine the suitable ranges of these five clades during the present and projected to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and Last Interglacial (LIG) periods. We also calculated climatic stability for each clade to identify possible areas of climate refugia. Our models indicated suitable range expansion during the LGM for four clades with the exclusion of D. immaculatus. High climatic stability in our models corresponded to areas with the highest numbers of recorded occurrences in the present. The models produced here can additionally serve as baselines for models of suitability under climate change scenarios and indicate species ecological requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Desiree Andersen
- Department of Life Science and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Irina Maslova
- Federal Scientific Center of the East Asia Terrestrial Biodiversity Far Eastern Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostock, Russian Federation
| | - Zoljargal Purevdorj
- Department of Biology, Scholl of Mathematic and Natural Science, Mongolian State University of Education, Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia,Department of Forest and Environmental Resources, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jia-Tang Li
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Jin-Long Ren
- Chengdu Institute of Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yikweon Jang
- Department of Life Science and Division of EcoScience, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea,Interdisciplinary Program of EcoCreative, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Amaël Borzée
- Laboratory of Animal Behaviour and Conservation, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
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7
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8
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Versluys TMM, Flintham EO, Mas-Sandoval A, Savolainen V. Why do we pick similar mates, or do we? Biol Lett 2021; 17:20210463. [PMID: 34813721 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2021.0463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans often mate with those resembling themselves, a phenomenon described as positive assortative mating (PAM). The causes of this attract broad interest, but there is little agreement on the topic. This may be because empirical studies and reviews sometimes focus on just a few explanations, often based on disciplinary conventions. This review presents an interdisciplinary conceptual framework on the causes of PAM in humans, drawing on human and non-human biology, the social sciences, and the humanities. Viewing causality holistically, we first discuss the proximate causes (i.e. the 'how') of PAM, considering three mechanisms: stratification, convergence and mate choice. We also outline methods to control for confounders when studying mate choice. We then discuss ultimate explanations (i.e. 'the why') for PAM, including adaptive and non-adaptive processes. We conclude by suggesting a focus on interdisciplinarity in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M M Versluys
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Ewan O Flintham
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Alex Mas-Sandoval
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
| | - Vincent Savolainen
- Georgina Mace Centre for the Living Planet, Imperial College London, Silwood Park Campus, Buckhurst Road, Ascot, Berkshire SL5 7PY, United Kingdom
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9
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Purohit D, Manu S, Ram MS, Sharma S, Patnaik HC, Deka PJ, Narayan G, Umapathy G. Genetic effects of long-term captive breeding on the endangered pygmy hog. PeerJ 2021; 9:e12212. [PMID: 34707930 PMCID: PMC8504462 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.12212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term captive populations often accumulate genetic changes that are detrimental to their survival in the wild. Periodic genetic evaluation of captive populations is thus necessary to identify deleterious changes and minimize their impact through planned breeding. Pygmy hog (Porcula salvania) is an endangered species with a small population inhabiting the tall sub-Himalayan grasslands of Assam, India. A conservation breeding program of pygmy hog from six founders has produced a multi-generational captive population destined for reintroduction into the wild. However, the impact of conservation breeding on its genetic diversity remained undocumented. Here, we evaluate temporal genetic changes in 39 pygmy hogs from eight consecutive generations of a captive population using genome-wide SNPs, mitochondrial genomes, and MHC sequences, and explore the relationship between genetic diversity and reproductive success. We find that pygmy hog harbors a very low genome-wide heterozygosity (H) compared to other members of the Suidae family. However, within the captive population we find excess heterozygosity and a significant increase in H from the wild-caught founders to the individuals in subsequent generations due to the selective pairing strategy. The MHC and mitochondrial nucleotide diversities were lower in captive generations compared to the founders with a high prevalence of low-frequency MHC haplotypes and more unique mitochondrial genomes. Further, even though no signs of genetic inbreeding were observed from the estimates of individual inbreeding coefficient F and between individuals (FIS) in each generation, the kinship coefficient showed a slightly increasing trend in the recent generations, due to a relatively smaller non-random sample size compared to the entire captive population. Surprisingly, male pygmy hogs that had higher heterozygosity also showed lower breeding success. We briefly discuss the implications of our findings in the context of breeding management and recommend steps to minimize the genetic effects of long-term captive breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shivakumara Manu
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Muthuvarmadam Subramanian Ram
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India.,CES, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India
| | - Shradha Sharma
- CSIR- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad, India
| | | | - Parag Jyoti Deka
- Aaranyak, Threatened Species Recovery Programme,, Beltola, Guwahati, India.,Durrell Wildlife Conservation Trust - Pygmy Hog Conservation Programme, Indira Nagar, Basistha, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Goutam Narayan
- EcoSystems-India, Rare & Endangered Species Conservation Unit, Beltola, Guwahati, India
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10
