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Brockie S, Zhou C, Fehlings MG. Resident immune responses to spinal cord injury: role of astrocytes and microglia. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1678-1685. [PMID: 38103231 PMCID: PMC10960308 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.389630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Spinal cord injury can be traumatic or non-traumatic in origin, with the latter rising in incidence and prevalence with the aging demographics of our society. Moreover, as the global population ages, individuals with co-existent degenerative spinal pathology comprise a growing number of traumatic spinal cord injury cases, especially involving the cervical spinal cord. This makes recovery and treatment approaches particularly challenging as age and comorbidities may limit regenerative capacity. For these reasons, it is critical to better understand the complex milieu of spinal cord injury lesion pathobiology and the ensuing inflammatory response. This review discusses microglia-specific purinergic and cytokine signaling pathways, as well as microglial modulation of synaptic stability and plasticity after injury. Further, we evaluate the role of astrocytes in neurotransmission and calcium signaling, as well as their border-forming response to neural lesions. Both the inflammatory and reparative roles of these cells have eluded our complete understanding and remain key therapeutic targets due to their extensive structural and functional roles in the nervous system. Recent advances have shed light on the roles of glia in neurotransmission and reparative injury responses that will change how interventions are directed. Understanding key processes and existing knowledge gaps will allow future research to effectively target these cells and harness their regenerative potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sydney Brockie
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Cindy Zhou
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Michael G. Fehlings
- Division of Genetics and Development, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Division of Neurosurgery and Spine Program, Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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2
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Suyama M, Nagase-Iki T, Tohda C. New Evaluation Methods with High Sensitivity for Motor Function of the Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament in ttw/ttw Mouse Model. NEUROCHEM J+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1819712422020131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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3
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North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS 3): Methods and baseline description. Schizophr Res 2022; 243:262-267. [PMID: 32317224 PMCID: PMC7572535 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study (NAPLS) is a consortium of nine programs focusing on youth at clinical high risk (CHR) for psychosis. Funded by the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH), the sites are located at Emory University, Harvard University, University of Calgary, University of California at Los Angeles, at San Diego, and at San Francisco, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, Yale University, and Zucker Hillside Hospital. There have been two previous endeavors completed by this consortium, known as NAPLS-1 and NAPLS-2. This paper first offers an overview of the methodology of the third phase of the NAPLS consortium, the second five-year prospective study NAPLS-3, which aims to determine mechanisms of the development of psychosis. In addition, we report on the ascertainment and demographics of the 710 CHR participants in NAPLS-3.
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4
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Neuroinflammation and apoptosis after surgery for a rat model of double-level cervical cord compression. Neurochem Int 2022; 157:105340. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2022.105340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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5
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Jacob MS, Roach BJ, Hamilton HK, Carrión RE, Belger A, Duncan E, Johannesen J, Keshavan M, Loo S, Niznikiewicz M, Addington J, Bearden CE, Cadenhead KS, Cannon TD, Cornblatt BA, McGlashan TH, Perkins DO, Stone W, Tsuang M, Walker EF, Woods SW, Mathalon DH. Visual cortical plasticity and the risk for psychosis: An interim analysis of the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Study. Schizophr Res 2021; 230:26-37. [PMID: 33667856 PMCID: PMC8328744 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2021.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescence/early adulthood coincides with accelerated pruning of cortical synapses and the onset of schizophrenia. Cortical gray matter reduction and dysconnectivity in schizophrenia are hypothesized to result from impaired synaptic plasticity mechanisms, including long-term potentiation (LTP), since deficient LTP may result in too many weak synapses that are then subject to over-pruning. Deficient plasticity has already been observed in schizophrenia. Here, we assessed whether such deficits are present in the psychosis risk syndrome (PRS), particularly those who subsequently convert to full psychosis. METHODS An interim analysis was performed on a sub-sample from the NAPLS-3 study, including 46 healthy controls (HC) and 246 PRS participants. All participants performed an LTP-like visual cortical plasticity paradigm involving assessment of visual evoked potentials (VEPs) elicited by vertical and horizontal line gratings before and after high frequency ("tetanizing") visual stimulation with one of the gratings to induce "input-specific" neuroplasticity (i.e., VEP changes specific to the tetanized stimulus). Non-parametric, cluster-based permutation testing was used to identify electrodes and timepoints that demonstrated input-specific plasticity effects. RESULTS Input-specific pre-post VEP changes (i.e., increased negative voltage) were found in a single spatio-temporal cluster covering multiple occipital electrodes in a 126-223 ms time window. This plasticity effect was deficient in PRS individuals who subsequently converted to psychosis, relative to PRS non-converters and HC. CONCLUSIONS Input-specific LTP-like visual plasticity can be measured from VEPs in adolescents and young adults. Interim analyses suggest that deficient visual cortical plasticity is evident in those PRS individuals at greatest risk for transition to psychosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S. Jacob
- VA San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Brian J. Roach
