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Aguilar-Montes de Oca S, Montes-de-Oca-Jiménez R, Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán J, Barbabosa-Pliego A, Eliana Rivadeneira-Barreiro P, C. Zambrano-Rodríguez P. The Use of Peptides in Veterinary Serodiagnosis of Infectious Diseases: A Review. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9100561. [PMID: 36288174 PMCID: PMC9610506 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9100561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptides constitute an alternative and interesting option to develop treatments, vaccines, and diagnostic tools as they demonstrate their scope in several health aspects; as proof of this, commercial peptides for humans and animals are available on the market and used daily. This review aimed to know the role of peptides in the field of veterinary diagnosis, and include peptide-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (pELISA), lateral flow devices, and peptide latex agglutination tests that have been developed to detect several pathogens including viruses and bacteria of health and production relevance in domestic animals. Studies in cattle, small ruminants, dogs, cats, poultry, horses, and even aquatic organisms were reviewed. Different studies showed good levels of sensitivity and specificity against their target, moreover, comparisons with commercial kits and official tests were performed which allowed appraising their performance. Chemical synthesis, recombinant DNA technology, and enzymatic synthesis were reviewed as well as their advantages and drawbacks. In addition, we discussed the intrinsic limitations such as the small size or affinity to polystyrene membrane and mention several strategies to overcome these problems. The use of peptides will increase in the coming years and their utility for diagnostic purposes in animals must be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saúl Aguilar-Montes de Oca
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
| | - Roberto Montes-de-Oca-Jiménez
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Juan Carlos Vázquez-Chagoyán
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
| | - Alberto Barbabosa-Pliego
- Centro de Investigación y Estudios Avanzados en Salud Animal, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de México, Carretera Toluca-Atlacomulco, Km 15.5, Toluca 50200, CP, Mexico
| | | | - Pablo C. Zambrano-Rodríguez
- Departamento de Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo 130105, Ecuador
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Antigenic Characterization of ORF2 and ORF3 Proteins of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV). Viruses 2021; 13:v13071385. [PMID: 34372591 PMCID: PMC8310276 DOI: 10.3390/v13071385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
To evaluate the antigenic properties of Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) Open Reading Frame 2 and 3 (ORF2 and ORF3) codified proteins, we expressed different portions of ORF2 and the entire ORF3 in E. coli, a truncated ORF2, was also expressed in baculovirus. A panel of 37 monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) was raised against ORF2 (1-660 amino acids) and MAbs were mapped and characterized using the ORF2 expressed portions. Selected HEV positive and negative swine sera were used to evaluate ORF2 and ORF3 antigens' immunogenicity. The MAbs were clustered in six groups identifying six antigenic regions along the ORF2. Only MAbs binding to the sixth ORF2 antigenic region (394-608 aa) were found to compete with HEV positive sera and efficiently catch the recombinant antigen expressed in baculovirus. The ORF2 portion from 394-608 aa demonstrated to include most immunogenic epitopes with 85% of HEV positive swine sera reacting against the region from 461-544 aa. Only 5% of the selected HEV sera reacted against the ORF3 antigen.
