1
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Romerio F. Origin and functional role of antisense transcription in endogenous and exogenous retroviruses. Retrovirology 2023; 20:6. [PMID: 37194028 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-023-00622-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Most proteins expressed by endogenous and exogenous retroviruses are encoded in the sense (positive) strand of the genome and are under the control of regulatory elements within the 5' long terminal repeat (LTR). A number of retroviral genomes also encode genes in the antisense (negative) strand and their expression is under the control of negative sense promoters within the 3' LTR. In the case of the Human T-cell Lymphotropic Virus 1 (HTLV-1), the antisense protein HBZ has been shown to play a critical role in the virus lifecycle and in the pathogenic process, while the function of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 (HIV-1) antisense protein ASP remains unknown. However, the expression of 3' LTR-driven antisense transcripts is not always demonstrably associated with the presence of an antisense open reading frame encoding a viral protein. Moreover, even in the case of retroviruses that do express an antisense protein, such as HTLV-1 and the pandemic strains of HIV-1, the 3' LTR-driven antisense transcript shows both protein-coding and noncoding activities. Indeed, the ability to express antisense transcripts appears to be phylogenetically more widespread among endogenous and exogenous retroviruses than the presence of a functional antisense open reading frame within these transcripts. This suggests that retroviral antisense transcripts may have originated as noncoding molecules with regulatory activity that in some cases later acquired protein-coding function. Here, we will review examples of endogenous and exogenous retroviral antisense transcripts, and the ways through which they benefit viral persistence in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Romerio
- Department of Molecular and Comparative Pathobiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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2
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Casseb J, Lopes LR. Reflection About the Ancient Emergence of HTLV-2 Infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2022; 38:933-938. [PMID: 35833459 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2022.0019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
During millions of years, viruses have emerged and reemerged, with imbalance of photogenicity and transmissivity overtime. This letter describes that sometimes the nomenclature is uncertain what may actually happen during retrovirus evolution nowadays. This article discusses a possibility that human T-lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) has been processed to incorporate the human genome in the last millions of years. Persistent viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1), HIV-2, and human T cell lymphotropic type 2 may also have potential of endogenization instead of a cytolytic process in a long time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Casseb
- Laboratory of Dermatology and Immunodeficiencies, Department of Dermatology, University of São Paulo Medical School, Brazil/Institute of Tropical Medicine of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luciano Rodrigo Lopes
- Bioinformatics and Biomedical Data Science Division, Health Informatics Department, Federal University of Sao Paulo-Unifesp, São Paulo, Brazil
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3
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Cagliani R, Mozzi A, Pontremoli C, Sironi M. Evolution and Origin of Human Viruses. Virology 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/9781119818526.ch8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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4
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van der Kuyl AC. Contemporary Distribution, Estimated Age, and Prehistoric Migrations of Old World Monkey Retroviruses. EPIDEMIOLGIA (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 2:46-67. [PMID: 36417189 PMCID: PMC9620922 DOI: 10.3390/epidemiologia2010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Old World monkeys (OWM), simians inhabiting Africa and Asia, are currently affected by at least four infectious retroviruses, namely, simian foamy virus (SFV), simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV), and simian type D retrovirus (SRV). OWM also show chromosomal evidence of having been infected in the past with four more retroviral species, baboon endogenous virus (BaEV), Papio cynocephalus endogenous virus (PcEV), simian endogenous retrovirus (SERV), and Rhesus endogenous retrovirus-K (RhERV-K/SERV-K1). For some of the viruses, transmission to other primates still occurs, resulting, for instance, in the HIV pandemic. Retroviruses are intimately connected with their host as they are normally spread by close contact. In this review, an attempt to reconstruct the distribution and history of OWM retroviruses will be made. A literature overview of the species infected by any of the eight retroviruses as well as an age estimation of the pathogens will be given. In addition, primate genomes from databases have been re-analyzed for the presence of endogenous retrovirus integrations. Results suggest that some of the oldest retroviruses, SERV and PcEV, have travelled with their hosts to Asia during the Miocene, when a higher global temperature allowed simian expansions. In contrast, younger viruses, such as SIV and SRV, probably due to the lack of a primate continuum between the continents in later times, have been restricted to Africa and Asia, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoinette C van der Kuyl
- Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Department of Medical Microbiology, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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5
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Omsland M, Silic-Benussi M, Moles R, Sarkis S, Purcell DFJ, Yurick D, Khoury G, D'Agostino DM, Ciminale V, Franchini G. Functional properties and sequence variation of HTLV-1 p13. Retrovirology 2020; 17:11. [PMID: 32398094 PMCID: PMC7218495 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-020-00517-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus type-1 (HTLV-1) was the first retrovirus found to cause cancer in humans, but the mechanisms that drive the development of leukemia and other diseases associated with HTLV-1 infection remain to be fully understood. This review describes the functional properties of p13, an 87-amino acid protein coded by HTLV-1 open reading frame II (orf-II). p13 is mainly localized in the inner membrane of the mitochondria, where it induces potassium (K+) influx and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, which can trigger either proliferation or apoptosis, depending on the ROS setpoint of the cell. Recent evidence indicates that p13 may influence the cell’s innate immune response to viral infection and the infected cell phenotype. Association of the HTLV-1 transcriptional activator, Tax, with p13 increases p13’s stability, leads to its partial co-localization with Tax in nuclear speckles, and reduces the ability of Tax to interact with the transcription cofactor CBP/p300. Comparison of p13 sequences isolated from HTLV-1-infected individuals revealed a small number of amino acid variations in the domains controlling the subcellular localization of the protein. Disruptive mutations of p13 were found in samples obtained from asymptomatic patients with low proviral load. p13 sequences of HTLV-1 subtype C isolates from indigenous Australian patients showed a high degree of identity among each other, with all samples containing a pattern of 5 amino acids that distinguished them from other subtypes. Further characterization of p13’s functional properties and sequence variants may lead to a deeper understanding of the impact of p13 as a contributor to the clinical manifestations of HTLV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Omsland
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ramona Moles
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarkis Sarkis
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Damian F J Purcell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David Yurick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Georges Khoury
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Genoveffa Franchini
- Animal Models and Retroviral Vaccines Section, Vaccine Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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6
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Afonso PV, Cassar O, Gessain A. Molecular epidemiology, genetic variability and evolution of HTLV-1 with special emphasis on African genotypes. Retrovirology 2019; 16:39. [PMID: 31842895 PMCID: PMC6916231 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-019-0504-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia virus (HTLV-1) is an oncoretrovirus that infects at least 10 million people worldwide. HTLV-1 exhibits a remarkable genetic stability, however, viral strains have been classified in several genotypes and subgroups, which often mirror the geographic origin of the viral strain. The Cosmopolitan genotype HTLV-1a, can be subdivided into geographically related subgroups, e.g. Transcontinental (a-TC), Japanese (a-Jpn), West-African (a-WA), North-African (a-NA), and Senegalese (a-Sen). Within each subgroup, the genetic diversity is low. Genotype HTLV-1b is found in Central Africa; it is the major genotype in Gabon, Cameroon and Democratic Republic of Congo. While strains from the HTLV-1d genotype represent only a few percent of the strains present in Central African countries, genotypes -e, -f, and -g have been only reported sporadically in particular in Cameroon Gabon, and Central African Republic. HTLV-1c genotype, which is found exclusively in Australo-Melanesia, is the most divergent genotype. This reflects an ancient speciation, with a long period of isolation of the infected populations in the different islands of this region (Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands and Vanuatu archipelago). Until now, no viral genotype or subgroup is associated with a specific HTLV-1-associated disease. HTLV-1 originates from a simian reservoir (STLV-1); it derives from interspecies zoonotic transmission from non-human primates to humans (ancient or recent). In this review, we describe the genetic diversity of HTLV-1, and analyze the molecular mechanisms that are at play in HTLV-1 evolution. Similar to other retroviruses, HTLV-1 evolves either through accumulation of point mutations or recombination. Molecular studies point to a fairly low evolution rate of HTLV-1 (between 5.6E−7 and 1.5E−6 substitutions/site/year), supposedly because the virus persists within the host via clonal expansion (instead of new infectious cycles that use reverse transcriptase).
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe V Afonso
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
| | - Olivier Cassar
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, CRNS-UMR 3569, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, Bâtiment Lwoff, 28 rue du Dr. Roux, 75724, Paris cedex 15, France.
