1
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Curto Y, Carceller H, Klimczak P, Perez-Rando M, Wang Q, Grewe K, Kawaguchi R, Rizzoli S, Geschwind D, Nave KA, Teruel-Marti V, Singh M, Ehrenreich H, Nácher J. Erythropoietin restrains the inhibitory potential of interneurons in the mouse hippocampus. Mol Psychiatry 2024:10.1038/s41380-024-02528-2. [PMID: 38622200 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-024-02528-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
Severe psychiatric illnesses, for instance schizophrenia, and affective diseases or autism spectrum disorders, have been associated with cognitive impairment and perturbed excitatory-inhibitory balance in the brain. Effects in juvenile mice can elucidate how erythropoietin (EPO) might aid in rectifying hippocampal transcriptional networks and synaptic structures of pyramidal lineages, conceivably explaining mitigation of neuropsychiatric diseases. An imminent conundrum is how EPO restores synapses by involving interneurons. By analyzing ~12,000 single-nuclei transcriptomic data, we generated a comprehensive molecular atlas of hippocampal interneurons, resolved into 15 interneuron subtypes. Next, we studied molecular alterations upon recombinant human (rh)EPO and saw that gene expression changes relate to synaptic structure, trans-synaptic signaling and intracellular catabolic pathways. Putative ligand-receptor interactions between pyramidal and inhibitory neurons, regulating synaptogenesis, are altered upon rhEPO. An array of in/ex vivo experiments confirms that specific interneuronal populations exhibit reduced dendritic complexity, synaptic connectivity, and changes in plasticity-related molecules. Metabolism and inhibitory potential of interneuron subgroups are compromised, leading to greater excitability of pyramidal neurons. To conclude, improvement by rhEPO of neuropsychiatric phenotypes may partly owe to restrictive control over interneurons, facilitating re-connectivity and synapse development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Héctor Carceller
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Patrycja Klimczak
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marta Perez-Rando
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Qing Wang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Katharina Grewe
- Department of Neuro- & Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Silvio Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- & Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Institute of Precision Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vicent Teruel-Marti
- Neuronal Circuits Laboratory, Department of Anatomy and Human Embryology, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Manvendra Singh
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
- Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany.
- Experimental Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, J 5, Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Juan Nácher
- Neuroplasticity Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Institute of Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.
- Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain.
- Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
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2
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Almaguer-Melian W, Mercerón-Martinez D, Alberti-Amador E, Alacán-Ricardo L, de Bardet JC, Orama-Rojo N, Vergara-Piña AE, Herrera-Estrada I, Bergado JA. Learning induces EPO/EPOr expression in memory relevant brain areas, whereas exogenously applied EPO promotes remote memory consolidation. Synapse 2024; 78:e22282. [PMID: 37794768 DOI: 10.1002/syn.22282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Memory and learning allow animals to appropriate certain properties of nature with which they can navigate in it successfully. Memory is acquired slowly and consists of two major phases, a fragile early phase (short-term memory, <4 h) and a more robust and long-lasting late one (long-term memory, >4 h). Erythropoietin (EPO) prolongs memory from 24 to 72 h when animals are trained for 5 min in a place recognition task but not when training lasted 3 min (short-term memory). It is not known whether it promotes the formation of remote memory (≥21 days). We address whether the systemic administration of EPO can convert a short-term memory into a long-term remote memory, and the neural plasticity mechanisms involved. We evaluated the effect of training duration (3 or 5 min) on the expression of endogenous EPO and its receptor to shed light on the role of EPO in coordinating mechanisms of neural plasticity using a single-trial spatial learning test. We administered EPO 10 min post-training and evaluated memory after 24 h, 96 h, 15 days, or 21 days. We also determined the effect of EPO administered 10 min after training on the expression of arc and bdnf during retrieval at 24 h and 21 days. Data show that learning induces EPO/EPOr expression increase linked to memory extent, exogenous EPO prolongs memory up to 21 days; and prefrontal cortex bdnf expression at 24 h and in the hippocampus at 21 days, whereas arc expression increases at 21 days in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Almaguer-Melian
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología Experimental del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, Havana, Cuba
| | - Daymara Mercerón-Martinez
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología Experimental del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, Havana, Cuba
| | - Esteban Alberti-Amador
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, Havana, Cuba
| | - Laura Alacán-Ricardo
- Facultad de Medicina Victoria de Girón, Universidad Médica de La Habana, Havana, Cuba
| | - Javier Curi de Bardet
- Laboratorio de Biología Molecular del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, Havana, Cuba
| | - Norma Orama-Rojo
- Laboratorio de Electrofisiología Experimental del Centro Internacional de Restauración Neurológica, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | - Jorge A Bergado
- Department of Psychology, Universidad del Sinú "Elías Bechara Zainum, ", Montería, Colombia
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3
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Singh M, Zhao Y, Gastaldi VD, Wojcik SM, Curto Y, Kawaguchi R, Merino RM, Garcia-Agudo LF, Taschenberger H, Brose N, Geschwind D, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin re-wires cognition-associated transcriptional networks. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4777. [PMID: 37604818 PMCID: PMC10442354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40332-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) has potent procognitive effects, likely hematopoiesis-independent, but underlying mechanisms and physiological role of brain-expressed EPO remained obscure. Here, we provide transcriptional hippocampal profiling of male mice treated with rhEPO. Based on ~108,000 single nuclei, we unmask multiple pyramidal lineages with their comprehensive molecular signatures. By temporal profiling and gene regulatory analysis, we build developmental trajectory of CA1 pyramidal neurons derived from multiple predecessor lineages and elucidate gene regulatory networks underlying their fate determination. With EPO as 'tool', we discover populations of newly differentiating pyramidal neurons, overpopulating to ~200% upon rhEPO with upregulation of genes crucial for neurodifferentiation, dendrite growth, synaptogenesis, memory formation, and cognition. Using a Cre-based approach to visually distinguish pre-existing from newly formed pyramidal neurons for patch-clamp recordings, we learn that rhEPO treatment differentially affects excitatory and inhibitory inputs. Our findings provide mechanistic insight into how EPO modulates neuronal functions and networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manvendra Singh
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Ying Zhao
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vinicius Daguano Gastaldi
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Riki Kawaguchi
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo M Merino
- Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization and Campus Institute for Dynamics of Biological Networks, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Holger Taschenberger
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniel Geschwind
- Program in Neurogenetics, Department of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Sciences, City Campus, Göttingen, Germany.
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Erythropoietin attenuates locomotor and cognitive impairments in male rats subjected to physical and psychological stress. IBRO Neurosci Rep 2022; 12:303-308. [PMID: 35519433 PMCID: PMC9062441 DOI: 10.1016/j.ibneur.2022.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical and cognitive problems associated with stress are believed to result from stress-related damage to neurons involved in motor and cognitive control. In general, there are two types of stress, physical and psychological which both negatively impact neuronal function. Erythropoietin (EPO) has been shown to exert a neuroprotective effect in various models of physical brain injury; however, its actions on stress-related changes in behavior are unknown. The aim of the current study was to determine whether EPO ameliorated stress-induced locomotor and cognitive impairments, and to compare the effects of EPO on behavioral changes induced by the two different types of stressors. In this study, male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups and placed under physical or psychological stress for 10 consecutive days while erythropoietin was injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) every other day (500 U/kg/i.p.) 30 min before stress induction. Exploratory, anxiety-related behaviors, learning and memory were assessed by using open field, plus maze and Morris Water Maze (MWM) tests respectively. Our data showed physical and psychological stress induced dysfunction in locomotion, reduced explorative skills, heightened anxiety-like behavior and reduced memory, which could be partly reversed by EPO. We conclude that EPO reduces adverse effects of both psychological and physical stress, putatively through protection of locomotor and cognitive-controlling neurons vulnerable to the damaging effects of stress. However, future studies need to elucidate the neural mechanisms of the protective effects of EPO. Anxiety like behavior and spatial memory impaired in stress-exposed rats. Physical and Psychological stress had the same impact on behavioral function EPO could improve memory retrieval and lessen anxiety-like behaviors
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5
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Lin SF, Fan YC, Kuo TT, Pan WH, Bai CH. Quality of life and cognitive assessment in healthy older Asian people with early and moderate chronic kidney disease: The NAHSIT 2013–2016 and validation study. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264915. [PMID: 35271629 PMCID: PMC8912208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Taiwan has the highest prevalence of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Impaired cognition and quality of life are significant phenomena in the late stages of CKD. We sought to obtain an overview and the attributable effect of impaired glomerular filtration on multiple domains in cognition and dimensions of quality of life for community-based healthy older adults in Taiwan. Methods The study was derived from the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT) 2013–2016, a nationwide cross-sectional study conducted to sample healthy, community-based older adults aged ≥65 years in Taiwan. Participants were categorized into four CKD groups: CKD stage 1, stage 2, stages 3a and 3b, and stages 4–5. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the QoL questionnaire derived from the 12-item Short Form Health Survey (SF-12) were measured. Generalized linear mixed models (GLMMs) and principal component regressions were employed for the analysis and validation, respectively. Results Participants with moderate CKD (stages 3a and 3b) showed deficits in global MMSE, domain orientation to time, calculation, complex commands, and role-physical and vitality in QoL questionnaires. In GLMMs, impaired eGFR per 30 mL/min/1.73 m² was associated with lower global MMSE scores (β = -0.807, standard error [SE] = 0.235, P = 0.0007), domain orientation to time (β = -0.155, SE = 0.047, P = 0.0011), calculation (β = -0.338, SE = 0.109, P = 0.0020), complex commands (β = -0.156, SE = 0.079, P = 0.0494), and role-physical (β = -2.219, SE = 0.779, P = 0.0046) dimensions of QoL. Conclusions Elderly Han Chinese adults with moderately impaired renal filtration could manifest cognitive deficits in orientation to time, calculation, and impaired quality of life in physical role functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng-Feng Lin
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Chun Fan
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Tung Kuo
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Harn Pan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chyi-Huey Bai
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Nutrition Research Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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6
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Introducing the brain erythropoietin circle to explain adaptive brain hardware upgrade and improved performance. Mol Psychiatry 2022; 27:2372-2379. [PMID: 35414656 PMCID: PMC9004453 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01551-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Executive functions, learning, attention, and processing speed are imperative facets of cognitive performance, affected in neuropsychiatric disorders. In clinical studies on different patient groups, recombinant human (rh) erythropoietin (EPO) lastingly improved higher cognition and reduced brain matter loss. Correspondingly, rhEPO treatment of young rodents or EPO receptor (EPOR) overexpression in pyramidal neurons caused remarkable and enduring cognitive improvement, together with enhanced hippocampal long-term potentiation. The 'brain hardware upgrade', underlying these observations, includes an EPO induced ~20% increase in pyramidal neurons and oligodendrocytes in cornu ammonis hippocampi in the absence of elevated DNA synthesis. In parallel, EPO reduces microglia numbers and dampens their activity and metabolism as prerequisites for undisturbed EPO-driven differentiation of pre-existing local neuronal precursors. These processes depend on neuronal and microglial EPOR. This novel mechanism of powerful postnatal neurogenesis, outside the classical neurogenic niches, and on-demand delivery of new cells, paralleled by dendritic spine increase, let us hypothesize a physiological procognitive role of hypoxia-induced endogenous EPO in brain, which we imitate by rhEPO treatment. Here we delineate the brain EPO circle as working model explaining adaptive 'brain hardware upgrade' and improved performance. In this fundamental regulatory circle, neuronal networks, challenged by motor-cognitive tasks, drift into transient 'functional hypoxia', thereby triggering neuronal EPO/EPOR expression.