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Lehnen L, Jan PL, Besnard AL, Fourcy D, Kerth G, Biedermann M, Nyssen P, Schorcht W, Petit EJ, Puechmaille SJ. Genetic diversity in a long-lived mammal is explained by the past's demographic shadow and current connectivity. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:5048-5063. [PMID: 34402111 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Revised: 08/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Within-species genetic diversity is crucial for the persistence and integrity of populations and ecosystems. Conservation actions require an understanding of factors influencing genetic diversity, especially in the context of global change. Both population size and connectivity are factors greatly influencing genetic diversity; the relative importance of these factors can, however, change through time. Hence, quantifying the degree to which population size or genetic connectivity are shaping genetic diversity, and at which ecological time scale (past or present), is challenging, yet essential for the development of efficient conservation strategies. In this study, we estimated the genetic diversity of 42 colonies of Rhinolophus hipposideros, a long-lived mammal vulnerable to global change, sampling locations spanning its continental northern range. Here, we present an integrative approach that disentangles and quantifies the contribution of different connectivity measures in addition to contemporary colony size and historic bottlenecks in shaping genetic diversity. In our study, the best model explained 64% of the variation in genetic diversity. It included historic bottlenecks, contemporary colony size, connectivity and a negative interaction between the latter two. Contemporary connectivity explained most genetic diversity when considering a 65 km radius around the focal colonies, emphasizing the large geographic scale at which the positive impact of connectivity on genetic diversity is most profound and hence, the minimum scale at which conservation should be planned. Our results highlight that the relative importance of the two main factors shaping genetic diversity varies through time, emphasizing the relevance of disentangling them to ensure appropriate conservation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Lehnen
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Pierre-Loup Jan
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, France
| | | | - Damien Fourcy
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, France
| | - Gerald Kerth
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Martin Biedermann
- Interessengemeinschaft für Fledermausschutz und -forschung in Thüringen (IFT) e.V, Bad Liebenstein, Germany
| | | | | | - Eric J Petit
- ESE, Ecology and Ecosystem Health, Institut Agro, INRAE, Rennes, France.,NACHTaktiv - Biologists for Bat research GbR, Erfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastien J Puechmaille
- Applied Zoology and Nature Conservation, Zoological Institute and Museum, University of Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
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11
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DeWoody JA, Harder AM, Mathur S, Willoughby JR. The long-standing significance of genetic diversity in conservation. Mol Ecol 2021; 30:4147-4154. [PMID: 34191374 DOI: 10.1111/mec.16051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Since allozymes were first used to assess genetic diversity in the 1960s and 1970s, biologists have attempted to characterize gene pools and conserve the diversity observed in domestic crops, livestock, zoos and (more recently) natural populations. Recently, some authors have claimed that the importance of genetic diversity in conservation biology has been greatly overstated. Here, we argue that a voluminous literature indicates otherwise. We address four main points made by detractors of genetic diversity's role in conservation by using published literature to firmly establish that genetic diversity is intimately tied to evolutionary fitness, and that the associated demographic consequences are of paramount importance to many conservation efforts. We think that responsible management in the Anthropocene should, whenever possible, include the conservation of ecosystems, communities, populations and individuals, and their underlying genetic diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Andrew DeWoody
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA
| | - Avril M Harder
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
| | - Samarth Mathur
- Department of Evolution, Ecology and Organismal Biology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA
| | - Janna R Willoughby
- School of Forestry and Wildlife Sciences, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, USA
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12
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Conservation priorities in an endangered estuarine seahorse are informed by demographic history. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4205. [PMID: 33603090 PMCID: PMC7892823 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83754-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Historical demographic events shape genetic diversity that remains evident in the genomes of contemporary populations. In the case of species that are of conservation concern, this information helps to unravel evolutionary histories that can be critical in guiding conservation efforts. The Knysna seahorse, Hippocampus capensis, is the world's most endangered seahorse species, and it presently survives in only three estuaries on the South African south coast. Factors that contributed to the species becoming endangered are unclear; additionally, the lack of information on whether the three populations should be managed separately because of potential long-term isolation hampers effective management efforts. In the present study, we reconstructed the seahorses' demographic history using a suite of microsatellite loci. We found that the largest population (Knysna Estuary) has colonised the other estuaries relatively recently (< 450 years ago), and that its population size is comparatively large and stable. Neither of the other two populations shows signs of long-term reductions in population size. The high conservation status of the species is thus a result of its limited range rather than historical population declines. Our findings indicate that the long-term survival of H. capensis depends primarily on the successful management of the Knysna population, although the other estuaries may serve as reservoirs of genetic diversity.
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13
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Variation in shell morphology of the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis, in fragmented central European populations. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blaa184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
The European pond turtle (Emys orbicularis) is a widely distributed freshwater species inhabiting much of Europe, but it is often in population decrease or is locally extinct. In this study, we sampled five central European populations, of which four were autochthonous and one was introduced outside the native range. Moreover, two of the native populations were relatively isolated and at the periphery of the species, range. Using the frequency of shell anomalies, a geometric morphometric framework and an analysis of fluctuating asymmetry, we aimed to determine the degree of morphological differentiation among different populations. Significantly, a smaller number of individuals with a malformed shell or scutes occurred in the native core range population, which potentially has a high level of gene flow (Hungary). Although neither canonical variate analysis nor the morphological disparity analysis showed distinct differences between populations, we found significantly higher shell asymmetry in the two marginal populations (Austria and Slovakia) compared with the core range populations. Our results might thus support the central–marginal hypothesis and indicate potential genetically based conservation problems owing to demographic bottlenecks and/or isolation in marginal populations.