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7
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Affram Y, Zapata JC, Gholizadeh Z, Tolbert WD, Zhou W, Iglesias-Ussel MD, Pazgier M, Ray K, Latinovic OS, Romerio F. The HIV-1 Antisense Protein ASP Is a Transmembrane Protein of the Cell Surface and an Integral Protein of the Viral Envelope. J Virol 2019; 93:e00574-19. [PMID: 31434734 PMCID: PMC6803264 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00574-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The negative strand of HIV-1 encodes a highly hydrophobic antisense protein (ASP) with no known homologs. The presence of humoral and cellular immune responses to ASP in HIV-1 patients indicates that ASP is expressed in vivo, but its role in HIV-1 replication remains unknown. We investigated ASP expression in multiple chronically infected myeloid and lymphoid cell lines using an anti-ASP monoclonal antibody (324.6) in combination with flow cytometry and microscopy approaches. At baseline and in the absence of stimuli, ASP shows polarized subnuclear distribution, preferentially in areas with low content of suppressive epigenetic marks. However, following treatment with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA), ASP translocates to the cytoplasm and is detectable on the cell surface, even in the absence of membrane permeabilization, indicating that 324.6 recognizes an ASP epitope that is exposed extracellularly. Further, surface staining with 324.6 and anti-gp120 antibodies showed that ASP and gp120 colocalize, suggesting that ASP might become incorporated in the membranes of budding virions. Indeed, fluorescence correlation spectroscopy studies showed binding of 324.6 to cell-free HIV-1 particles. Moreover, 324.6 was able to capture and retain HIV-1 virions with efficiency similar to that of the anti-gp120 antibody VRC01. Our studies indicate that ASP is an integral protein of the plasma membranes of chronically infected cells stimulated with PMA, and upon viral budding, ASP becomes a structural protein of the HIV-1 envelope. These results may provide leads to investigate the possible role of ASP in the virus replication cycle and suggest that ASP may represent a new therapeutic or vaccine target.IMPORTANCE The HIV-1 genome contains a gene expressed in the opposite, or antisense, direction to all other genes. The protein product of this antisense gene, called ASP, is poorly characterized, and its role in viral replication remains unknown. We provide evidence that the antisense protein, ASP, of HIV-1 is found within the cell nucleus in unstimulated cells. In addition, we show that after PMA treatment, ASP exits the nucleus and localizes on the cell membrane. Moreover, we demonstrate that ASP is present on the surfaces of viral particles. Altogether, our studies identify ASP as a new structural component of HIV-1 and show that ASP is an accessory protein that promotes viral replication. The presence of ASP on the surfaces of both infected cells and viral particles might be exploited therapeutically.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Affram
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Zahra Gholizadeh
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - William D Tolbert
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Wei Zhou
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Maria D Iglesias-Ussel
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Marzena Pazgier
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Krishanu Ray
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Olga S Latinovic
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Fabio Romerio
- Institute of Human Virology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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8
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D'Agostino DM, Cavallari I, Romanelli MG, Ciminale V. Post-transcriptional Regulation of HTLV Gene Expression: Rex to the Rescue. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:1958. [PMID: 31507567 PMCID: PMC6714889 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.01958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and other members of the Deltaretrovirus genus code for a regulatory protein named Rex that binds to the Rex-responsive element present on viral mRNAs. Rex rescues viral mRNAs from complete splicing or degradation and guides them to the cytoplasm for translation. The activity of Rex is essential for expression of viral transcripts coding for the virion components and thus represents a potential target for virus eradication. We present an overview of the functional properties of the HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 Rex proteins (Rex-1 and Rex-2), outline mechanisms controlling Rex function, and discuss similarities and differences in the sequences of Rex coded by HTLV-1, -2, -3, and -4 that may influence their molecular anatomy and functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Maria Grazia Romanelli
- Section of Biology and Genetics, Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Ciminale
- Istituto Oncologico Veneto IOV - IRCCS, Padua, Italy.,Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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9
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Shankar A, Sibley SD, Goldberg TL, Switzer WM. Molecular Analysis of the Complete Genome of a Simian Foamy Virus Infecting Hylobates pileatus (pileated gibbon) Reveals Ancient Co-Evolution with Lesser Apes. Viruses 2019; 11:E605. [PMID: 31277268 PMCID: PMC6669568 DOI: 10.3390/v11070605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Foamy viruses (FVs) are complex retroviruses present in many mammals, including nonhuman primates, where they are called simian foamy viruses (SFVs). SFVs can zoonotically infect humans, but very few complete SFV genomes are available, hampering the design of diagnostic assays. Gibbons are lesser apes widespread across Southeast Asia that can be infected with SFV, but only two partial SFV sequences are currently available. We used a metagenomics approach with next-generation sequencing of nucleic acid extracted from the cell culture of a blood specimen from a lesser ape, the pileated gibbon (Hylobates pileatus), to obtain the complete SFVhpi_SAM106 genome. We used Bayesian analysis to co-infer phylogenetic relationships and divergence dates. SFVhpi_SAM106 is ancestral to other ape SFVs with a divergence date of ~20.6 million years ago, reflecting ancient co-evolution of the host and SFVhpi_SAM106. Analysis of the complete SFVhpi_SAM106 genome shows that it has the same genetic architecture as other SFVs but has the longest recorded genome (13,885-nt) due to a longer long terminal repeat region (2,071 bp). The complete sequence of the SFVhpi_SAM106 genome fills an important knowledge gap in SFV genetics and will facilitate future studies of FV infection, transmission, and evolutionary history.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
| | - Samuel D Sibley
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Tony L Goldberg
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA.
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10
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Mancarella A, Procopio FA, Achsel T, De Crignis E, Foley BT, Corradin G, Bagni C, Pantaleo G, Graziosi C. Detection of antisense protein (ASP) RNA transcripts in individuals infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). J Gen Virol 2019; 100:863-876. [PMID: 30896385 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The detection of antisense RNA is hampered by reverse transcription (RT) non-specific priming, due to the ability of RNA secondary structures to prime RT in the absence of specific primers. The detection of antisense RNA by conventional RT-PCR does not allow assessment of the polarity of the initial RNA template, causing the amplification of non-specific cDNAs. In this study we have developed a modified protocol for the detection of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) antisense protein (ASP) RNA. Using this approach, we have identified ASP transcripts in CD4+ T cells isolated from five HIV-infected individuals, either untreated or under suppressive therapy. We show that ASP RNA can be detected in stimulated CD4+ T cells from both groups of patients, but not in unstimulated cells. We also show that in untreated patients, the patterns of expression of ASP and env are very similar, with the levels of ASP RNA being markedly lower than those of env. Treatment of cells from one viraemic patient with α-amanitin greatly reduces the rate of ASP RNA synthesis, suggesting that it is associated with RNA polymerase II, the central enzyme in the transcription of protein-coding genes. Our data represent the first nucleotide sequences obtained in patients for ASP, demonstrating that its transcription indeed occurs in those HIV-1 lineages in which the ASP open reading frame is present.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mancarella
- 1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | | | - Tilmann Achsel
- 2Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisa De Crignis
- 3Department of Biochemistry, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,†Present address: Clinical Trial Office, CRO Aviano National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Brian T Foley
- 4Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratories, Los Alamos, New Mexico, USA
| | | | - Claudia Bagni
- 2Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- 1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
| | - Cecilia Graziosi
- 1Division of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, Switzerland
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11
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Complete Genome Sequence of the African Green Monkey Simian Foamy Virus Serotype 3 Strain FV2014 (SFVcae_FV2014). GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2018; 6:6/3/e01437-17. [PMID: 29348335 PMCID: PMC5773720 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.01437-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
The full-length sequence of simian foamy virus serotype 3 (SFV-3) strain FV2014, an African green monkey (Chlorocebus aethiops) isolate, was obtained using high-throughput sequencing. SFVcae_FV2014 consisted of 13,127 bp and had a genomic organization similar to those of other SFVs but was distinct from SFV strain LK3, isolated from the same monkey species.
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12
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Zhang LL, Wei JY, Wang L, Huang SL, Chen JL. Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 and its oncogenesis. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2017; 38:1093-1103. [PMID: 28392570 PMCID: PMC5547553 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2017.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), a rapidly progressing clonal malignancy of CD4+ T lymphocytes. Exploring the host-HTLV-1 interactions and the molecular mechanisms underlying HTLV-1-mediated tumorigenesis is critical for developing efficient therapies against the viral infection and associated leukemia/lymphoma. It has been demonstrated to date that several HTLV-1 proteins play key roles in the cellular transformation and immortalization of infected T lymphocytes. Of note, the HTLV-1 oncoprotein Tax inhibits the innate IFN response through interaction with MAVS, STING and RIP1, causing the suppression of TBK1-mediated phosphorylation of IRF3/IRF7. The HTLV-1 protein HBZ disrupts genomic integrity and inhibits apoptosis and autophagy of the target cells. Furthermore, it is revealed that HBZ enhances the proliferation of ATL cells and facilitates evasion of the infected cells from immunosurveillance. These studies provide insights into the molecular mechanisms by which HTLV-1 mediates the formation of cancer as well as useful strategies for the development of new therapeutic interventions against ATL. In this article, we review the recent advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis, the underlying mechanisms, clinical diagnosis and treatment of the disease caused by HTLV-1 infection. In addition, we discuss the future direction for targeting HTLV-1-associated cancers and strategies against HTLV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-lan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Jing-yun Wei
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Long Wang
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Shi-le Huang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Ji-long Chen
- Key Laboratory of Fujian-Taiwan Animal Pathogen Biology, College of Animal Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogenic Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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13
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Discovery of an endogenous Deltaretrovirus in the genome of long-fingered bats (Chiroptera: Miniopteridae). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:3145-3150. [PMID: 28280099 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1621224114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses can create endogenous forms on infiltration into the germline cells of their hosts. These forms are then vertically transmitted and can be considered as genetic fossils of ancient viruses. All retrovirus genera, with the exception of deltaretroviruses, have had their representation identified in the host genome as a virus fossil record. Here we describe an endogenous Deltaretrovirus, identified in the germline of long-fingered bats (Miniopteridae). A single, heavily deleted copy of this retrovirus has been found in the genome of miniopterid species, but not in the genomes of the phylogenetically closest bat families, Vespertilionidae and Cistugonidae. Therefore, the endogenization occurred in a time interval between 20 and 45 million years ago. This discovery closes the last major gap in the retroviral fossil record and provides important insights into the history of deltaretroviruses in mammals.
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14
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Manghera M, Magnusson A, Douville RN. The sense behind retroviral anti-sense transcription. Virol J 2017; 14:9. [PMID: 28088235 PMCID: PMC5237517 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-016-0667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses are known to rely extensively on the expression of viral proteins from the sense proviral genomic strand. Yet, the production of regulatory retroviral proteins from antisense-encoded viral genes is gaining research attention, due to their clinical significance. This report will discuss what is known about antisense transcription in Retroviridae, and provide new information about antisense transcriptional regulation through a comparison of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Human T-cell Lymphotrophic Virus (HTLV-1) and endogenous retrovirus-K (ERVK) long terminal repeats (LTRs). We will attempt to demonstrate that the potential for antisense transcription is more widespread within retroviruses than has been previously appreciated, with this feature being the rule, rather than the exception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mamneet Manghera
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Alycia Magnusson
- Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Renée N Douville
- Department of Immunology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada. .,Department of Biology, The University of Winnipeg, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.