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7
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Ginerete RP, Mascio G, Liberatore F, Bucci D, Antenucci N, Di Pietro P, Cannella M, Imbriglio T, Notartomaso S, Nicoletti F, Bruno V, Battaglia G. Repeated episodes of transient reduction of oxygen exposure simulating aircraft cabin conditions enhance resilience to stress in mice. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:7109-7124. [PMID: 34655118 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Pilots and crew of domestic flights are exposed to transient periods of mild reductions of partial pressure of inspired oxygen each day, and this might have functional consequence on their performance in the long range. Here, we exposed mice to mild reductions of oxygen exposure (ROE) four times per day for 21 days by lowering oxygen partial pressure to levels corresponding to an altitude of about 2300 m, which is the quote of pressurization of the air cabin. Four groups of mice were studied: unstressed or stressed mice exposed to ROE or normoxic conditions. Mice were exposed to chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) for 28 days, and ROE was delivered in the last 21 days of CUS. In normoxic mice, CUS caused anhedonia in the sucrose preference test, anxiety-like behaviour in the open field test, learning impairment in the Morris water maze, reduced hippocampal neurogenesis, increased serum corticosterone levels and increased expression of depression-related genes (Pclo, Mthfr and Grm5) in the hippocampus. All these changes were reversed by ROE, which had little or no effect in unstressed mice. These findings suggest that ROE simulating air cabin conditions of domestic flights may enhance resilience to stress improving mood, anxiety and learning ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxana Paula Ginerete
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Giada Mascio
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Francesca Liberatore
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Domenico Bucci
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Nico Antenucci
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Paola Di Pietro
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Milena Cannella
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Tiziana Imbriglio
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Serena Notartomaso
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Nicoletti
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Valeria Bruno
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Battaglia
- Department of Molecular Pathology, Neuropharmacology Unit, I.R.C.C.S. Neuromed, Pozzilli, Italy.,Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy
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8
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Newton SS, Sathyanesan M. Erythropoietin and Non-Erythropoietic Derivatives in Cognition. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:728725. [PMID: 34552490 PMCID: PMC8450392 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.728725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cognitive deficits are widespread in psychiatric disorders, including major depression and schizophrenia. These deficits are known to contribute significantly to the accompanying functional impairment. Progress in the development of targeted treatments of cognitive deficits has been limited and there exists a major unmet need to develop more efficacious treatments. Erythropoietin (Epo) has shown promising procognitive effects in psychiatric disorders, providing support for a neurotrophic drug development approach. Several preclinical studies with non-erythropoietic derivatives have demonstrated that the modulation of behavior is independent of erythropoiesis. In this review, we examine the molecular, cellular and cognitive actions of Epo and non-erythropoietic molecular derivatives by focusing on their neurotrophic, synaptic, myelin plasticity, anti-inflammatory and neurogenic mechanisms in the brain. We also discuss the role of receptor signaling in Epo and non-erythropoietic EPO-mimetic molecules in their procognitive effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Newton
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States.,Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
| | - Monica Sathyanesan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD, United States.,Sioux Falls VA Healthcare System, Sioux Falls, SD, United States
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9
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Fernandez Garcia-Agudo L, Steixner-Kumar AA, Curto Y, Barnkothe N, Hassouna I, Jähne S, Butt UJ, Grewe K, Weber MS, Green K, Rizzoli S, Nacher J, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Brain erythropoietin fine-tunes a counterbalance between neurodifferentiation and microglia in the adult hippocampus. Cell Rep 2021; 36:109548. [PMID: 34433021 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In adult cornu ammonis hippocampi, erythropoietin (EPO) expression drives the differentiation of new neurons, independent of DNA synthesis, and increases dendritic spine density. This substantial brain hardware upgrade is part of a regulatory circle: during motor-cognitive challenge, neurons experience "functional" hypoxia, triggering neuronal EPO production, which in turn promotes improved performance. Here, we show an unexpected involvement of resident microglia. During EPO upregulation and stimulated neurodifferentiation, either by functional or inspiratory hypoxia, microglia numbers decrease. Treating mice with recombinant human (rh)EPO or exposure to hypoxia recapitulates these changes and reveals the involvement of neuronally expressed IL-34 and microglial CSF1R. Surprisingly, EPO affects microglia in phases, initially by inducing apoptosis, later by reducing proliferation, and overall dampens microglia activity and metabolism, as verified by selective genetic targeting of either the microglial or pyramidal neuronal EPO receptor. We suggest that during accelerating neuronal differentiation, EPO acts as regulator of the CSF1R-dependent microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nadine Barnkothe
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Jähne
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Grewe
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Martin S Weber
- Institute of Neuropathology and Department of Neurology, UMG, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Kim Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Silvio Rizzoli
- Department of Neuro- and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.
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10
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Vittori DC, Chamorro ME, Hernández YV, Maltaneri RE, Nesse AB. Erythropoietin and derivatives: Potential beneficial effects on the brain. J Neurochem 2021; 158:1032-1057. [PMID: 34278579 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (Epo), the main erythropoiesis-stimulating factor widely prescribed to overcome anemia, is also known nowadays for its cytoprotective action on non-hematopoietic tissues. In this context, Epo showed not only its ability to cross the blood-brain barrier, but also its expression in the brain of mammals. In clinical trials, recombinant Epo treatment has been shown to stimulate neurogenesis; improve cognition; and activate antiapoptotic, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory signaling pathways. These mechanisms, proposed to characterize a neuroprotective property, opened new perspectives on the Epo pharmacological potencies. However, many questions arise about a possible physiological role of Epo in the central nervous system (CNS) and the factors or environmental conditions that induce its expression. Although Epo may be considered a strong candidate to be used against neuronal damage, long-term treatments, particularly when high Epo doses are needed, may induce thromboembolic complications associated with increases in hematocrit and blood viscosity. To avoid these adverse effects, different Epo analogs without erythropoietic activity but maintaining neuroprotection ability are currently being investigated. Carbamylated erythropoietin, as well as alternative molecules like Epo fusion proteins and partial peptides of Epo, seems to match this profile. This review will focus on the discussion of experimental evidence reported in recent years linking erythropoietin and CNS function through investigations aimed at finding benefits in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, it will review the proposed mechanisms for novel derivatives which may clarify and, eventually, improve the neuroprotective action of Epo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela C Vittori
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - María E Chamorro
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Yender V Hernández
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Romina E Maltaneri
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alcira B Nesse
- Department of Biological Chemistry, National Scientific and Technical Research Council, Institute of Biological Chemistry (IQUIBICEN), School of Exact and Natural Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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11
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Ülger M, Sezer G, Özyazgan İ, Özocak H, Yay A, Balcıoğlu E, Yalçın B, Göç R, Ülger B, Özyazgan TM, Yakan B. The effect of erythropoietin and umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells on nerve regeneration in rats with sciatic nerve injury. J Chem Neuroanat 2021; 114:101958. [PMID: 33864937 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2021.101958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We aimed to investigate the effects of umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and erythropoietin on nerve regeneration in the sciatic nerve 'crush injury' in a rat model. METHODS Experimental animals were randomly divided into 5 groups: Crush Injury, Sham, Crush Injury + Erythropoietin, Crush Injury + Mesenchymal Stem Cell, Crush Injury + Erythropoietin + Mesenchymal Stem Cell groups. Crush injury made with bulldog clamp. Mesencyhmal stem cells delivered by enjection locally. Erythropoietin administered by intraperitoneally. On the 0th, 14th and 28th days, all groups underwent a sciatic functional index test. On 28th day, sciatic nerves were harvested and histopathological appearance, axon number and axon diameter of the sciatic nerves were evaluated with Oil Red O staining. Immunoreactivity of nerve growth factor, neurofilament-H and caspase-3 were determined by immunofluorescence staining in nerve tissue. RESULTS In histopathological examination, axons and nerve bundles exhibiting normal nerve architecture in the Sham group. Crush Injury + Mesenchymal Stem Cell group has similar histological appearance to the Sham group. The number of axons were higher in the Mesenchymal Stem Cell groups compared to the Crush Injury group. Nerve growth factor immunoreactivity intensity was significantly lower in Crush Injury + Mesenchymal Stem Cell group compared to Crush Injury group. Neurofilament-H density was higher in the treatment groups when compared to the Crush Injury group. CONCLUSIONS In this study, it was found that umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells and erythropoietin treatments effects positively regeneration of crush injury caused by bulldog clamp in the sciatic nerve of rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menekşe Ülger
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Gülay Sezer
- Department of Pharmacology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - İrfan Özyazgan
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Hakan Özocak
- Department of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Arzu Yay
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Esra Balcıoğlu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Betül Yalçın
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Rümeysa Göç
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Cumhuriyet University, Faculty of Medicine, 058140, Sivas, Turkey.