- VA San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Holly K. Hamilton
- VA San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ricardo E. Carrión
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA
| | - Aysenil Belger
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erica Duncan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA,Atlanta Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Jason Johannesen
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Matcheri Keshavan
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandra Loo
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Margaret Niznikiewicz
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jean Addington
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Carrie E. Bearden
- Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kristin S. Cadenhead
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Tyrone D. Cannon
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA,Department of Psychology, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Barbara A. Cornblatt
- Division of Psychiatry Research, The Zucker Hillside Hospital, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Glen Oaks, NY, USA,Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, North Shore-Long Island Jewish Health System, Manhasset, NY, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, New York, USA,Department of Molecular Medicine, Hofstra North Shore-LIJ School of Medicine, Hempstead, NY, USA
| | - Thomas H. McGlashan
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Diana O. Perkins
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - William Stone
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ming Tsuang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Scott W. Woods
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Daniel H. Mathalon
- VA San Francisco Healthcare System, San Francisco, CA, USA,Department of Psychiatry and Weill Institute for Neurosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Transcriptome Analysis Reveals the Effects of Troxerutin and Cerebroprotein Hydrolysate Injection on Injured Spinal Cords in Rats. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2020; 2020:3561235. [PMID: 32831862 PMCID: PMC7424371 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3561235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a serious condition that results in disability and has a high morbidity rate; its treatment is very difficult. Although troxerutin and cerebroprotein hydrolysate (TCH) injections have been extensively used in clinics in China for the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and cerebral stroke, the potential efficacy of TCH injection in the treatment of SCI has never been revealed. In this study, the effects of administering TCH injections on neurological recovery in post-SCI rats were first tested with regard to the behavior and histology; subsequently, the specific expression profile of mRNAs and long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) in their spinal cords were conducted using RNA sequencing (RNA-seq). The LncRNA-mRNA networks were also elucidated. After SCI, we found that TCH injection with the right dose is effective for the recovery of locomotion function and repairing of the damaged tissue in the spinal cord; TCH injection is also discovered to have a role in the regulation of 443 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 27 differentially expressed LncRNAs (DELs) that are identified to have multiple functions, including locomotion, blood vessel morphogenesis, thiamine metabolism, Hippo signaling pathway, and axon guidance, by applying the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis and Gene Ontology (GO) analysis. In addition, it is revealed that, after SCI, the highly expressed LncRNA AABR07071383.1 in the post-SCI cis/trans-regulates the expression of mRNA Acpp mRNA that encodes a key enzyme involved in the metabolic process of thiamine in the abirritation of the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), which implies that TCH injection may be more effective when administered with benfotiamine (a common treatment drug).
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7
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Liu N, Zhang Z, Li L, Shen X, Sun B, Wang R, Zhong H, Shi Q, Wei L, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Xu C, Liu Y, Yuan W. MicroRNA-181 regulates the development of Ossification of Posterior longitudinal ligament via Epigenetic Modulation by targeting PBX1. Theranostics 2020; 10:7492-7509. [PMID: 32685001 PMCID: PMC7359103 DOI: 10.7150/thno.44309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) presents as the development of heterotopic ossification in the posterior longitudinal ligament of the spine. The etiology of OPLL is genetically linked, as shown by its high prevalence in Asian populations. However, the molecular mechanism of the disease remains obscure. In this study, we explored the function and mechanism of OPLL-specific microRNAs. Methods: The expression levels of the ossification-related OPLL-specific miR-181 family were measured in normal or OPLL ligament tissues. The effect of miR-181a on the ossification of normal or pathogenic ligament cells was tested using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, alizarin red staining and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining. The candidate targets of miR-181 were screened using a dual luciferase reporter assay and functional analysis. The link between miR-181a and its target PBX1 was investigated using chromatin immunoprecipitation, followed by real-time PCR detection. Histological and immunohistochemical analysis as well as micro-CT scanning were used to evaluate the effects of miR-181 and its antagonist using both tip-toe-walking OPLL mice and in vivo bone formation assays. Results: Using bioinformatic analysis, we found that miR-181a-5p is predicted to play important roles in the development of OPLL. Overexpression of miR-181a-5p significantly increased the expression of ossification-related genes, staining level of alizarin red and ALP activity, while the inhibition of miR-181a-5p by treatment with an antagomir had the opposite effects. Functional analysis identified PBX1 as a direct target of miR-181a-5p, and we determined that PBX1 was responsible for miR-181a-5p's osteogenic phenotype. By chromatin immunoprecipitation assay, we found that miR-181a-5p controls ligament cell ossification by regulating PBX1-mediated modulation of histone methylation and acetylation levels in the promoter region of osteogenesis-related genes. Additionally, using an in vivo model, we confirmed that miR-181a-5p can substantially increase the bone formation ability of posterior ligament cells and cause increased osteophyte formation in the cervical spine of tip-toe-walking mice. Conclusions: Our data unveiled the mechanism by which the miR-181a-5p/PBX1 axis functions in the development of OPLL, and it revealed the therapeutic effects of the miR-181a-5p antagomir in preventing OPLL development both in vivo and in vitro. Our work is the first to demonstrate that microRNA perturbation could modulate the development of OPLL through epigenetic regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Zicheng Zhang