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Reid MJC, Switzer WM, Schillaci MA, Ragonnet-Cronin M, Joanisse I, Caminiti K, Lowenberger CA, Galdikas BMF, Sandstrom PA, Brooks JI. Detailed phylogenetic analysis of primate T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (PTLV-1) sequences from orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) reveals new insights into the evolutionary history of PTLV-1 in Asia. INFECTION, GENETICS AND EVOLUTION : JOURNAL OF MOLECULAR EPIDEMIOLOGY AND EVOLUTIONARY GENETICS IN INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2016; 43:434-50. [PMID: 27245152 PMCID: PMC11332081 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
While human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) originates from ancient cross-species transmission of simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (STLV-1) from infected nonhuman primates, much debate exists on whether the first HTLV-1 occurred in Africa, or in Asia during early human evolution and migration. This topic is complicated by a lack of representative Asian STLV-1 to infer PTLV-1 evolutionary histories. In this study we obtained new STLV-1 LTR and tax sequences from a wild-born Bornean orangutan (Pongo pygmaeus) and performed detailed phylogenetic analyses using both maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference of available Asian PTLV-1 and African STLV-1 sequences. Phylogenies, divergence dates and nucleotide substitution rates were co-inferred and compared using six different molecular clock calibrations in a Bayesian framework, including both archaeological and/or nucleotide substitution rate calibrations. We then combined our molecular results with paleobiogeographical and ecological data to infer the most likely evolutionary history of PTLV-1. Based on the preferred models our analyses robustly inferred an Asian source for PTLV-1 with cross-species transmission of STLV-1 likely from a macaque (Macaca sp.) to an orangutan about 37.9-48.9kya, and to humans between 20.3-25.5kya. An orangutan diversification of STLV-1 commenced approximately 6.4-7.3kya. Our analyses also inferred that HTLV-1 was first introduced into Australia ~3.1-3.7kya, corresponding to both genetic and archaeological changes occurring in Australia at that time. Finally, HTLV-1 appears in Melanesia at ~2.3-2.7kya corresponding to the migration of the Lapita peoples into the region. Our results also provide an important future reference for calibrating information essential for PTLV evolutionary timescale inference. Longer sequence data, or full genomes from a greater representation of Asian primates, including gibbons, leaf monkeys, and Sumatran orangutans are needed to fully elucidate these evolutionary dates and relationships using the model criteria suggested herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J C Reid
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA 30329.
| | - Michael A Schillaci
- Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Scarborough, Ontario M1C 1A4, Canada; Department of Anthropology, University of Toronto, 19 Russell Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2, Canada.
| | - Manon Ragonnet-Cronin
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, West Mains Road, Edinburgh EH9 3JT, United Kingdom.
| | - Isabelle Joanisse
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3L5, Canada
| | - Kyna Caminiti
- Centre for Biosecurity, Public Health Agency of Canada, 100 Colonnade Road, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Carl A Lowenberger
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada.
| | - Birute Mary F Galdikas
- Department of Archaeology, Simon Fraser University, 8888 University Drive, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A 1S6, Canada; Orangutan Foundation International, 824 S. Wellesley Ave., Los Angeles, CA 90049, USA.
| | - Paul A Sandstrom
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
| | - James I Brooks
- National HIV & Retrovirology Laboratories, JC Wilt Infectious Diseases Research Centre, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, 745 Logan Avenue, Winnipeg, Manitoba, R3E 3L5, Canada.
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16
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Richard L, Mouinga-Ondémé A, Betsem E, Filippone C, Nerrienet E, Kazanji M, Gessain A. Zoonotic Transmission of Two New Strains of Human T-lymphotropic Virus Type 4 in Hunters Bitten by a Gorilla in Central Africa. Clin Infect Dis 2016; 63:800-803. [DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciw389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
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17
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Ahuka-Mundeke S, Lunguya-Metila O, Mbenzo-Abokome V, Butel C, Inogwabini BI, Omasombo V, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Georgiev AV, Muller MN, Ndjango JBN, Li Y, Delaporte E, Hahn BH, Peeters M, Ayouba A. Genetic diversity of STLV-2 and interspecies transmission of STLV-3 in wild-living bonobos. Virus Evol 2016; 2:vew011. [PMID: 27774304 PMCID: PMC4900509 DOI: 10.1093/ve/vew011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
There are currently four known primate T-cell lymphotropic virus groups (PTLV1-4), each of which comprises closely related simian (STLV) and human (HTLV) viruses. For PTLV-1 and PTLV-3, simian and human viruses are interspersed, suggesting multiple cross-species transmission events; however, for PTLV-2 this is not so clear because HTLV-2 and STLV-2 strains from captive bonobos (Pan paniscus) form two distinct clades. To determine to what extent bonobos are naturally infected with STLV, we screened fecal samples (n = 633) from wild-living bonobos (n = 312) at six different sites in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) for the presence of STLV nucleic acids. STLV infection was detected in 8 of 312 bonobos at four of six field sites, suggesting an overall prevalence of 2.6% (ranging from 0 to 8%). Six samples contained STLV-2, while the two others contained STLV-3, as determined by phylogenetic analysis of partial tax and Long Terminal Repeats (LTR) sequences. The new STLV-2 sequences were highly diverse, but grouped with previously identified STLV-2 strains as a sister clade to HTLV-2. In contrast, the new STLV-3 sequences did not cluster together, but were more closely related to STLVs from sympatric monkey species. These results show for the first time that fecal samples can be used to detect STLV infection in apes. These results also show that wild-living bonobos are endemically infected with STLV-2, but have acquired STLV-3 on at least two occasions most likely by cross-species transmission from monkey species on which they prey. Future studies of bonobos and other non-human primate species in Central Africa are needed to identify the simian precursor of HTLV-2 in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France; Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Octavie Lunguya-Metila
- Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | | | - Christelle Butel
- Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France
| | | | - Valentin Omasombo
- Institut Congolais de Conservation de la Nature (ICCN), Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherches Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo; Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Alexander V Georgiev
- Department of Anthropology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Department of Human Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Martin N Muller
- Department of Anthropology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA
| | - Jean-Bosco N Ndjango
- Department of Ecology and Management of Plant and Animal Resources, Faculty of Sciences, University of Kisangani, Kisangani, Democratic Republic of the Congo
| | - Yingying Li
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eric Delaporte
- Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Martine Peeters
- Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- Unité Mixte Internationale 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, INSERM U1175, and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, 34394, France
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Rego FFDA, de Oliveira T, Giovanetti M, Galvão-Castro B, Gonçalves MDS, Alcantara LC. Deep Sequencing Analysis of Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1 Long Terminal Repeat 5' Region from Patients with Tropical Spastic Paraparesis/Human T Cell Lymphotropic Virus Type 1-Associated Myelopathy and Asymptomatic Carriers. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2016; 32:279-83. [PMID: 26472535 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2015.0273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to analyze patients by deep sequencing the human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) long terminal repeat (LTR) region in order to determine if minor and/or major mutations in this promoter region might be associated with tropical spastic paraparesis (TSP)/human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1-associated myelopathy (HAM) outcome or proviral load or HTLV-1 expression. This study is a cross-sectional analyze of 29 HTLV-1-infected patients with TSP/HAM or asymptomatic carriers. Proviral DNA from those subjects was submitted to a nested PCR for the HTLV-1 LTR5' region. The HTLV-1 LTR5' purified products were submitted to deep sequencing using the Ion Torrent sequencing technology (Life Technologies, Carlsbad, CA). We found that samples with low proviral load showed more detected minor mutations than the samples with high proviral load. Mutations in 136 positions were found over the 520-bp analyzed fragment of HTLV-1 LTR5' with at least 1% frequency. Eleven mutations were present in the previously determined major transcription factor binding sites (TFBS) and in more than one patient, indicating that there might be a differential HTLV-1 expression comparing individuals or in comparing different cells from the same individual. Three mutations were statistically significant using the Fisher nonparametric test between the groups but were not present in previously determined TFBS (G126C/T, G306C, and C479T). Those mutations that were not present in previously determined TFBS were statistically significant in this study and were most frequent in patients with low proviral load or in asymptomatic carriers. Although those mutations were not present in previously determined TFBS, one of those mutations (G306C/A) was present in an Sp-1 binding site determined by in silico analysis, and its presence abrogated the site for Sp-1 binding and created a new possible ATF binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Ferreira de Almeida Rego
- Laboratory of Hematology, Genetic and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (LHGB/CPqGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Study, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Universidade Católica do Salvador, Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Tulio de Oliveira
- Africa Centre for Health and Population Study, University of KwaZulu-Natal, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Marta Giovanetti
- Laboratory of Hematology, Genetic and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (LHGB/CPqGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | | | - Marilda de Souza Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Hematology, Genetic and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (LHGB/CPqGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luiz Carlos Alcantara
- Laboratory of Hematology, Genetic and Computational Biology, Gonçalo Moniz Research Center, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (LHGB/CPqGM/FIOCRUZ), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
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Discovery and characterization of auxiliary proteins encoded by type 3 simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses. J Virol 2014; 89:931-51. [PMID: 25355890 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.02150-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 encode auxiliary proteins that play important roles in viral replication, viral latency, and immune escape. The presence of auxiliary protein-encoding open reading frames (ORFs) in HTLV-3, the latest HTLV to be discovered, is unknown. Simian T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) is almost identical to HTLV-3. Given the lack of HTLV-3-infected cell lines, we took advantage of STLV-3-infected cells and of an STLV-3 molecular clone to search for the presence of auxiliary transcripts. Using reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR), we first uncovered the presence of three unknown viral mRNAs encoding putative proteins of 5, 8, and 9 kDa and confirmed the presence of the previously reported RorfII transcript. The existence of these viral mRNAs was confirmed by using splice site-specific RT-PCR with ex vivo samples. We showed that p5 is distributed throughout the cell and does not colocalize with a specific organelle. The p9 localization is similar to that of HTLV-1 p12 and induced a strong decrease in the calreticulin signal, similarly to HTLV-1 p12. Although p8, RorfII, and Rex-3 share an N-terminal sequence that is predicted to contain a nucleolar localization signal (NoLS), only p8 is found in the nucleolus. The p8 location in the nucleolus is linked to a bipartite NoLS. p8 and, to a lesser extent, p9 repressed viral expression but did not alter Rex-3-dependent mRNA export. Using a transformation assay, we finally showed that none of the STLV-3 auxiliary proteins had the ability to induce colony formation, while both Tax-3 and antisense protein of HTLV-3 (APH-3) promoted cellular transformation. Altogether, these results complete the characterization of the newly described primate T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (PTLV-3). IMPORTANCE Together with their simian counterparts, HTLVs form the primate T-lymphotropic viruses. HTLVs arose from interspecies transmission between nonhuman primates and humans. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 encode auxiliary proteins that play important roles in viral replication, viral latency, and immune escape. The presence of ORFs encoding auxiliary proteins in HTLV-3 or STLV-3 genomes was unknown. Using in silico analyses, ex vivo samples, or in vitro experiments, we have uncovered the presence of 3 previously unknown viral mRNAs encoding putative proteins and confirmed the presence of a previously reported viral transcript. We characterized the intracellular localization of the four proteins. We showed that two of these proteins repress viral expression but that none of them have the ability to induce colony formation. However, both Tax and the antisense protein APH-3 promote cell transformation. Our results allowed us to characterize 4 new retroviral proteins for the first time.
