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Liu PW, Zhang H, Werley CA, Pichler M, Ryan SJ, Lewarch CL, Jacques J, Grooms J, Ferrante J, Li G, Zhang D, Bremmer N, Barnett A, Chantre R, Elder AE, Cohen AE, Williams LA, Dempsey GT, McManus OB. A phenotypic screening platform for chronic pain therapeutics using all-optical electrophysiology. Pain 2024; 165:922-940. [PMID: 37963235 PMCID: PMC10950549 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000003090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic pain associated with osteoarthritis (OA) remains an intractable problem with few effective treatment options. New approaches are needed to model the disease biology and to drive discovery of therapeutics. We present an in vitro model of OA pain, where dorsal root ganglion (DRG) sensory neurons were sensitized by a defined mixture of disease-relevant inflammatory mediators, here called Sensitizing PAin Reagent Composition or SPARC. Osteoarthritis-SPARC components showed synergistic or additive effects when applied in combination and induced pain phenotypes in vivo. To measure the effect of OA-SPARC on neural firing in a scalable format, we used a custom system for high throughput all-optical electrophysiology. This system enabled light-based membrane voltage recordings from hundreds of neurons in parallel with single cell and single action potential resolution and a throughput of up to 500,000 neurons per day. A computational framework was developed to construct a multiparameter OA-SPARC neuronal phenotype and to quantitatively assess phenotype reversal by candidate pharmacology. We screened ∼3000 approved drugs and mechanistically focused compounds, yielding data from over 1.2 million individual neurons with detailed assessment of functional OA-SPARC phenotype rescue and orthogonal "off-target" effects. Analysis of confirmed hits revealed diverse potential analgesic mechanisms including ion channel modulators and other mechanisms including MEK inhibitors and tyrosine kinase modulators. Our results suggest that the Raf-MEK-ERK axis in DRG neurons may integrate the inputs from multiple upstream inflammatory mediators found in osteoarthritis patient joints, and MAPK pathway activation in DRG neurons may contribute to chronic pain in patients with osteoarthritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin W. Liu
- Quiver Bioscience, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Guangde Li
- Quiver Bioscience, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | - Dawei Zhang
- Quiver Bioscience, Cambridge, MA, United States
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam E. Cohen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States
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Ciechanowska A, Mika J. CC Chemokine Family Members' Modulation as a Novel Approach for Treating Central Nervous System and Peripheral Nervous System Injury-A Review of Clinical and Experimental Findings. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3788. [PMID: 38612597 PMCID: PMC11011591 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite significant progress in modern medicine and pharmacology, damage to the nervous system with various etiologies still poses a challenge to doctors and scientists. Injuries lead to neuroimmunological changes in the central nervous system (CNS), which may result in both secondary damage and the development of tactile and thermal hypersensitivity. In our review, based on the analysis of many experimental and clinical studies, we indicate that the mechanisms occurring both at the level of the brain after direct damage and at the level of the spinal cord after peripheral nerve damage have a common immunological basis. This suggests that there are opportunities for similar pharmacological therapeutic interventions in the damage of various etiologies. Experimental data indicate that after CNS/PNS damage, the levels of 16 among the 28 CC-family chemokines, i.e., CCL1, CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL6, CCL7, CCL8, CCL9, CCL11, CCL12, CCL17, CCL19, CCL20, CCL21, and CCL22, increase in the brain and/or spinal cord and have strong proinflammatory and/or pronociceptive effects. According to the available literature data, further investigation is still needed for understanding the role of the remaining chemokines, especially six of them which were found in humans but not in mice/rats, i.e., CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL18, and CCL23. Over the past several years, the results of studies in which available pharmacological tools were used indicated that blocking individual receptors, e.g., CCR1 (J113863 and BX513), CCR2 (RS504393, CCX872, INCB3344, and AZ889), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021 and AZD-2098), and CCR5 (maraviroc, AZD-5672, and TAK-220), has beneficial effects after damage to both the CNS and PNS. Recently, experimental data have proved that blockades exerted by double antagonists CCR1/3 (UCB 35625) and CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc) have very good anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects. In addition, both single (J113863, RS504393, SB328437, C021, and maraviroc) and dual (cenicriviroc) chemokine receptor antagonists enhanced the analgesic effect of opioid drugs. This review will display the evidence that a multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions can significantly improve the health of patients after CNS and PNS damage by changing the activity of chemokines belonging to the CC family. Moreover, in the case of pain, the combined administration of such antagonists with opioid drugs could reduce therapeutic doses and minimize the risk of complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Kraków, Poland;
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Pawlik K, Mika J. Targeting Members of the Chemokine Family as a Novel Approach to Treating Neuropathic Pain. Molecules 2023; 28:5766. [PMID: 37570736 PMCID: PMC10421203 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28155766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition that affects millions of people worldwide. Numerous studies indicate that this type of pain is a chronic condition with a complex mechanism that tends to worsen over time, leading to a significant deterioration in patients' quality of life and issues like depression, disability, and disturbed sleep. Presently used analgesics are not effective enough in neuropathy treatment and may cause many side effects due to the high doses needed. In recent years, many researchers have pointed to the important role of chemokines not only in the development and maintenance of neuropathy but also in the effectiveness of analgesic drugs. Currently, approximately 50 chemokines are known to act through 20 different seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors located on the surface of neuronal, glial, and immune cells. Data from recent years clearly indicate that more chemokines than initially thought (CCL1/2/3/5/7/8/9/11, CXCL3/9/10/12/13/14/17; XCL1, CX3CL1) have pronociceptive properties; therefore, blocking their action by using neutralizing antibodies, inhibiting their synthesis, or blocking their receptors brings neuropathic pain relief. Several of them (CCL1/2/3/7/9/XCL1) have been shown to be able to reduce opioid drug effectiveness in neuropathy, and neutralizing antibodies against them can restore morphine and/or buprenorphine analgesia. The latest research provides irrefutable evidence that chemokine receptors are promising targets for pharmacotherapy; chemokine receptor antagonists can relieve pain of different etiologies, and most of them are able to enhance opioid analgesia, for example, the blockade of CCR1 (J113863), CCR2 (RS504393), CCR3 (SB328437), CCR4 (C021), CCR5 (maraviroc/AZD5672/TAK-220), CXCR2 (NVPCXCR220/SB225002), CXCR3 (NBI-74330/AMG487), CXCR4 (AMD3100/AMD3465), and XCR1 (vMIP-II). Recent research has shown that multitarget antagonists of chemokine receptors, such as CCR2/5 (cenicriviroc), CXCR1/2 (reparixin), and CCR2/CCR5/CCR8 (RAP-103), are also very effective painkillers. A multidirectional strategy based on the modulation of neuronal-glial-immune interactions by changing the activity of the chemokine family can significantly improve the quality of life of patients suffering from neuropathic pain. However, members of the chemokine family are still underestimated pharmacological targets for pain treatment. In this article, we review the literature and provide new insights into the role of chemokines and their receptors in neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343 Cracow, Poland;
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Liu S, Lan XB, Tian MM, Zhu CH, Ma L, Yang JM, Du J, Zheng P, Yu JQ, Liu N. Targeting the chemokine ligand 2-chemokine receptor 2 axis provides the possibility of immunotherapy in chronic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2023; 947:175646. [PMID: 36907261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain affects patients' physical and psychological health and quality of life, entailing a tremendous public health challenge. Currently, drugs for chronic pain are usually associated with a large number of side effects and poor efficacy. Chemokines in the neuroimmune interface combine with their receptors to regulate inflammation or mediate neuroinflammation in the peripheral and central nervous system. Targeting chemokines and their receptor-mediated neuroinflammation is an effective means to treat chronic pain. In recent years, growing evidence has shown that the expression of chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and its main chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is involved in its occurrence, development and maintenance of chronic pain. This paper summarises the relationship between the chemokine system, CCL2/CCR2 axis, and chronic pain, and the CCL2/CCR2 axis changes under different chronic pain conditions. Targeting chemokine CCL2 and its chemokine receptor CCR2 through siRNA, blocking antibodies, or small molecule antagonists may provide new therapeutic possibilities for managing chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Xiao-Bing Lan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Miao-Miao Tian
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Chun-Hao Zhu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Lin Ma
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Jia-Mei Yang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Juan Du
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Ping Zheng
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Jian-Qiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Ningxia Special Traditional Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China; Ningxia Special Traditional Medicine Modern Engineering Research Center and Collaborative Innovation Center, Ningxia Medical University, 1160 Shengli Street, Yinchuan, 750004, China.