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14
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Hasegawa Y, Takeuchi T, Ueda S, Hirai N. Comparison of Genetic Structure between Endangered and Common Butterflies, Ypthima multistriata and Y. argus (Lepidoptera; Nymphalidae), Inhabiting Japan. Zoolog Sci 2020; 37:109-116. [PMID: 32282141 DOI: 10.2108/zs190002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Genetic structures of two closely related butterflies, Ypthima multistriata and Y. argus, inhabiting Japan were compared based on the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) sequences. The former species is classified as a vulnerable species and exhibits a characteristic pattern of voltinism: univoltine and bivoltine populations are distributed in a scattered manner. The latter species is common and has a normal geographical pattern of voltinism: the number of annual generations is correlated with latitude. Our genetic analyses of these two species yielded contrasting results: a spatial analysis of molecular variance (SAMOVA) and FST between each pair of populations revealed a locally fragmented genetic structure for Y. multistriata, compared to three distinct geographic groups of Y. argus within which range-wide gene flow occurs. Although Y. argus is a common species, only the southernmost populations in Japan had higher genetic diversity, while the other populations had the same or lower levels of genetic diversity, compared to Y. multistriata. These results indicate that: 1) the degree of fragmentation of Y. multistriata populations was higher; however, markedly lower genetic diversity was not found, and 2) although Y. argus is a common species, its populations may not be genetically robust. In addition, AMOVA revealed a relationship between voltinism and genetic variation in Y. multistriata. This result suggests a phylogenetic constraint of voltinism in this butterfly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuto Hasegawa
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Takeuchi
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan,
| | - Shouhei Ueda
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
| | - Norio Hirai
- Graduate School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuencho, Nakaku, Sakai, Osaka 5998531, Japan
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15
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King RA, Stockley B, Stevens JR. Small coastal streams-Critical reservoirs of genetic diversity for trout ( Salmo trutta L.) in the face of increasing anthropogenic stressors. Ecol Evol 2020; 10:5651-5669. [PMID: 32607181 PMCID: PMC7319166 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.6306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
We used microsatellite markers to investigate levels and structuring of genetic diversity in trout (Salmo trutta L.) sampled from 16 rivers along the south coast of Cornwall in southwest England. This region is characterized by many small coastal streams with a few larger catchments. At a regional level, genetic structuring of contemporary populations has been influenced by a combination of events, including the last Ice Age and also more recent human activities over the last millennium. All populations are shown to have gone through strong genetic bottlenecks, coinciding with increased exploitation of mineral resources within catchments, beginning during the Medieval period. At more local levels, contemporary human-induced habitat fragmentation, such as weir and culvert construction, has disproportionally affected trout populations in the smaller catchments within the study area. However, where small catchments are relatively unaffected by such activities, they can host trout populations with diversity levels comparable to those found in larger rivers in the region. We also predict significant future loses of diversity and heterozygosity in the trout populations inhabiting small, isolated catchments. Our study highlights how multiple factors, especially the activity of humans, have and continue to affect the levels and structuring of genetic diversity in trout over long timescales.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Andrew King
- Department of BiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Exeter, Hatherly LaboratoriesExeterUK
| | | | - Jamie R. Stevens
- Department of BiosciencesCollege of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of Exeter, Hatherly LaboratoriesExeterUK
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16
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Rahman DA, Condro AA, Rianti P, Masy’ud B, Aulagnier S, Semiadi G. Geographical analysis of the Javan deer distribution in Indonesia and priorities for landscape conservation. J Nat Conserv 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnc.2020.125795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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17
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Miller ML, Kronenberger JA, Fitzpatrick SW. Recent evolutionary history predicts population but not ecosystem-level patterns. Ecol Evol 2019; 9:14442-14452. [PMID: 31938531 PMCID: PMC6953670 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.5879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2019] [Revised: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In the face of rapid anthropogenic environmental change, it is increasingly important to understand how ecological and evolutionary interactions affect the persistence of natural populations. Augmented gene flow has emerged as a potentially effective management strategy to counteract negative consequences of genetic drift and inbreeding depression in small and isolated populations. However, questions remain about the long-term impacts of augmented gene flow and whether changes in individual and population fitness are reflected in ecosystem structure, potentiating eco-evolutionary feedbacks. In this study, we used Trinidadian guppies (Poecilia reticulata) in experimental outdoor mesocosms to assess how populations with different recent evolutionary histories responded to a scenario of severe population size reduction followed by expansion in a high-quality environment. We also investigated how variation in evolutionary history of the focal species affected ecosystem dynamics. We found that evolutionary history (i.e., gene flow vs. no gene flow) consistently predicted variation in individual growth. In addition, gene flow led to faster population growth in populations from one of the two drainages, but did not have measurable impacts on the ecosystem variables we measured: zooplankton density, algal growth, and decomposition rates. Our results suggest that benefits of gene flow may be long-term and environment-dependent. Although small in replication and duration, our study highlights the importance of eco-evolutionary interactions in determining population persistence and sets the stage for future work in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madison L. Miller
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMIUSA
| | - John A. Kronenberger
- National Genomics Center for Wildlife and Fish ConservationUSDA Forest ServiceMissoulaMTUSA
| | - Sarah W. Fitzpatrick
- W. K. Kellogg Biological StationMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMIUSA
- Department of Integrative BiologyMichigan State UniversityHickory CornersMIUSA
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18
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Lussu M, De Agostini A, Cogoni A, Marignani M, Cortis P. Does size really matter? A comparative study on floral traits in orchids with two different pollination strategies. PLANT BIOLOGY (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 2019; 21:961-966. [PMID: 30945419 DOI: 10.1111/plb.12993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The lock and key hypothesis assumes that male and female genitalia match in a unique system to prevent interspecific crosses. This hypothesis is largely investigated in animals, while there is a distinct lack of studies on plants. Nevertheless, we expect the lock and key hypothesis could apply to plants with complex floral morphologies, such as orchids. Here we apply a comparative approach to examine the variation of floral functional traits in food- and sex-deceptive orchids. To understand if a specific deception strategy is related to a specific variation in floral traits evaluated the variation in sterile and fertile traits among species and subsequently examined the correlations between male and female reproductive organs of the same species with the aim of investigating the role of the lock and key hypothesis in deceptive orchids. Our results show that the functional morphology of fertile traits plays a pivotal role in limiting gene flow in species that grow in sympatry. In particular, it was observed that the Reproductive Standardisation Index (RSI) is significantly different in the two pollination strategies and that the correlation between pollinarium length and stigmatic cavity length is stronger in food-deceptive species when compared to the sex-deceptive species. These results reveal that the lock and key hypothesis contributes to maintain boundaries in plants with very complex floral morphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Lussu
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A De Agostini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - A Cogoni
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - M Marignani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - P Cortis
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
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19
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Wang W, Zheng Y, Zhao J, Yao M. Low genetic diversity in a critically endangered primate: shallow evolutionary history or recent population bottleneck? BMC Evol Biol 2019; 19:134. [PMID: 31242851 PMCID: PMC6595580 DOI: 10.1186/s12862-019-1451-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current patterns of population genetic variation may have been shaped by long-term evolutionary history and contemporary demographic processes. Understanding the underlying mechanisms that yield those patterns is crucial for informed conservation of endangered species. The critically endangered white-headed langur, Trachypithecus leucocephalus, is endemic to a narrow range in southwest China. This species shows very low genetic diversity in its 2 main relict populations, Fusui and Chongzuo. Whether this has been caused by a short evolutionary history or recent population declines is unknown. Therefore, we investigated the contributions of historical and recent population demographic changes to population genetic diversity by using 15 nuclear microsatellite markers and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region sequences. RESULTS Using genetic data from 214 individuals we found a total of 9 mtDNA haplotypes in the Fusui population but only 1 haplotype in the Chongzuo population, and we found an overall low genetic diversity (haplotype and nucleotide diversities: h = 0.486 ± 0.036; π = 0.0028 ± 0.0003). The demographic history inferred from mtDNA and microsatellite markers revealed no evidence for historical population size fluctuations or recent population bottlenecks. Simulations of possible population divergence histories inferred by DIYABC analysis supported a recent divergence of the Chongzuo population from the Fusui population and no population bottlenecks. CONCLUSIONS Despite severe population declines caused by anthropogenic activities in the last century, the low genetic diversity of the extant white-headed langur populations is most likely primarily due to the species' shallow evolutionary history and to a recent, local population founder event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiran Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Beijing National Day School, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Yitao Zheng
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Jindong Zhao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.,Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Meng Yao
- School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China. .,Institute of Ecology, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China.