- Undergraduate Brigade, Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 168th Chang Hai Road, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Li Li
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, 800th Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Xiaolong Shen
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Baifeng Sun
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Ruizhe Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Huajian Zhong
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Qianghui Shi
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Leixin Wei
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Yizhi Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Yue Wang
- Research Center of Developmental Biology, Second Military Medical University, 800th Xiang Yin Road, Shanghai, 200433, PR China
| | - Chen Xu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Department of Orthopedics, Changzheng Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University, 415th Feng Yang Road, Shanghai, 200003, PR China
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8
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Zhou L, Yao M, Tian Z, Song Y, Sun Y, Ye J, Li G, Sng KS, Xu L, Cui X, Wang Y. Echinacoside attenuates inflammatory response in a rat model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy via inhibition of excessive mitochondrial fission. Free Radic Biol Med 2020; 152:697-714. [PMID: 32014501 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2020.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2019] [Revised: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a leading cause of spinal cord dysfunction with few treatment options. Although mitochondrial dynamics are linked to a wide range of pathological changes in neurodegenerative diseases, a connection between aberrant mitochondrial dynamics and CSM remains to be illuminated. In addition, mechanisms underlying the emerging anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects of echinacoside (ECH), the main active ingredient of Cistanche salsa, are poorly understood. We hypothesized that excessive mitochondrial fission plays a critical role in regulating inflammatory responses in CSM, and ECH might alleviate such responses by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. To this end, we assessed the effects of ECH and Mdivi-1, a selective inhibitor of dynamin-related protein (Drp1), in a rat model of chronic cervical cord compression and activated BV2 cells. Our results showed that rats with Mdivi-1 intervention had improved motor function compared with vehicle-treated rats. Indeed, Mdivi-1 treatment attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, as well as activation of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, nuclear transcription factor-κB (NF-κB), and Drp1 in lesions. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, compression sites of Mdivi-1-treated animals exhibited elongated mitochondrial morphologies and reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS). Similarly, ECH-treated rats exhibited neurological recovery and suppression of inflammatory response or related signals in the lesion area after treatment. Interestingly, ECH treatment partly reversed aberrant mitochondrial fragmentation and oxidative stress within the lesion area. In vitro data suggested that ECH suppressed activated microglia by modulating activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome and NF-κB signaling. Furthermore, we observed that ECH markedly inhibited Drp1 translocation onto mitochondria, whereby it regulated mitochondrial dynamics and ROS production, which act as regulators of NLRP3 inflammasome activation and NF-κB signaling. Thus, our findings reveal that mitochondrial dynamics modulate inflammatory responses during CSM. Moreover, ECH may attenuate neuroinflammation in rats subjected to chronic cervical cord compression by regulating Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission and activation of downstream signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longyun Zhou
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Rehabilitation Medicine College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zirui Tian
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yongjia Song
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yueli Sun
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jie Ye
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kim Sia Sng
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Leqin Xu
- Xiamen Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fujian, 361009, China
| | - Xuejun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yongjun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China; Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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9
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Akter F, Yu X, Qin X, Yao S, Nikrouz P, Syed YA, Kotter M. The Pathophysiology of Degenerative Cervical Myelopathy and the Physiology of Recovery Following Decompression. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:138. [PMID: 32425740 PMCID: PMC7203415 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM), also known as cervical spondylotic myelopathy is the leading cause of spinal cord compression in adults. The mainstay of treatment is surgical decompression, which leads to partial recovery of symptoms, however, long term prognosis of the condition remains poor. Despite advances in treatment methods, the underlying pathobiology is not well-known. A better understanding of the disease is therefore required for the development of treatments to improve outcomes following surgery. Objective: To systematically evaluate the pathophysiology of DCM and the mechanism underlying recovery following decompression. Methods: A total of 13,808 published articles were identified in our systematic search of electronic databases (PUBMED, WEB OF SCIENCE). A total of 51 studies investigating the secondary injury mechanisms of DCM or physiology of recovery in animal models of disease underwent comprehensive review. Results: Forty-seven studies addressed the pathophysiology of DCM. Majority of the studies demonstrated evidence of neuronal loss following spinal cord compression. A number of studies provided further details of structural changes in neurons such as myelin damage and axon degeneration. The mechanisms of