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Ruff MR, Inan S, Shi XQ, Meissler JJ, Adler MW, Eisenstein TK, Zhang J. Potentiation of morphine antinociception and inhibition of diabetic neuropathic pain by the multi-chemokine receptor antagonist peptide RAP-103. Life Sci 2022; 306:120788. [PMID: 35817166 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.120788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We determined the ability of the multi-chemokine receptor (CCR2/CCR5/CCR8) antagonist RAP-103 to modulate pain behaviors in an acute model of surgical pain, with and without an added opioid (morphine), and by itself in a chronic model of Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN). MATERIALS AND METHODS Pain behaviors were assessed by mechanical and thermal tests in rats. Cytokine and chemokine biomarkers in sciatic nerve and spinal cord were assessed by in situ qPCR. KEY FINDINGS In the incisional pain assay, RAP-103 (0.01-1 mg/kg, i.p.) alone had no antiallodynic effect post-surgery. RAP-103 (0.5 mg/kg) when co-administered with morphine (0.5-5 mg/kg), reduced the ED50 of morphine from 3.19 mg/kg to 1.42 mg/kg. In a DPN model, rats exhibited persistent mechanical and cold allodynia. Oral administration of RAP-103 (0.5-0.02 mg/kg/day) resulted in a complete reversal of established hypersensitivity in DPN rats (P < .001), which gradually returned to pain hypersensitivity after the cessation of the treatment. The mRNA expression of cytokines, IL-1β, TNFα; chemokines CCL2, CCL3; and chemokine receptors CCR2 and CCR5 in DPN rat sciatic nerve, but not spinal cord, were significantly increased. RAP-103 resulted in significant reductions in sciatic nerve expression of IL-1β, TNFα and CCL3 in STZ-induced diabetic rats with trends toward lower levels for CCL2 and CCR5, while CCR2 was unchanged. SIGNIFICANCE In acute pain, co-administration of RAP-103 with morphine provided the same antinociceptive effect with a reduced dose of morphine, reducing opioid side-effects and risks. RAP-103 by itself is an effective non-opioid antinociceptive treatment for diabetic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Saadet Inan
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Xiang Qun Shi
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, 740 Doctor Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Joseph J Meissler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Martin W Adler
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Toby K Eisenstein
- Center for Substance Abuse Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Ji Zhang
- Alan Edwards Centre for Research on Pain, 740 Doctor Penfield Ave, Suite 3200C, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Pawlik K, Ciechanowska A, Ciapała K, Rojewska E, Makuch W, Mika J. Blockade of CC Chemokine Receptor Type 3 Diminishes Pain and Enhances Opioid Analgesic Potency in a Model of Neuropathic Pain. Front Immunol 2021; 12:781310. [PMID: 34795678 PMCID: PMC8593225 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.781310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is a serious clinical issue, and its treatment remains a challenge in contemporary medicine. Thus, dynamic development in the area of animal and clinical studies has been observed. The mechanisms of neuropathic pain are still not fully understood; therefore, studies investigating these mechanisms are extremely important. However, much evidence indicates that changes in the activation and infiltration of immune cells cause the release of pronociceptive cytokines and contribute to neuropathic pain development and maintenance. Moreover, these changes are associated with low efficacy of opioids used to treat neuropathy. To date, the role of CC chemokine receptor type 3 (CCR3) in nociception has not been studied. Similarly, little is known about its endogenous ligands (C-C motif ligand; CCL), namely, CCL5, CCL7, CCL11, CCL24, CCL26, and CCL28. Our research showed that the development of hypersensitivity in rats following chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve is associated with upregulation of CCL7 and CCL11 in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Moreover, our results provide the first evidence that single and repeated intrathecal administration of the CCR3 antagonist SB328437 diminishes mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity. Additionally, repeated administration enhances the analgesic properties of morphine and buprenorphine following nerve injury. Simultaneously, the injection of SB328437 reduces the protein levels of some pronociceptive cytokines, such as IL-6, CCL7, and CCL11, in parallel with a reduction in the activation and influx of GFAP-, CD4- and MPO-positive cells in the spinal cord and/or DRG. Moreover, we have shown for the first time that an inhibitor of myeloperoxidase-4-aminobenzoic hydrazide may relieve pain and simultaneously enhance morphine and buprenorphine efficacy. The obtained results indicate the important role of CCR3 and its modulation in neuropathic pain treatment and suggest that it represents an interesting target for future investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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Macht V, Vetreno R, Elchert N, Crews F. Galantamine prevents and reverses neuroimmune induction and loss of adult hippocampal neurogenesis following adolescent alcohol exposure. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:212. [PMID: 34530858 PMCID: PMC8447570 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Binge ethanol exposure during adolescence reduces hippocampal neurogenesis, a reduction which persists throughout adulthood despite abstinence. This loss of neurogenesis, indicated by reduced doublecortin+ immunoreactivity (DCX+IR), is paralleled by an increase in hippocampal proinflammatory signaling cascades. As galantamine, a cholinesterase inhibitor, has anti-inflammatory actions, we tested the hypothesis that galantamine would prevent (study 1) or restore (study 2) AIE induction of proinflammatory signals within the hippocampus as well as AIE-induced loss of hippocampal neurogenesis. METHODS Galantamine (4 mg/kg) or vehicle (saline) was administered to Wistar rats during adolescent intermittent ethanol (AIE; 5.0 g/kg ethanol, 2 days on/2 days off, postnatal day [P] 25-54) (study 1, prevention) or after AIE during abstinent maturation to adulthood (study 2, restoration). RESULTS Results indicate AIE reduced DCX+IR and induced cleaved caspase3 (Casp3) in DCX-expressing immature neurons. Excitingly, AIE induction of activated Casp3 in DCX-expressing neurons is both prevented and reversed by galantamine treatment, which also resulted in prevention and restoration of neurogenesis (DCX+IR). Similarly, galantamine prevented and/or reversed AIE induction of proinflammatory markers, including the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) protein, suggesting that AIE induction of proinflammatory signaling mediates both cell death cascades and hippocampal neurogenesis. Interestingly, galantamine treatment increased Ki67+IR generally as well as increased pan-Trk expression specifically in AIE-treated rats but failed to reverse AIE induction of NADPH-oxidase (gp91phox). CONCLUSIONS Collectively, our studies suggest that (1) loss of neurogenesis after AIE is mediated by persistent induction of proinflammatory cascades which drive activation of cell death machinery in immature neurons, and (2) galantamine can prevent and restore AIE disruptions in the hippocampal environmental milieu to then prevent and restore AIE-mediated loss of neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria Macht
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
| | - Ryan Vetreno
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie Elchert
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | - Fulton Crews
- Bowles Center for Alcohol Studies, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 104 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Zhang L, Xie W, Zhang J, Shanahan H, Tonello R, Lee SH, Strong JA, Berta T, Zhang JM. Key role of CCR2-expressing macrophages in a mouse model of low back pain and radiculopathy. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 91:556-567. [PMID: 33197543 PMCID: PMC7758110 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2020.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic low back pain is a common condition, with high societal costs and often ineffectual treatments. Communication between macrophages/monocytes (MØ) and sensory neurons has been implicated in various preclinical pain models. However, few studies have examined specific MØ subsets, although distinct subtypes may play opposing roles. This study used a model of low back pain/radiculopathy involving direct local inflammation of the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Reporter mice were employed that had distinct fluorescent labels for two key MØ subsets: CCR2-expressing (infiltrating pro-inflammatory) MØ, and CX3CR1-expressing (resident) macrophages. We observed that local DRG inflammation induced pain behaviors in mice, including guarding behavior and mechanical hypersensitivity, similar to the previously described rat model. The increase in MØ in the inflamed DRG was dominated by increases in CCR2+ MØ, which persisted for at least 14 days. The primary endogenous ligand for CCR2, CCL2, was upregulated in inflamed DRG. Three different experimental manipulations that reduced the CCR2+ MØ influx also reduced pain behaviors: global CCR2 knockout; systemic injection of INCB3344 (specific CCR2 blocker); and intravenous injection of liposomal clodronate. The latter two treatments when applied around the time of DRG inflammation reduced CCR2+ but not CX3CR1+ MØ in the DRG. Together these experiments suggest a key role for the CCR2/CCL2 system in establishing the pain state in this model of inflammatory low back pain and radiculopathy. Intravenous clodronate given after pain was established had the opposite effect on pain behaviors, suggesting the role of macrophages or their susceptibility to clodronate may change with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wenrui Xie
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Jingdong Zhang
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Hailey Shanahan
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Raquel Tonello
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Sang Hoon Lee
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Judith A Strong
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Temugin Berta
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA
| | - Jun-Ming Zhang
- Pain Research Center, Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45040, USA.
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Itch: A Paradigm of Neuroimmune Crosstalk. Immunity 2020; 52:753-766. [PMID: 32433948 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2020.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Although the medical definition of itch has been in existence for 360 years, only in the last 20 years have we begun to understand the basic mechanisms that underlie this unique sensation. Therapeutics that specifically target chronic itch as a pathologic entity are currently still not available. Recent seminal advances in itch circuitry within the nervous system have intersected with discoveries in immunology in unexpected ways to rapidly inform emerging treatment strategies. The current review aims to introduce these basic concepts in itch biology and highlight how distinct immunologic pathways integrate with recently identified itch-sensory circuits in the nervous system to inform a major new paradigm of neuroimmunology and therapeutic development for chronic itch.
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Tozaki-Saitoh H, Tsuda M. Microglia-neuron interactions in the models of neuropathic pain. Biochem Pharmacol 2019; 169:113614. [PMID: 31445020 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a debilitating condition that often emerges as a clinical symptom of inflammatory diseases. It has therefore been widely accepted that the immune system critically contributes to the pathology of chronic pain. Microglia, a type of immune cell in the central nervous system, has attracted researchers' attention because in rodent models of neuropathic pain that develop strong mechanical and thermal hypersensitivity, histologically activated microglia are seen in the dorsal horn of spinal cord. Several kinds of cytokines are generated by damaged peripheral neurons and contribute to microglial activation at the distal site of the injury where damaged neurons send their projections. Microglia are known as key players in the surveillance of the local environment in the central nervous system and have a significant role of circuit remodeling by physical contact to synapses. Key molecules for the pathology of neuropathic pain exist in the activated microglia, but the factors driving pain-inducible microglial activation remain unclear. Therefore, to find the key molecules inducing activation of spinal microglia and to figure out the precise mechanism of how microglia modulate neuronal circuits in the spinal cord to form chronic pain state is a critical step for developing effective treatment of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidetoshi Tozaki-Saitoh
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
| | - Makoto Tsuda
- Department of Life Innovation, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan.
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Jiang H, Cui H, Wang T, Shimada SG, Sun R, Tan Z, Ma C, LaMotte RH. CCL2/CCR2 signaling elicits itch- and pain-like behavior in a murine model of allergic contact dermatitis. Brain Behav Immun 2019; 80:464-473. [PMID: 30981714 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2019.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Spontaneous itch and pain are the most common symptoms in various skin diseases, including allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2, also referred to as monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 (MCP-1)) and its receptor CCR2 are involved in the pathophysiology of ACD, but little is known of the role of CCL2/CCR2 for the itch- and pain-behaviors accompanying the murine model of this disorder, termed contact hypersensitivity (CHS). C57BL/6 mice previously sensitized to the hapten, squaric acid dibutyl ester, applied to the abdomen were subsequently challenged twice with the hapten delivered to either the cheek or to the hairy skin of the hind paw resulting in CHS at that site. By 24 h after the 2nd challenge to the hind paw CCL2 and CCR2 mRNA, protein, and signaling activity were upregulated in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG). Calcium imaging and whole-cell current-clamp recordings revealed that CCL2 directly acted on its neuronal receptor, CCR2 to activate a subset of small-diameter, nociceptive-like DRG neurons retrogradely labeled from the CHS site. Intradermal injection of CCL2 into the site of CHS on the cheek evoked site-directed itch- and pain-like behaviors which could be attenuated by prior delivery of an antagonist of CCR2. In contrast, CCL2 failed to elicit either type of behavior in control mice. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that CHS upregulates CCL2/CCR2 signaling in a subpopulation of cutaneous small diameter DRG neurons and that CCL2 can activate these neurons through neuronal CCR2 to elicit itch- and pain-behavior. Targeting the CCL2/CCR2 signaling might be beneficial for the treatment of the itch and pain sensations accompanying ACD in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haowu Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA; Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Huan Cui
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Steven G Shimada
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Digestive Diseases, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
| | - Zhiyong Tan
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology and Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
| | - Chao Ma
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China.