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20
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Li Y, Lin LS, Gao TX. Genetic signatures of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Ambiguous silver pomfret, Pampusargenteus (Teleostei, Stromateidae). Zookeys 2019:139-151. [PMID: 30613177 PMCID: PMC6308227 DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.810.25602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 12/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Pampusargenteus is a broadly exploited pelagic fish species, commonly misidentified as Pampusechinogaster. Genetic variation and population structure in Pampusargenteus was studied based on seven microsatellite loci. The observed high average allele number, heterozygosity values, and polymorphism information content of P.argenteus suggested high genetic diversity. No population genetic differentiation was detected based on the results of pairwise Fst, three-dimensional factorial correspondence analysis (3D-FCA) and STRUCTURE analysis, which implied continuous gene flow. Wilcoxon signed rank tests did not indicate significant heterozygosity excess, and recent genetic bottleneck events were not detected. Coupled with previous mitochondrial DNA results, the findings presented here indicate that high gene flow characterizes the current phylogeographic pattern of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Xiamen China
| | - Long-Shan Lin
- Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration, Xiamen, Fujian 361005, China Third Institute of Oceanography, State Oceanic Administration Xiamen China
| | - Tian-Xiang Gao
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology Research on Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316021, China Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Technology Research on Sustainable Utilization of Marine Fishery Resources Zhoushan China.,National Engineering Research Center for Marine Aquaculture, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan, Zhejiang 316022, China Zhejiang Ocean University Zhoushan China
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21
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Li Y, Lin LS, Gao TX. Genetic signatures of polymorphic microsatellite loci in the Ambiguous silver pomfret, Pampus argenteus (Teleostei, Stromateidae). Zookeys 2018. [DOI: 10.3897/zookeys.805.25602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pampusargenteus is a broadly exploited pelagic fish species, commonly misidentified as Pampusechinogaster. Genetic variation and population structure in Pampusargenteus was studied based on seven microsatellite loci. The observed high average allele number, heterozygosity values, and polymorphism information content of P.argenteus suggested high genetic diversity. No population genetic differentiation was detected based on the results of pairwise Fst, three-dimensional factorial correspondence analysis (3D-FCA) and STRUCTURE analysis, which implied continuous gene flow. Wilcoxon signed rank tests did not indicate significant heterozygosity excess, and recent genetic bottleneck events were not detected. Coupled with previous mitochondrial DNA results, the findings presented here indicate that high gene flow characterizes the current phylogeographic pattern of the species.
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22
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Martinez AS, Willoughby JR, Christie MR. Genetic diversity in fishes is influenced by habitat type and life-history variation. Ecol Evol 2018; 8:12022-12031. [PMID: 30598796 PMCID: PMC6303716 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.4661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Populations of fishes are increasingly threatened by over-exploitation, pollution, habitat destruction, and climate change. In order to better understand the factors that can explain the amount of genetic diversity in wild populations of fishes, we collected estimates of genetic diversity (mean heterozygosity and mean rarefied number of alleles per locus) along with habitat associations, conservation status, and life-history information for 463 fish species. We ran a series of phylogenetic generalized least squares models to determine which factors influence genetic diversity in fishes after accounting for shared evolutionary history among related taxa. We found that marine fishes had significantly higher genetic diversity than freshwater fishes with marine fishes averaging 11.3 more alleles per locus than their freshwater counterparts. However, contrary to our expectations, genetic diversity was not found to be lower in threatened versus not-threatened fishes. Finally, we found that both age at maturity and fecundity were negatively related to genetic variation in both marine and freshwater fishes. Our results demonstrate that both life-history characteristics and habitat play a role in shaping patterns of genetic diversity in fishes and should be considered when prioritizing species for conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janna R. Willoughby
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
| | - Mark R. Christie
- Department of Biological SciencesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
- Department of Forestry and Natural ResourcesPurdue UniversityWest LafayetteIndiana
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23
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Effect of Climatic Conditions and Land Cover on Genetic Structure and Diversity of Eunica tatila (Lepidoptera) in the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico. DIVERSITY 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/d10030079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fragmentation is the third cause of the biodiversity declination. Population genetic studies using Lepidoptera as the model species in the context of loss of habitat are scarce, particularly for tropical areas. We chose a widespread butterfly from Mexico as the model species to explore how changes of habitat characteristics (undisturbed forest, anthropogenic disturbances, and coastal areas), and climatic conditions affect genetic diversity and population structure. The Nymphalidae Eunica tatila is a common species in the Yucatan Peninsula considered to be a bio-indicator of undisturbed tropical forest, with migratory potential and a possible sex-biased dispersal. We genotyped 323 individuals collected in eight undisturbed areas, using four Inter Simple Sequence Repeats primers. Results show a high genetic diversity and no population structure. Temperature and shrub density present a positive and significant relationship with polymorphism values. Furthermore, our results show the positive effect of surrounding forest habitat on genetic diversity, confirming that E. tatila is a bio-indicator of undisturbed tropical forest. We found evidence of sex-biased dispersal. This paper represents one of the few studies on population genetics of tropical butterfly in a fragmented landscape and is, therefore, an important step in understanding the impact of habitat fragmentation on the risk of a butterflies’ decline.