injury to cells included direct apoptosis and increased inflammation. Only four papers investigated the pathobiological changes that occur in spinal cords following decompression. One study demonstrated evidence of axonal plasticity following decompressive surgery. Another study demonstrated ischaemic-reperfusion injury following decompression, however this phenomenon was worse when decompression was delayed. Conclusions: In preclinical studies, the pathophysiology of DCM has been poorly studied and a number of questions remain unanswered. The physiological changes seen in the decompressed spinal cord has not been widely investigated and it is paramount that researchers investigate the decompressed spinal cord further to enable the development of therapeutic tools, to enhance recovery following surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Akter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States.,Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xinming Yu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Xingping Qin
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Shun Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Parisa Nikrouz
- Maidstone and Tunbridge Wells Trust, Maidstone, United Kingdom
| | - Yasir Ahmed Syed
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Research Institute (NMHRI), Cathays, United Kingdom.,School of Bioscience, Cardiff University, The Sir Martin Evans Building, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Kotter
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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10
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Zhou LY, Yao M, Tian ZR, Liu SF, Song YJ, Ye J, Li G, Sun YL, Cui XJ, Wang YJ. Muscone suppresses inflammatory responses and neuronal damage in a rat model of cervical spondylotic myelopathy by regulating Drp1-dependent mitochondrial fission. J Neurochem 2020; 155:154-176. [PMID: 32215908 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cervical spondylotic myelopathy (CSM) is a common cause of disability with few treatments. Aberrant mitochondrial dynamics play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. Thus, regulation of mitochondrial dynamics may offer therapeutic benefit for the treatment of CSM. Muscone, the active ingredient of an odoriferous animal product, exhibits anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects for which the underlying mechanisms remain obscure. We hypothesized that muscone might ameliorate inflammatory responses and neuronal damage by regulating mitochondrial dynamics. To this end, the effects of muscone on a rat model of chronic cervical cord compression, as well as activated BV2 cells and injured neurons, were assessed. The results showed that muscone intervention improved motor function compared with vehicle-treated rats. Indeed, muscone attenuated pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, neuronal-apoptosis indicators in the lesion area, and activation of the nod-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 inflammasome, nuclear transcription factor-κB, and dynamin-related protein 1 in Iba1- and βIII-tubulin-labeled cells. Compared with vehicle-treated rats, compression sites of muscone-treated animals exhibited elongated mitochondrial morphologies in individual cell types and reduced reactive oxygen species. In vitro results indicated that muscone suppressed microglial activation and neuronal damage by regulating related-inflammatory or apoptotic molecules. Moreover, muscone inhibited dynamin-related protein 1 activation in activated BV2 cells and injured neurons, whereby it rescued mitochondrial fragmentation and reactive oxygen species production, which regulate a wide range of inflammatory and apoptotic molecules. Our findings reveal that muscone attenuates neuroinflammation and neuronal damage in rats with chronic cervical cord compression by regulating mitochondrial fission events, suggesting its promise for CSM therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long-Yun Zhou
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Rehabilitation Medicine College, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yao
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Zi-Rui Tian
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shu-Fen Liu
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jia Song
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jie Ye
- Department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Gan Li
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue-Li Sun
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xue-Jun Cui
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong-Jun Wang
- Spine Disease Institute, Longhua Hospital, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Key Laboratory of Theory and Therapy of Muscles and Bones, Ministry of Education, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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11
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Amyloid Fibril-Induced Astrocytic Glutamate Transporter Disruption Contributes to Complement C1q-Mediated Microglial Pruning of Glutamatergic Synapses. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:2290-2300. [PMID: 32008166 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-01885-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
The complement C1q plays a critical role in microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses and in the pathogenesis of neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We recently reported that upregulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor signaling is associated with increased synaptic C1q production and subsequent microglial phagocytosis of synapses in the rodent models of AD. Here, we explored the role of astrocytic glutamate transporter in the synaptic C1q production and microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in a rat model of AD. Activation of astrocyte and reduction glutamate transporter 1 (GLT1) were noted after bilateral microinjection of amyloid-beta (Aβ1-40) fibrils into the hippocampal CA1 area of rats. Ceftriaxone is a β-lactam antibiotic that upregulates GLT1 expression. Bilateral microinjection of ceftriaxone recovered GLT1 expression, decreased synaptic C1q production, suppressed microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1, and attenuated synaptic and cognitive deficits in rats microinjected with Aβ1-40. In contrast, artificial suppression of GLT1 activity by DL-threo-beta-benzyloxyaspartate (DL-TBOA) in naïve rats induced synaptic C1q expression and microglial phagocytosis of glutamatergic synapses in the hippocampal CA1 area, resulting in synaptic and cognitive dysfunction. These findings demonstrated that impairment of astrocytic glutamate transporter plays a role in the pathogenesis of AD.