| | - Robert H LaMotte
- Department of Anesthesiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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12
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Artelsmair M, Miranda-Azpiazu P, Kingston L, Bergare J, Schou M, Varrone A, Elmore CS. Synthesis, 3 H-labelling and in vitro evaluation of a substituted dipiperidine alcohol as a potential ligand for chemokine receptor 2. J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:265-279. [PMID: 30937946 PMCID: PMC6617762 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is implicated in the pathology of neurodegenerative disorders. The C‐C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is one of the key targets involved in the activation of the immune system. A suitable ligand for CCR2 could be a useful tool to study immune activation in central nervous system (CNS) disorders. Herein, we describe the synthesis, tritium radiolabelling, and preliminary in vitro evaluation in post‐mortem human brain tissue of a known potent small molecule antagonist for CCR2. The preparation of a tritium‐labelled analogue for the autoradiography (ARG) study gave rise to an intriguing and unexpected side reaction profile through a novel amination of ethanol and methanol in the presence of tritium. After successful preparation of the tritiated radioligand, in vitro ARG measurements on human brain sections revealed nonspecific binding properties of the selected antagonist in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Artelsmair
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Patricia Miranda-Azpiazu
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre of Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lee Kingston
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonas Bergare
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Magnus Schou
- PET Science Centre, Precision Medicine and Genomics, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Varrone
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre of Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet and Stockholm County Council, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Charles S Elmore
- Early Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Sciences, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Gothenburg, Sweden
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13
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Luo P, Shao J, Jiao Y, Yu W, Rong W. CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) enhances TTX-sensitive sodium channel activity of primary afferent neurons in the complete Freud adjuvant-induced inflammatory pain model. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2018; 50:1219-1226. [PMID: 30339176 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
CC chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) has been implicated in pathological pain, but the mechanism underlying the pronociceptive effect of CCL2 is not fully understood. Voltage-gated sodium (Nav) channels are important determinants of the excitability of sensory neurons. Hence we tested the hypothesis that CCL2 contributes to inflammatory pain via modulating Nav channel activity of primary afferent neurons. Chronic inflammatory pain was induced in rats by intraplantar injection of the complete Freud adjuvant (CFA) to one of the hind paws. Control rats received intraplantar injection of equal volume of saline. A significant increase of CCL2 mRNA and CCL2 receptor (CCR2) protein expression was detected in the ipsilateral dorsal root ganglion (DRG) in CFA-treated rats. Intraplantar injection of CCL2 protein in the control rats had minimal effect on the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) in response to mechanical stimulation. However, in CFA-treated rats, intraplantar CCL2 led to an increase in pain responses. Patch-clamp recording of acutely dissociated DRG neurons revealed that CCL2 had minimum effect on the excitability of sensory neurons from control rats. However, CCL2 directly depolarized a large proportion of small to medium-sized sensory neurons from CFA-treated rats. In addition, CCL2 was found to enhance whole-cell TTX-sensitive sodium currents without significantly affecting the TTX-resistant sodium currents and the potassium currents. These results are in agreement with previous reports concerning the involvement of CCL2-CCR2 signaling in inflammatory hyperalgesia and further indicate that enhanced TTX-sensitive channel activity may partly underlie the pronociceptive effects of CCL2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiayun Shao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingfu Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifeng Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Weifang Rong
- Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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14
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Piotrowska A, Rojewska E, Pawlik K, Kreiner G, Ciechanowska A, Makuch W, Zychowska M, Mika J. Pharmacological blockade of CXCR3 by (±)-NBI-74330 reduces neuropathic pain and enhances opioid effectiveness - Evidence from in vivo and in vitro studies. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2018; 1864:3418-3437. [PMID: 30076959 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2018.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that CXCR3 is important for nociception. Our experiments were conducted to evaluate involvement of CXCR3 and its ligands (CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11/CCL21) in neuropathic pain. Our studies give new evidence that intrathecal administration of each CXCR3 ligand induces pain-like behaviour in naive mice that occurs shortly after injection due to its location of neurons, which is confirmed by immunofluorescent staining. Moreover, intrathecal administrations of CXCL9, CXCL10, CCL21 neutralizing antibodies diminished pain-related behaviour. RT-PCR/Western blot analysis unprecedentedly showed spinal elevated levels of CXCR3 after chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve in rats in parallel with different time-course changes of its endogenous ligands. Initially, on day 2 we observed spinal increased levels of CXCL10 and CXCL11 indicating that these chemokines have important roles in triggering neuropathy. Then, on day 7, we observed increased levels of CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10. Interestingly, changes in CXCL9 level persisted until day 28, suggesting that these chemokines are responsible for long-term, persistent neuropathy. Additionally, in DRG the CXCL4, CXCL9 were elevated. The results obtained from primary glial cultures, suggests that all CXCR3 ligands can be produced in microglia, but also, except for CXCL4, in astrocytes. We provide the first evidence that in neuropathy chronic intrathecal administration of CXCR3 antagonist, (±)-NBI-74330, attenuates hypersensitivity with concomitant occurrence of microglial and some of CXCR3 ligands activation observed in the spinal cord and/or DRG level. This paper underlies the significance of CXCR3 in neuropathic pain and shows therapeutic potential of its blockade for enhancement of morphine analgesia as the major novelty of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Piotrowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Ewelina Rojewska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Brain Biochemistry, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Agata Ciechanowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Wioletta Makuch
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zychowska
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Pain Pharmacology, Smetna Street 12, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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15
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Rojewska E, Zychowska M, Piotrowska A, Kreiner G, Nalepa I, Mika J. Involvement of Macrophage Inflammatory Protein-1 Family Members in the Development of Diabetic Neuropathy and Their Contribution to Effectiveness of Morphine. Front Immunol 2018; 9:494. [PMID: 29593735 PMCID: PMC5857572 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Current investigations underline the important roles of C–C motif ligands in the development of neuropathic pain; however, their participation in diabetic neuropathy is still undefined. Therefore, the goal of our study was to evaluate the participation of macrophage inflammatory protein-1 (MIP-1) family members (CCL3, CCL4, CCL9) in a streptozotocin (STZ)-induced mouse model of diabetic neuropathic pain. Single intrathecal administration of each MIP-1 member (10, 100, or 500 ng/5 μl) in naïve mice evoked hypersensitivity to mechanical (von Frey test) and thermal (cold plate test) stimuli. Concomitantly, protein analysis has shown that, 7 days following STZ injection, the levels of CCL3 and CCL9 (but not CCL4) are increased in the lumbar spinal cord. Performed additionally, immunofluorescence staining undoubtedly revealed that CCL3, CCL9, and their receptors (CCR1 and CCR5) are expressed predominantly by neurons. In vitro studies provided evidence that the observed expression of CCL3 and CCL9 may be partially of glial origin; however, this observation was only partially possible to confirm by immunohistochemical study. Single intrathecal administration of CCL3 or CCL9 neutralizing antibody (2 and 4 μg/5 μl) delayed neuropathic pain symptoms as measured at day 7 following STZ administration. Single intrathecal injection of a CCR1 antagonist (J113863; 15 and 20 μg/5 μl) also attenuated pain-related behavior as evaluated at day 7 after STZ. Both neutralizing antibodies, as well as the CCR1 antagonist, enhanced the effectiveness of morphine in STZ-induced diabetic neuropathy. These findings highlight the important roles of CCL3 and CCL9 in the pathology of diabetic neuropathic pain and suggest that they play pivotal roles in opioid analgesia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewelina Rojewska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Magdalena Zychowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Anna Piotrowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Kreiner
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Irena Nalepa
- Department of Brain Biochemistry, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
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16
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Michot B, Deumens R, Hermans E. Immunohistochemical comparison of astrocytic mGluR5 upregulation in infraorbital nerve- versus sciatic nerve-ligated rat. Neurosci Lett 2017; 653:113-119. [PMID: 28533177 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 05/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The differential pharmacological responsiveness of cephalic and extra-cephalic neuropathic pain has been proposed to relate to distinct mechanisms that may involve neuroinflammatory reactions mediated by glial cells. Astrocytes are particularly important for neuronal sensitization in neuropathic pain, in part through modulation of glutamatergic transmission. Because the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) is involved in the astrocytic regulation of the glutamatergic system, we investigated modifications of its expression in models of cephalic versus extra-cephalic neuropathic pain. Adult male rats underwent unilateral chronic constriction injury (CCI) of either the infraorbital nerve (ION) or the sciatic nerve (SN). Seven days later, mGluR5 and the astrocyte marker GFAP (glial fibrillary acidic protein) were overexpressed and appeared localized mainly in the superficial lamina of the trigeminal nucleus in CCI-ION and the spinal cord dorsal horn in CCI-SN rats. In addition, colocalization of GFAP and mGluR5 strongly suggested an increase of astrocytic mGluR5 expression in nerve-injured rats compared to sham animals. The present data show an upregulation of astrocytic mGluR5 in central structures in both CCI-ION and CCI-SN. This suggests that the pharmacological modulation of mGluR5 could be a new approach to reduce both cephalic and extra-cephalic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Michot
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Ronald Deumens
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Hippocrate B1.54.10, 1200 Brussels, Belgium
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17
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Wang J, Ma SH, Tao R, Xia LJ, Liu L, Jiang YH. Gene expression profile changes in rat dorsal horn after sciatic nerve injury. Neurol Res 2016; 39:176-182. [PMID: 28033741 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2016.1273590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate gene expression changes in rat dorsal horns after sciatic nerve injury (SNI). METHODS The GSE18803 microarray data collected from young and adult rats were downloaded from GEO. After preprocessing, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SNI and sham-operated groups were selected using Limma package, in young and adult group, respectively, followed by Venn analysis. Then, enrichment analyses were performed for these DEGs using DAVID. The STRING database was used to identify protein-protein interactions (PPIs) among these DEGs, and the module network was further extracted using plugin ClusterONE. Finally, protein domain enrichment analysis of DEGs in each module was performed using InterPro database. RESULTS Totally, 210 and 50 DEGs were identified in adult and young group, respectively. Among them, 160 were specific in adult group (e.g. CCL2, NF-κB1 and RAC2); 9 were specific in young group (e.g. ILF3 and LYVE1); and 41 were common in both two groups (e.g. FCER1G, C1QA, C1QB and C1QC). The up-regulated DEGs were mostly enriched in immune response-related biological processes, as well as 15 immune- and inflammation-related pathways. Then, two modules were identified in PPI network. CCL2 and NF-κB1 had high connectivity degrees in module 1, and RAC2, FCER1G and CD68 in module 2. CONCLUSION CCL2, NF-κB1, RAC2, FCER1G and C1Q may contribute to the generation of neuropathic pain after SNI via immune and defense pathways. Among the five genes, the first three are specific in adult population, while the latter two are age-independent. They all might function through involvement of these immune or inflammatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wang
- a Department of Pain Management , Henan Provincial People's Hospital, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Song-He Ma
- a Department of Pain Management , Henan Provincial People's Hospital, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Rong Tao
- a Department of Pain Management , Henan Provincial People's Hospital, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Ling-Jie Xia
- a Department of Pain Management , Henan Provincial People's Hospital, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Lin Liu
- a Department of Pain Management , Henan Provincial People's Hospital, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
| | - Ying-Hai Jiang
- a Department of Pain Management , Henan Provincial People's Hospital, The People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University , Zhengzhou , China
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18
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The emerging role of in vitro electrophysiological methods in CNS safety pharmacology. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2016; 81:47-59. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Revised: 03/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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19
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Bégin-Lavallée V, Midavaine É, Dansereau MA, Tétreault P, Longpré JM, Jacobi AM, Rose SD, Behlke MA, Beaudet N, Sarret P. Functional inhibition of chemokine receptor CCR2 by dicer-substrate-siRNA prevents pain development. Mol Pain 2016; 12:12/0/1744806916653969. [PMID: 27306408 PMCID: PMC4956154 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916653969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Accumulating evidence suggests that the C-C chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2, or monocyte chemoattractant protein 1) acts as a neuromodulator in the central nervous system through its binding to the C-C chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2). Notably, it is well established that the CCL2/CCR2 axis plays a key role in neuron-glia communication as well as in spinal nociceptive transmission. Gene silencing through RNA interference has recently emerged as a promising avenue in research and drug development, including therapeutic management of chronic pain. In the present study, we used 27-mer Dicer-substrate small interfering RNA (DsiRNA) targeting CCR2 and assessed their ability to reverse the nociceptive behaviors induced by spinal CCL2 injection or following intraplantar injection of complete Freund's adjuvant. RESULTS To this end, we first developed high-potency DsiRNAs designed to target different sequences distributed across the rat CCR2 (rCCR2) messenger RNA. For optimization, methyl groups were added to the two most potent DsiRNA candidates (Evader and M7 2'-O-methyl modified duplexes) in order to improve in vivo duplex stability and to reduce potential immunostimulatory activity. Our results demonstrated that all modified candidates formulated with the cell-penetrating peptide reagent Transductin showed strong RNAi activity following intrathecal delivery, exhibiting >50% rCCR2 knockdown in lumbar dorsal root ganglia. Accordingly, we found that these DsiRNA duplexes were able to reduce spinal microglia activation and were effective at blocking CCL2-induced mechanical hypersensitivity. Along with similar reductions of rCCR2 messenger RNA, both sequences and methylation patterns were similarly effective in inhibiting the CCL2 nociceptive action for the whole seven days testing period, compared to mismatch DsiRNA. DsiRNAs against CCR2 also reversed the hypernociceptive responses observed in the complete Freund's adjuvant-induced inflammatory chronic pain model. CONCLUSION Altogether, these results validate CCR2 as a an appropriate molecular target for pain control and demonstrate that RNAi-based gene therapy represent an highly specific alternative to classical pharmacological approaches to treat central pathologies such as chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Bégin-Lavallée
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
- Philippe Sarret, Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, 3001, 12th Avenue North, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada.