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Liu X, Li Y, Xiao H, Bi Y, Gong Y, Hu Z, Zeng Y, Sun M, He Z, Lu S, Li Q, Cun W. Identification of T Cell Epitopes in the Spike Glycoprotein of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 in Rhesus Macaques. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:2527-2535. [PMID: 33980582 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2000922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The T cell response is an important detection index in severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) vaccine development. The present study was undertaken to determine the T cell epitopes in the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 that dominate the T cell responses in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. PBMCs from rhesus macaques vaccinated with a DNA vaccine encoding the full-length S protein were isolated, and an ELISPOT assay was used to identify the recognized T cell epitopes among a total of 158 18-mer and 10-aa-overlapping peptides spanning the full-length S protein. Six multipeptide-based epitopes located in the S1 region, with four of the six located in the receptor-binding domain, were defined as the most frequently recognized epitopes in macaques. The conservation of the epitopes across species was also verified, and peptide mixtures for T cell response detection were established. Six newly defined T cell epitopes were found in the current study, which may provide a novel potential target for T cell response detection and the diagnosis and vaccine design of SARS-CoV-2 based on multipeptide subunit-based epitopes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Liu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Yuzhong Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Hongjian Xiao
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Yanwei Bi
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Yue Gong
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Zhengrong Hu
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Yaxin Zeng
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Ming Sun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Shan Lu
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA
| | - Qihan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China.,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
| | - Wei Cun
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming, China; .,Yunnan Key Laboratory of Vaccine Research and Development of Severe Infectious Disease, Kunming, China; and
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4
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Vashi Y, Jagrit V, Kumar S. Understanding the B and T cell epitopes of spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2: A computational way to predict the immunogens. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2020; 84:104382. [PMID: 32473352 PMCID: PMC7251353 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2020.104382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The 2019 novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) outbreak has caused a large number of deaths, with thousands of confirmed cases worldwide. The present study followed computational approaches to identify B- and T-cell epitopes for the spike (S) glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2 by its interactions with the human leukocyte antigen alleles. We identified 24 peptide stretches on the SARS-CoV-2 S protein that are well conserved among the reported strains. The S protein structure further validated the presence of predicted peptides on the surface, of which 20 are surface exposed and predicted to have reasonable epitope binding efficiency. The work could be useful for understanding the immunodominant regions in the surface protein of SARS-CoV-2 and could potentially help in designing some peptide-based diagnostics. Also, identified T-cell epitopes might be considered for incorporation in vaccine designs. Determination of variability and average solvent accessibility. Identification of the B- and T-cell epitopes for spike glycoprotein of SARS-CoV-2. Interactions of B and T cell epitopes with the human leukocyte antigen alleles.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Betacoronavirus/genetics
- Betacoronavirus/immunology
- Betacoronavirus/pathogenicity
- Binding Sites
- COVID-19
- Coronavirus Infections/immunology
- Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control
- Coronavirus Infections/virology
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/chemistry
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/genetics
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Expression
- Genome, Viral/immunology
- HLA Antigens/chemistry
- HLA Antigens/genetics
- HLA Antigens/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunodominant Epitopes/chemistry
- Immunodominant Epitopes/genetics
- Immunodominant Epitopes/metabolism
- Models, Molecular
- Pandemics/prevention & control
- Peptides/chemistry
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/metabolism
- Pneumonia, Viral/immunology
- Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control
- Pneumonia, Viral/virology
- Protein Binding
- SARS-CoV-2
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/chemistry
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/genetics
- Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
- Viral Vaccines/biosynthesis
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoya Vashi
- Viral Immunology Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Vipin Jagrit
- Viral Immunology Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India
| | - Sachin Kumar
- Viral Immunology Group, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati 781039, Assam, India.
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Bigoraj E, Rzeżutka A. Application of ELISA recomWell HEV IgG (Human) for Detection of Virus-Specific Antibodies in Sera of Slaughtered Rabbits. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-018-1367-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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6
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García-Hernández ME, Cruz-Rivera M, Sánchez-Betancourt JI, Rico-Chávez O, Vergara-Castañeda A, Trujillo ME, Sarmiento-Silva RE. Seroprevalence of anti-hepatitis E virus antibodies in domestic pigs in Mexico. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:289. [PMID: 28934965 PMCID: PMC5609016 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1208-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection is one of the most common causes of acute liver diseases in humans worldwide. In developing countries, HEV is commonly associated with waterborne outbreaks. Conversely, in industrialized countries, HEV infection is often associated with travel to endemic regions or ingestion of contaminated animal products. Limited information on both, human and animal HEV infection in Mexico is available. As a consequence, the distribution of the virus in the country is largely unknown. Here, we assessed the seroprevalence of HEV among swine in different geographical regions in Mexico. METHODS Seroprevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in swine herds in Mexico was evaluated in a representative sample including 945 pig serum specimens from different regions of the country using a commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). RESULTS The overall prevalence of anti-HEV antibodies in swine was 59.4%. The northern region of Mexico exhibited the highest seroprevalence in the country (86.6%), while the central and southern regions in Mexico showed lower seroprevalence, 42.7% and 51.5%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS In Mexico, HEV seroprevalence in swine is high. Importantly, northern Mexico showed the highest seroprevalence in the country. Thus, further studies are required to identify the risk factors contributing to HEV transmission among pigs in the country. Assessment of HEV human infection in the context of viral transmission in swine is required to better understand the epidemiology of hepatitis E in Mexico.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mayra Cruz-Rivera
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 04510, Ciudad de México, México
| | - José Iván Sánchez-Betancourt
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Oscar Rico-Chávez
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Arely Vergara-Castañeda
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad La Salle, Benjamín Franklin 47, 06140, Ciudad de México, México
| | - María E Trujillo
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México
| | - Rosa Elena Sarmiento-Silva
- Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, 04510, México.