| | - Birkan Ülger
- Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Merve Özyazgan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
| | - Birkan Yakan
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Erciyes University, Faculty of Medicine, 38039, Kayseri, Turkey.
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12
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Mehdipour M, Mehdipour T, Skinner CM, Wong N, Liu C, Chen CC, Jeon OH, Zuo Y, Conboy MJ, Conboy IM. Plasma dilution improves cognition and attenuates neuroinflammation in old mice. GeroScience 2020; 43:1-18. [PMID: 33191466 PMCID: PMC8050203 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-020-00297-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Our recent study has established that young blood factors are not causal, nor necessary, for the systemic rejuvenation of mammalian tissues. Instead, a procedure referred to as neutral blood exchange (NBE) that resets signaling milieu to a pro-regenerative state through dilution of old plasma, enhanced the health and repair of the muscle and liver, and promoted better hippocampal neurogenesis in 2-year-old mice (Mehdipour et al., Aging 12:8790–8819, 2020). Here we expand the rejuvenative phenotypes of NBE, focusing on the brain. Namely, our results demonstrate that old mice perform much better in novel object and novel texture (whisker discrimination) tests after a single NBE, which is accompanied by reduced neuroinflammation (less-activated CD68+ microglia). Evidence against attenuation/dilution of peripheral senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) as the main mechanism behind NBE was that the senolytic ABT 263 had limited effects on neuroinflammation and did not enhance hippocampal neurogenesis in the old mice. Interestingly, peripherally acting ABT 263 and NBE both diminished SA-βGal signal in the old brain, demonstrating that peripheral senescence propagates to the brain, but NBE was more robustly rejuvenative than ABT 263, suggesting that rejuvenation was not simply by reducing senescence. Explaining the mechanism of the positive effects of NBE on the brain, our comparative proteomics analysis demonstrated that dilution of old blood plasma yields an increase in the determinants of brain maintenance and repair in mice and in people. These findings confirm the paradigm of rejuvenation through dilution of age-elevated systemic factors and extrapolate it to brain health and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melod Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Taha Mehdipour
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Colin M Skinner
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Nathan Wong
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Chia-Chien Chen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Ok Hee Jeon
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Boulevard, Novato, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi Zuo
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology and QB3, UCSC, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Michael J Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Irina M Conboy
- Department of Bioengineering and QB3, UC Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA.
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13
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Liu D, Xu H, Zhang C, Xie H, Yang Q, Li W, Tian H, Lu L, Xu JY, Xu G, Liu K, Sun X, Xu GT, Zhang J. Erythropoietin maintains VE-cadherin expression and barrier function in experimental diabetic retinopathy via inhibiting VEGF/VEGFR2/Src signaling pathway. Life Sci 2020; 259:118273. [PMID: 32800831 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
AIMS To explore the mechanisms of erythropoietin (EPO)'s protection on inner blood-retinal barrier (iBRB) in experimental diabetic retinopathy. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male SD rats were rendered diabetic with streptozotocin, followed by intravitreal injection of EPO. The permeability of iBRB was examined with fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran. Human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with glyoxal and studied for cell viability and barrier function. The expressions of vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin, Src kinase, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR2) were analyzed with Western blot, ELISA, qPCR, or immunofluorescence. KEY FINDINGS VE-cadherin in rat retinas was down-regulated with diabetes progression. EPO treatment could increase VE-cadherin expression at week 8 and week 16. The expressions of p-Src and p-VE-cadherin were increased at week 2, while decreased at week 8 of diabetes; which were prevented by EPO. The leakage of FITC-dextran in 8-week diabetic rat retinas was ameliorated by EPO. In vitro results showed the expressions of VEGF, p-Src and p-VE-cadherin were increased significantly, accompanied with the decreased barrier function, which were prevented by EPO. Ranibizumab and CGP77675 also inhibited the glyoxal-induced phosphorylation of Src and VE-cadherin. Cellular fractionation showed EPO mitigated the VE-cadherin internalization in glyoxal-treated cells. SIGNIFICANCE EPO maintained the expression of VE-cadherin in experimental diabetic retinopathy by inhibiting its phosphorylation and internalization through VEGF/VEGFR2/Src pathway, thus improved the integrity of iBRB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dandan Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Children's Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Li
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaodong Sun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Department of Regenerative Medicine, and Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; National Clinical Research Center for Eye Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai Engineering Center for Visual Science and Photomedicine, Shanghai Engineering Center for Precise Diagnosis and Treatment of Eye Diseases, Shanghai, China.
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14
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Farragher JF, Stewart KE, Harrison TG, Engel L, Seaton SE, Hemmelgarn BR. Cognitive interventions for adults with chronic kidney disease: protocol for a scoping review. Syst Rev 2020; 9:58. [PMID: 32183894 PMCID: PMC7076949 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-020-01320-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cognitive impairment is a common and frequently under-recognized complication of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although there is extensive literature on cognitive interventions that can ameliorate cognitive impairment or associated negative outcomes in the general literature, the breadth and characteristics of cognitive interventions that have been studied in people with CKD are currently unclear. The objective of this scoping review is to identify and describe the literature on cognitive interventions for adults with CKD, including end-stage kidney disease (ESKD). METHODS A scoping review following Joanna Briggs Institute methodology will be conducted. With assistance from an information specialist, we will search 5 electronic databases (MEDLINE [OVID], EMBASE, PsycINFO, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and CINAHL Plus) using search terms that represent the target population (CKD) and concept (cognition), and conduct backward citation searching for additional literature. Eligible sources will be primary research studies (quantitative or qualitative) that investigate any intervention targeting cognition in adults (≥ 18 years) with CKD or ESKD, including those treated with dialysis. We will extract data about characteristics of interventions (e.g., type, underlying theory, design, location, and provider), populations (e.g., stage of CKD, age, sex, and type of cognitive impairment), and studies (e.g., authors, location, design, and reported findings). Article screening and data extraction will be performed by two to three reviewers. Data will be analyzed using descriptive statistics and narrative syntheses to characterize the literature on cognitive interventions for people with CKD. DISCUSSION This study will provide a comprehensive overview of the cognitive interventions that have been studied for people with CKD. It will help identify research gaps within this population (e.g., types of interventions that have yet to be investigated; best practices in cognition research that have not been implemented) and inform the direction of future research in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine F Farragher
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Rm G236, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada.