| | - Élora Midavaine
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Marc-André Dansereau
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Pascal Tétreault
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Jean-Michel Longpré
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | | | - Scott D Rose
- Integrated DNA Technologies Inc, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Mark A Behlke
- Integrated DNA Technologies Inc, Coralville, IA, USA
| | - Nicolas Beaudet
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Philippe Sarret
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Institut de Pharmacologie de Sherbrooke, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
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20
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Sonekatsu M, Taniguchi W, Yamanaka M, Nishio N, Tsutsui S, Yamada H, Yoshida M, Nakatsuka T. Interferon-gamma potentiates NMDA receptor signaling in spinal dorsal horn neurons via microglia-neuron interaction. Mol Pain 2016; 12:1744806916644927. [PMID: 27094552 PMCID: PMC4956380 DOI: 10.1177/1744806916644927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glia-neuron interactions play an important role in the development of neuropathic pain. Expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokne →cytokine Interferon-gamma (IFNγ) is upregulated in the dorsal horn after peripheral nerve injury, and intrathecal IFNγ administration induces mechanical allodynia in rats. A growing body of evidence suggests that IFNγ might be involved in the mechanisms of neuropathic pain, but its effects on the spinal dorsal horn are unclear. We performed blind whole-cell patch-clamp recording to investigate the effect of IFNγ on postsynaptic glutamate-induced currents in the substantia gelatinosa neurons of spinal cord slices from adult male rats. RESULTS IFNγ perfusion significantly enhanced the amplitude of NMDA-induced inward currents in substantia gelatinosa neurons, but did not affect AMPA-induced currents. The facilitation of NMDA-induced current by IFNγ was inhibited by bath application of an IFNγ receptor-selective antagonist. Adding the Janus activated kinase inhibitor tofacitinib to the pipette solution did not affect the IFNγ-induced facilitation of NMDA-induced currents. However, the facilitatory effect of IFNγ on NMDA-induced currents was inhibited by perfusion of the microglial inhibitor minocycline. These results suggest that IFNγ binds the microglial IFNγ receptor and enhances NMDA receptor activity in substantia gelatinosa neurons. Next, to identify the effector of signal transmission from microglia to dorsal horn neurons, we added an inhibitor of G proteins, GDP-β-S, to the pipette solution. In a GDP-β-S-containing pipette solution, IFNγ-induced potentiation of the NMDA current was significantly suppressed after 30 min. In addition, IFNγ-induced potentiation of NMDA currents was blocked by application of a selective antagonist of CCR2, and its ligand CCL2 increased NMDA-induced currents. CONCLUSION Our findings suggest that IFNγ enhance the amplitude of NMDA-induced inward currents in substantia gelatinosa neurons via microglial IFNγ receptors and CCL2/CCR2 signaling. This mechanism might be partially responsible for the development of persistent neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Sonekatsu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Wataru Taniguchi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Manabu Yamanaka
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Naoko Nishio
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Shunji Tsutsui
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Yamada
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Munehito Yoshida
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Terumasa Nakatsuka
- Pain Research Center, Kansai University of Health Science, Kumatori, Osaka, Japan
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Llorián-Salvador M, Pevida M, González-Rodríguez S, Lastra A, Fernández-García MT, Hidalgo A, Baamonde A, Menéndez L. Analgesic effects evoked by a CCR2 antagonist or an anti-CCL2 antibody in inflamed mice. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 2016; 30:235-47. [DOI: 10.1111/fcp.12182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- María Llorián-Salvador
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Marta Pevida
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Sara González-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Ana Lastra
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - María-Teresa Fernández-García
- Unidad de Histopatología Molecular en Modelos Animales de Cáncer, IUOPA; Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Agustín Hidalgo
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Ana Baamonde
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
| | - Luis Menéndez
- Facultad de Medicina; Laboratorio de Farmacología; Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA); Universidad de Oviedo; C/Julián Clavería 6 33006 Oviedo Spain
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22
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Verma V, Sheikh Z, Ahmed AS. Nociception and role of immune system in pain. Acta Neurol Belg 2015; 115:213-20. [PMID: 25547878 DOI: 10.1007/s13760-014-0411-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Both pain and inflammation are protective responses. However, these self-limiting conditions (with well-established negative feedback loops) become pathological if left uncontrolled. Both pain and inflammation can interact with each other in a multi-dimensional manner. These interactions are known to create an array of 'difficult to manage' pathologies. This review explains in detail the role of immune system and the related cells in peripheral sensitization and neurogenic inflammation. Various neuro-immune interactions are analyzed at peripheral, sensory and central nervous system levels. Innate immunity plays a critical role in central sensitization and in establishing acute pain as chronic condition. Moreover, inflammatory mediators also exhibit psychological effects, thus contributing towards the emotional elements associated with pain. However, there is also a considerable anti-inflammatory and analgesic role of immune system. This review also attempts to enlist various novel pharmacological approaches that exhibit their actions through modification of neuro-immune interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Verma
- Division of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada,
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23
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Van Steenwinckel J, Auvynet C, Sapienza A, Reaux-Le Goazigo A, Combadière C, Melik Parsadaniantz S. Stromal cell-derived CCL2 drives neuropathic pain states through myeloid cell infiltration in injured nerve. Brain Behav Immun 2015; 45:198-210. [PMID: 25449579 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Revised: 10/18/2014] [Accepted: 10/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain resulting from peripheral nerve injury involves many persistent neuroinflammatory processes including inflammatory chemokines that control leukocyte trafficking and activate resident cells. Several studies have shown that CCL2 chemokine, a potent attractant of monocytes, and its cognate receptor, CCR2, play a critical role in regulating nociceptive processes during neuropathic pain. However, the role of CCL2 in peripheral leukocyte infiltration-associated neuropathic pain remains poorly understood. In particular, the contribution of individual CCL2-expressing cell populations (i.e. stromal and leukocytes) to immune cell recruitment into the injured nerve has not been established. Here, in preclinical model of peripheral neuropathic pain (i.e. chronic constriction injury of the sciatic nerve), we have demonstrated that, CCL2 content was increased specifically in nerve fibers. This upregulation of CCL2 correlated with local monocyte/macrophage infiltration and pain processing. Furthermore, sciatic intraneural microinjection of CCL2 in naïve animals triggered long-lasting pain behavior associated with local monocyte/macrophage recruitment. Using a specific CCR2 antagonist and mice with a CCL2 genetic deletion, we have also established that the CCL2/CCR2 axis drives monocyte/macrophage infiltration and pain hypersensitivity in the CCI model. Finally, specific deletion of CCL2 in stromal or immune cells respectively using irradiated bone marrow-chimeric CCI mice demonstrated that stromal cell-derived CCL2 (in contrast to CCL2 immune cell-derived) tightly controls monocyte/macrophage recruitment into the lesion and plays a major role in the development of neuropathic pain. These findings demonstrate that in chronic pain states, CCL2 expressed by sciatic nerve cells predominantly drove local neuro-immune interactions and pain-related behavior through CCR2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliette Van Steenwinckel
- UMR 1141 INSERM, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019, Paris, France; Université Paris Diderot, Faculté de Médecine, F-75019, Paris, France; PremUP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Constance Auvynet
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris). 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France; Inserm, U1135, CIMI-Paris, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-Paris, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Sapienza
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de la vision, équipe S12, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; UMR_S 968 INSERM, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; UMR 7210 CNRS, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Annabelle Reaux-Le Goazigo
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de la vision, équipe S12, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; UMR_S 968 INSERM, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; UMR 7210 CNRS, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France
| | - Christophe Combadière
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris). 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France; Inserm, U1135, CIMI-Paris, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France; CNRS, ERL 8255, CIMI-Paris, 91 Bd de l'hôpital, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Melik Parsadaniantz
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, Institut de la vision, équipe S12, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; UMR_S 968 INSERM, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France; UMR 7210 CNRS, 17 rue Moreau, F-75012, Paris, France.