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20
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Human T-cell leukemia virus type 3 (HTLV-3) and HTLV-4 antisense-transcript-encoded proteins interact and transactivate Jun family-dependent transcription via their atypical bZIP motif. J Virol 2014; 88:8956-70. [PMID: 24872589 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01094-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus types 3 and 4 (HTLV-3 and HTLV-4) are recently isolated retroviruses. We have previously characterized HTLV-3- and HTLV-4-encoded antisense genes, termed APH-3 and APH-4, respectively, which, in contrast to HBZ, the HTLV-1 homologue, do not contain a typical bZIP domain (M. Larocque É Halin, S. Landry, S. J. Marriott, W. M. Switzer, and B. Barbeau, J. Virol. 85:12673-12685, 2011, doi:10.1128/JVI.05296-11). As HBZ differentially modulates the transactivation potential of various Jun family members, the effect of APH-3 and APH-4 on JunD-, c-Jun-, and JunB-mediated transcriptional activation was investigated. We first showed that APH-3 and APH-4 upregulated the transactivation potential of all tested Jun family members. Using an human telomerase catalytic subunit (hTERT) promoter construct, our results also highlighted that, unlike HBZ, which solely modulates hTERT expression via JunD, both APH-3 and APH-4 acted positively on the transactivation of the hTERT promoter mediated by tested Jun factors. Coimmunoprecipitation experiments demonstrated that these Jun proteins interacted with APH-3 and APH-4. Although no activation domain was identified for APH proteins, the activation domain of c-Jun was very important in the observed upregulation of its activation potential. We further showed that APH-3 and APH-4 required their putative bZIP-like domains and corresponding leucine residues for interaction and modulation of the transactivation potential of Jun factors. Our results demonstrate that HTLV-encoded antisense proteins behave differently, and that the bZIP-like domains of both APH-3 and APH-4 have retained their interaction potential for Jun members. These studies are important in assessing the differences between HBZ and other antisense proteins, which might further contribute to determining the role of HBZ in HTLV-1-associated diseases. IMPORTANCE HBZ, the antisense transcript-encoded protein from HTLV-1, is now well recognized as a potential factor for adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma development. In order to better appreciate the mechanism of action of HBZ, comparison to antisense proteins from other HTLV viruses is important. Little is known in relation to the seemingly nonpathogenic HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses, and studies of their antisense proteins are limited to our previously reported study (M. Larocque É Halin, S. Landry, S. J. Marriott, W. M. Switzer, and B. Barbeau, J. Virol. 85:12673-12685, 2011, doi:10.1128/JVI.05296-11). Here, we demonstrate that Jun transcription factors are differently affected by APH-3 and APH-4 compared to HBZ. These intriguing findings suggest that these proteins act differently on viral replication but also on cellular gene expression, and that highlighting their differences of action might lead to important information allowing us to understand the link between HTLV-1 HBZ and ATL in infected individuals.
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Barbeau B, Hiscott J, Bazarbachi A, Carvalho E, Jones K, Martin F, Matsuoka M, Murphy EL, Ratner L, Switzer WM, Watanabe T. Conference highlights of the 16th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and related retroviruses, 26-30 June 2013, Montreal, Canada. Retrovirology 2014; 11:19. [PMID: 24558960 PMCID: PMC3939404 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
The 16th International Conference on Human Retrovirology: HTLV and Related Retroviruses was held in Montreal, Québec from June 26th to June 30th, 2013 and was therefore hosted by a Canadian city for the first time. The major topic of the meeting was human T-lymphotropic viruses (HTLVs) and was covered through distinct oral and poster presentation sessions: clinical research, animal models, immunology, molecular and cellular biology, human endogenous and emerging exogenous retroviruses and virology. In this review, highlights of the meeting are provided by different experts for each of these research areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Barbeau
- Département des sciences biologiques and BioMed Research Center, Université du Québec à Montréal, Room SB-3335, 2080 St-Urbain, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - John Hiscott
- VGTI Florida, Port St., Lucie, FL, USA
- Lady Davis Insitute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ali Bazarbachi
- Department of Internal Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Edgar Carvalho
- Immunology Department, Universidade Federal da Bahia (UFBA), Salvador, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Kathryn Jones
- Basic Research Program, Cancer and Inflammation Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Fabiola Martin
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull and York Medical School, University of York, York, UK
| | - Masao Matsuoka
- Laboratory of Virus Control, Institute for Virus Research, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Edward L Murphy
- University of California San Francisco and Blood Systems Research Institute, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Lee Ratner
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Toshiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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22
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LeBreton M, Switzer WM, Djoko CF, Gillis A, Jia H, Sturgeon MM, Shankar A, Zheng H, Nkeunen G, Tamoufe U, Nana A, Le Doux Diffo J, Tafon B, Kiyang J, Schneider BS, Burke DS, Wolfe ND. A gorilla reservoir for human T-lymphotropic virus type 4. Emerg Microbes Infect 2014; 3:e7. [PMID: 26038495 PMCID: PMC3913825 DOI: 10.1038/emi.2014.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Of the seven known species of human retroviruses only one, human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 4 (HTLV-4), lacks a known animal reservoir. We report the largest screening for simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV-4) to date in a wide range of captive and wild non-human primate (NHP) species from Cameroon. Among the 681 wild and 426 captive NHPs examined, we detected STLV-4 infection only among gorillas by using HTLV-4-specific quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The large number of samples analyzed, the diversity of NHP species examined, the geographic distribution of infected animals relative to the known HTLV-4 case, as well as detailed phylogenetic analyses on partial and full genomes, indicate that STLV-4 is endemic to gorillas, and that rather than being an ancient virus among humans, HTLV-4 emerged from a gorilla reservoir, likely through the hunting and butchering of wild gorillas. Our findings shed further light on the importance of gorillas as keystone reservoirs for the evolution and emergence of human infectious diseases and provide a clear course for preventing HTLV-4 emergence through management of human contact with wild gorillas, the development of improved assays for HTLV-4/STLV-4 detection and the ongoing monitoring of STLV-4 among gorillas and for HTLV-4 zoonosis among individuals exposed to gorilla populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew LeBreton
- Mosaic, (Environment, Health, Data, Technology) , Yaoundé, Cameroon ; Global Viral Cameroon , BP 7039 Yaounde, Cameroon ; Metabiota , San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - William M Switzer
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | - Amethyst Gillis
- Global Viral Cameroon , BP 7039 Yaounde, Cameroon ; Metabiota , San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - Hongwei Jia
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Michele M Sturgeon
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Anupama Shankar
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | - Haoqiang Zheng
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV, Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention , Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
| | | | - Ubald Tamoufe
- Global Viral Cameroon , BP 7039 Yaounde, Cameroon ; Metabiota , San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - Ahmadou Nana
- Global Viral Cameroon , BP 7039 Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | - Babila Tafon
- Ape Action Africa, Cameroon , BP 20072 Yaounde, Cameroon
| | | | | | - Donald S Burke
- Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh , Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Nathan D Wolfe
- Metabiota , San Francisco, CA 94104, USA ; Program in Human Biology, Stanford University , Stanford, CA 94305, USA ; Global Viral , San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
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Peeters M, D’Arc M, Delaporte E. Origin and diversity of human retroviruses. AIDS Rev 2014; 16:23-34. [PMID: 24584106 PMCID: PMC4289907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Simian immunodeficiency viruses, simian T‑cell lymphotropic viruses, and simian foamy viruses from nonhuman primates have crossed the species barrier to humans at several time points, leading to the HIV and human T lymphotropic virus epidemic and to sporadic cases of human infections with simian foamy viruses, respectively. Efficient infection and spread in humans differs between simian foamy virus, simian lymphotropic virus, and simian immunodeficiency virus, but seems also to differ among the different viruses from the same simian lineage, as illustrated by the different spread of HIV‑1 M, N O, P or for the different HIV‑2 groups. Among the four HIV‑1 groups, only HIV‑1 group M has spread worldwide, and the actual diversity within HIV‑1 M (subtypes, circulating recombinants) is the result of subsequent evolution and spread in the human population. HIV‑2 only spread to some extent in West Africa, and similarly as for HIV‑1, the nine HIV‑2 groups have also a different epidemic history. Four types of human T lymphotropic virus, type 1 to 4, have been described in humans and for three of them simian counterparts (simian T lymphotropic virus‑1, ‑2, ‑3) have been identified in multiple nonhuman primate species. The majority of human infections are with human T lymphotropic virus‑1, which is present throughout the world as clusters of high endemicity. Humans are susceptible to a wide variety of simian foamy viruses and seem to acquire these viruses more readily than simian immunodeficiency viruses or simian T lymphotropic viruses, but neither signs of disease in humans nor human‑to‑human transmission of simian foamy virus have been documented yet. The current HIV‑1 M epidemic illustrates the impact of a single cross‑species transmission. The recent discovery of HIV‑1 P, HIV‑2 I, new human T lymphotropic virus‑1 and ‑3 variants, as well as simian foamy virus infections in humans in Central Africa, show that our knowledge of genetic diversity and cross‑species transmissions of simian retroviruses is still incomplete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martine Peeters
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Computational Biology Institute, Montpellier, France
| | - Mirela D’Arc
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eric Delaporte
- UMI 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Universitary Hospital Gui de Chauliac, Montpellier, France
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Romanelli MG, Diani E, Bergamo E, Casoli C, Ciminale V, Bex F, Bertazzoni U. Highlights on distinctive structural and functional properties of HTLV Tax proteins. Front Microbiol 2013; 4:271. [PMID: 24058363 PMCID: PMC3766827 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2013.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia viruses (HTLVs) are complex human retroviruses of the Deltaretrovirus genus. Four types have been identified thus far, with HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 much more prevalent than HTLV-3 or HTLV-4. HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 possess strictly related genomic structures, but differ significantly in pathogenicity, as HTLV-1 is the causative agent of adult T cell leukemia and of HTLV-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis, whereas HTLV-2 is not associated with neoplasia. HTLVs code for a protein named Tax that is responsible for enhancing viral expression and drives cell transformation. Much effort has been invested to dissect the impact of Tax on signal transduction pathways and to identify functional differences between the HTLV Tax proteins that may explain the distinct oncogenic potential of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. This review summarizes our current knowledge of Tax-1 and Tax-2 with emphasis on their structure, role in activation of the NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-B) pathway, and interactions with host factors.