| | | | - Tyrone G Harrison
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Rm G236, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
| | - Lisa Engel
- Department of Occupational Therapy, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Samantha E Seaton
- Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Brenda R Hemmelgarn
- Department of Community Health Sciences, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Rm G236, 3330 Hospital Drive NW, Calgary, AB, T2N 4Z6, Canada
- Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- O'Brien Institute for Public Health, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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15
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Wakhloo D, Scharkowski F, Curto Y, Javed Butt U, Bansal V, Steixner-Kumar AA, Wüstefeld L, Rajput A, Arinrad S, Zillmann MR, Seelbach A, Hassouna I, Schneider K, Qadir Ibrahim A, Werner HB, Martens H, Miskowiak K, Wojcik SM, Bonn S, Nacher J, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Functional hypoxia drives neuroplasticity and neurogenesis via brain erythropoietin. Nat Commun 2020; 11:1313. [PMID: 32152318 PMCID: PMC7062779 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-15041-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), named after its role in hematopoiesis, is also expressed in mammalian brain. In clinical settings, recombinant EPO treatment has revealed a remarkable improvement of cognition, but underlying mechanisms have remained obscure. Here, we show with a novel line of reporter mice that cognitive challenge induces local/endogenous hypoxia in hippocampal pyramidal neurons, hence enhancing expression of EPO and EPO receptor (EPOR). High-dose EPO administration, amplifying auto/paracrine EPO/EPOR signaling, prompts the emergence of new CA1 neurons and enhanced dendritic spine densities. Single-cell sequencing reveals rapid increase in newly differentiating neurons. Importantly, improved performance on complex running wheels after EPO is imitated by exposure to mild exogenous/inspiratory hypoxia. All these effects depend on neuronal expression of the Epor gene. This suggests a model of neuroplasticity in form of a fundamental regulatory circle, in which neuronal networks—challenged by cognitive tasks—drift into transient hypoxia, thereby triggering neuronal EPO/EPOR expression. EPO treatment improves cognition, but underlying mechanisms were unknown. Here the authors describe a regulatory loop in which brain networks challenged by cognitive tasks drift into functional hypoxia that drives—via neuronal EPO synthesis—neurodifferentiation and dendritic spine formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debia Wakhloo
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Franziska Scharkowski
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Yasmina Curto
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Umer Javed Butt
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Vikas Bansal
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Agnes A Steixner-Kumar
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Ashish Rajput
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sahab Arinrad
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Matthias R Zillmann
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Anna Seelbach
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katharina Schneider
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Abdul Qadir Ibrahim
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hauke B Werner
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stefan Bonn
- Institute of Medical Systems Biology, Center for Molecular Neurobiology, University Clinic Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Juan Nacher
- Neurobiology Unit, Program in Neurosciences and Interdisciplinary Research Structure for Biotechnology and Biomedicine (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain.,CIBERSAM: Spanish National Network for Research in Mental Health, Valencia, Spain.,Fundación Investigación Hospital Clínico de Valencia, INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany. .,DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.
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16
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Zhang C, Xie H, Yang Q, Yang Y, Li W, Tian H, Lu L, Wang F, Xu JY, Gao F, Wang J, Jin C, Xu G, Xu GT, Zhang J. Erythropoietin protects outer blood-retinal barrier in experimental diabetic retinopathy by up-regulating ZO-1 and occludin. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2019; 47:1182-1197. [PMID: 31483932 DOI: 10.1111/ceo.13619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 08/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To explore the mechanisms of erythropoietin (EPO) in maintaining outer blood-retinal barrier (BRB) in diabetic rats. METHODS Sprague-Dawley rats were rendered diabetic with intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin, and then followed by intravitreal injection of EPO. Two and four weeks later, the permeability of outer BRB was examined with FITC-dextran leakage assay, following a method to demarcate the inner and outer retina based on retinal blood supply. The glyoxal-treated ARPE-19 cells, incubated with EPO, soluble EPO receptor (sEPOR), Gö6976, or digoxin, were studied for cell viability and barrier function. The expressions of ZO-1, occludin, VEGFR2, HIF-1α, MAPKs, and AKT were examined with Western blot and immunofluorescence. RESULTS The major Leakage of FITC-dextran was detected in the outer nuclear layer in both 2- and 4-week diabetic rats. The leakage was largely ameliorated in EPO-treated diabetic rats. The protein expressions of ZO-1 and occludin in the RPE-Bruch's membrane choriocapillaris complex were significantly decreased, whereas HIF-1α and JNK pathways were activated, in 4-week diabetic rats. These changes were prevented by EPO treatment. The in vitro study with ARPE-19 cells confirmed these changes, and the protective effect of EPO was abolished by sEPOR. Gö6976 and digoxin rescued the tight junction and barrier function in glyoxal-treated ARPE-19 cells. CONCLUSIONS In early diabetic rats, the outer BRB might be more severely damaged and its breakdown is the major factor for retinal oedema. EPO maintains the outer BRB integrity through down-regulation of HIF-1α and JNK signallings, and thus up-regulating ZO-1 and occludin expressions in RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chaoyang Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Hai Xie
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yiting Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiye Li
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Haibin Tian
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Lu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jing-Ying Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Furong Gao
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Caixia Jin
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Guoxu Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Guo-Tong Xu
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingfa Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology of Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji Eye Institute, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Regenerative Medicine, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pharmacology, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Ophthalmology, Shanghai General Hospital (Shanghai First People's Hospital), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Ocular Fundus Diseases, Shanghai, China.,National Center for Clinical Research of Ophthalmology, Shanghai, China
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17
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Dmytriyeva O, Belmeguenai A, Bezin L, Soud K, Drucker Woldbye DP, Gøtzsche CR, Pankratova S. Short erythropoietin-derived peptide enhances memory, improves long-term potentiation, and counteracts amyloid beta–induced pathology. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 81:88-101. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2018] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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18
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Tiwari NK, Sathyanesan M, Schweinle W, Newton SS. Carbamoylated erythropoietin induces a neurotrophic gene profile in neuronal cells. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2019; 88:132-141. [PMID: 30017780 PMCID: PMC6267980 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2018.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), a cytokine molecule, is best-known for its role in erythropoiesis. Preclinical studies have demonstrated that EPO has robust neuroprotective effects that appear to be independent of erythropoiesis. It is also being clinically tested for the treatment of neuropsychiatric illnesses due to its behavioral actions. A major limitation of EPO is that long-term administration results in excessive red blood cell production and increased blood viscosity. A chemical modification of EPO, carbamoylated erythropoietin (CEPO), reproduces the behavioral response of EPO in animal models but does not stimulate erythropoiesis. The molecular mechanisms involved in the behavioral effects of CEPO are not known. To obtain molecular insight we examined CEPO induced gene expression in neuronal cells. PC-12 cells were treated with CEPO followed by genome-wide microarray analysis. We investigated the functional significance of the gene profile by unbiased bioinformatics analysis. The Ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) software was employed. The results revealed activation of functions such as neuronal number and long-term potentiation. Regulated signaling cascades included categories such as neurotrophin, CREB, NGF and synaptic long-term potentiation signaling. Some of the regulated genes from these pathways are CAMKII, EGR1, FOS, GRIN1, KIF1B, NOTCH1. We also comparatively examined EPO and CEPO-induced gene expression for a subset of genes in the rat dentate gyrus. The CEPO gene profile shows the induction of genes and signaling cascades that have roles in neurogenesis and memory formation, mechanisms that can produce antidepressant and cognitive function enhancing activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeraj K. Tiwari
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069;
| | - Monica Sathyanesan
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States.
| | - William Schweinle
- Physician Assistant Program, School of Health Sciences, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States.
| | - Samuel S Newton
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Vermillion, SD 57069, United States.
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19
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Cognitive, emotional and social phenotyping of mice in an observer-independent setting. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2018; 150:136-150. [PMID: 29474958 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Based on the intellicage paradigm, we have developed a novel cognitive, emotional and social phenotyping battery that permits comprehensive standardized behavioral characterization of mice in an experimenter-independent social setting. Evaluation of this battery in a large number of male and female C57BL/6 wildtype mice, tested in >20 independent cohorts, revealed high reproducibility of the behavioral readouts and may serve as future reference tool. We noticed robust sex-specific differences in general activity, cognitive and emotional behavior, but not regarding preference for social pheromones. Specifically, female mice revealed higher activity, decreased sucrose preference, impaired reversal and place-time-reward learning. Furthermore, female mice reacted more sensitively than males to reward-withdrawal showing a negative emotional contrast/Crespi-effect. In a series of validation experiments, we tested mice with different pathologies, including neuroligin-3 deficient mice (male Nlgn3y/- and female Nlgn3+/-) for autistic behavior, oligodendrocyte-specific erythropoietin receptor knockout (oEpoR-/-) mice for cognitive impairment, as well as mouse models of renal failure (unilateral ureteral obstruction and 5/6 nephrectomy) and of type 2 diabetes (ApoE-/-) - for delineating potentially confounding effects of motivational factors (thirst, glucose-craving) on learning and memory assessments. As prominent features, we saw in Nlgn3 mutants reduced preference for social pheromones, whereas oEpoR-/- mice showed learning deficits in place or reversal learning tasks. Renal failure led to increased water intake, and diabetic metabolism to enhanced glucose preference, limiting interpretation of hereon based learning and memory performance in these mice. The phenotyping battery presented here may be well-suited as high-throughput multifaceted diagnostic instrument for translational neuropsychiatry and behavioral genetics.