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24
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Analysis of genetic diversity in a peatland specialist butterfly suggests an important role for habitat quality and small habitat patches. CONSERV GENET 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-018-1082-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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25
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Identification of Bactrian camel cell lines using genetic markers. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2018; 54:265-271. [PMID: 29497968 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-018-0238-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Iranian Bactrian camel population is less than 100 animals. Iranian biological resource center produced more than 50 Bactrian camel fibroblast cell lines as a somatic cell bank for conservation animal genetic resources. We compared two type markers performance, including 14 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) (dominant) and eight microsatellite (co-dominant) for cell line identification, individual identification and investigation genetic structure of these samples. Based on clarity, polymorphism, and repeatability, four RAPD primers were selected for future analysis. Four RAPD primers and eight microsatellite markers have generated a total of 21 fragments and 45 alleles, respectively. RAPD primers revealed fragment size between 150 to 2000 bp and gene diversity since 0.27 (IBRD) to 0.46 (GC10), with an average of 0.37. Microsatellite markers generated number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 11, with an average of 5.62 alleles. The observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.359 (IBRC02) to 0.978 (YWLL08), and expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.449 (IBRC02) to 0.879 (YWLL08). Bottleneck analysis and curve showed that Bactrian camel population did not experience a low diversity. RAPD profiles were especially suitable for investigation population genetics. All primers generated novel and polymorphic fragments. Briefly, our results show that a multiplex PCR based on these markers can still be valuable and suitable for authentication of cell lines, investigating gene diversity and conservation genetic resources in Bactrian camel, while new technologies are continuously developed.
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26
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Turlure C, Pe'er G, Baguette M, Schtickzelle N. A simplified mark–release–recapture protocol to improve the cost effectiveness of repeated population size quantification. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Camille Turlure
- Université catholique de LouvainEarth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIISETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 Moulis France
| | - Guy Pe'er
- Department of Conservation BiologyUFZ ‐ Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research Leipzig Germany
- German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research (iDiv) Halle‐Jena‐Leipzig Leipzig Germany
| | - Michel Baguette
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Université Paul Sabatier Toulouse IIISETE Station d'Ecologie Théorique et ExpérimentaleUMR 5321 Moulis France
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle (Sorbonne Universités)UMR 7205 Institut de SystématiqueEvolution et Biodiversité Paris France
| | - Nicolas Schtickzelle
- Université catholique de LouvainEarth and Life Institute, Biodiversity Research Centre Louvain‐la‐Neuve Belgium
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27
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Chen F, Duan GH, Li DL, Zhan J. Host Resistance and Temperature-Dependent Evolution of Aggressiveness in the Plant Pathogen Zymoseptoria tritici. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:1217. [PMID: 28702023 PMCID: PMC5487519 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.01217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding how habitat heterogeneity may affect the evolution of plant pathogens is essential to effectively predict new epidemiological landscapes and manage genetic diversity under changing global climatic conditions. In this study, we explore the effects of habitat heterogeneity, as determined by variation in host resistance and local temperature, on the evolution of Zymoseptoria tritici by comparing the aggressiveness development of five Z. tritici populations originated from different parts of the world on two wheat cultivars varying in resistance to the pathogen. Our results show that host resistance plays an important role in the evolution of Z. tritici. The pathogen was under weak, constraining selection on a host with quantitative resistance but under a stronger, directional selection on a susceptible host. This difference is consistent with theoretical expectations that suggest that quantitative resistance may slow down the evolution of pathogens and therefore be more durable. Our results also show that local temperature interacts with host resistance in influencing the evolution of the pathogen. When infecting a susceptible host, aggressiveness development of Z. tritici was negatively correlated to temperatures of the original collection sites, suggesting a trade-off between the pathogen's abilities of adapting to higher temperature and causing disease and global warming may have a negative effect on the evolution of pathogens. The finding that no such relationship was detected when the pathogen infected the partially resistant cultivars indicates the evolution of pathogens in quantitatively resistant hosts is less influenced by environments than in susceptible hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengping Chen
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Guo-Hua Duan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Dong-Liang Li
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
| | - Jiasui Zhan
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Plant Virology, Institute of Plant Virology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry UniversityFuzhou, China
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28
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Spatial mixing of mitochondrial lineages and greater genetic diversity in some invasive populations of the American mink (Neovison vison) compared to native populations. Biol Invasions 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s10530-017-1475-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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29
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Tinnert J, Forsman A. The role of dispersal for genetic and phenotypic variation: insights from comparisons of sympatric pygmy grasshoppers. Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolinnean/blx055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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30
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Stepien CA, Karsiotis SI, Sullivan TJ, Klymus KE. Population genetic structure and comparative diversity of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu: congruent patterns from two genomes. JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2017; 90:2125-2147. [PMID: 28321848 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.13296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Genetic diversity and divergence patterns of smallmouth bass Micropterus dolomieu spawning groups are analysed across its northern native range with mtDNA cytochrome b gene sequences and eight unlinked nuclear DNA microsatellite loci. Results reveal high levels of genetic variability and significant differences in allelic representation among populations (mtDNA: mean ± s.e., HD = 0·50 ± 0·06, mean ± s.e., θST = 0·41 ± 0·02 and microsatellites: mean ± s.e. HO = 0·46 ± 0·03, mean ± s.e. θST = 0·25 ± 0·01). The distributions of 28 variant mtDNA haplotypes, which differ by an average of 3·94 nucleotides (range = 1-8), denote divergent representation among geographic areas. Microsatellite data support nine primary population groups, whose high self-assignment probabilities likewise display marked divergence. Genetic patterns demonstrate: (1) high genetic diversity in both genomes, (2) significant divergence among populations, probably resulting from natal site homing and low lifetime migration, (3) support for three post-glacial refugia that variously contributed to the current northern populations, which remain evident today despite waterway connectivity and (4) a weak yet significant genetic isolation by geographic distance pattern, indicating that other processes affect the differences among populations, such as territoriality and site fidelity.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Stepien