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24
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Solinski HJ, Gudermann T, Breit A. Pharmacology and signaling of MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 66:570-97. [PMID: 24867890 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.008425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Signaling by heptahelical G protein-coupled receptors (GPCR) regulates many vital body functions. Consequently, dysfunction of GPCR signaling leads to pathologic states, and approximately 30% of all modern clinical drugs target GPCR. One decade ago, an entire new GPCR family was discovered, which was recently named MAS-related G protein-coupled receptors (MRGPR) by the HUGO Gene Nomenclature Committee. The MRGPR family consists of ∼40 members that are grouped into nine distinct subfamilies (MRGPRA to -H and -X) and are predominantly expressed in primary sensory neurons and mast cells. All members are formally still considered "orphan" by the Committee on Receptor Nomenclature and Drug Classification of the International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. However, several distinct peptides and amino acids are discussed as potential ligands, including β-alanine, angiotensin-(1-7), alamandine, GABA, cortistatin-14, and cleavage products of proenkephalin, pro-opiomelanocortin, prodynorphin, or proneuropeptide-FF-A. The full spectrum of biologic roles of all MRGPR is still ill-defined, but there is evidence pointing to a role of distinct MRGPR subtypes in nociception, pruritus, sleep, cell proliferation, circulation, and mast cell degranulation. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 10 years on the phylogenetic relationships, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and agonist-promoted regulation of all MRGPR subfamilies. Furthermore, we highlight interactions between MRGPR and other hormonal systems, paying particular attention to receptor multimerization and morphine tolerance. Finally, we discuss the challenges the field faces presently and emphasize future directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jürgen Solinski
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
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25
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Cumming JG, MacFaul PA, Leach AG. Novel N-thiazolyl piperazine-1-carboxamide CCR2 antagonists – investigation of an unexpected reaction with glutathione. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00362h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of CCR2 antagonists containing halothiazoles were found to undergo an unexpected reaction with glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - A. G. Leach
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences
- James Parsons Building
- Liverpool
- UK
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26
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Freitag CM, Miller RJ. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonists modulate neuropathic pain: a link to chemokines? Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:238. [PMID: 25191225 PMCID: PMC4138931 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pain presents a widespread and intractable medical problem. While numerous pharmaceuticals are used to treat chronic pain, drugs that are safe for extended use and highly effective at treating the most severe pain do not yet exist. Chronic pain resulting from nervous system injury (neuropathic pain) is common in conditions ranging from multiple sclerosis to HIV-1 infection to type II diabetes. Inflammation caused by neuropathy is believed to contribute to the generation and maintenance of neuropathic pain. Chemokines are key inflammatory mediators, several of which (MCP-1, RANTES, MIP-1α, fractalkine, SDF-1 among others) have been linked to chronic, neuropathic pain in both human conditions and animal models. The important roles chemokines play in inflammation and pain make them an attractive therapeutic target. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a family of nuclear receptors known for their roles in metabolism. Recent research has revealed that PPARs also play a role in inflammatory gene repression. PPAR agonists have wide-ranging effects including inhibition of chemokine expression and pain behavior reduction in animal models. Experimental evidence suggests a connection between the pain ameliorating effects of PPAR agonists and suppression of inflammatory gene expression, including chemokines. In early clinical research, one PPARα agonist, palmitoylethanolamide (PEA), shows promise in relieving chronic pain. If this link can be better established, PPAR agonists may represent a new drug therapy for neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline M Freitag
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard J Miller
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Biological Chemistry, Richard J. Miller Laboratory, Northwestern University Chicago, IL, USA
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27
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Poon K, Ho HT, Barson JR, Leibowitz SF. Stimulatory role of the chemokine CCL2 in the migration and peptide expression of embryonic hypothalamic neurons. J Neurochem 2014; 131:509-20. [PMID: 25039297 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/16/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a feedback mechanism against infection, with recent studies suggesting a neuromodulatory role. The chemokine, (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2), and its receptor, (C-C motif) receptor type 2 (CCR2), affect neuromodulation and migration in response to damage. Although CCL2 co-localizes with neuropeptides in the hypothalamus that control voluntary behavior, the function of CCL2/CCR2 is unknown. This led us to consider the possibility that CCL2 acting through CCR2, under natural conditions, may affect the migration and peptide levels of hypothalamic neurons that control voluntary behavior. This study used primary embryonic hypothalamic neurons to examine the effect of CCL2 on migratory behavior and on levels of the peptides, enkephalin (ENK) and galanin. Treatment with CCL2 led to a significant, dose-dependent increase in the number of migrated neurons and an increase in the velocity and distance traveled. CCL2 also significantly increased the number of ENK-expressing and CCR2/ENK co-expressing neurons and the percentage of neurons that contain higher levels of ENK. Lastly, CCL2 produced a dose-dependent increase in expression of ENK and galanin. These results provide evidence for a stimulatory effect of CCL2 on embryonic hypothalamic neurons involving changes in migratory behavior, expression, and synthesis of neuropeptides that function in controlling behavior. Our results demonstrate that the chemokine, CCL2, functions through its receptor, CCR2, to stimulate the migration and expression of the orexigenic peptides, enkephalin (ENK) and galanin (GAL), in developing embryonic hypothalamic neurons that are important for controlling ingestive behavior. This evidence reveals broad effects of CCL2 in the developing hypothalamus, showing this chemokine system to be tightly linked to the hypothalamic peptide neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinning Poon
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neurobiology, The Rockefeller University, New York City, New York, USA
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28
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Luo X, Tai WL, Sun L, Qiu Q, Xia Z, Chung SK, Cheung CW. Central administration of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 antagonist alleviates the development and maintenance of peripheral neuropathic pain in mice. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104860. [PMID: 25119456 PMCID: PMC4132096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To explore the roles of C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) in spinal processing of neuropathic pain at the central nervous system (CNS). Methods Peripheral neuropathic pain (PNP) induced by partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) model was assessed in mice. Effects of a single intrathecal (central) administration of AMD3100 (intrathecal AMD3100), a CXCR4 antagonist, on pain behavior and pain-related spinal pathways and molecules in the L3-L5 spinal cord segment was studied compare to saline treatment. Results Rotarod test showed that intrathecal AMD3100 did not impair mice motor function. In pSNL-induced mice, intrathecal AMD3100 delayed the development of mechanical allodynia and reversed the established mechanical allodynia in a dose-dependent way. Moreover, intrathecal AMD3100 downregulated the activation of JNK1 and p38 pathways and the protein expression of p65 as assessed by western blotting. Real-time PCR test also demonstrated that substance P mRNA was decreased, while adrenomedullin and intercellular adhesion molecule mRNA was increased following AMD3100 treatment. Conclusion Our results suggest that central (spinal) CXCR4 is involved in the development and maintenance of PNP and the regulation of multiple spinal molecular events under pain condition, implicating that CXCR4 would potentially be a therapeutic target for chronic neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Luo
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Wai Lydia Tai
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Liting Sun
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Qiu Qiu
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Zhengyuan Xia
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Sookja Kim Chung
- Department of Anatomy, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
| | - Chi Wai Cheung
- Department of Anaesthesiology, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- Laboratory and Clinical Research Institute for Pain, The University of Hong Kong, HKSAR, China
- * E-mail:
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29
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Yang Z, Luo W, Wang J, Tan Y, Fu R, Fang B. Chemokine ligand 2 in the trigeminal ganglion regulates pain induced by experimental tooth movement. Angle Orthod 2014; 84:730-6. [PMID: 24417496 DOI: 10.2319/090213-643.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To test the hypothesis that the chemokine ligand 2/chemokine receptor 2 (CCL2/CCR2) signaling pathway plays an important role in pain induced by experimental tooth movement. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expression of CCL2/CCR2 in the trigeminal ganglion (TG) was determined by Western blotting 0 hours, 4 hours, 1 day, 3 days, 5 days, and 7 days after tooth movement. CCL2 localization and cell size distribution were revealed by immunohistochemistry. The effects of increasing force on CCL2 expression and behavioral changes were investigated. Furthermore, the effects of CCL2/CCR2 antagonists on these changes in pain behaviors were all evaluated. Exogenous CCL2 was injected into periodontal tissues and cultured TG neurons with different concentrations, and then the pain responses or c-fos expression were assessed. RESULTS Experimental tooth movement led to a statistically significant increase in CCL2/CCR2 expression from day 3 to day 7, especially in small to medium-sized TG neurons. It also triggered an increase in the time spent on directed face-grooming behaviors in a force magnitude-dependent and CCL2 dose-dependent manner. Pain induced by experimental tooth movement was effectively blocked by a CCR2 antagonist and by CCL2 neutralizing antibody. Also, exogenous CCL2 led to an increase in c-fos expression in cultured TG neurons, which was blocked by CCL2 neutralizing antibody. CONCLUSIONS The peripheral CCL2/CCR2 axis is modulated by experimental tooth movement and involved in the development of tooth movement pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi Yang
- a Research Scientist and Instructor, Department of Oral and Craniomaxillofacial Science, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, PR China
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30
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Abstract
Neuropathic pain represents a major problem in clinical medicine because it causes debilitating suffering and is largely resistant to currently available analgesics. A characteristic of neuropathic pain is abnormal response to somatic sensory stimulation. Thus, patients suffering peripheral neuropathies may experience pain caused by stimuli which are normally nonpainful, such as simple touching of the skin or by changes in temperature, as well as exaggerated responses to noxious stimuli. Convincing evidence suggests that this hypersensitivity is the result of pain remaining centralized. In particular, at the first pain synapse in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord, the gain of neurons is increased and neurons begin to be activated by innocuous inputs. In recent years, it has become appreciated that a remote damage in the peripheral nervous system results in neuronal plasticity and changes in microglial and astrocyte activity, as well as infiltration of macrophages and T cells, which all contribute to central sensitization. Specifically, the release of pronociceptive factors such as cytokines and chemokines from neurons and non-neuronal cells can sensitize neurons of the first pain synapse. In this article we review the current evidence for the role of cytokines in mediating spinal neuron–non-neuronal cell communication in neuropathic pain mechanisms following peripheral nerve injury. Specific and selective control of cytokine-mediated neuronal–glia interactions results in attenuation of the hypersensitivity to both noxious and innocuous stimuli observed in neuropathic pain models, and may represent an avenue for future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna K Clark
- Wolfson Centre for Age Related Diseases, King's College London, London, UK
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31
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Dawes JM, McMahon SB. Chemokines as peripheral pain mediators. Neurosci Lett 2013; 557 Pt A:1-8. [PMID: 24120432 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 10/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence support the notion that much if not most chronic pain is dependent on on-going peripheral activity in nociceptors. This is not to say that central changes are unimportant, only that much of the central change is supported by a peripheral drive. This begs the question of what causes this peripheral drive. In some instances, particularly in association with peripheral nerve injury, nociceptors may become spontaneously active because of alterations in ion channel function or expression. But in most cases nociceptor activity arises because of the actions of peripheral mediators released by injured or damaged tissue. Some of these mediators are well known, such as the prostanoids. Others have more recently been identified, such as nerve growth factor (NGF). However, the limited efficacy of existing analgesic therapies strongly suggests that other important pain mediators exist. Here we discuss the evidence that a family of secreted proteins, the chemokines - well known for their actions in regulating immune cell migration - also play an important role in sustaining abnormal nociceptor activity in persistent pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- John M Dawes
- Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, West Wing, Level 6, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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32
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Involvement of Spinal Chemokine CCL2 in the Hyperalgesia Evoked by Bone Cancer in Mice: A Role for Astroglia and Microglia. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2013; 34:143-56. [DOI: 10.1007/s10571-013-9995-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 09/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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33
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Gallagher JJ, Tajerian M, Guo T, Shi X, Li W, Zheng M, Peltz G, Kingery WS, Clark JD. Acute and chronic phases of complex regional pain syndrome in mice are accompanied by distinct transcriptional changes in the spinal cord. Mol Pain 2013; 9:40. [PMID: 23924076 PMCID: PMC3751593 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-9-40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CRPS is a painful, debilitating, and often-chronic condition characterized by various sensory, motor, and vascular disturbances. Despite many years of study, current treatments are limited by our understanding of the underlying mechanisms. Little is known on the molecular level concerning changes in gene expression supporting the nociceptive sensitization commonly observed in CRPS limbs, or how those changes might evolve over time. RESULTS We used a well-characterized mouse tibial fracture/cast immobilization model of CRPS to study molecular, vascular and nociceptive changes. We observed that the acute (3 weeks after fracture) and chronic (7 weeks after fracture) phases of CRPS-like changes in our model were accompanied by unique alterations in spinal gene expression corresponding to distinct canonical pathways. For the acute phase, top regulated pathways were: chemokine signaling, glycogen degradation, and cAMP-mediated signaling; while for the chronic phase, the associated pathways were: coagulation system, granzyme A signaling, and aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling. We then focused on the role of CcL2, a chemokine that we showed to be upregulated at the mRNA and protein levels in spinal cord tissue in our model. We confirmed its association with the nociceptive sensitization displayed in this model by demonstrating that the spinal but not peripheral administration of a CCR2 antagonist (RS504393) in CRPS animals could decrease mechanical allodynia. The spinal administration of CcL2 itself resulted in mechanical allodynia in control mice. CONCLUSIONS Our data provide a global look at the transcriptional changes in the spinal cord that accompany the acute and chronic phases of CRPS as modeled in mice. Furthermore, it follows up on one of the top-regulated genes coding for CcL2 and validates its role in regulating nociception in the fracture/cast model of CRPS.