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7
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Ahmad TA, Eweida AE, Sheweita SA. B-cell epitope mapping for the design of vaccines and effective diagnostics. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trivac.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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8
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Wang H, Ji F, Liang H, Gu H, Ning Z, Liu R, Zhang G. A Proline-Rich Domain in the Genotype 4 Hepatitis E Virus ORF3 C-Terminus Is Crucial for Downstream V105DLP108 Immunoactivity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0133282. [PMID: 26177202 PMCID: PMC4503470 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0133282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2015] [Accepted: 06/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The hepatitis E virus (HEV) is responsible for serious viral hepatitis worldwide. Animals are considered a reservoir of HEV, particularly pigs. While HEV infection in pigs and dogs is always asymptomatic, the virus causes high death rates in patients with pre-existing chronic liver disease and pregnant women in developing countries. HEV open reading frame 2 (ORF2) has been used as a diagnostic target to detect specific antibodies against HEV in serum samples. Recent research has additionally supported the potential utility of the ORF3 protein as a target in serum anti-HEV detection. However, the epitope distribution of ORF3 protein remains ambiguous. In the current study, we showed that continuous amino acid motif, VDLP, at the C-terminus of genotype 4 HEV ORF3 is a core sequence of the ORF3 protein epitope. Moreover, cooperative interaction with upstream elements is essential for its immunoactivity. Three proline residues (P99, P102 and P103) in the upstream proline-rich domain exerted significant effects on the immunocompetence of VDLP. ELISA results revealed that SAPPLPPVVDLP and SAPPLPPVVDLPQLGL peptides containing the identified VDLP epitope display weaker reactions with anti-HEV serum than the commercial ELISA kit. Our collective findings provide valuable information on the epitope distribution characteristics of HEV ORF3 and improve our understanding of the influence of the proline-rich domain on the immunoactivity of downstream amino acids in the C-terminal region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Fangxiao Ji
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Huanbin Liang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Honglang Gu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Zhangyong Ning
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Rongchang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Comprehensive Prevention and Control for Severe Clinical Animal Diseases of Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
- MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, 510642, China
- * E-mail:
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9
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Liang H, Wang H, Zhang L, Gu H, Zhang G. Development of a novel immunoperoxidase monolayer assay for detection of swine Hepatitis E virus antibodies based on stable cell lines expressing the ORF3 protein. Acta Vet Hung 2014; 62:243-56. [PMID: 24334082 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) strains are classified into 4 genotypes by nucleotide sequencing. Genotypes 3 and 4 infect humans and animals via HEV-contaminated food or water. HEV RNA was detected by PCR and antibodies were detected by ELISA. Since human studies showed that HEV IgG antibodies in sera can persist for extended periods, diagnosis of HEV infection in swine or humans is mainly based on serological detection using commercial ELISA kits. However, there is no supplemental method to verify ELISA results. Hence, we developed a novel method used for mutual correction of these common processes. Here, a modified stable HepG2 cell line was transfected with pcDNA3.1-ORF3 to express the swine HEV ORF3 protein. Based on this cell line, a novel immunoperoxidase monolayer assay (IPMA) was developed to detect antibodies against HEV. The results show that this method has good specificity, sensitivity and repeatability. When used to investigate 141 porcine serum samples, the IPMA had a coincidence rate of 92.2% with a commercial ELISA kit. The established IPMA described herein is valuable as a supplemental method to ELISA and can differentiate infections by HEV and other viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanbin Liang
- 1 South China Agricultural University MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Heng Wang
- 1 South China Agricultural University MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Liangquan Zhang
- 1 South China Agricultural University MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Honglang Gu
- 1 South China Agricultural University MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
| | - Guihong Zhang
- 1 South China Agricultural University MOA Key Laboratory of Animal Vaccine Development, College of Veterinary Medicine 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District Guangzhou 510642 China
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10