- Great Lakes Genetics/Genomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, U.S.A
- NOAA Pacific Marine Environmental Laboratory (PMEL), 7600 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA, 98115, U.S.A
| | - S I Karsiotis
- Great Lakes Genetics/Genomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, U.S.A
| | - T J Sullivan
- Great Lakes Genetics/Genomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, U.S.A
| | - K E Klymus
- Great Lakes Genetics/Genomics Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, 43606, U.S.A
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31
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Du Y, Zou X, Xu Y, Guo X, Li S, Zhang X, Su M, Ma J, Guo S. Microsatellite Loci Analysis Reveals Post-bottleneck Recovery of Genetic Diversity in the Tibetan Antelope. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35501. [PMID: 27739522 PMCID: PMC5064351 DOI: 10.1038/srep35501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tibetan antelope (chiru, Pantholops hodgsoni) is one of the most endangered mammals native to the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The population size has rapidly declined over the last century due to illegal hunting and habitat damage. In the past 10 years, the population has reportedly been expanding due to conservation efforts. Several lines of evidence suggest that the Tibetan antelope has undergone a demographic bottleneck. However, the consequences of the bottleneck on genetic diversity and the post-bottleneck genetic recovery remain unknown. In this study, we investigate the genetic variation of 15 microsatellite loci from two Tibetan antelope populations sampled in 2003 (Pop2003) and 2013 (Pop2013). A higher level of genetic diversity (NA, 13.286; He, 0.840; PIC, 0.813; I, 2.114) was detected in Pop2013, compared to Pop2003 (NA, 12.929; He, 0.818; PIC, 0.789; I, 2.033). We observe that despite passing through the bottleneck, the Tibetan antelope retains high levels of genetic diversity. Furthermore, our results show significant or near significant increases in genetic diversity (He, PIC and I) in Pop2013 compared with Pop2003, which suggests that protection efforts did not arrive too late for the Tibetan antelope.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yurong Du
- School of Life and Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Xiaoyan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Adaptation of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810007, China
| | - Yongtao Xu
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Xinyi Guo
- School of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Life and Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Xuze Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qinghai University for Nationalities, Xining 810001, China
| | - Mengyu Su
- School of Life and Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jianbin Ma
- School of Life and Geography Science, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China
| | - Songchang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Evolution and Adaptation of Plateau Biota, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810007, China
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Connectivity rescues genetic diversity after a demographic bottleneck in a butterfly population network. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:10914-9. [PMID: 27621433 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1600865113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Demographic bottlenecks that occur when populations fluctuate in size erode genetic diversity, but that diversity can be recovered through immigration. Connectivity among populations and habitat patches in the landscape enhances immigration and should in turn facilitate recovery of genetic diversity after a sudden reduction in population size. For the conservation of genetic diversity, it may therefore be particularly important to maintain connectivity in the face of factors that increase demographic instability, such as climate change. However, a direct link between connectivity and recovery of genetic diversity after a demographic bottleneck has not been clearly demonstrated in an empirical system. Here, we show that connectivity of habitat patches in the landscape contributes to the maintenance of genetic diversity after a demographic bottleneck. We were able to monitor genetic diversity in a network of populations of the alpine butterfly, Parnassius smintheus, before, during, and after a severe reduction in population size that lasted two generations. We found that allelic diversity in the network declined after the demographic bottleneck but that less allelic diversity was lost from populations occupying habitat patches with higher connectivity. Furthermore, the effect of connectivity on allelic diversity was important during the demographic recovery phase. Our results demonstrate directly the ability of connectivity to mediate the rescue of genetic diversity in a natural system.
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Exploring the legacy of goat grazing: signatures of habitat fragmentation on genetic patterns of endemic weevil populations in Northern Isabela Island, Galápagos (Ecuador). CONSERV GENET 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-016-0831-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Ullah A, Basak A, Islam MN, Alam MS. Population genetic characterization and family reconstruction in brood bank collections of the Indian major carp Labeo rohita (Cyprinidae:Cypriniformes). SPRINGERPLUS 2015; 4:774. [PMID: 26697284 PMCID: PMC4678141 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-015-1571-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The founder stock of a captive breeding program is prone to changes in genetic structure due to inbreeding and genetic drift. Genetic characterization of the founder population using suitable molecular markers may help monitor periodic changes in the genetic structure in future. To develop benchmark information about the genetic structure we analyzed six microsatellite loci in the Brodbank collections of rohu (Labeo rohita) originated from three major rivers—the Jamuna, the Padma and the Halda. A total of 28 alleles were detected in 90 individuals with an average of 4.6 alleles per locus. The average observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.655 to 0.705 and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.702 to 0.725. The mean FIS values were 0.103, 0.106 and 0.018 for the Jamuna, Padma and Halda fishes respectively. The population pair-wise FST values ranged from 0.0057 to 0.0278. Structure analysis grouped the fishes of the three rivers into two clusters. The numbers of half-sib families were 5, 5 and 4 and the numbers of full-sib families were 12, 10 and 18 for the Halda, Jamuna and the Padma samples respectively. Bottleneck was detected in all the river samples. We recommend to collect more fish from different locations of the major rivers to broaden the genetic variability of the founder stocks of the Brood bank.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashraf Ullah
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Abhisak Basak
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Md Nazrul Islam
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
| | - Md Samsul Alam
- Department of Fisheries Biology and Genetics, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, 2202 Bangladesh