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Kalliomäki J, Jonzon B, Huizar K, O'Malley M, Andersson A, Simpson DM. Evaluation of a novel chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2)-antagonist in painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Scand J Pain 2013; 4:77-83. [PMID: 29913894 DOI: 10.1016/j.sjpain.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Background and aims Preclinical data suggest that the chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) is involved in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain through modulation of neuronal excitability, synaptic transmission and activation of spinal cord microglia. CCR2-antagonists have shown to be effective in preclinical models of neuropathic pain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the analgesic efficacy, safety and tolerability of a novel CCR2-antagonist, AZD2423, in patients with painful diabetic neuropathy (PDN). Methods This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multi-center study in patients with symmetric distal sensory polyneuropathy due to type 1 or 2 diabetes and duration of neuropathic pain between 3 months and 5 years. Concomitant treatment with neuropathic pain medications (e.g. anticonvulsants, tricyclic antidepressants, serotonin-noradrenaline uptake inhibitors, opioids, topical lidocaine or capsaicin) was not allowed. 134 patients with PDN were equally randomized to 28 days oral administration of 20 mg AZD2423,150 mg AZD2423, or placebo. The primary efficacy variable was the change of average pain score from 5-days baseline to the last 5 days of treatment, measured with numerical rating scale (NRS, 0-10). The secondary efficacy measures included NRS worst pain scores, patient global impression of change, pain interference on sleep and activity, and neuropathic pain symptom inventory (NPSI). Results The change of NRS average pain score was not significantly different between treatment groups (AZD2423 20mg: -1.50; AZD2423 150 mg: -1.35; placebo: -1.61). The NPSI total score and three out of five subscores (evoked pain, pressing/deep pain and paresthesia/dysesthesia) tended to be reduced more by AZD2423 150 mg than by placebo. No other secondary efficacy variables differed between treatment groups. The frequency and type of adverse events for AZD2423 were similar to placebo. The achieved plasma levels of AZD2423 in the two dose groups were in line with predictions from pharmacokinetic data previously obtained in healthy volunteers. Dose-dependent increase of plasma levels of the ligand of CCR2 (CCL2; chemokine ligand 2) and decrease of the mean levels of monocytes (-27% by AZD2423 150 mg) suggested that the administrated doses of AZD2423 interacted with the CCR2 target. Conclusion The CCR2-antagonist AZD2423 showed no analgesic efficacy in PDN based on NRS average pain scores and global and functional pain outcome measures. The NPSI data suggested possible effects on certain sensory components of pain. There were no major safety or tolerability concerns. Implications Treatment with a CCR2-antagonist does not have a clinically important analgesic effect in an overall PDN population.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Bror Jonzon
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Karin Huizar
- AstraZeneca R&D Södertälje, SE-151 85 Södertälje, Sweden
| | | | | | - David M Simpson
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, Department of Neurology, Box 1052, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Hu JH, Wu MY, Tao M, Yang JP. Changes in protein expression and distribution of spinal CCR2 in a rat model of bone cancer pain. Brain Res 2013; 1509:1-7. [PMID: 23511129 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) plays an important role in neuropathic pain. It has been shown that spinal CCR2 is upregulated in several neuropathic pain models and expressed by neuronal and glial cells in the spinal cord. In this study, we investigated the expression changes and cellular localization of spinal CCR2 in a rat model of bone cancer induced by Walker 256 cell inoculation. The present results indicated that mechanical allodynia progressively increased in bone cancer pain (BCP) rats. Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated that the expression of CCR2 in the spinal cord was significantly increased on day 6, 12, and 18 in BCP rats, with a peak on day 6. Furthermore, double immunofluorescence labeling indicated that CCR2 was expressed by both microglia and neurons in the spinal cord. These results suggest that CCR2 may be involved in the development of BCP, and that targeting CCR2 may be a new strategy for the treatment of BCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hua Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215006, China
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Mika J, Zychowska M, Popiolek-Barczyk K, Rojewska E, Przewlocka B. Importance of glial activation in neuropathic pain. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 716:106-19. [PMID: 23500198 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.01.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 334] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/09/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Glia plays a crucial role in the maintenance of neuronal homeostasis in the central nervous system. The microglial production of immune factors is believed to play an important role in nociceptive transmission. Pain may now be considered a neuro-immune disorder, since it is known that the activation of immune and immune-like glial cells in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord results in the release of both pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, as well as algesic and analgesic mediators. In this review we presented an important role of cytokines (IL-1alfa, IL-1beta, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, IL-18, TNFalpha, IFNgamma, TGF-beta 1, fractalkine and CCL2); complement components (C1q, C3, C5); metaloproteinases (MMP-2,-9) and many other factors, which become activated on spinal cord and DRG level under neuropathic pain. We discussed the role of the immune system in modulating chronic pain. At present, unsatisfactory treatment of neuropathic pain will seek alternative targets for new drugs and it is possible that anti-inflammatory factors like IL-10, IL-4, IL-1alpha, TGF-beta 1 would fulfill this role. Another novel approach for controlling neuropathic pain can be pharmacological attenuation of glial and immune cell activation. It has been found that propentofylline, pentoxifylline, minocycline and fluorocitrate suppress the development of neuropathic pain. The other way of pain control can be the decrease of pro-nociceptive agents like transcription factor synthesis (NF-kappaB, AP-1); kinase synthesis (MEK, p38MAPK, JNK) and protease activation (cathepsin S, MMP9, MMP2). Additionally, since it is known that the opioid-induced glial activation opposes opioid analgesia, some glial inhibitors, which are safe and clinically well tolerated, are proposed as potential useful ko-analgesic agents for opioid treatment of neuropathic pain. This review pointed to some important mechanisms underlying the development of neuropathic pain, which led to identify some possible new approaches to the treatment of neuropathic pain, based on the more comprehensive knowledge of the interaction between the nervous system and glial and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Street, 31-343 Krakow, Poland.