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20
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Ostrowski D, Heinrich R. Alternative Erythropoietin Receptors in the Nervous System. J Clin Med 2018; 7:E24. [PMID: 29393890 PMCID: PMC5852440 DOI: 10.3390/jcm7020024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In addition to its regulatory function in the formation of red blood cells (erythropoiesis) in vertebrates, Erythropoietin (Epo) contributes to beneficial functions in a variety of non-hematopoietic tissues including the nervous system. Epo protects cells from apoptosis, reduces inflammatory responses and supports re-establishment of compromised functions by stimulating proliferation, migration and differentiation to compensate for lost or injured cells. Similar neuroprotective and regenerative functions of Epo have been described in the nervous systems of both vertebrates and invertebrates, indicating that tissue-protective Epo-like signaling has evolved prior to its erythropoietic function in the vertebrate lineage. Epo mediates its erythropoietic function through a homodimeric Epo receptor (EpoR) that is also widely expressed in the nervous system. However, identification of neuroprotective but non-erythropoietic Epo splice variants and Epo derivatives indicated the existence of other types of Epo receptors. In this review, we summarize evidence for potential Epo receptors that might mediate Epo's tissue-protective function in non-hematopoietic tissue, with focus on the nervous system. In particular, besides EpoR, we discuss three other potential neuroprotective Epo receptors: (1) a heteroreceptor consisting of EpoR and common beta receptor (βcR), (2) the Ephrin (Eph) B4 receptor and (3) the human orphan cytokine receptor-like factor 3 (CRLF3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ostrowski
- Department of Biology, Truman State University, Kirksville, MO 63501, USA.
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology, Institute for Zoology, Georg-August-University Göttingen, 37073 Göttingen, Germany.
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21
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Aalling N, Hageman I, Miskowiak K, Orlowski D, Wegener G, Wortwein G. Erythropoietin prevents the effect of chronic restraint stress on the number of hippocampal CA3c dendritic terminals-relation to expression of genes involved in synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, inflammation, and oxidative stress in male rats. J Neurosci Res 2017; 96:103-116. [PMID: 28752903 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.24107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Stress-induced allostatic load affects a variety of biological processes including synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation in the brain, especially in the hippocampus. Erythropoietin (EPO) is a pleiotropic cytokine that has shown promising neuroprotective effects. Recombinant human EPO is currently highlighted as a new candidate treatment for cognitive impairment in neuropsychiatric disorders. Because EPO enhances synaptic plasticity, attenuates oxidative stress, and inhibits generation of proinflammatory cytokines, EPO may be able to modulate the effects of stress-induced allostatic load at the molecular level. The aim of this study was therefore to investigate how EPO and repeated restraint stress, separately and combined, influence (i) behavior in the novelty-suppressed feeding test of depression/anxiety-related behavior; (ii) mRNA levels of genes encoding proteins involved in synaptic plasticity, angiogenesis, oxidative stress, and inflammation; and (iii) remodeling of the dendritic structure of the CA3c area of the hippocampus in male rats. As expected, chronic restraint stress lowered the number of CA3c apical dendritic terminals, and EPO treatment reversed this effect. Interestingly, these effects seemed to be mechanistically distinct, as stress and EPO had differential effects on gene expression. While chronic restraint stress lowered the expression of spinophilin, tumor necrosis factor α, and heat shock protein 72, EPO increased expression of hypoxia-inducible factor-2α and lowered the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor in hippocampus. These findings indicate that the effects of treatment with EPO follow different molecular pathways and do not directly counteract the effects of stress in the hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Aalling
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ida Hageman
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kamilla Miskowiak
- Copenhagen Affective Disorder Research Centre, Psychiatric Centre Copenhagen, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Psychology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dariusz Orlowski
- Center for Experimental Neuroscience (Cense), Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gregers Wegener
- Translational Neuropsychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Aarhus, Aarhus, Denmark.,Center of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University (Potchefstroom Campus), Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - Gitta Wortwein
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen, Rigshospitalet and Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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22
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Bonnas C, Wüstefeld L, Winkler D, Kronstein-Wiedemann R, Dere E, Specht K, Boxberg M, Tonn T, Ehrenreich H, Stadler H, Sillaber I. EV-3, an endogenous human erythropoietin isoform with distinct functional relevance. Sci Rep 2017; 7:3684. [PMID: 28623280 PMCID: PMC5473850 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-03167-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Generation of multiple mRNAs by alternative splicing is well known in the group of cytokines and has recently been reported for the human erythropoietin (EPO) gene. Here, we focus on the alternatively spliced EPO transcript characterized by deletion of exon 3 (hEPOΔ3). We show co-regulation of EPO and hEPOΔ3 in human diseased tissue. The expression of hEPOΔ3 in various human samples was low under normal conditions, and distinctly increased in pathological states. Concomitant up-regulation of hEPOΔ3 and EPO in response to hypoxic conditions was also observed in HepG2 cell cultures. Using LC-ESI-MS/MS, we provide first evidence for the existence of hEPOΔ3 derived protein EV-3 in human serum from healthy donors. Contrary to EPO, recombinant EV-3 did not promote early erythroid progenitors in cultures of human CD34+ haematopoietic stem cells. Repeated intraperitoneal administration of EV-3 in mice did not affect the haematocrit. Similar to EPO, EV-3 acted anti-apoptotic in rat hippocampal neurons exposed to oxygen-glucose deprivation. Employing the touch-screen paradigm of long-term visual discrimination learning, we obtained first in vivo evidence of beneficial effects of EV-3 on cognition. This is the first report on the presence of a naturally occurring EPO protein isoform in human serum sharing non-erythropoietic functions with EPO.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine and DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Winkler
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine and DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Romy Kronstein-Wiedemann
- German Red Cross Blood Donor Service North-East, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Dresden, Germany
| | - Ekrem Dere
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine and DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katja Specht
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Boxberg
- Institute of Pathology, Technische Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Torsten Tonn
- German Red Cross Blood Donor Service North-East, Institute of Transfusion Medicine, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Experimental Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Desden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine and DFG Research Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
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23
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Heinrich R, Günther V, Miljus N. Erythropoietin-Mediated Neuroprotection in Insects Suggests a Prevertebrate Evolution of Erythropoietin-Like Signaling. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2017. [PMID: 28629517 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2017.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cytokine erythropoietin (Epo) mediates protective and regenerative functions in mammalian nervous systems via activation of poorly characterized receptors that differ from the "classical" homodimeric Epo receptor expressed on erythroid progenitor cells. Epo genes have been identified in vertebrate species ranging from human to fish, suggesting that Epo signaling evolved earlier than the vertebrate lineage. Studies on insects (Locusta migratoria, Chorthippus biguttulus, Tribolium castaneum) revealed Epo-mediated neuroprotection and neuroregeneration. Recombinant human Epo (rhEpo) prevents apoptosis by binding to a janus kinase-associated receptor, stimulation of STAT transcription factors, and generation of factors that prevent the activation of proapoptotic caspases. Insect neurons were also protected by a neuroprotective but nonerythropoietic Epo splice variant, suggesting similarity with mammalian neuroprotective but not with homodimeric "classical" Epo receptors. Additionally, rhEpo promotes the regeneration of neurites in primary cultured insect brain neurons and after nerve crush in an in vivo preparation. In contrast to neuroprotective and regenerative effects shared with mammalian species, no evidence for a role of Epo signaling in the regulation of neuro- or gliogenesis was found in insects. Similar structural and functional characteristics of the Epo binding receptors, partly shared transduction pathways that prevent apoptosis and the functional implication in neuroprotective and neuroregenerative processes in both mammalian and insect species, suggest that Epo-like signaling was already established in their last common ancestor. Originally functioning as a tissue-protective response to unfavorable physiological situations, cell injury, and pathogen invasion, Epo was later adapted as a humoral regulator of erythropoiesis in the vertebrate lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Heinrich
- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
| | - Verena Günther
- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Natasa Miljus
- Institute for Zoology and Anthropology, Georg-August-University Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
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24
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Miljus N, Massih B, Weis MA, Rison JV, Bonnas CB, Sillaber I, Ehrenreich H, Geurten BRH, Heinrich R. Neuroprotection and endocytosis: erythropoietin receptors in insect nervous systems. J Neurochem 2017; 141:63-74. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Natasa Miljus
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology; Institute for Zoology; University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Bita Massih
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology; Institute for Zoology; University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Marissa A. Weis
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology; Institute for Zoology; University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Jan Vincent Rison
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology; Institute for Zoology; University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | | | | | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience; Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine; Goettingen Germany
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy & Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB); Goettingen Germany
| | - Bart R. H. Geurten
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology; Institute for Zoology; University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
| | - Ralf Heinrich
- Department of Cellular Neurobiology; Institute for Zoology; University of Goettingen; Goettingen Germany
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25
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Rodríguez Cruz Y, Strehaiano M, Rodríguez Obaya T, García Rodríguez JC, Maurice T. An Intranasal Formulation of Erythropoietin (Neuro-EPO) Prevents Memory Deficits and Amyloid Toxicity in the APPSwe Transgenic Mouse Model of Alzheimer’s Disease. J Alzheimers Dis 2016; 55:231-248. [DOI: 10.3233/jad-160500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yamila Rodríguez Cruz
- Department of Histology, Institute of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba
- Center of Molecular Immunology (CIM), Havana, Cuba
| | - Manon Strehaiano
- Inserm U1198, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
| | | | - Julío César García Rodríguez
- Department of Histology, Institute of Preclinical and Basic Sciences, University of Medical Sciences, Havana, Cuba
| | - Tangui Maurice
- Inserm U1198, Montpellier, France
- University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- EPHE, Paris, France
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26
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Sundem L, Chris Tseng KC, Li H, Ketz J, Noble M, Elfar J. Erythropoietin Enhanced Recovery After Traumatic Nerve Injury: Myelination and Localized Effects. J Hand Surg Am 2016; 41:999-1010. [PMID: 27593486 PMCID: PMC5053901 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhsa.2016.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/06/2016] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE We previously found that administration of erythropoietin (EPO) shortens the course of recovery after experimental crush injury to the mouse sciatic nerve. The course of recovery was more rapid than would be expected if EPO's effects were caused by axonal regeneration, which raised the question of whether recovery was instead the result of promoting remyelination and/or preserving myelin on injured neurons. This study tested the hypothesis that EPO has a direct and local effect on myelination in vivo and in vitro. METHODS Animals were treated with EPO after standard calibrated sciatic nerve crush injury; immunohistochemical analysis was performed to assay for myelinated axons. Combined in vitro neuron-Schwann cell co-cultures were performed to assess EPO-mediated effects directly on myelination and putative protective effects against oxidative stress. In vivo local administration of EPO in a fibrin glue carrier was used to demonstrate early local effects of EPO treatment well in advance of possible neuroregenerative effects. RESULTS Systemic Administration of EPO maintained more in vivo myelinated axons at the site of nerve crush injury. In vitro, EPO treatment promoted myelin formation and protected myelin from the effects of nitric oxide exposure in co-cultures of Schwann cells and dorsal root ganglion neurons. In a novel, surgically applicable local treatment using Food and Drug Administration-approved fibrin glue as a vehicle, EPO was as effective as systemic EPO administration at time points earlier than those explainable using standard models of neuroregeneration. CONCLUSIONS In nerve crush injury, EPO may be exerting a primary influence on myelin status to promote functional recovery. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Mixed injury to myelin and axons may allow the opportunity for the repurposing of EPO for use as a myeloprotective agent in which injuries spare a requisite number of axons to allow early functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leigh Sundem
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | | | - Haiyan Li
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - John Ketz
- Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, Institute for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY
| | - John Elfar
- Center for Musculoskeletal Research, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY; Department of Orthopaedics and Rehabilitation, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY.