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Sekar S, Karanth KP. Does size matter? Comparative population genetics of two butterflies with different wingspans. ORG DIVERS EVOL 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s13127-015-0214-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Doyle JM, Hacking CC, Willoughby JR, Sundaram M, DeWoody JA. Mammalian genetic diversity as a function of habitat, body size, trophic class, and conservation status. J Mammal 2015. [DOI: 10.1093/jmammal/gyv061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Pavoine S, Baguette M, Stevens VM, Leibold MA, Turlure C, Bonsall MB. Life history traits, but not phylogeny, drive compositional patterns in a butterfly metacommunity. Ecology 2014. [DOI: 10.1890/13-2036.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Turlure C, Vandewoestijne S, Baguette M. Conservation genetics of a threatened butterfly: comparison of allozymes, RAPDs and microsatellites. BMC Genet 2014; 15:114. [PMID: 25367292 PMCID: PMC4234837 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-014-0114-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Addressing genetic issues in the management of fragmented wild populations of threatened species is one of the most important challenges in conservation biology. Nowadays, a diverse array of molecular methods exists to assess genetic diversity and differentiation of wild populations such as allozymes, dominant markers and co-dominant markers. However it remains worthwhile i) to compare the genetic estimates obtained using those several markers in order to ii) test their relative utility, reliability and relevance and iii) the impact of these results for the design of species-specific conservation measures. Results Following the successful isolation of 15 microsatellites loci for the cranberry fritillary butterfly, Boloria aquilonaris, we analyzed the genetic diversity and structure of eight populations located in four different landscapes, at both the regional and the landscape scales. We confront results based on microsatellites to those obtained using allozymes and RAPDs on the same samples. Genetic population analyses using different molecular markers indicate that the B. aquilonaris populations are characterized by a weak genetic variation, likely due to low effective population size and low dispersal at the regional scale. This results in inbreeding in some populations, which may have detrimental consequences on their long term viability. However, gene flow within landscape is limited but not inexistent, with some long range movements resulting in low or no isolation by distance. Spatial structuring was detected among the most isolated populations. Conclusions The use of allozymes and RAPD are of very limited value to determine population structuring at small spatial (i.e. landscape) scales, microsatellites giving much higher estimate resolution. The use of RAPD data is also limited for evidencing inbreeding. However, coarse-grain spatial structure (i.e. regional scale), and gene flow estimates based on RAPD and microsatellites data gave congruent results. At a time with increasing development of new molecular methods and markers, dominant markers may still be worthwhile to consider in organisms for which no genomic information is available, and for which limited resources are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille Turlure
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 4, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium.
| | - Sofie Vandewoestijne
- Biodiversity Research Centre, Earth and Life Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Place Croix du Sud 4, Louvain-la-Neuve, B-1348, Belgium.
| | - Michel Baguette
- CNRS USR 2936 Station d'Ecologie Expérimentale du CNRS à Moulis, F-09200, Moulis, France. .,Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Institut de Systématique, Evolution et Biodiversité, UMR 7205, 57 rue Cuvier, Paris cedex 5, F-75005, France.
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Marschalek DA, Berres ME. Genetic population structure of the blister beetle, Gnathium minimum: core and peripheral populations. J Hered 2014; 105:784-92. [PMID: 25160848 DOI: 10.1093/jhered/esu053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations on the periphery of a species' range tend to contain lower genetic variation and increased genetic differentiation compared to populations at the core of a species range, although some exceptions to this generalization occur. The blister beetle Gnathium minimum (Say) exhibits a wide-ranging distribution in the western United States but has peripheral or disjunct populations in Mexico, Florida, and Wisconsin. We used amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) to compare the genetic variation and magnitude of genetic differentiation of the Wisconsin peripheral population to western core populations (Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, and Texas). The proportion of polymorphic loci was 53.6 and 54.3, and expected heterozygosity 0.1864 and 0.1933 for the Kansas/Colorado (n = 87) and New Mexico/Texas (n = 35) regions, respectively. Specimens from Wisconsin (n = 121) had a lower proportion of polymorphic loci (38.4) and expected heterozygosity (0.1475). Genetic cluster estimation with GENELAND and F ST values showed greater genetic differentiation among the sampling locations within Wisconsin compared to core regions. Significant isolation-by-distance (IBD) was also observed in Wisconsin but not within the core regions. Lower genetic variation and increased isolation may reduce the Wisconsin population's ability to respond to change, thereby increasing their susceptibility to extinction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel A Marschalek
- From the Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 445 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1598 (Marschalek); and the Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 542 Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1205 (Berres). Daniel A. Marschalek is now at the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4614
| | - Mark E Berres
- From the Department of Entomology, University of Wisconsin, 445 Russell Labs, 1630 Linden Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1598 (Marschalek); and the Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 542 Animal Sciences, 1675 Observatory Drive, Madison, WI 53706-1205 (Berres). Daniel A. Marschalek is now at the Department of Biology, San Diego State University, 5500 Campanile Drive, San Diego, CA 92182-4614.
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Dubey S, Sinsch U, Dehling MJ, Chevalley M, Shine R. Population demography of an endangered lizard, the Blue Mountains Water Skink. BMC Ecol 2013; 13:4. [PMID: 23402634 PMCID: PMC3621382 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6785-13-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/07/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Information on the age structure within populations of an endangered species can facilitate effective management. The Blue Mountains Water Skink (Eulamprus leuraensis) is a viviparous scincid lizard that is restricted to < 40 isolated montane swamps in south-eastern Australia. We used skeletochronology of phalanges (corroborated by mark-recapture data) to estimate ages of 222 individuals from 13 populations. RESULTS These lizards grow rapidly, from neonatal size (30 mm snout-vent length) to adult size (about 70 mm SVL) within two to three years. Fecundity is low (mean 2.9 offspring per litter) and is affected by maternal body length and age. Offspring quality may decline with maternal age, based upon captive-born neonates (older females gave birth to slower offspring). In contrast to its broadly sympatric (and abundant) congener E. tympanum, E. leuraensis is short-lived (maximum 6 years, vs 15 years for E. tympanum). Litter size and offspring size are similar in the two species, but female E. leuraensis reproduce annually whereas many E. tympanum produce litters biennially. Thus, a low survival rate (rather than delayed maturation or low annual fecundity) is the key reason why E. leuraensis is endangered. Our 13 populations exhibited similar growth rates and population age structures despite substantial variation in elevation, geographic location and swamp size. However, larger populations (based on a genetic estimate of effective population size) contained older lizards, and thus a wider variance in ages. CONCLUSION Our study suggests that low adult survival rates, as well as specialisation on a rare and fragmented habitat type (montane swamps) contribute to the endangered status of the Blue Mountains Water Skink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Dubey
- University of Lausanne, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Biophore Bld, Lausanne, 1015, Switzerland.