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Solinski HJ, Petermann F, Rothe K, Boekhoff I, Gudermann T, Breit A. Human Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 induce chemokine receptor 2 expression in rat dorsal root ganglia neurons and release of chemokine ligand 2 from the human LAD-2 mast cell line. PLoS One 2013; 8:e58756. [PMID: 23505557 PMCID: PMC3591377 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0058756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Primate-specific Mas-related G protein-coupled receptors-X1 (MRGPR-X1) are highly enriched in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons and induce acute pain. Herein, we analyzed effects of MRGPR-X1 on serum response factors (SRF) or nuclear factors of activated T cells (NFAT), which control expression of various markers of chronic pain. Using HEK293, DRG neuron-derived F11 cells and cultured rat DRG neurons recombinantly expressing human MRGPR-X1, we found activation of a SRF reporter gene construct and induction of the early growth response protein-1 via extracellular signal-regulated kinases-1/2 known to play a significant role in the development of inflammatory pain. Furthermore, we observed MRGPR-X1-induced up-regulation of the chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) via NFAT, which is considered as a key event in the onset of neuropathic pain and, so far, has not yet been described for any endogenous neuropeptide. Up-regulation of CCR2 is often associated with increased release of its endogenous agonist chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2). We also found MRGPR-X1-promoted release of CCL2 in a human connective tissue mast cell line endogenously expressing MRGPR-X1. Thus, we provide first evidence to suggest that MRGPR-X1 induce expression of chronic pain markers in DRG neurons and propose a so far unidentified signaling circuit that enhances chemokine signaling by acting on two distinct yet functionally co-operating cell types. Given the important role of chemokine signaling in pain chronification, we propose that interruption of this signaling circuit might be a promising new strategy to alleviate chemokine-promoted pain.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bradykinin/pharmacology
- Calcineurin/metabolism
- Calcium/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chemokine CCL2/metabolism
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1/metabolism
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Genes, fos
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/genetics
- Inositol 1,4,5-Trisphosphate Receptors/metabolism
- Mast Cells/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 1/metabolism
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 3/metabolism
- NFATC Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/pharmacology
- Rats
- Receptors, CCR2/genetics
- Receptors, CCR2/metabolism
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics
- Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism
- Sensory Receptor Cells/metabolism
- Serum Response Factor/metabolism
- Ternary Complex Factors/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Jürgen Solinski
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Franziska Petermann
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kathrin Rothe
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Ingrid Boekhoff
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Breit
- Walther-Straub-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail:
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A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of a chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist in posttraumatic neuralgia. Pain 2013; 154:761-767. [PMID: 23523116 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2012] [Revised: 12/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the analgesic efficacy, safety and tolerability of a novel chemokine receptor 2 (CCR2) antagonist, AZD2423, in posttraumatic neuralgia. This was a double-blind, randomized, parallel-group, multicentre study. One hundred thirty-three patients with posttraumatic neuralgia were equally randomized to 28days' oral administration of 20mg AZD2423, 150mg AZD2423 or placebo. The primary efficacy variable was the change of average pain score from 5days at baseline to the last 5days of treatment, measured by a numerical rating scale (NRS, 0-10). The secondary efficacy measures included NRS worst pain score, patient global impression of change, pain interference on sleep and activity, and Neuropathic Pain Symptom Inventory (NPSI). The change of the NRS average pain score was not significantly different between treatment groups (AZD2423 20mg -1.54; AZD2423 150mg -1.53; placebo -1.44). There were trends towards larger reduction of NPSI total score and NPSI subscores for paroxysmal pain and paresthesia/dysesthesia by AZD2423 150mg compared to placebo. No other secondary efficacy variables differed between treatment groups. The frequency and type of adverse events for AZD2423 were similar to placebo. Increased plasma levels of chemokine ligand 2 and reduced mean levels of monocytes (-30% by AZD2423 150mg) suggested that the administrated doses of AZD2423 had interacted with the CCR2 target. The CCR2 antagonist AZD2423 demonstrated no efficacy on NRS average pain scores and most of the secondary pain variables. The NPSI data suggested possible effects on certain sensory components of pain. There were no major safety or tolerability concerns.
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Guo W, Wang H, Zou S, Dubner R, Ren K. Chemokine signaling involving chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 plays a role in descending pain facilitation. Neurosci Bull 2012; 28:193-207. [PMID: 22466130 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-012-1218-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Despite accumulating evidence on a role of immune cells and their associated chemicals in mechanisms of pain, few studies have addressed the potential role of chemokines in the descending facilitation of persistent pain. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that the chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) (commonly known as monocyte chemoattractant protein-1) signaling in the rostral ventromedial medulla (RVM), a pivotal structure in brainstem pain modulatory circuitry, is involved in descending pain facilitation in rats. METHODS An L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL) was produced in rats under pentobarbital anesthesia. Western blot and immunohistochemistry were used to detect the expression levels of CCL2 and CCL2 receptor (CCR2), and examine their distributions compared with the neuronal marker NeuN as well as glial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP, astroglial) and CD11b (microglial), respectively. RESULTS SNL induced an increase in CCL2 expression in the RVM, and this returned to the control level at 4 weeks after injury. The induced CCL2 colocalized with NeuN, but not with GFAP and CD11b. CCR2 was also upregulated by SNL in the RVM, and this increase lasted for at least 4 weeks. CCR2 was colocalized with CD11b but not GFAP. Few RVM neurons also exhibited CCR2 staining. Neutralizing CCL2 with an anti-CCL2 antibody (0.2-20 ng) or injecting RS-102895 (0.1-10 pmol), a CCR2b chemokine receptor antagonist, into the RVM on day 1 after SNL, significantly attenuated the established thermal and mechanical hypersensitivity. In addition, injection of recombinant rat CCL2 (0.03-3 pmol) into the RVM induced dose-dependent hyperalgesia, which was prevented by pretreatment with RS-102895 (10 pmol). Interleukin-1β (IL-1β), a potent inducer of neuronal CCL2, was also selectively upregulated in RVM reactive astrocytes. Injection of IL-1β (120 fmol) into the RVM induced behavioral hyperalgesia, which was blocked by RS-102895 (10 pmol). However, an IL-1 receptor antagonist (3 pmol) did not prevent CCL2 (3 pmol)-induced hyperalgesia. These results suggest that the effect of CCL2 is downstream to IL-1β signaling. CONCLUSION The IL-1β and CCL2-CCR2 signaling cascades play a role in neuron-glia-cytokine interactions and the descending facilitation of neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Hu Wang
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Shiping Zou
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ronald Dubner
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
| | - Ke Ren
- Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, School of Dentistry & Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, USA
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Zhang J, Chen H, Liu L, Sun J, Shi MA, Sukhova GK, Shi GP. Chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 mediates mast cell migration to abdominal aortic aneurysm lesions in mice. Cardiovasc Res 2012; 96:543-51. [PMID: 22871590 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvs262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Mast cells participate importantly in abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) by releasing inflammatory cytokines to promote vascular cell protease expression and arterial wall remodelling. Mast cells accumulate in AAA lesions during disease progression, but the exact chemokines by which mast cells migrate to the site of vascular inflammation remain unknown. This study tested the hypothesis that mast cells use chemokine (C-C motif) receptor 2 (CCR2) for their accumulation in experimental mouse AAA lesions. METHODS AND RESULTS We generated mast cell and apolipoprotein E double-deficient (Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh)) mice and found that they were protected from angiotensin II (Ang II) chronic infusion-induced AAAs compared with Apoe(-/-) littermates. Using bone-marrow derived mast cells (BMMC) from Apoe(-/-) mice and CCR2 double-deficient (Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-)) mice, we demonstrated that Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice receiving BMMC from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice, but not those from Apoe(-/-) mice, remained protected from AAA formation. Adoptive transfer of BMMC from Apoe(-/-) mice into Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice also increased lesion content of macrophages, T cells, and MHC class II-positive cells; there was also increased apoptosis, angiogenesis, cell proliferation, elastin fragmentation, and medial smooth muscle cell loss. In contrast, adoptive transfer of BMMC from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice into Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice did not affect these variables. CONCLUSIONS The increased AAA formation and associated lesion characteristics in Apoe(-/-)Kit(W-sh/W-sh) mice after receiving BMMC from Apoe(-/-) mice, but not from Apoe(-/-)Ccr2(-/-) mice, suggests that mast cells use CCR2 as the chemokine receptor for their recruitment in Ang II-induced mouse AAA lesions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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HOU CUIFEN, SUI ZHIHUA. CCR2 Antagonists for the Treatment of Diseases Associated with Inflammation. ANTI-INFLAMMATORY DRUG DISCOVERY 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/9781849735346-00350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The CCR2 and MCP-1 pathway has become one of the most-studied chemokine systems for therapeutic use in inflammatory diseases and conditions. It plays a pivotal role in inflammatory diseases, especially those that are characterized by monocyte-rich infiltration. This chapter reviews the biology of CCR2 and MCP-1, and their roles in diseases and conditions related to inflammation such as rheumatoid arthritis, multiple sclerosis, asthma, obesity, type 2 diabetes, atherosclerosis, nephropathy, cancer, pulmonary fibrosis and pain. Intense drug-discovery efforts over the past 15 years have generated a large number of CCR2 antagonists in diverse structural classes. Mutagenesis studies have elucidated important residues on CCR2 that interact with many classes of these CCR2 antagonists. To facilitate understanding of CCR2 antagonist SAR, a simple pharmacophore model is used to summarize the large number of diverse chemical structures. The majority of published compounds are classified based on their central core structures using this model. Key SAR points in the published literature are briefly discussed for most of the series. Lead compounds in each chemical series are highlighted where information is available. The challenges in drug discovery and development of CCR2 antagonists are briefly discussed. Clinical candidates in various diseases in the public domain are summarized with a brief discussion about the clinical challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- CUIFEN HOU
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
| | - ZHIHUA SUI
- Johnson & Johnson Pharmaceutical Research and Development Welsh and McKean Roads, Spring House, PA 19477 USA
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Zhang ZJ, Dong YL, Lu Y, Cao S, Zhao ZQ, Gao YJ. Chemokine CCL2 and its receptor CCR2 in the medullary dorsal horn are involved in trigeminal neuropathic pain. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:136. [PMID: 22721162 PMCID: PMC3391989 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuropathic pain in the trigeminal system is frequently observed in clinic, but the mechanisms involved are largely unknown. In addition, the function of immune cells and related chemicals in the mechanism of pain has been recognized, whereas few studies have addressed the potential role of chemokines in the trigeminal system in chronic pain. The present study was undertaken to test the hypothesis that chemokine C-C motif ligand 2 (CCL2)-chemokine C-C motif receptor 2 (CCR2) signaling in the trigeminal nucleus is involved in the maintenance of trigeminal neuropathic pain. Methods The inferior alveolar nerve and mental nerve transection (IAMNT) was used to induce trigeminal neuropathic pain. The expression of ATF3, CCL2, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), and CCR2 were detected by immunofluorescence histochemical staining and western blot. The cellular localization of CCL2 and CCR2 were examined by immunofluorescence double staining. The effect of a selective CCR2 antagonist, RS504393 on pain hypersensitivity was checked by behavioral testing. Results IAMNT induced persistent (>21 days) heat hyperalgesia of the orofacial region and ATF3 expression in the mandibular division of the trigeminal ganglion. Meanwhile, CCL2 expression was increased in the medullary dorsal horn (MDH) from 3 days to 21 days after IAMNT. The induced CCL2 was colocalized with astroglial marker GFAP, but not with neuronal marker NeuN or microglial marker OX-42. Astrocytes activation was also found in the MDH and it started at 3 days, peaked at 10 days and maintained at 21 days after IAMNT. In addition, CCR2 was upregulated by IAMNT in the ipsilateral medulla and lasted for more than 21 days. CCR2 was mainly colocalized with NeuN and few cells were colocalized with GFAP. Finally, intracisternal injection of CCR2 antagonist, RS504393 (1, 10 μg) significantly attenuated IAMNT-induced heat hyperalgesia. Conclusion The data suggest that CCL2-CCR2 signaling may be involved in the maintenance of orofacial neuropathic pain via astroglial–neuronal interaction. Targeting CCL2-CCR2 signaling may be a potentially important new treatment strategy for trigeminal neuralgia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Zhang
- Institute of Nautical Medicine, Jiangsu Key laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, 19 Qixiu Road, Nantong, 226001, China
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Tsuda M, Beggs S, Salter MW, Inoue K. Microglia and intractable chronic pain. Glia 2012; 61:55-61. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 06/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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The design and synthesis of novel, potent and orally bioavailable N-aryl piperazine-1-carboxamide CCR2 antagonists with very high hERG selectivity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:3895-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.04.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2012] [Revised: 04/25/2012] [Accepted: 04/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The chemokine CCL2 increases Nav1.8 sodium channel activity in primary sensory neurons through a Gβγ-dependent mechanism. J Neurosci 2012; 31:18381-90. [PMID: 22171040 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3386-11.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Changes in function of voltage-gated sodium channels in nociceptive primary sensory neurons participate in the development of peripheral hyperexcitability that occurs in neuropathic and inflammatory chronic pain conditions. Among them, the tetrodotoxin-resistant (TTX-R) sodium channel Na(v)1.8, primarily expressed by small- and medium-sized dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neurons, substantially contributes to the upstroke of action potential in these neurons. Compelling evidence also revealed that the chemokine CCL2 plays a critical role in chronic pain facilitation via its binding to CCR2 receptors. In this study, we therefore investigated the effects of CCL2 on the density and kinetic properties of TTX-R Na(v)1.8 currents in acutely small/medium dissociated lumbar DRG neurons from naive adult rats. Whole-cell patch-clamp recordings demonstrated that CCL2 concentration-dependently increased TTX-resistant Na(v)1.8 current densities in both small- and medium-diameter sensory neurons. Incubation with CCL2 also shifted the activation and steady-state inactivation curves of Na(v)1.8 in a hyperpolarizing direction in small sensory neurons. No change in the activation and inactivation kinetics was, however, observed in medium-sized nociceptive neurons. Our electrophysiological recordings also demonstrated that the selective CCR2 antagonist INCB3344 [N-[2-[[(3S,4S)-1-E4-(1,3-benzodioxol-5-yl)-4-hydroxycyclohexyl]-4-ethoxy-3-pyrrolidinyl]amino]-2-oxoethyl]-3-(trifluoromethyl)benzamide] blocks the potentiation of Na(v)1.8 currents by CCL2 in a concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, the enhancement in Na(v)1.8 currents was prevented by pretreatment with pertussis toxin (PTX) or gallein (a Gβγ inhibitor), indicating the involvement of Gβγ released from PTX-sensitive G(i/o)-proteins in the cross talk between CCR2 and Na(v)1.8. Together, our data clearly demonstrate that CCL2 may excite primary sensory neurons by acting on the biophysical properties of Na(v)1.8 currents via a CCR2/Gβγ-dependent mechanism.