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27
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Wüstefeld L, Winkler D, Janc OA, Hassouna I, Ronnenberg A, Ostmeier K, Müller M, Brose N, Ehrenreich H, Wojcik SM. Selective expression of a constitutively active erythropoietin receptor in GABAergic neurons alters hippocampal network properties without affecting cognition. J Neurochem 2016; 136:698-705. [PMID: 26613978 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2015] [Revised: 10/17/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that treatment with erythropoietin (EPO) improves cognition in patients with neuropsychiatric disorders as well as in healthy mice, and that transgenic expression of a constitutively active form of the EPO receptor (cEPOR) in glutamatergic neurons boosts higher cognitive functions in mice. In the present work, we examined whether selective activation of EPOR signaling in GABAergic neurons would also modulate cognitive performance. We generated transgenic mice that express cEPOR under the control of the vesicular inhibitory amino acid transporter (Viaat) promoter and subjected them to comprehensive behavioral, cognitive, and electrophysiological analyses. We demonstrate that transgenic expression of cEPOR in GABAergic neurons alters hippocampal gamma-oscillations and enhances long-term potentiation but neither impairs nor improves cognition. To conclude, constitutively active EPOR in GABAergic neurons changes hippocampal network properties without affecting cognition, which suggests that the effect of EPO on cognition is dominated by its effect on the glutamatergic system. Treatment with EPO improves cognitive performance. We previously demonstrated that this effect is replicated by constitutive autoactivation of cEPOR in glutamatergic neurons. By contrast, cEPOR in GABAergic neurons changes hippocampal network properties but neither impairs nor enhances cognition. Thus, EPO modulates neuronal plasticity, and the cognitive benefits may be mainly attributable to its effect on the glutamatergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liane Wüstefeld
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Daniela Winkler
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Oliwia A Janc
- Department of Neurophysiology and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Imam Hassouna
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,Physiology Unit, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Menoufia University, Shebin Elkom, Egypt
| | - Anja Ronnenberg
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Katrin Ostmeier
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Michael Müller
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Neurophysiology and Sensory Physiology, University Medical Center, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Nils Brose
- DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany.,Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hannelore Ehrenreich
- Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany.,DFG Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain (CNMPB), Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sonja M Wojcik
- Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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28
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Horng LY, Hsu PL, Chen LW, Tseng WZ, Hsu KT, Wu CL, Wu RT. Activating mitochondrial function and haemoglobin expression with EH-201, an inducer of erythropoietin in neuronal cells, reverses memory impairment. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 172:4741-56. [PMID: 26177968 PMCID: PMC4594276 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Memory impairment can be progressive in neurodegenerative diseases, and physiological ageing or brain injury, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress are critical components of these issues. An early clinical study has demonstrated cognitive improvement during erythropoietin treatment in patients with chronic renal failure. As erythropoietin cannot freely cross the blood-brain barrier, we tested EH-201 (2,3,5,4'-tetrahydroxystilbene-2-O-β-d-glucoside, also known as TSG), a low MW inducer of erythropoietin, for its therapeutic effects on memory impairment in models of neurodegenerative diseases, physiological ageing or brain injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The effects of EH-201 were investigated in astrocytes and PC12 neuronal-like cells. In vivo, we used sleep-deprived (SD) mice as a stress model, amyloid-β (Aβ)-injected mice as a physiological ageing model and kainic acid (KA)-injected mice as a brain damage model to assess the therapeutic effects of EH-201. KEY RESULTS EH-201 induced expression of erythropoietin, PPAR-γ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) and haemoglobin in astrocytes and PC12 neuronal-like cells. In vivo, EH-201 treatment restored memory impairment, as assessed by the passive avoidance test, in SD, Aβ and KA mouse models. In the hippocampus of mice given EH-201 in their diet, levels of erythropoietin, PGC-1α and haemoglobin were increased CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The induction of endogenous erythropoietin in neuronal cells by inducers such as EH-201 might be a therapeutic strategy for memory impairment in neurodegenerative disease, physiological ageing or traumatic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Yea Horng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Lun Hsu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Wen Chen
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wang-Zou Tseng
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Kai-Tin Hsu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Wu
- Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Tsun Wu
- Institute of Biopharmaceutical Sciences, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Drug Discovery, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products and Drug Development, Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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29
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Hamidi G, Arabpour Z, Shabrang M, Rashidi B, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Salami M, Reisi P. Erythropoietin improves spatial learning and memory in streptozotocin model of dementia. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2013; 20:153-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2013.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2012] [Accepted: 01/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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30
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The hematopoietic cytokine granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor is important for cognitive functions. Sci Rep 2012; 2:697. [PMID: 23019518 PMCID: PMC3458247 DOI: 10.1038/srep00697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
We recently reported expression of hematopoietic growth factor GM-CSF and its receptor (GM-CSFR) in CNS neurons. Here we evaluated this system in learning and memory formation using GM-CSF deficient mice. In complementation, GM-CSF signalling was manipulated specifically in adult murine hippocampus by adeno-associated virus (AAV)-mediated GM-CSFR alpha overexpression or knock-down. GM-CSF ablation caused various hippocampus and amygdala-dependent deficits in spatial and fear memory while rendering intact basic parameters like motor function, inherent anxiety, and pain threshold levels. Corroborating these data, spatial memory of AAV-injected mice was positively correlated with GM-CSFRα expression levels. Hippocampal neurons of knock-out mice showed markedly pruned dendritic trees, reduced spine densities, and lower percentages of mature spines. Despite such morphological alterations, long-term potentiation (LTP) was unimpaired in the knock-out hippocampus. Collectively, these results suggest that GM-CSF signalling plays a major role in structural plasticity relevant to learning and memory.