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Scholle SO, Ypma RJF, Lloyd AL, Koelle K. Viral substitution rate variation can arise from the interplay between within-host and epidemiological dynamics. Am Nat 2013; 182:494-513. [PMID: 24021402 DOI: 10.1086/672000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The evolutionary rates of RNA viruses can differ from one another by several orders of magnitude. Much of this variation has been explained by differences in viral mutation rates and selective environments. However, substitution rates also vary considerably across viral populations belonging to the same species. In particular, viral lineages from epidemic regions tend to have higher substitution rates than those from endemic regions, and lineages from populations with higher contact rates tend to have higher substitution rates than those from populations with lower contact rates. We address the mechanism behind these patterns by using a nested modeling approach, whereby we integrate within-host viral replication dynamics with a population-level epidemiological model. Through numerical simulations and analytical approximations, we show that variation in viral substitution rates over the course of an infection, coupled with differences in age of infection of transmitting hosts under different epidemiological scenarios, can explain these evolutionary patterns. We further derive analytical estimates of expected substitution rate differences under epidemic versus endemic epidemiological conditions. By comparing these estimates to empirical data for four viral species, we show that these factors are sufficient to explain observed variation in substitution rates in three of four cases. This work shows that even in neutrally evolving viral populations, epidemiological dynamics can alter substitution rates via the interplay between within-host replication dynamics and population-level disease dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy O Scholle
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708
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Adult T cell leukaemia/lymphoma in Kerala, South India: are we staring at the tip of the iceberg? J Hematop 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/s12308-013-0191-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
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Ayouba A, Duval L, Liégeois F, Ngin S, Ahuka-Mundeke S, Switzer WM, Delaporte E, Ariey F, Peeters M, Nerrienet E. Nonhuman primate retroviruses from Cambodia: high simian foamy virus prevalence, identification of divergent STLV-1 strains and no evidence of SIV infection. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2013; 18:325-34. [PMID: 23612320 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/05/2013] [Accepted: 04/06/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Nonhuman primates (NHPs) carry retroviruses such as simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), simian T-cell lymphotropic viruses (STLV) and simian foamy viruses (SFV). Here, we revisited NHPs from Cambodia to assess the prevalence and diversity of these retroviruses using updated viral detection tools. We screened blood from 118 NHPs consisting of six species (Macaca fascicularis (n=91), Macaca leonine (n=8), Presbytis cristata (n=3), Nycticebus coucang (n=1), Hylobates pileatus (n=14), and Pongo pygmaeus) (n=1) by using a Luminex-based multiplex serology assay that allows the detection of all known SIV/HIV and SFV lineages. We also used highly sensitive PCR assays to detect each simian retrovirus group. Positive PCR products were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed to infer evolutionary histories. Fifty-three of 118 (44.9%) NHPs tested positive for SFV by serology and 8/52 (15.4%), all from M. fascicularis, were PCR-confirmed. The 8 novel SFV sequences formed a highly supported distinct lineage within a clade composed of other macaque SFV. We observed no serological or molecular evidence of SIV infection among the 118 NHP samples tested. Four of 118 (3.3%) NHPs were PCR-positive for STLV, including one M. fascicularis, one P. cristata, and two H. pileatus. Phylogenetic analyses revealed that the four novel STLV belonged to the PTLV-1 lineage, outside the African radiation of PTLV-1, like all Asian PTLV identified so far. Sequence analysis of the whole STLV-1 genome from a H. pileatus (C578_Hp) revealed a genetic structure characteristic of PTLV. Similarity analysis comparing the STLV-1 (C578_Hp) sequence with prototype PTLVs showed that C578_Hp is closer to PTLV-1s than to all other types across the entire genome. In conclusion, we showed a high frequency of SFV infection but found no evidence of SIV infection in NHPs from Cambodia. We identified for the first time STLV-1 in a P. cristata and in two H. pileatus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahidjo Ayouba
- UM1 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement-IRD and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.
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Gessain A, Rua R, Betsem E, Turpin J, Mahieux R. HTLV-3/4 and simian foamy retroviruses in humans: discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology. Virology 2013; 435:187-99. [PMID: 23217627 PMCID: PMC7111966 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2012.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Non-human primates are considered to be likely sources of viruses that can infect humans and thus pose a significant threat to human population. This is well illustrated by some retroviruses, as the simian immunodeficiency viruses and the simian T lymphotropic viruses, which have the ability to cross-species, adapt to a new host and sometimes spread. This leads to a pandemic situation for HIV-1 or an endemic one for HTLV-1. Here, we present the available data on the discovery, epidemiology, cross-species transmission and molecular virology of the recently discovered HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 deltaretroviruses, as well as the simian foamy retroviruses present in different human populations at risk, especially in central African hunters. We discuss also the natural history in humans of these retroviruses of zoonotic origin (magnitude and geographical distribution, possible inter-human transmission). In Central Africa, the increase of the bushmeat trade during the last decades has opened new possibilities for retroviral emergence in humans, especially in immuno-compromised persons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Gessain
- Institut Pasteur, Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, France, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 25-28 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris, Cedex 15, France.
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Berini CA, Eirin ME, Delfino CM, Weissenbacher M, Biglione MM. Predominance of human lymphotropic T cell virus type 2 subtype B in urban populations of Argentina. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1102-9. [PMID: 22115426 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus subtype b (HTLV-2b) infection has been described among aborigines from Northern Argentina, while HTLV-2a has been described in an injecting drug user (IDU) from a Central region, similar to the situation in Spain, the United States, and Brazil. In this study, 22 of the 26 strains analyzed from blood donors and HIV-1(+) individuals were HTLV-2b (84.6%) clustering with Amerindian references, while 4 HIV-1(+) (15.4%) were HTLV-2a. HTLV-2a sequences were closely related to Brazilian references in contrast to the previous Argentinean IDU strain that clustered with Africans and Amerindians from North America. In summary, these findings show that HTLV-2b is the major strain circulating in an urban population of Argentina. HTLV-2a/b could have been introduced from endemic South American countries such as Brazil and because of contact with other populations such as IDUs from Europe despite its introduction due to the increasing internal migration of aborigines to large urban centers. Considering this results and recent data about the dissemination of HTLV-1 in residents of Buenos Aires city, new studies among non-at-risk groups for HTLV-1/2 infection should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina A. Berini
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria E. Eirin
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Cecilia M. Delfino
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mercedes Weissenbacher
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Mirna M. Biglione
- Centro Nacional de Referencia para el SIDA, Departamento de Microbiología, Parasitología e Inmunología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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The multifaceted oncoprotein Tax: subcellular localization, posttranslational modifications, and NF-κB activation. Adv Cancer Res 2012; 113:85-120. [PMID: 22429853 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-394280-7.00003-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus type-I (HTLV-I) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and of tropical spastic paraparesis/HTLV-I-associated myelopathy. Constitutive NF-κB activation by the viral oncoprotein Tax plays a crucial role in the induction and maintenance of cellular proliferation, transformation, and inhibition of apoptosis. In an attempt to provide a general view of the molecular mechanisms of constitutive Tax-induced NF-κB activation, we summarize in this review the recent body of literature that supports a major role for Tax posttranslational modifications, chiefly ubiquitination, and SUMOylation, in the NF-κB activity of Tax. These modifications indeed participate in the control of Tax subcellular localization and modulate its protein-protein interaction potential. Tax posttranslational modifications, which highlight the ability of HTLV-I to optimize its limited viral genome size, might represent an attractive target for the design of new therapies for ATL.
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Ahuka-Mundeke S, Mbala-Kingebeni P, Liegeois F, Ayouba A, Lunguya-Metila O, Demba D, Bilulu G, Mbenzo-Abokome V, Inogwabini BI, Muyembe-Tamfum JJ, Delaporte E, Peeters M. Identification and molecular characterization of new simian T cell lymphotropic viruses in nonhuman primates bushmeat from the Democratic Republic of Congo. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:628-35. [PMID: 21827287 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Four types of human T cell lymphotropic viruses (HTLV) have been described (HTLV-1 to HTLV-4) with three of them having closely related simian virus analogues named STLV-1, -2, and -3. To assess the risk of cross-species transmissions of STLVs from nonhuman primates to humans in the Democratic Republic of Congo, a total of 330 samples, derived from primate bushmeat, were collected at remote forest sites where people rely on bushmeat for subsistence. STLV prevalences and genetic diversity were estimated by PCR and sequence analysis of tax-rex and LTR fragments. Overall, 7.9% of nonhuman primate bushmeat is infected with STLVs. We documented new STLV-1 and STLV-3 variants in six out of the seven species tested and showed for the first time STLV infection in C. mona wolfi, C. ascanius whitesidei, L. aterrimus aterrimus, C. angolensis, and P. tholloni. Our results provide increasing evidence that the diversity and geographic distribution of PTLVs are much greater than previously thought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steve Ahuka-Mundeke
- UM1 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Placide Mbala-Kingebeni
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Florian Liegeois
- UM1 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Ahidjo Ayouba
- UM1 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Octavie Lunguya-Metila
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Didace Demba
- Zone de Santé de Kole, Sankuru, Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Guy Bilulu
- Zone de Santé de Kole, Sankuru, Kasai Oriental, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | | | | | - Jean-Jacques Muyembe-Tamfum
- Institut National de Recherche Biomédicales, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
- Service de Microbiologie, Cliniques Universitaires de Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo
| | - Eric Delaporte
- UM1 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Martine Peeters
- UM1 233, Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and University of Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
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Cross-species transmission of simian retroviruses: how and why they could lead to the emergence of new diseases in the human population. AIDS 2012; 26:659-73. [PMID: 22441170 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0b013e328350fb68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The HIV-1 group M epidemic illustrates the extraordinary impact and consequences resulting from a single zoonotic transmission. Exposure to blood or other secretions of infected animals, through hunting and butchering of bushmeat, or through bites and scratches inflicted by pet nonhuman primates (NHPs), represent the most plausible source for human infection with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV), simian T-cell lymphotropic virus (STLV) and simian foamy virus. The chance for cross-species transmissions could increase when frequency of exposure and retrovirus prevalence is high. According to the most recent data, human exposure to SIV or STLV appears heterogeneous across the African countries surveyed. Exposure is not sufficient to trigger disease: viral and host molecular characteristics and compatibility are fundamental factors to establish infection. A successful species jump is achieved when the pathogen becomes transmissible between individuals within the new host population. To spread efficiently, HIV likely required changes in human behavior. Given the increasing exposure to NHP pathogens through hunting and butchering, it is likely that SIV and other simian viruses are still transmitted to the human population. The behavioral and socio-economic context of the twenty-first century provides favorable conditions for the emergence and spread of new epidemics. Therefore, it is important to evaluate which retroviruses the human population is exposed to and to better understand how these viruses enter, infect, adapt and spread to its new host.