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41
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Habel JC, Husemann M, Schmitt T, Dapporto L, Rödder D, Vandewoestijne S. A Forest Butterfly in Sahara Desert Oases: Isolation Does Not Matter. J Hered 2012; 104:234-47. [DOI: 10.1093/jhered/ess092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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42
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Sepulveda-Villet OJ, Stepien CA. Waterscape genetics of the yellow perch (Perca flavescens): patterns across large connected ecosystems and isolated relict populations. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:5795-826. [DOI: 10.1111/mec.12044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/15/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Osvaldo J. Sepulveda-Villet
- Great Lakes Genetics Laboratory, Lake Erie Center and Department of Environmental Sciences; The University of Toledo; 6200 Bayshore Road; Toledo; OH; 43616; USA
| | - Carol A. Stepien
- Great Lakes Genetics Laboratory, Lake Erie Center and Department of Environmental Sciences; The University of Toledo; 6200 Bayshore Road; Toledo; OH; 43616; USA
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43
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Talavera G, Lukhtanov VA, Pierce NE, Vila R. Establishing criteria for higher-level classification using molecular data: the systematics ofPolyommatusblue butterflies (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae). Cladistics 2012; 29:166-192. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
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44
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Landscape configuration determines gene flow and phenotype in a flightless forest-edge ground-dwelling bush-cricket, Pholidoptera griseoaptera. Evol Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/s10682-012-9571-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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45
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Inverse link between density and dispersal distance in butterflies: field evidence from six co-occurring species. POPUL ECOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s10144-011-0277-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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46
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Analysis of the effects of inbreeding on lifespan and starvation resistance in Drosophila melanogaster. Genetica 2011; 139:525-33. [PMID: 21505760 DOI: 10.1007/s10709-011-9574-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2010] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Because of their decreased overall fitness and genetic variability inbred individuals are expected to show reduced survival and lifespan under most environmental conditions as compared with outbred individuals. Whereas evidence for the deleterious effects of inbreeding on lifespan has been previously provided, only a few studies have investigated effects of inbreeding on survival under starved conditions. In the present study we compared the abilities of inbred and outbred adult Drosophila melanogaster to survive under starved and fed conditions. We found that inbreeding reduced lifespan but had no effect on starvation resistance. The results indicate highly trait specific consequences of inbreeding. Possible mechanisms behind the observed results are discussed.
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Hill JK, Griffiths HM, Thomas CD. Climate change and evolutionary adaptations at species' range margins. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2011; 56:143-59. [PMID: 20809802 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120709-144746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
During recent climate warming, many insect species have shifted their ranges to higher latitudes and altitudes. These expansions mirror those that occurred after the Last Glacial Maximum when species expanded from their ice age refugia. Postglacial range expansions have resulted in clines in genetic diversity across present-day distributions, with a reduction in genetic diversity observed in a wide range of insect taxa as one moves from the historical distribution core to the current range margin. Evolutionary increases in dispersal at expanding range boundaries are commonly observed in virtually all insects that have been studied, suggesting a positive feedback between range expansion and the evolution of traits that accelerate range expansion. The ubiquity of this phenomenon suggests that it is likely to be an important determinant of range changes. A better understanding of the extent and speed of adaptation will be crucial to the responses of biodiversity and ecosystems to climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane K Hill
- Department of Biology, University of York, YO10 5DD, United Kingdom.
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48
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Valtonen TM, Roff DA, Rantala MJ. Analysis of the effects of early nutritional environment on inbreeding depression in Drosophila melanogaster. J Evol Biol 2010; 24:196-205. [PMID: 21044202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2010.02157.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The impact of nutritional deficiencies early in life in determining life-history variation in organisms is well recognized. The negative effects of inbreeding on fitness are also well known. Contrary to studies on vertebrates, studies on invertebrates are not consistent with the observation that inbreeding compromises resistance to parasites and pathogens. In this study, we investigated the effect of early nutrition on the magnitude of inbreeding depression in development time, adult body size and adult resistance to the bacterium Serratia marcescens in Drosophila melanogaster. We found that early nutritional environment had no effect on the magnitude of inbreeding depression in development time or adult body size but may have played a small role in adult resistance to the bacterial infection. Estimates of heritabilities for development time under the poor nutritional environment were larger than those measured under the standard nutritional conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Valtonen
- Department of Biology, Section of Ecology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland.
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49
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Reed DH. Albatrosses, eagles and newts, Oh My!: exceptions to the prevailing paradigm concerning genetic diversity and population viability? Anim Conserv 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-1795.2010.00353.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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50
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Abstract
Dispersal has recently gained much attention because of its crucial role in the conservation and evolution of species facing major environmental changes such as habitat loss and fragmentation, climate change, and their interactions. Butterflies have long been recognized as ideal model systems for the study of dispersal and a huge amount of data on their ability to disperse has been collected under various conditions. However, no single 'best' method seems to exist leading to the co-occurrence of various approaches to study butterfly mobility, and therefore a high heterogeneity among data on dispersal across this group. Accordingly, we here reviewed the knowledge accumulated on dispersal and mobility in butterflies, to detect general patterns. This meta-analysis specifically addressed two questions. Firstly, do the various methods provide a congruent picture of how dispersal ability is distributed across species? Secondly, is dispersal species-specific? Five sources of data were analysed: multisite mark-recapture experiments, genetic studies, experimental assessments, expert opinions, and transect surveys. We accounted for potential biases due to variation in genetic markers, sample sizes, spatial scales or the level of habitat fragmentation. We showed that the various dispersal estimates generally converged, and that the relative dispersal ability of species could reliably be predicted from their relative vagrancy (records of butterflies outside their normal habitat). Expert opinions gave much less reliable estimates of realized dispersal but instead reflected migration propensity of butterflies. Within-species comparisons showed that genetic estimates were relatively invariable, while other dispersal estimates were highly variable. This latter point questions dispersal as a species-specific, invariant trait.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginie M Stevens
- Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, UMR CNRS-MNHN 7179, 1 avenue du petit château, FR-91800 Brunoy, France.
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