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Kästner A, Grube S, El-Kordi A, Stepniak B, Friedrichs H, Sargin D, Schwitulla J, Begemann M, Giegling I, Miskowiak KW, Sperling S, Hannke K, Ramin A, Heinrich R, Gefeller O, Nave KA, Rujescu D, Ehrenreich H. Common variants of the genes encoding erythropoietin and its receptor modulate cognitive performance in schizophrenia. Mol Med 2012; 18:1029-40. [PMID: 22669473 DOI: 10.2119/molmed.2012.00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO) improves cognitive performance in clinical studies and rodent experiments. We hypothesized that an intrinsic role of EPO for cognition exists, with particular relevance in situations of cognitive decline, which is reflected by associations of EPO and EPO receptor (EPOR) genotypes with cognitive functions. To prove this hypothesis, schizophrenic patients (N > 1000) were genotyped for 5' upstream-located gene variants, EPO SNP rs1617640 (T/G) and EPORSTR(GA)(n). Associations of these variants were obtained for cognitive processing speed, fine motor skills and short-term memory readouts, with one particular combination of genotypes superior to all others (p < 0.0001). In an independent healthy control sample (N > 800), these associations were confirmed. A matching preclinical study with mice demonstrated cognitive processing speed and memory enhanced upon transgenic expression of constitutively active EPOR in pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus. We thus predicted that the human genotypes associated with better cognition would reflect gain-of-function effects. Indeed, reporter gene assays and quantitative transcriptional analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cells showed genotype-dependent EPO/EPOR expression differences. Together, these findings reveal a role of endogenous EPO/EPOR for cognition, at least in schizophrenic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kästner
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Arabpoor Z, Hamidi G, Rashidi B, Shabrang M, Alaei H, Sharifi MR, Salami M, Dolatabadi HRD, Reisi P. Erythropoietin improves neuronal proliferation in dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation in an animal model of Alzheimer's disease. Adv Biomed Res 2012; 1:50. [PMID: 23326781 PMCID: PMC3544128 DOI: 10.4103/2277-9175.100157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2012] [Accepted: 05/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent disorder with severe learning and memory defects. Because it has been demonstrated that erythropoietin (EPO) has positive effects on the central nervous system, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of EPO on neuronal proliferation in dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation in a well-defined model for AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS A rat model of sporadic dementia of Alzheimer's type was established by a bilateral intracerebroventricular injection of streptozotocin (ICV-STZ). Impairment of learning and memory was confirmed 2 weeks after ICV-STZ injection by passive avoidance learning test and then rats were divided into fourgroups:Control, control-EPO, Alzheimer and Alzheimer-EPO. EPO was injected intraperitoneally every other day with a dose of 5000 IU/kg and, finally, the rats were anesthetized and decapitated for immunohistochemical study and neurogenesis investigation (by Ki67 method) in dentate gyrus of hippocampal formation. RESULTS The results driven from the histological study showed that EPO significantly increases neuronal proliferation in dentate gyrus of hippocampus in the Alzheimer-EPO group compared with the control, control-EPO and Alzheimer groups; however, there were no differences between the other groups. CONCLUSION Our results show that even though EPO in intact animals doesnot change neurogenesis in dentate gyrus, it can nonetheless significantly increase neurogenesis if there is an underlying disorder like neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zohreh Arabpoor
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Gholamali Hamidi
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | - Bahman Rashidi
- Department of Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Moloud Shabrang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Hojjatallah Alaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Sharifi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Salami
- Physiology Research Center, Kashan University of Medical Sciences, Kashan, Iran
| | | | - Parham Reisi
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
- Applied Physiology Research Center and Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Schuler B, Vogel J, Grenacher B, Jacobs RA, Arras M, Gassmann M. Acute and chronic elevation of erythropoietin in the brain improves exercise performance in mice without inducing erythropoiesis. FASEB J 2012; 26:3884-90. [PMID: 22683849 DOI: 10.1096/fj.11-191197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Application of recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEpo) improves exercise capacity by stimulating red blood cell production that, in turn, enhances oxygen delivery and utilization. Apart from this, when applied at high doses, rhEpo crosses the blood-brain barrier, triggering protective neuronal effects. Here we show a fundamental new role by which the presence of Epo in the brain augments exercise performance without altering red blood cell production. Two different animal models, the transgenic mouse line Tg21, which constitutively overexpresses human Epo exclusively in the brain without affecting erythropoiesis, and wild-type mice treated with a single high dose of rhEpo, demonstrate an unexpected improvement in maximal exercise performance independent of changes in total hemoglobin mass, as well as in whole blood volume and cardiovascular parameters. This novel finding builds a more complete understanding regarding the central effects of endogenously produced and exogenously applied Epo on exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beat Schuler
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, and Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Erythropoietin: a candidate treatment for mood symptoms and memory dysfunction in depression. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:687-98. [PMID: 21947319 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2511-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2011] [Accepted: 09/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Current pharmacological treatments for depression have a significant treatment-onset-response delay, an insufficient efficacy for many patients and fail to reverse cognitive dysfunction. Erythropoietin (EPO) has neuroprotective and neurotrophic actions and improves cognitive function in animal models of acute and chronic neurodegenerative conditions and in patients with cognitive decline. METHODS We systematically reviewed the published findings from animal and human studies exploring the potential of EPO to treat depression-related cognitive dysfunction and depression. RESULTS We identified five animal studies (two in male rats, two in male mice and one in male rats and mice) and seven human proof-of-concept studies (five in healthy volunteers and two in depressed patients) that investigated the above. All of the reviewed animal studies but one and all human studies demonstrated beneficial effects of EPO on hippocampus-dependent memory and antidepressant-like effects. These effects appear to be mediated through direct neurobiological actions of EPO rather than upregulation of red cell mass. CONCLUSIONS The reviewed studies demonstrate beneficial effects of EPO on hippocampus-dependent memory function and on depression-relevant behavior, thus highlighting EPO as a candidate agent for future management of cognitive dysfunction and mood symptoms in depression. Larger-scale clinical trials of EPO as a treatment for mood and neurocognitive symptoms in patients with mood disorder are therefore warranted.
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Sanchez-Roige S, Peña-Oliver Y, Stephens DN. Measuring impulsivity in mice: the five-choice serial reaction time task. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 219:253-70. [PMID: 22089700 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-011-2560-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Mice are useful tools for dissecting genetic and environmental factors in relation to the study of attention and impulsivity. The five-choice serial reaction time task (5CSRTT) paradigm has been well established in rats, but its transferability to mice is less well documented. OBJECTIVES This study aims to summarise the main results of the 5CSRTT in mice, with special focus on impulsivity. METHODS The 5CSRTT can be used to explore aspects of both attentional and inhibitory control mechanisms. RESULTS Different manipulations of the task parameters can lead to different results; adjusting the protocol as a function of the main variable of interest or the standardisation of the protocol to be applied to a large set of strains will be desirable. CONCLUSIONS The 5CSRTT has proven to be a useful tool to investigate impulsivity in mice.
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Kamal A, Al Shaibani T, Ramakers G. Erythropoietin decreases the excitatory neurotransmitter release probability and enhances synaptic plasticity in mice hippocampal slices. Brain Res 2011; 1410:33-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 06/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Sargin D, El-Kordi A, Agarwal A, Müller M, Wojcik SM, Hassouna I, Sperling S, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Expression of constitutively active erythropoietin receptor in pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus boosts higher cognitive functions in mice. BMC Biol 2011; 9:27. [PMID: 21527022 PMCID: PMC3120735 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-9-27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2010] [Accepted: 04/28/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Erythropoietin (EPO) and its receptor (EPOR) are expressed in the developing brain and their transcription is upregulated in adult neurons and glia upon injury or neurodegeneration. We have shown neuroprotective effects and improved cognition in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases treated with EPO. However, the critical EPO targets in brain are unknown, and separation of direct and indirect effects has remained difficult, given the role of EPO in hematopoiesis and brain oxygen supply. Results Here we demonstrate that mice with transgenic expression of a constitutively active EPOR isoform (cEPOR) in pyramidal neurons of cortex and hippocampus exhibit enhancement of spatial learning, cognitive flexibility, social memory, and attentional capacities, accompanied by increased impulsivity. Superior cognitive performance is associated with augmented long-term potentiation of cEPOR expressing neurons in hippocampal slices. Conclusions Active EPOR stimulates neuronal plasticity independent of any hematopoietic effects and in addition to its neuroprotective actions. This property of EPOR signaling should be exploited for defining novel strategies to therapeutically enhance cognitive performance in disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sargin
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Göttingen, Germany
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Vogel J, Gassmann M. Erythropoietic and non-erythropoietic functions of erythropoietin in mouse models. J Physiol 2011; 589:1259-64. [PMID: 21282290 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.196147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
As the basic function of erythropoietin (Epo) is stimulation of red blood cell production, systemic overexpression of Epo results in erythrocytosis. The patho-physiological consequences of chronically elevated red blood cell counts have been studied in Epo overexpressing mice. Genetically modified mice, however, have also played an important role in discovering multiple additional functions of Epo besides stimulating erythrocyte production. Non-erythropoietic functions of Epo are widespread and play a role in organogenesis during early embryonic development and in tissue protection in ischaemic diseases. Future work in the field will most likely focus on these additional functions of Epo, which have great clinical potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vogel
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology, Vetsuisse Faculty and Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Switzerland.