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A new and frequent human T-cell leukemia virus indeterminate Western blot pattern: epidemiological determinants and PCR results in central African inhabitants. J Clin Microbiol 2012; 50:1663-72. [PMID: 22403426 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.06540-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV) indeterminate Western blot (WB) serological patterns are frequently observed in plasma/serum from persons living in intertropical areas. In the framework of ongoing projects on HTLV-1/2 and related viruses in Central Africa, we systematically analyzed plasma from villagers living in South Cameroon by WB. The group included 1,968 individuals (mean age, 44 years; age range, 5 to 90 years; 978 women/990 men), both Bantus (1,165) and Pygmies (803). Plasma samples were tested by WB analysis (MPD HTLV Blot 2.4) and interpreted according to the manufacturer's instructions. Only clear bands were considered in the analysis. Among the 1,968 plasma samples, 38 (1.93%) were HTLV-1, 13 (0.66%) were HTLV-2, and 6 (0.3%) were HTLV WB seropositive. Furthermore, 1,292 (65.65%) samples were WB sero-indeterminate, including 104 (5.28%) with an HTLV-1 Gag-indeterminate pattern (HGIP) and 68 (3.45%) with a peculiar yet unreported pattern exhibiting mostly a strong shifted GD21 and a p28. The other 619 (31.45%) samples were either WB negative or exhibited other patterns, mostly with unique p19 or p24 bands. DNA, extracted from peripheral blood buffy coat, was subjected to PCR using several primer pairs known to detect HTLV-1/2/3/4. Most DNAs from HTLV-1- and HTLV-seropositive individuals were PCR positive. In contrast, all the others, from persons with HTLV-2, HGIP, new WB, and other indeterminate patterns, were PCR negative. Epidemiological determinant analysis of the persons with this new peculiar WB pattern revealed that seroprevalence was independent from age, sex, or ethnicity, thus resembling the indeterminate profile HGIP rather than HTLV-1. Moreover, this new pattern persists over time.
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Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 3 (HTLV-3)- and HTLV-4-derived antisense transcripts encode proteins with similar Tax-inhibiting functions but distinct subcellular localization. J Virol 2011; 85:12673-85. [PMID: 21917984 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.05296-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The human T-cell lymphotropic virus (HTLV) retrovirus family is composed of the well-known HTLV type 1 (HTLV-1) and HTLV-2 and the most recently discovered HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. Like other retroviruses, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 gene expression has been thought to be orchestrated through a single transcript. However, recent reports have demonstrated the unique potential of both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 to produce an antisense transcript. Furthermore, these unexpected and newly identified transcripts lead to the synthesis of viral proteins termed HBZ (HTLV-1 basic leucine zipper) and APH-2 (antisense protein of HTLV-2), respectively. As potential open reading frames are present on the antisense strand of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, we tested whether in vitro antisense transcription occurred in these viruses and whether these transcripts had a coding potential. Using HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 proviral DNA constructs, antisense transcripts were detected by reverse transcriptase PCR. These transcripts are spliced and polyadenylated and initiate at multiple sites from the 3' long terminal repeat (LTR). The resulting proteins, termed APH-3 and APH-4, are devoid of a typical basic leucine zipper domain but contain basic amino acid-rich regions. Confocal microscopy and Western blotting experiments demonstrated a nucleus-restricted pattern for APH-4, while APH-3 was localized both in the cytoplasm and in the nucleus. Both proteins showed partial colocalization with nucleoli and HBZ-associated structures. Finally, both proteins inhibited Tax1- and Tax3-mediated HTLV-1 and HTLV-3 LTR activation. These results further demonstrate that retroviral antisense transcription is not exclusive to HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 and that APH-3 and APH-4 could impact HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 replication.
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Treviño A, Benito R, Caballero E, Ramos JM, Parra P, Roc L, Eiros JM, Aguilera A, García J, Cifuentes C, Marcaida G, Rodríguez C, Trigo M, Arroyo LA, de Mendoza C, de Lejarazu RO, Soriano V. HTLV infection among foreign pregnant women living in Spain. J Clin Virol 2011; 52:119-22. [PMID: 21782504 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 06/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overall seroprevalence of HTLV infection among pregnant women in Spain is below 0.02% and accordingly universal antenatal screening is not recommended. However, as the number of immigrants has significantly increased during the last decade, this population might warrant specific considerations. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the seroprevalence of HTLV infection among immigrant pregnant women living in Spain. METHODS From January 2009 to December 2010 a cross-sectional study was carried out in all foreign pregnant women attended at 14 Spanish clinics. All were tested for HTLV antibodies using a commercial enzyme-immunoassay, being reactive samples confirmed by Western blot or PCR. RESULTS A total of 3337 foreign pregnant women were examined. Their origin was as follows: Latin America 1579 (47%), North Africa 507 (16%), East Europe 606 (18%), Sub-Saharan Africa 316 (9%), North America and West Europe 116 (3.5%) and Asia and Australia 163 (5%). A total of 7 samples were confirmed as HTLV positive, of which 6 were HTLV-1 and 1 HTLV-2. HTLV-1 infection was found in 5 women coming from Latin America and 1 from Morocco. The only woman with HTLV-2 came from Ghana. The overall HTLV seroprevalence was 0.2%, being 0.3% among Latin Americans and 0.2% among Africans. It was absent among women coming from other regions. CONCLUSIONS The seroprevalence of HTLV infection among foreign pregnant women in Spain is 0.2%, being all cases found in immigrants from Latin America and Africa. Given the benefit of preventing vertical transmission, antenatal screening should be recommended in pregnant women coming from these regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Treviño
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Carlos III, Calle Sinesio Delgado 10, Madrid, Spain.
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Mahieux R, Gessain A. HTLV-3/STLV-3 and HTLV-4 viruses: discovery, epidemiology, serology and molecular aspects. Viruses 2011; 3:1074-90. [PMID: 21994771 PMCID: PMC3185789 DOI: 10.3390/v3071074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Human T cell leukemia/lymphoma virus Type 1 and 2 (HTLV-1 and HTLV-2), together with their simian counterparts (STLV-1, STLV-2), belong to the Primate T lymphotropic viruses group (PTLV). The high percentage of homologies between HTLV-1 and STLV-1 strains, led to the demonstration that most HTLV-1 subtypes arose from interspecies transmission between monkeys and humans. STLV-3 viruses belong to the third PTLV type and are equally divergent from both HTLV-1 and HTLV-2. They are endemic in several monkey species that live in West, Central and East Africa. In 2005, we, and others reported the discovery of the human homolog (HTLV-3) of STLV-3 in two asymptomatic inhabitants from South Cameroon whose sera exhibited HTLV indeterminate serologies. More recently, two other cases of HTLV-3 infection in persons living in Cameroon were reported suggesting that this virus is not extremely rare in the human population living in Central Africa. Together with STLV-3, these human viral strains belong to the PTLV-3 group. A fourth HTLV type (HTLV-4) was also discovered in the same geographical area. The overall PTLV-3 and PTLV-4 genomic organization is similar to that of HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 with the exception of their long terminal repeats (LTRs) that contain only two 21 bp repeats. As in HTLV-1, HTLV-3 Tax contains a PDZ binding motif while HTLV-4 does not. An antisense transcript was also described in HTLV-3 transfected cells. PTLV-3 molecular clones are now available and will allow scientists to study the viral cycle, the tropism and the possible pathogenicity in vivo. Current studies are also aimed at determining the prevalence, distribution, and modes of transmission of these viruses, as well as their possible association with human diseases. Here we will review the characteristics of these new simian and human retroviruses, whose discovery has opened new avenues of research in the retrovirology field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Mahieux
- Equipe Oncogenèse Rétrovirale, INSERM-U758 Virologie Humaine, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France; E-Mail:
- Ecole Normale Supérieure de Lyon, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
- IFR 128 Biosciences Lyon-Gerland, 69364 Lyon cedex 07, France
| | - Antoine Gessain
- Unité d'Epidémiologie et Physiopathologie des Virus Oncogènes, Département de Virologie, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
- CNRS URA 3015, Institut Pasteur, 28 rue du Dr Roux, 75015 Paris, France
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Sonoda S, Li HC, Tajima K. Ethnoepidemiology of HTLV-1 related diseases: ethnic determinants of HTLV-1 susceptibility and its worldwide dispersal. Cancer Sci 2011; 102:295-301. [PMID: 21205073 PMCID: PMC11159984 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01820.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 11/27/2010] [Accepted: 11/28/2010] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human T-cell lymphotropic virus type 1 is vertically transmitted in neonatal life and is causatively associated with adult T-cell leukemia (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) in adults. Persistence of HTLV-1 in host T cells, clonal expansion of the HTLV-1 carrying T cells, and emergence of malignantly transformed T cells are in accord with the multistep model of human cancer and roles for continuous interaction between host genes and environmental factors. This article reviews two lines of HTLV-1 investigation, one regarding worldwide surveillance of HTLV-1 infection foci by serological testing and molecular analysis of HTLV-1 isolates, and the other focusing on genetics of the human leukocyte antigen (HLA) that determines the ethnic background of HTLV-1 permissiveness and susceptibility to ATL or HAM/TSP. The serological surveillance revealed transcontinental dispersal of HTLV-1 in the prehistoric era that started out of Africa, spread to Austro-Melanesia and the Asian continent, then moved to North America and through to the southern edge of South America. This was highlighted by an Andean mummy study that proved ancient migration of paleo-mongoloid HTLV-1 from Asia to South America. Phylogenetic analysis of HLA alleles provided a basis for ethnic susceptibility to HTLV-1 infection and associated diseases, both ATL and HAM/TSP. Ethnicity-based sampling of peripheral blood lymphocytes has great potential for genome-wide association studies to illuminate ethnically defined host factors for viral oncogenesis with reference to HTLV-1 and other pathogenic elements causatively associated with chronic disease and malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunro Sonoda
- Department of Virology International Island and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.