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Toyomitsu E, Tsuda M, Yamashita T, Tozaki-Saitoh H, Tanaka Y, Inoue K. CCL2 promotes P2X4 receptor trafficking to the cell surface of microglia. Purinergic Signal 2012; 8:301-10. [PMID: 22222817 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-011-9288-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P2X4 receptors (P2X4Rs), a subtype of the purinergic P2X family, play important roles in regulating neuronal and glial functions in the nervous system. We have previously shown that the expression of P2X4Rs is upregulated in activated microglia after peripheral nerve injury and that activation of the receptors by extracellular ATP is crucial for maintaining nerve injury-induced pain hypersensitivity. However, the regulation of P2X4R expression on the cell surface of microglia is poorly understood. Here, we identify the CC chemokine receptor CCR2 as a regulator of P2X4R trafficking to the cell surface of microglia. In a quantitative cell surface biotinylation assay, we found that applying CCL2 or CCL12, endogenous ligands for CCR2, to primary cultured microglial cells, increased the levels of P2X4R protein on the cell surface without changing total cellular expression. This effect of CCL2 was prevented by an antagonist of CCR2. Time-lapse imaging of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-tagged P2X4R in living microglial cells showed that CCL2 stimulation increased the movement of P2X4R-GFP particles. The subcellular localization of P2X4R immunofluorescence was restricted to lysosomes around the perinuclear region. Notably, CCL2 changed the distribution of lysosomes with P2X4R immunofluorescence within microglial cells and induced release of the lysosomal enzyme β-hexosaminidase, indicating lysosomal exocytosis. Moreover, CCL2-stimulated microglia enhanced Akt phosphorylation by ATP applied extracellularly, a P2X4R-mediated response. These results indicate that CCL2 promotes expression of P2X4R protein on the cell surface of microglia through exocytosis of P2X4R-containing lysosomes, which may be a possible mechanism for pain hypersensitivity after nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emika Toyomitsu
- Department of Molecular and System Pharmacology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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Padi SSV, Shi XQ, Zhao YQ, Ruff MR, Baichoo N, Pert CB, Zhang J. Attenuation of rodent neuropathic pain by an orally active peptide, RAP-103, which potently blocks CCR2- and CCR5-mediated monocyte chemotaxis and inflammation. Pain 2011; 153:95-106. [PMID: 22033364 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2011.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Revised: 08/05/2011] [Accepted: 09/26/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine signaling is important in neuropathic pain, with microglial cells expressing CCR2 playing a well-established key role. DAPTA, a HIV gp120-derived CCR5 entry inhibitor, has been shown to inhibit CCR5-mediated monocyte migration and to attenuate neuroinflammation. We report here that as a stabilized analog of DAPTA, the short peptide RAP-103 exhibits potent antagonism for both CCR2 (half maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] 4.2 pM) and CCR5 (IC50 0.18 pM) in monocyte chemotaxis. Oral administration of RAP-103 (0.05-1 mg/kg) for 7 days fully prevents mechanical allodynia and inhibits the development of thermal hyperalgesia after partial ligation of the sciatic nerve in rats. Administered from days 8 to 12, RAP-103 (0.2-1 mg/kg) reverses already established hypersensitivity. RAP-103 relieves behavioral hypersensitivity, probably through either or both CCR2 and CCR5 blockade, because by using genetically deficient animals, we demonstrated that in addition to CCR2, CCR5 is also required for the development of neuropathic pain. Moreover, RAP-103 is able to reduce spinal microglial activation and monocyte infiltration, and to inhibit inflammatory responses evoked by peripheral nerve injury that cause chronic pain. Our findings suggest that targeting CCR2/CCR5 should provide greater efficacy than targeting CCR2 or CCR5 alone, and that dual CCR2/CCR5 antagonist RAP-103 has the potential for broad clinical use in neuropathic pain treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyanarayana S V Padi
- The Alan Edwards Center for Research on Pain, McGill University, 740, Dr. Penfield Avenue, Genome Building, Suite 3200C, Montreal, Quebec, Canada H3A 2B2 RAPID Laboratories Inc., Rockville, MD, USA
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Baamonde A, Hidalgo A, Menéndez L. Involvement of glutamate NMDA and AMPA receptors, glial cells and IL-1β in the spinal hyperalgesia evoked by the chemokine CCL2 in mice. Neurosci Lett 2011; 502:178-81. [PMID: 21827829 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2011.07.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 07/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We study here the involvement of excitatory amino acid receptors, glial cell activation and IL-1β release in the spinal hyperalgesia evoked by the chemokine CCL2 (MCP-1). Three hours after the intrathecal administration of CCL2 (1-100ng), mice exhibit dose-dependent thermal hyperalgesia, that was inhibited by the coadministration of the antagonist of chemokine receptor type 2 (CCR2) RS504393 (0.3-3μg). To assess the involvement of excitatory amino acid receptor sensitisation, CCL2 was coadministered with CPP (0.3-3ng) and NBQX (25-250ng), antagonists of NMDA and AMPA receptors, respectively. Both drugs blocked CCL2-evoked hyperalgesia, strongly suggesting that CCL2 evokes in vivo NMDA and AMPA receptor sensitisation, as previously described in electrophysiological studies. Furthermore, this rapid induction of CCL2-mediated hyperalgesia was blocked by the previous acute administration of the microglial inhibitor minocyclin (4.9μg) or the astroglial inhibitor l-aminoadipate (1.6μg). Since IL-1β can be released by activated glial cells we tested whether this cytokine could be underlying the spinal sensitisation induced by CCL2. The administration of the type I IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1ra (3-30μg), partially prevented CCL2-evoked hyperalgesia. Finally, to elucidate if IL-1β could produce NMDA and AMPA receptor sensitisation by itself, we performed experiments in which this cytokine was i.t. administered. Thermal hyperalgesia induced by IL-1β (30pg) was completely prevented by the coadministration of CPP (3ng) but unaffected by NBQX (250ng). Globally, our results suggest that spinal CCL2 induces thermal hyperalgesia by sensitising NMDA and AMPA receptors in a process that involves glial activation and IL-1β release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Baamonde
- Laboratorio de Farmacología, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, C/Julián Clavería 6, 33006 Oviedo, Asturias, Spain
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Rostène W, Dansereau MA, Godefroy D, Van Steenwinckel J, Goazigo ARL, Mélik-Parsadaniantz S, Apartis E, Hunot S, Beaudet N, Sarret P. Neurochemokines: a menage a trois providing new insights on the functions of chemokines in the central nervous system. J Neurochem 2011; 118:680-94. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2011.07371.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Berger JV, Knaepen L, Janssen SPM, Jaken RJP, Marcus MAE, Joosten EAJ, Deumens R. Cellular and molecular insights into neuropathy-induced pain hypersensitivity for mechanism-based treatment approaches. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 67:282-310. [PMID: 21440003 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresrev.2011.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2010] [Revised: 02/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuropathic pain is currently being treated by a range of therapeutic interventions that above all act to lower neuronal activity in the somatosensory system (e.g. using local anesthetics, calcium channel blockers, and opioids). The present review highlights novel and often still largely experimental treatment approaches based on insights into pathological mechanisms, which impact on the spinal nociceptive network, thereby opening the 'gate' to higher brain centers involved in the perception of pain. Cellular and molecular mechanisms such as ectopia, sensitization of nociceptors, phenotypic switching, structural plasticity, disinhibition, and neuroinflammation are discussed in relation to their involvement in pain hypersensitivity following either peripheral neuropathies or spinal cord injury. A mechanism-based treatment approach may prove to be successful in effective treatment of neuropathic pain, but requires more detailed insights into the persistence of cellular and molecular pain mechanisms which renders neuropathic pain unremitting. Subsequently, identification of the therapeutic window-of-opportunities for each specific intervention in the particular peripheral and/or central neuropathy is essential for successful clinical trials. Most of the cellular and molecular pain mechanisms described in the present review suggest pharmacological interference for neuropathic pain management. However, also more invasive treatment approaches belong to current and/or future options such as neuromodulatory interventions (including spinal cord stimulation) and cell or gene therapies, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie V Berger
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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