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Wüstenberg T, Begemann M, Bartels C, Gefeller O, Stawicki S, Hinze-Selch D, Mohr A, Falkai P, Aldenhoff JB, Knauth M, Nave KA, Ehrenreich H. Recombinant human erythropoietin delays loss of gray matter in chronic schizophrenia. Mol Psychiatry 2011; 16:26-36, 1. [PMID: 20479759 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2010.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Neurodevelopmental abnormalities together with neurodegenerative processes contribute to schizophrenia, an etiologically heterogeneous, complex disease phenotype that has been difficult to model in animals. The neurodegenerative component of schizophrenia is best documented by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), demonstrating progressive cortical gray matter loss over time. No treatment exists to counteract this slowly proceeding atrophy. The hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin (EPO) is neuroprotective in animals. Here, we show by voxel-based morphometry in 32 human subjects in a placebo-controlled study that weekly high-dose EPO for as little as 3 months halts the progressive atrophy in brain areas typically affected in schizophrenia, including hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and several neocortical areas. Specifically, gray matter protection is highly associated with improvement in attention and memory functions. These findings suggest that a neuroprotective strategy is effective against common pathophysiological features of schizophrenic patients, and strongly encourage follow-up studies to optimize EPO treatment dose and duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Wüstenberg
- Department of Neuroradiology, Georg-August-University, Göttingen, Germany
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Goetghebeur PJD, Lerdrup L, Sylvest A, Dias R. Erythropoietin reverses the attentional set-shifting impairment in a rodent schizophrenia disease-like model. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2010; 212:635-42. [PMID: 20734030 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-010-1990-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 08/04/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Executive function impairment, as classically assessed using the Wisconsin Card Sort Test or intradimensional/extradimensional tests, is a key feature of schizophrenia but remains inadequately treated by existing therapies. Recently, however, erythropoietin has been shown to improve attentional set-shifting performance in schizophrenic patients. OBJECTIVE The present study utilized the rat intradimensional/extradimensional task to investigate the potential of erythropoietin to reverse a phencyclidine-induced extradimensional shift impairment when given alone or in combination with subchronic haloperidol treatment. METHODS Rats were subjected to a subchronic systemic administration (7 days, b.i.d) of either saline vehicle or phencyclidine (5 mg/kg) followed by a 7-day washout period during which haloperidol was given. Subsequently, rats were trained to dig in baited bowls for a food reward and to discriminate on the basis of digging media or bowl odor. In experiment 1, rats performed a series of discriminations following acute administration of vehicle, erythropoietin, or modafinil. In a second experiment, rats receiving either haloperidol in the drinking water or just normal drinking water were run in the attentional set-shifting task after acute administration of erythropoietin (1,000 or 10,000 IU/ml i.p., selected from experiment 1). RESULTS The subchronic phencyclidine-induced extradimensional deficit was ameliorated by both erythropoietin and modafinil. When combined with subchronic haloperidol, the higher dose of erythropoietin tested was able to reverse the extradimensional shift impairment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, these findings further support the use of erythropoietin as an adjunct to antipsychotic therapy in order to address, at least part of, the cognitive dysfunction associated with schizophrenia.
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Sargin D, Friedrichs H, El-Kordi A, Ehrenreich H. Erythropoietin as neuroprotective and neuroregenerative treatment strategy: comprehensive overview of 12 years of preclinical and clinical research. Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 2010; 24:573-94. [PMID: 21619868 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpa.2010.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2010] [Accepted: 10/11/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Erythropoietin (EPO), originally discovered as hematopoietic growth factor, has direct effects on cells of the nervous system that make it a highly attractive candidate drug for neuroprotection/neuroregeneration. Hardly any other compound has led to so much preclinical work in the field of translational neuroscience than EPO. Almost all of the >180 preclinical studies performed by many independent research groups from all over the world in the last 12 years have yielded positive results on EPO as a neuroprotective drug. The fact that EPO was approved for the treatment of anemia >20 years ago and found to be well tolerated and safe, facilitated the first steps of translation from preclinical findings to the clinic. On the other hand, the same fact, naturally associated with loss of patent protection, hindered to develop EPO as a highly promising therapeutic strategy for application in human brain disease. Therefore, only few clinical neuroprotection studies have been concluded, all with essentially positive and stimulating results, but no further development towards the clinic has occurred thus far. This article reviews the preclinical and clinical work on EPO for the indications neuroprotection/neuroregeneration and cognition, and hopefully will stimulate new endeavours promoting development of EPO for the treatment of human brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derya Sargin
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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Kumar R, Jaggi AS, Singh N. Effects of erythropoietin on memory deficits and brain oxidative stress in the mouse models of dementia. THE KOREAN JOURNAL OF PHYSIOLOGY & PHARMACOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN PHYSIOLOGICAL SOCIETY AND THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF PHARMACOLOGY 2010; 14:345-52. [PMID: 21165335 PMCID: PMC2997422 DOI: 10.4196/kjpp.2010.14.5.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 08/20/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken to explore the potential of erythropoietin in memory deficits of mice. Memory impairment was produced by scopolamine (0.5 mg/kg, i.p.) and intracerebroventricular streptozotocin (i.c.v STZ, 3 mg/kg, 10 µl, 1(st) and 3(rd) day) in separate groups of animals. Morris water-maze test was employed to assess learning and memory. The levels of brain thio-barbituric acid reactive species (TBARS) and reduced glutathione (GSH) were estimated to assess degree of oxidative stress. Brain acetylcholinesterase enzyme (AChE) activity was also measured. Scopolamine/streptozotocin administration induced significant impairment of learning and memory in mice as indicated by marked decrease in Morris water-maze performance. Scopolamine/streptozotocin administration also produced a significant enhancement of brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress (an increase in TBARS and a decrease in GSH) levels. Treatment of erythropoietin (500 and 1,000 IU/Kg i.p.) significantly reversed scopolamine- as well as streptozotocin-induced learning and memory deficits along with attenuation of those-induced rise in brain AChE activity and brain oxidative stress levels. It may be concluded that erythropoietin exerts a beneficial effect in memory deficits of mice possibly through its multiple actions including potential anti-oxidative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), PIN-147002, India
| | - Amteshwar Singh Jaggi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), PIN-147002, India
| | - Nirmal Singh
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Drug Research, Punjabi University, Patiala (Punjab), PIN-147002, India
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Kajitani K, Thorne M, Samson M, Robertson GS. Nitric oxide synthase mediates the ability of darbepoetin alpha to improve the cognitive performance of STOP null mice. Neuropsychopharmacology 2010; 35:1718-28. [PMID: 20336057 PMCID: PMC3055482 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2010.36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
STOP (stable tubule only polypeptide) null mice display neurochemical and behavioral abnormalities that resemble several well-recognized features of schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests that the hematopoietic growth factor erythropoietin improves the cognitive performance of schizophrenics. The mechanism, however, by which erythropoietin is able to improve the cognition of schizophrenics is unclear. To address this question, we first determined whether acute administration of the erythropoietin analog known as darbepoetin alpha (D. alpha) improved performance deficits of STOP null mice in the novel objective recognition task (NORT). NORT performance of STOP null mice, but not wild-type littermates, was enhanced 3 h after a single injection of D. alpha (25 microg/kg, i.p.). Improved NORT performance was accompanied by elevated NADPH diaphorase staining in the ventral hippocampus as well as medial and cortical aspects of the amygdala, indicative of increased nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity in these structures. NOS generates the intracellular messenger nitric oxide (NO) implicated in learning and memory. In keeping with this hypothesis, D. alpha significantly increased NO metabolite levels (nitrate and nitrite, NOx) in the hippocampus of both wild-type and STOP null mice. The NOS inhibitor, N (G)-nitro-L- arginine methyl ester (L-NAME; 25 mg/kg, i.p.), completely reversed the increase in hippocampal NOx levels produced by D. alpha. Moreover, L-NAME also inhibited the ability of D. alpha to improve the NORT performance of STOP null mice. Taken together, these observations suggest D. alpha enhances the NORT performance of STOP null mice by increasing production of NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Kajitani
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michael Thorne
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - Michel Samson
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
| | - George S Robertson
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Department of Pharmacology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada,Departments of Psychiatry and Pharmacology, Sir Charles Tupper Medical Building, Faculty of Medicine, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada B3H 1X5, Tel: +1 902 494 1528, Fax: +1 902 494 1388, E-mail:
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Prokopov AF. A Case of Recovery From Dementia Following Rejuvenative Treatment. Rejuvenation Res 2010; 13:217-9. [DOI: 10.1089/rej.2009.0947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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Adamcio B, Sperling S, Hagemeyer N, Walkinshaw G, Ehrenreich H. Hypoxia inducible factor stabilization leads to lasting improvement of hippocampal memory in healthy mice. Behav Brain Res 2009; 208:80-4. [PMID: 19900484 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2009.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2009] [Revised: 10/29/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that high-dose erythropoietin (EPO) treatment improves hippocampal plasticity and cognitive performance in rodents and in patients suffering from neuropsychiatric diseases. It was therefore of interest to explore whether upregulation of endogenous EPO in brain by hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) stabilization would increase hippocampal memory similar to exogenous EPO. HIFs are transcription factors involved in the cellular response to low oxygen, including upregulation of transcripts like vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and EPO. Under normal oxygen, prolylhydroxylases decrease HIF-alpha stability. This is banned by prolylhydroxylase inhibitors, which prevent oxygen dependent degradation and thus prolong HIF-alpha half life. In an experimental set-up identical to the one yielding strong cognitive effects with EPO, healthy male 28-day-old mice received FG-4497, a HIF prolylhydroxylase inhibitor, or placebo intraperitoneally every other day for 3 weeks. Behavioral testing and hematocrit determinations were conducted in independent cohorts at 1, 3, or 4 weeks after treatment completion. Increased EPO and VEGF mRNA expression in hippocampus or primary hippocampal neurons 6h after the application of FG-4497 confirmed its ability to stabilize HIF and upregulate HIF dependent transcription in brain. At 3 and 4 weeks after the last injection, respectively, FG-4497 treated mice compared to placebo mice had improved hippocampal memory in fear conditioning without change in hematocrit. In contrast, no improvement in memory was detected at 1 week, when the hematocrit was increased, indicating that cognitive improvement and hematocrit are not directly related. FG-4497 application for 3 weeks leads to delayed but lasting enhancement of hippocampal memory, making HIF stabilization an attractive target for pharmacological manipulation of cognition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Adamcio
- Division of Clinical Neuroscience, Max Planck Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Str. 3, 37075 Göttingen, Germany
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