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Hilburn S, Rowan A, Demontis MA, MacNamara A, Asquith B, Bangham CRM, Taylor GP. In vivo expression of human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 basic leucine-zipper protein generates specific CD8+ and CD4+ T-lymphocyte responses that correlate with clinical outcome. J Infect Dis 2011; 203:529-36. [PMID: 21208912 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiq078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The roles of the human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) basic leucine zipper (HBZ) gene are not clearly understood. We examined CD8+ and CD4+ T cell responses to HBZ and compared these with Tax responses. METHOD Interferon (IFN)-γ and interleukin (IL)-2-secreting T cells were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent spot (ELISpot) assays of freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) stimulated with synthetic HBZ or Tax peptides. Ten patients with HTLV-1-associated myelopathy (HAM) and 20 asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriers (ACs), (10 high, 10 low viral load). RESULTS Of 30 study participants, 17 had detectable HBZ-specific CD4+ T cells and 12 had HBZ-specific CD8+ T cell responses. Detection of Tax-specific CD4+ T cells (IL-2- or IFN-γ-secreting) did not differ by disease status, but Tax-specific CD8+ T cell responses were more commonly detected in patients with HAM. HBZ-specific CD4+ or CD8+ T cells were less likely to be detected than Tax-specific T cells. IL-2-secreting Tax-specific CD8+ T cells, and IFN-γ-secreting Tax-specific CD4+ T cells were associated with HAM. Low viral load, asymptomatic HTLV-1 carriage was associated with IL-2-secreting CD8+ T cells specific for HBZ. CONCLUSION HBZ protein is expressed in vivo in patients with HAM and in ACs. Our results are consistent with the idea that the T cell response to HBZ plays an important part in restricting HTLV-1 viral load.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silva Hilburn
- Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College, Norfolk Place, London, England
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Zheng ZM. Viral oncogenes, noncoding RNAs, and RNA splicing in human tumor viruses. Int J Biol Sci 2010; 6:730-55. [PMID: 21152115 PMCID: PMC2999850 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.6.730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2010] [Accepted: 11/27/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral oncogenes are responsible for oncogenesis resulting from persistent virus infection. Although different human tumor viruses express different viral oncogenes and induce different tumors, their oncoproteins often target similar sets of cellular tumor suppressors or signal pathways to immortalize and/or transform infected cells. Expression of the viral E6 and E7 oncogenes in papillomavirus, E1A and E1B oncogenes in adenovirus, large T and small t antigen in polyomavirus, and Tax oncogene in HTLV-1 are regulated by alternative RNA splicing. However, this regulation is only partially understood. DNA tumor viruses also encode noncoding RNAs, including viral microRNAs, that disturb normal cell functions. Among the determined viral microRNA precursors, EBV encodes 25 from two major clusters (BART and BHRF1), KSHV encodes 12 from a latent region, human polyomavirus MCV produce only one microRNA from the late region antisense to early transcripts, but HPVs appears to produce no viral microRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Ming Zheng
- Tumor Virus RNA Biology Laboratory, HIV and AIDS Malignancy Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Perzova R, Benz P, Abbott L, Welch C, Thomas A, Ghoul RE, Sanghi S, Nara P, Glaser J, Siegal FP, Dosik H, Poiesz BJ. Short communication: no evidence of HTLV-3 and HTLV-4 infection in New York State subjects at risk for retroviral infection. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:1229-31. [PMID: 20929392 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2010.0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The primate T-cell lymphoma viruses (PTLV) are divided into six distinct species. The biology and epidemiology of PTLV-1 and PTLV-2 are very well understood. However, that of PTLV-3, 4, 5, and 6 are not. Recently, in Cameroon, three and one humans were shown to be infected with HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, respectively. We undertook a study to ascertain whether any of these two retroviruses were present in the peripheral blood mononuclear cell DNA of New York State subjects deemed at risk for PTLV infection. Samples were analyzed by PTLV-3 and PTLV-4 specific PCR assays from the following human and simian subject types: African-American medical clinic patients; HTLV EIA+, WB indeterminate blood donors; intravenous drug users; patients with leukemia, lymphoma, myelopathy, polymyositis, or AIDS; and African chimpanzees. None of the 1200 subjects was positive for HTLV-3 or 4. The data indicate that, at the time of sample collection, no evidence exists for the dissemination of HTLV-3 or 4 to New York State. Continued epidemiological studies are warranted to explore the worldwide prevalence rates and dissemination patterns of HTLV-3 and 4 infections, and their possible disease associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raisa Perzova
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Patricia Benz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Lynn Abbott
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Caitlin Welch
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Anish Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Rawad El Ghoul
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Swathi Sanghi
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
| | - Peter Nara
- Biological Mimetics, Inc., Frederick, Maryland
| | - Jordon Glaser
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Staten Island Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Frederick P. Siegal
- Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, and Comprehensive HIV Center, St. Vincent's Hospital, New York, New York
| | - Harvey Dosik
- Park Slope Hematology/Oncology, New York Methodist Hospital, Brooklyn, New York
| | - Bernard J. Poiesz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, N.Y
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Jeziorski E, Foulongne V, Ludwig C, Louhaem D, Chiocchia G, Segondy M, Rodière M, Sitbon M, Courgnaud V. No evidence for XMRV association in pediatric idiopathic diseases in France. Retrovirology 2010; 7:63. [PMID: 20678193 PMCID: PMC2920251 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-7-63] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2010] [Accepted: 08/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Retroviruses have been linked to a variety of diseases such as neoplastic and immunodeficiency disorders and neurologic and respiratory diseases. Recently, a novel infectious human retrovirus, the xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV), has been identified in cohorts of patients with either a familial type of prostate cancer or chronic fatigue syndrome. The apparent unrelatedness of these diseases raised the question of the potential involvement of XMRV in other diseases. Here, we investigated the presence of XMRV in a selection of pediatric idiopathic infectious diseases with symptoms that are suggestive of a retroviral infection, as well as in children with respiratory diseases and in adult patients with spondyloarthritis (SpA). Using a XMRV env-nested PCR, we screened 72 DNA samples obtained from 62 children hospitalized in the Montpellier university hospital (France) for hematological, neurological or inflammatory pathologies, 80 DNA samples from nasopharyngeal aspirates from children with respiratory diseases and 19 DNA samples from SpA. None of the samples tested was positive for XMRV or MLV-like env sequences, indicating that XMRV is not involved in these pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Jeziorski
- Institut de Génétique Moléculaire de Montpellier UMR 5535 CNRS, 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier cedex 5, France
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Treviño A, Soriano V. [Current situation of human immunodeficiency virus type 2 and Human T lymphotropic virus in Spain]. Enferm Infecc Microbiol Clin 2010; 28:442-5. [PMID: 20570417 DOI: 10.1016/j.eimc.2010.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The Spanish HIV-2 and HTLV Group was founded in 1989. Since then, a total of 144 cases of HTLV-1 and 717 cases of infection with HTLV-2 have been reported. Most patients infected with HTLV-1 are immigrants from Latin America and Sub-Saharan Africa. A total of 34 patients had developed diseases associated with HTLV-1: 21 tropical spastic paraparesis and 13 leukemias. The profile of patients infected with HTLV-2 is of males, native Spaniards, intravenous drug users and coinfected with HIV-1. The majority of transfusion centres in Spain have recently introduced anti-HTLV screening of blood donors, at the moment only among persons coming from HTLV-1 endemic areas. In 2009 a total of 30 new HIV-2 cases were reported, making a total of 216 so far. Most are male, originating from Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Treviño
- Servicio de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Hospital Carlos III, Madrid, España.
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Zheng H, Wolfe ND, Sintasath DM, Tamoufe U, Lebreton M, Djoko CF, Diffo JLD, Pike BL, Heneine W, Switzer WM. Emergence of a novel and highly divergent HTLV-3 in a primate hunter in Cameroon. Virology 2010; 401:137-45. [PMID: 20353873 PMCID: PMC2862145 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2010.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The recent discovery of human T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (HTLV-3) in Cameroon highlights the importance of expanded surveillance to better understand the prevalence and public health impact of this new retrovirus. HTLV diversity was investigated in 408 persons in rural Cameroon who reported simian exposures. Plasma from 29 persons (7.2%) had reactive serology. HTLV tax sequences were detected in 3 persons. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed HTLV-1 infection in two individuals and HTLV-3 infection in a third person (Cam2013AB). The complete proviral genome from Cam2013AB shared 98% identity and clustered tightly in distinct lineage with simian T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) subtype D recently identified in two guenon monkeys near this person's village. These results document a fourth HTLV-3 infection with a new and highly divergent strain we designate HTLV-3 (Cam2013AB) subtype D demonstrating the existence of a broad HTLV-3 diversity likely originating from multiple zoonotic transmissions of divergent STLV-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- HaoQiang Zheng
- Laboratory Branch, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, National Center for HIV/AIDS, Viral Hepatitis, STD, and TB Prevention, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA 30333, USA
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44
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Soriano V, Treviño A. Nuevos retrovirus humanos. Med Clin (Barc) 2010; 135:65-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2010.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 02/03/2010] [Accepted: 02/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bagossi P, Bander P, Bozóki B, Tözsér J. Discovery and significance of new human T-lymphotropic viruses: HTLV-3 and HTLV-4. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 7:1235-49. [PMID: 19968515 DOI: 10.1586/eri.09.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Human T-lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and type 2 (HTLV-2) were discovered approximately 30 years ago and they are associated with various lymphoproliferative and neurological diseases. The estimated number of infected people is 10-20 million worldwide. In 2005, two new HTLV-1/HTLV-2-related viruses were detected, HTLV-3 and HTLV-4, from the same geographical area of Africa. In the last 4 years, their complete genomic sequences were determined and some of their characteristic features were studied in detail. These newly discovered retroviruses alongside their human (HTLV-1 and -2) and animal relatives (simian T-lymphotropic virus type 1-3) are reviewed. The potential risks associated with these viruses and the potential antiretroviral therapies are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bagossi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary.