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Bie B, Wu J, Foss JF, Naguib M. Activation of mGluR1 Mediates C1q-Dependent Microglial Phagocytosis of Glutamatergic Synapses in Alzheimer's Rodent Models. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:5568-5585. [PMID: 30652266 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-1467-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Microglia and complements appear to be involved in the synaptic and cognitive deficits in Alzheimer's disease (AD), though the mechanisms remain elusive. In this study, utilizing two types of rodent model of AD, we reported increased complement C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses, which led to synaptic and cognitive deficits. We also found increased activity of the metabotropic glutamate receptor 1 (mGluR1) in hippocampal CA1 in the modeled rodents. Artificial activation of mGluR1 signaling promoted dephosphorylation of fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) and facilitated the local translation machinery of synaptic C1q mRNA, thus mimicking the C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses and synaptic and cognitive deficiency in the modeled rodents. However, suppression of mGluR1 signaling inhibited the dephosphorylation of FMRP and repressed the local translation of synaptic C1q mRNA, which consequently alleviated microglial phagocytosis of synapses and restored the synaptic and cognitive function in the rodent models. These findings illustrate a novel molecular mechanism underlying C1q-mediated microglial phagocytosis of hippocampal glutamatergic synapses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bihua Bie
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jiang Wu
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Joseph F Foss
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mohamed Naguib
- Anesthesiology Institute, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA. .,Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, 9500 Euclid Ave., Mail Code NB3-78, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA.
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13
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Frye MD, Zhang C, Hu BH. Lower level noise exposure that produces only TTS modulates the immune homeostasis of cochlear macrophages. J Neuroimmunol 2018; 323:152-166. [PMID: 30196827 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Revised: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Noise exposure producing temporary threshold shifts (TTS) has been demonstrated to cause permanent changes to cochlear physiology and hearing function. Several explanations have been purported to underlie these long-term changes in cochlear function, such as damage to sensory cell stereocilia and synaptic connections between sensory cells and their innervation by spiral ganglion neurons, and demyelination of the auditory nerve. Though these structural defects have been implicated in hearing difficulty, cochlear responses to this stress damage remains poorly understood. Here, we report the activation of the cochlear immune system following exposure to lower level noise (LLN) that causes only TTS. Using multiple morphological, molecular and functional parameters, we assessed the responses of macrophages, the primary immune cell population in the cochlea, to the LLN exposure. This study reveals that a LLN that causes only TTS increases the macrophage population in cochlear regions immediately adjacent to sensory cells and their innervations. Many of these cells acquire an activated morphology and express the immune molecules CCL2 and ICAM1 that are important for macrophage inflammatory activity and adhesion. However, LLN exposure reduces macrophage phagocytic ability. While the activated morphology of cochlear macrophages reverses, the complete recovery is not achieved 2 months after the LLN exposure. Taken together, these observations clearly implicate the cochlear immune system in the cochlear response to LLN that causes no permanent threshold change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitchell D Frye
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Celia Zhang
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
| | - Bo Hua Hu
- Center for Hearing and Deafness, University at Buffalo, 137 Cary Hall, 3435 Main Street, Buffalo, NY 14214, USA.
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Tykocki T, du Plessis J, Wynne-Jones G. Correlation between the severity of myelopathy and cervical morphometric parameters on dynamic magnetic resonance imaging. Acta Neurochir (Wien) 2018; 160:1251-1258. [PMID: 29687255 DOI: 10.1007/s00701-018-3540-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To compare morphometric factors of cervical spine in the cervical stenosis on dynamic and static magnetic resonance imaging. To analyse the relationship between the severity of myelopathy and morphometric parameters. METHODS Patients with cervical canal stenosis scanned with MRI in neutral (N), flexion (F) and extension (E) positions were retrospectively reviewed. All cases were evaluated in Nurick and Muhle grades. Following parameters were measured: anterior and posterior length of the cervical cord (aLCC, pLCC), mid-cord distance (L value), cervical cord angle (CCA), cervical lordosis, spine/cord (S/C) angle ratio, spinal cord (SC) area, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) area, and CSF reserve ratio (CSF/CSF plus SC). Univariate multiple regression for Nurick grade as dependent factor was used. RESULTS Sixty-three patients and 34 men, with the mean age of 58.2 ± 11 years, were analysed. Significant differences were found for pLCC, SC area, C lordosis and CCA. The difference between F and E for C lordosis angle was 42.80° ± 14.4 and for CC angle 30.42° ± 9.6. The mean S/C angle ratio was calculated for 1.4 ± 1.3. Nurick grade positively correlated with age (p = 0.041) and S/C angle ratio (p = 0.011), negatively with SC area (p = 0.006) and flexion-extension difference of L value (0.004). CONCLUSIONS Severity of myelopathy correlates with age, spinal cord area on extension and reduced mobility of spinal cord. An association between spine/cervical cord angle mismatch and Nurick grade was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Tykocki
- Department of Musculoskeletal, Spinal Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Rd, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK.