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Osterman A, Vizoso Pinto MG, Haase R, Nitschko H, Jäger S, Sander M, Motz M, Mohn U, Baiker A. Systematic screening for novel, serologically reactive Hepatitis E Virus epitopes. Virol J 2012; 9:28. [PMID: 22269698 PMCID: PMC3274478 DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-9-28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The National Institutes of Health classified Hepatitis E as an emerging disease since Hepatitis E Virus (HEV) is the major cause of acute hepatitis in developing countries. Interestingly, an increasing number of sporadic cases of HEV infections are described in industrialized countries as zoonosis from domestic livestock. Despite the increasing relevance of this pathogen in clinical virology, commercial antibody assays are mainly based on fragments of HEV open reading frame (ORF) 2 and ORF3. The largest ORF1 (poly-)protein, however, is not part of current testing formats. Methods From a synthesized full length HEV genotype 1 cDNA-bank we constructed a complete HEV gene library consisting of 15 respective HEV ORF domains. After bacterial expression and purification of nine recombinant HEV proteins under denaturating conditions serum profiling experiments using 55 sera from patients with known infection status were performed in microarray format. SPSS software assessed the antigenic potential of these nine ORF domains in comparison to seven commercial HEV antigens (genotype 1 and 3) by performing receiver operator characteristics, logistic regression and correlation analysis. Results HEV antigens produced with our method for serum profiling experiments exhibit the same quality and characteristics as commercial antigens. Serum profiling experiments detected Y, V and X domains as ORF1-antigens with potentially comparable diagnostic significance as the well established epitopes of ORF2 and ORF3. However no obvious additional increase in sensitivity or specificity was achieved in diagnostic testing as revealed by bioinformatic analysis. Additionally we found that the C-terminal domain of the potential transmembrane protein ORF3 is responsible for IgG and IgM seroreactivity. Data suggest that there might be a genotype specific seroreactivity of homologous ORF2-antigens. Conclusions The diagnostic value of identified ORF1 epitopes might not necessarily improve sensitivity and specificity, but broaden the overall quality of existing test systems. ORF2 and ORF3-antigens are still commonly used in diagnostic assays and possibly hold the potential to serologically differentiate between genotype 1 and 3 infections. Our systematic approach is a suitable method to investigate HEV domains for their serologic antigenicity. Epitope screening of native viral domains could be a preferable tool in developing new serologic test components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Osterman
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Germany.
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11
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Serological diagnostics of hepatitis E virus infection. Virus Res 2011; 161:84-92. [PMID: 21704091 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2011.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Development of accurate diagnostic assays for the detection of serological markers of hepatitis E virus (HEV) infection remains challenging. In the course of nearly 20 years after the discovery of HEV, significant progress has been made in characterizing the antigenic structure of HEV proteins, engineering highly immunoreactive diagnostic antigens, and devising efficient serological assays. However, many outstanding issues related to sensitivity and specificity of these assays in clinical and epidemiological settings remain to be resolved. Complexity of antigenic composition, viral genetic heterogeneity and varying epidemiological patterns of hepatitis E in different parts of the world present challenges to the refinement of HEV serological diagnostic assays. Development of antigens specially designed for the identification of serological markers specific to acute infection and of IgG anti-HEV specific to the convalescent phase of infection would greatly facilitate accurate identification of active, recent and past HEV infections.
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12
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Smith TC, Harper AL, Nair R, Wardyn SE, Hanson BM, Ferguson DD, Dressler AE. Emerging swine zoonoses. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2011; 11:1225-34. [PMID: 21395424 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2010.0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of emerging infectious diseases are zoonotic in origin. Swine represent a potential reservoir for many novel pathogens and may transmit these to humans via direct contact with live animals (such as swine farmers and large animal veterinarians), or to the general human population via contaminated meat. We review recent emerging microbes associated with swine and discuss public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara C Smith
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA.
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