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46
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Thomas A, Perzova R, Abbott L, Benz P, Poiesz MJ, Dube S, Loughran T, Ferrer J, Sheremata W, Glaser J, Leon-Ponte M, Poiesz BJ. LGL leukemia and HTLV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010; 26:33-40. [PMID: 20047475 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2009.0124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Samples were obtained from 53 large granular lymphocytic leukemia (LGLL) patients and 10,000 volunteer blood donors (VBD). Sera were screened in an HTLV-1 enzyme immunoassay (EIA) and further analyzed in peptide-specific Western blots (WB). DNAs were analyzed by HTLV-1, -2, -3, and -4-specific PCR. Forty four percent of LGLL patients vs. 0.12 % of VBD had anti-HTLV antibodies via EIA (p < 0.001). WB and PCR revealed that four LGLL patients (7.5%) vs. one VBD patient (0.01%) were infected with HTLV-2 (p < 0.001), suggesting an HTLV-2 etiology in a minority of cases. No LGLL patient was positive for HTLV-1, -3, or -4, whereas only one EIA-positive VBD was positive for HTLV-1 and none for HTLV-3 or -4. The HTLV EIA-positive, PCR-negative LGLL patients' sera reacted to epitopes within HTLV p24 gag and gp21 env. Other then the PTLV/BLV viruses, human endogenous retroviral element HERV K10 was the only sequence homologous to these two HTLV peptides, raising the possibility of cross-reactivity. Although three LGLL patients (5.7%) vs. none of 110 VBD patients tested positive for antibodies to the homologous HERV K10 peptide (p = 0.03), the significance of the anti-HTLV seroreactivity observed in many LGLL patients remains unclear. Interestingly, out of 36 HTLV-1-positive control subjects, 3 (8%) (p = 0.014) were positive for antibodies to HERV K10; all three had myelopathy. Out of 64 HTLV-2-positive control subjects 16 (25%) (p = <0.001) were positive for HERV K10 antibodies, and 4 (6%) of these had myelopathy. Out of 22 subjects with either HTLV-1 or -2 myelopathy, 7 (31.8%) were positive for HERV K10 antibodies, and out of 72 HTLV-infected subjects without myelopathy, 12 (16.7%) were positive for anti-HERV K10 antibodies (p = 0.11). The prevalence of anti-HERV K10 antibodies in these populations and the clinical implications thereof need to be pursued further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Thomas
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Raisa Perzova
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Lynn Abbott
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Patricia Benz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Michael J. Poiesz
- Department of Medicine, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York 13210
| | - Syamalima Dube
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
| | - Thomas Loughran
- Penn State Cancer Institute, Penn State Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17103
| | - Jorge Ferrer
- Comparative Leukemia and Retroviruses Unit, New Bolton Center University of Pennsylvania, Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348
| | | | - Jordan Glaser
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine, Staten Island Hospital, New York, New York 10305
| | - Matilde Leon-Ponte
- Robarts Research Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bernard J. Poiesz
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, State University of New York, Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13202
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Distinct functions of HTLV-1 Tax1 from HTLV-2 Tax2 contribute key roles to viral pathogenesis. Retrovirology 2009; 6:117. [PMID: 20017952 PMCID: PMC2806368 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2009] [Accepted: 12/17/2009] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
While the human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is the etiologic agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL), to date, its close relative HTLV-2 is not associated with ATL or other types of malignancies. Accumulating evidence shows that HTLV-1 Tax1 and HTLV-2 Tax2 have many shared activities, but the two proteins have a limited number of significantly distinct activities, and these distinctions appear to play key roles in HTLV-1 specific pathogenesis. In this review, we summarize the functions of Tax1 associated with cell survival, cell proliferation, persistent infection as well as pathogenesis. We emphasize special attention to distinctions between Tax1 and Tax2.
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Kesic M, Doueiri R, Ward M, Semmes OJ, Green PL. Phosphorylation regulates human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 Rex function. Retrovirology 2009; 6:105. [PMID: 19919707 PMCID: PMC2780990 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Human T-cell leukemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a pathogenic complex deltaretrovirus, which is the causative agent of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. In addition to the structural and enzymatic viral gene products, HTLV-1 encodes the positive regulatory proteins Tax and Rex along with viral accessory proteins. Tax and Rex proteins orchestrate the timely expression of viral genes important in viral replication and cellular transformation. Rex is a nucleolar-localizing shuttling protein that acts post-transcriptionally by binding and facilitating the export of the unspliced and incompletely spliced viral mRNAs from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. HTLV-1 Rex (Rex-1) is a phosphoprotein and general protein kinase inhibition correlates with reduced function. Therefore, it has been proposed that Rex-1 function may be regulated through site-specific phosphorylation. Results We conducted a phosphoryl mapping of Rex-1 over-expressed in transfected 293 T cells using a combination of affinity purification and liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. We achieved 100% physical coverage of the Rex-1 polypeptide and identified five novel phosphorylation sites at Thr-22, Ser-36, Thr-37, Ser-97, and Ser-106. We also confirmed evidence of two previously identified residues, Ser-70 and Thr-174, but found no evidence of phosphorylation at Ser-177. The functional significance of these phosphorylation events was evaluated using a Rex reporter assay and site-directed mutational analysis. Our results indicate that phosphorylation at Ser-97 and Thr-174 is critical for Rex-1 function. Conclusion We have mapped completely the site-specific phosphorylation of Rex-1 identifying a total of seven residues; Thr-22, Ser-36, Thr-37, Ser-70, Ser-97, Ser-106, and Thr-174. Overall, this work is the first to completely map the phosphorylation sites in Rex-1 and provides important insight into the regulation of Rex-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Kesic
- Center for Retrovirus Research, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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Bouzar AB, Boxus M, Florins A, François C, Reichert M, Willems L. Reduced levels of reactive oxygen species correlate with inhibition of apoptosis, rise in thioredoxin expression and increased bovine leukemia virus proviral loads. Retrovirology 2009; 6:102. [PMID: 19903329 PMCID: PMC2779800 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 11/10/2009] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Bovine Leukemia virus (BLV) is a deltaretrovirus that induces lymphoproliferation and leukemia in ruminants. In ex vivo cultures of B lymphocytes isolated from BLV-infected sheep show that spontaneous apoptosis is reduced. Here, we investigated the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in this process. Results We demonstrate that (i) the levels of ROS and a major product of oxidative stress (8-OHdG) are reduced, while the thioredoxin antioxidant protein is highly expressed in BLV-infected B lymphocytes, (ii) induction of ROS by valproate (VPA) is pro-apoptotic, (iii) inversely, the scavenging of ROS with N-acetylcysteine inhibits apoptosis, and finally (iv) the levels of ROS inversely correlate with the proviral loads. Conclusion Together, these observations underline the importance of ROS in the mechanisms of inhibition of apoptosis linked to BLV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amel Baya Bouzar
- Université de Liège (ULg), Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, Molecular and Cellular Biology, Gembloux, Belgium.
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50
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Sintasath DM, Wolfe ND, Zheng HQ, LeBreton M, Peeters M, Tamoufe U, Djoko CF, Diffo JLD, Mpoudi-Ngole E, Heneine W, Switzer WM. Genetic characterization of the complete genome of a highly divergent simian T-lymphotropic virus (STLV) type 3 from a wild Cercopithecus mona monkey. Retrovirology 2009; 6:97. [PMID: 19860877 PMCID: PMC2777865 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-6-97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/27/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The recent discoveries of novel human T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (HTLV-3) and highly divergent simian T-lymphotropic virus type 3 (STLV-3) subtype D viruses from two different monkey species in southern Cameroon suggest that the diversity and cross-species transmission of these retroviruses are much greater than currently appreciated. Results We describe here the first full-length sequence of a highly divergent STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) virus obtained by PCR-based genome walking using DNA from two dried blood spots (DBS) collected from a wild-caught Cercopithecus mona monkey. The genome of STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) is 8913-bp long and shares only 77% identity to other PTLV-3s. Phylogenetic analyses using Bayesian and maximum likelihood inference clearly show that this highly divergent virus forms an independent lineage with high posterior probability and bootstrap support within the diversity of PTLV-3. Molecular dating of concatenated gag-pol-env-tax sequences inferred a divergence date of about 115,117 years ago for STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) indicating an ancient origin for this newly identified lineage. Major structural, enzymatic, and regulatory gene regions of STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB) are intact and suggest viral replication and a predicted pathogenic potential comparable to other PTLV-3s. Conclusion When taken together, the inferred ancient origin of STLV-3d(Cmo8699AB), the presence of this highly divergent virus in two primate species from the same geographical region, and the ease with which STLVs can be transmitted across species boundaries all suggest that STLV-3d may be more prevalent and widespread. Given the high human exposure to nonhuman primates in this region and the unknown pathogenicity of this divergent PTLV-3, increased surveillance and expanded prevention activities are necessary. Our ability to obtain the complete viral genome from DBS also highlights further the utility of this method for molecular-based epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Sintasath
- Department of International Health, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore MD 21205, USA.
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