| | - Johannes du Plessis
- Department of Neuroradiology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
| | - Guy Wynne-Jones
- Department of Musculoskeletal, Spinal Unit, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Queen Victoria Rd, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 4LP, UK
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Lin WS, Huang TF, Chuang TY, Lin CL, Kao CH. Association between Cervical Spondylosis and Migraine: A Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:ijerph15040587. [PMID: 29587400 PMCID: PMC5923629 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background: Few studies have investigated the longitudinal association between cervical spondylosis (CS) and migraine by using a nationwide population-based database. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study from 2000 to 2011 identifying 27,930 cases of cervical spondylosis and 111,720 control subjects (those without cervical spondylosis) from a single database. The subjects were frequency-matched on the basis of sex, age, and diagnosis date. The non- cervical spondylosis cohort was four times the size of the cervical spondylosis cohort. To quantify the effects of cervical spondylosis on the risk of migraine, univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were used to calculate the hazard ratio (HR), and 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: After a 10-year follow-up controlling for potential confounding factors, overall migraine incidence was higher in the cervical spondylosis cohort than in the non-cervical spondylosis cohort (5.16 and 2.09 per 1000 people per year, respectively; crude hazard ratio = 2.48, 95% confidence interval = 2.28-2.69), with an adjusted hazard ratio of 2.03 (95% confidence interval = 1.86-2.22) after accounting for sex, age, comorbidities, and medication. Individuals with myelopathy in the cervical spondylosis cohort had a 2.19 times (95% confidence interval = 1.80-2.66) higher incidence of migraine when compared than did those in the non- cervical spondylosis cohort. Conclusions: Individuals with cervical spondylosis exhibited a higher risk of migraine than those without cervical spondylosis. The migraine incidence rate was even higher among individuals with cervical spondylotic myelopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wang-Sheng Lin
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Tung-Fu Huang
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.
- Department of Orthopaedics & Traumatology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Tien-Yow Chuang
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 11217, Taiwan.
| | - Cheng-Li Lin
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
| | - Chia-Hung Kao
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science and School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, No. 2, Yuh-Der Road, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and PET Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan.
- Department of Bioinformatics and Medical Engineering, Asia University, Taichung 413, Taiwan.
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Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Basic experiments in a mouse model of ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL). OBJECTIVE To assess the osteogenic potential of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) obtained from muscle and adipose tissue in Tiptoe-walking (ttw) mice, in which cervical OPLL compresses the spinal cord and causes motor and sensory dysfunction. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA In humans, MSCs have been implicated in the pathogenesis of cervical OPLL. Cervical OPLL in ttw mice causes chronic compression of the spinal cord. Few studies have compared the MSC osteogenic potential with behavioral changes in an OPLL animal model. METHODS We compared the osteogenic potential and behavioral characteristics of MSCs from ttw mice (4 to 20 weeks old) with those from control wild-type mice (without hyperostosis). Ligament ossification was monitored by micro-computed tomography and pathology; tissues were double stained with fluorescent antibodies against markers for MSCs (CD45 and CD105), at 8 weeks. The Basso Mouse Scale was used to assess motor function, and heat and mechanical tests to assess sensory function. The osteogenic potential of adipose and muscle MSCs was assessed by Alizarin Red S absorbance, staining for osteogenic mineralization, and real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction for osteogenesis-related genes. RESULTS Spinal-ligament ossification began in ttw mice at 8 weeks of age, and the ossified area increased with age. Immunofluorescence staining identified MSCs in the ossification area. The ttw mice became hyposensitive at 8 weeks of age, and Basso Mouse Scale scores showed motor-function deficits starting at 12 weeks of age. Alizarin Red S staining for mineralization showed a higher osteogenic potential in the adipose- and muscle-derived MSCs from ttw mice than from wild-type mice at 4, 8, and 20 weeks of age. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction showed that ttw MSCs strongly expressed osteogenesis-related genes. CONCLUSION MSCs derived from muscle and adipose tissue in ttw mice had a high osteogenic potential. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE N/A.
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Roselli F, Karasu E, Volpe C, Huber-Lang M. Medusa's Head: The Complement System in Traumatic Brain and Spinal Cord Injury. J Neurotrauma 2017; 35:226-240. [PMID: 28816089 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2017.5168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) and spinal cord injury (SCI) are critical medical conditions and a public health problem for which limited therapeutic options are available. The complement cascade is activated after TBI and SCI, and the resulting effects have been investigated in gene-knockout and pharmacological models. Multiple experimental studies support a net detrimental role of C3 and C5 activation in the early stages of TBI and SCI. Less firm experimental evidence suggests that, downstream of C3/C5, effector mechanisms, including the generation of membrane-activated complex and direct damage to membranes and neutrophils infiltration, may bring about the direct damage of central nervous system tissue and enhancement of neuroinflammation. The role of upstream classical, alternative, or extrinsic complement activation cascades remains unclear. Although several issues remain to be investigated, current evidence supports the investigation of a number of complement-targeting agents targeting C3 or C5, such as eculizumab, for repurposing in TBI and SCI treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Roselli
- 1 Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
- 2 Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Ebru Karasu
- 3 Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, Medical School, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Clara Volpe
- 1 Department of Neurology, Medical School, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
| | - Markus Huber-Lang
- 3 Institute of Clinical and Experimental Trauma-Immunology, Medical School, University of Ulm , Ulm, Germany
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Abstract
Degenerative cervical myelopathy (DCM) is a common spinal cord disease caused by chronic mechanical compression of the spinal cord. The mechanism by which mechanical stress results in spinal cord injury is poorly understood. The most common mechanisms involved in the pathobiology of DCM include apoptosis, inflammation, and vascular changes leading to loss of neurons, axonal degeneration, and myelin changes. However, the exact pathophysiologic mechanisms of DCM are unclear. A better understanding of the pathogenesis of DCM is required for the development of treatments to improve outcomes. This review highlights the mechanisms of injury and pathology in DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhana Akter
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Ann McLaren Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site Box 213, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK.
| | - Mark Kotter
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, Ann McLaren Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine, University of Cambridge, West Forvie Building, Forvie Site Box 213, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0SZ, UK
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Lu J, Kishore U. C1 Complex: An Adaptable Proteolytic Module for Complement and Non-Complement Functions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:592. [PMID: 28596769 PMCID: PMC5442170 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Complement C1 is the defining component of the classical pathway. Within the C1qC1r2C1s2 complex, C1q functions as a molecular scaffold for C1r2C1s2 and C1q binding to its ligands activates these two serine proteases. The classic C1q ligands are antigen-bound antibodies and activated C1s cleaves C4 and C2 to initiate the complement cascade. Recent studies suggest broad C1 functions beyond the complement system. C1q binds to the Frizzled receptors to activate C1s, which cleaves lipoprotein receptor-related protein 6 to trigger aging-associated Wnt receptor signaling. C1q binds to apoptotic cells and the activated C1 proteases cleave nuclear antigens. C1s also cleaves MHC class I molecule and potentially numerous other proteins. The diversity of C1q ligands and C1 protease substrates renders C1 complex versatile and modular so that it can adapt to multiple molecular and cellular processes besides the complement system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Lu
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine and Immunology Programme, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Uday Kishore
- Department of Life Sciences, College of Health and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, Uxbridge, UK
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Association Between Microglia, Inflammatory Factors, and Complement with Loss of Hippocampal Mossy Fiber Synapses Induced by Trimethyltin. Neurotox Res 2016; 30:53-66. [PMID: 26892644 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-016-9606-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Complement-associated factors are implicated in pathogen presentation, neurodegeneration, and microglia resolution of tissue injury. To characterize complement activation with microglial clearance of degenerating mossy fiber boutons, hippocampal dentate granule neurons were ablated in CD-1 mice with trimethyltin (TMT; 2.2 mg/kg, i.p.). Neuronal apoptosis was accompanied by amoeboid microglia and elevations in tumor necrosis factor [Tnfa], interleukin 1β [Il1b], and Il6 mRNA and C1q protein. Inos mRNA levels were unaltered. Silver degeneration and synaptophysin staining indicated loss of synaptic innervation to CA3 pyramidal neurons. Reactive microglia with thickened bushy morphology showed co-localization of synaptophysin+ fragments. The initial response at 2 days post-TMT included transient elevations in Tnfa, Il1b, Il6, and Inos mRNA levels. A concurrent increase at 2 days was observed in arginase-1 [Arg1], Il10, transforming growth factor β1 [Tgfb1], and chitinase 3 like-3 [Ym1] mRNA levels. At 2 days, C1q protein was evident in the CA3 with elevated C1qa, C1qb, C3, Cr3a, and Cr3b mRNA levels. mRNA levels remained elevated at 5 days, returning to control by 14 days, corresponding to silver degeneration. mRNA levels for pentraxin3 (Ptx3) were elevated on day 2 and Ptx1 was not altered. Our data suggest an association between microglia reactivity, the induction of anti-inflammatory genes concurrent with pro-inflammatory genes and the expression of complement-associated factors with the degeneration of synapses following apoptotic neuronal loss.
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Wang C, Tian F, Zhou Y, He W, Cai Z. The incidence of cervical spondylosis decreases with aging in the elderly, and increases with aging in the young and adult population: a hospital-based clinical analysis. Clin Interv Aging 2016; 11:47-53. [PMID: 26834465 PMCID: PMC4716725 DOI: 10.2147/cia.s93118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Cervical spondylosis is well accepted as a common degenerative change in the cervical spine. Compelling evidence has shown that the incidence of cervical spondylosis increases with age. However, the relationship between age and the incidence of cervical spondylosis remains obscure. It is essential to note the relationship between age and the incidence of cervical spondylosis through more and more clinical data. Methods In the case-controlled study reported here, retrospective clinical analysis of 1,276 cases of cervical spondylosis has been conducted. We analyzed the general clinical data, the relationship between age and the incidence of cervical spondylosis, and the relationship between age-related risk factors and the incidence of cervical spondylosis. A chi-square test was used to analyze the associations between different variables. Statistical significance was defined as a P-value of less than 0.05. Results The imaging examination demonstrated the most prominent characteristic features of cervical spondylosis: bulge or herniation at C3-C4, C4-C5, and C5-C6. The incidence of cervical spondylosis increased with aging before age 50 years and decreased with aging after age 50 years, especially in the elderly after 60 years old. The occurrence rate of bulge or herniation at C3-C4, C4-C5, C5-C6, and C6-C7 increased with aging before age 50 years and decreased with aging after age 50 years, especially after 60 years. Moreover, the incidence of hyperosteogeny and spinal stenosis increased with aging before age 60 years and decreased with aging after age 60 years, although there was no obvious change in calcification. The age-related risk factors, such as hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes, cerebral infarct, cardiovascular diseases, smoking, and drinking, have no relationship with the incidence of cervical spondylosis. Conclusion A decreasing proportion of cervical spondylosis with aging occurs in the elderly, while the proportion of cervical spondylosis increases with aging in the young and the adults. This investigation implicates that aging is not only a contributor to the clinical performance of cervical spondylosis in the elderly, although the incidence of cervical spondylosis is proportional to the progress of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanling Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuming Tian
- Department of Neurology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Zhou
- Physical Examination Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo He
- Department of Neurology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan Renmin Hospital, Shiyan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
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Rabin BM, Poulose SM, Carrihill-Knoll KL, Ramirez F, Bielinski DF, Heroux N, Shukitt-Hale B. Acute Effects of Exposure to56Fe and16O Particles on Learning and Memory. Radiat Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1667/rr13935.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Shibata S, Murota Y, Nishimoto Y, Yoshimura M, Nagai T, Okano H, Siomi MC. Immuno-Electron Microscopy and Electron Microscopic In Situ Hybridization for Visualizing piRNA Biogenesis Bodies in Drosophila Ovaries. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1328:163-78. [PMID: 26324437 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2851-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Immuno-electron microscopy and electron microscopic in situ hybridization are powerful tools to identify the precise subcellular localization of specific proteins and RNAs at the ultramicroscopic level. Here we describe detailed procedures for how to detect the precise location of a specific target labeled with both fluorescence and gold particles. Although they have been developed for the analysis of Drosophila ovarian somatic cells, these techniques are suitable for a wide range of biological applications including human, primate, and rodent analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinsuke Shibata
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Keio University, Shinanomachi 35, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan,
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Shibata S, Komaki Y, Seki F, Inouye MO, Nagai T, Okano H. Connectomics: comprehensive approaches for whole-brain mapping. Microscopy (Oxf) 2014; 64:57-67. [DOI: 10.1093/jmicro/dfu103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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25
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Tian Y, Guo S. WITHDRAWN: Intrathecal siRNA against Cyr61 attenuates nociception in a rat model of inflammatory pain. Neurosci Lett 2014:S0304-3940(14)00755-1. [PMID: 25233865 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 08/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been withdrawn at the request of the author(s) and/or editor. The Publisher apologizes for any inconvenience this may cause. The full Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal can be found at http://www.elsevier.com/locate/withdrawalpolicy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Tian
- Department of Anesthesiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Shanbin Guo
- Pharmaceutical Department, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, China.
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