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Uezato A, Jitoku D, Shimazu D, Yamamoto N, Kurumaji A, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Yoshikawa T, Haroutunian V, Bentea E, Meller J, Sullivan CR, Meador-Woodruff JH, McCullumsmith RE, Nishikawa T. Differential genetic associations and expression of PAPST1/SLC35B2 in bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2022; 129:913-924. [PMID: 35501530 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-022-02503-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lithium's inhibitory effect on enzymes involved in sulfation process, such as inhibition of 3'(2')-phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphate (PAP) phosphatase, is a possible mechanism of its therapeutic effect for bipolar disorder (BD). 3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate (PAPS) is translocated from cytosol to Golgi lumen by PAPS transporter 1 (PAPST1/SLC35B2), where it acts as a sulfa donor. Since SLC35B2 was previously recognized as a molecule that facilitates the release of D-serine, a co-agonist of N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor, altered function of SLC35B2 might be associated with the pathophysiology of BD and schizophrenia (SCZ). We performed genetic association analyses of the SLC35B2 gene using Japanese cohorts with 366 BD cases and 370 controls and 2012 SCZ cases and 2170 controls. We then investigated expression of SLC35B2 mRNA in postmortem brains by QPCR using a Caucasian cohort with 33 BD and 34 SCZ cases and 34 controls and by in situ hybridization using a Caucasian cohort with 37 SCZ and 29 controls. We found significant associations between three SNPs (rs575034, rs1875324, and rs3832441) and BD, and significantly reduced SLC35B2 mRNA expression in postmortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) of BD. Moreover, we observed normalized SLC35B2 mRNA expression in BD subgroups who were medicated with lithium. While there was a significant association of SLC35B2 with SCZ (SNP rs2233437), its expression was not changed in SCZ. These findings indicate that SLC35B2 might be differentially involved in the pathophysiology of BD and SCZ by influencing the sulfation process and/or glutamate system in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Uezato
- School of Health and Welfare, International University of Health and Welfare, Tochigi, Japan
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jitoku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Dai Shimazu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Musashishinjo-Kokorono Clinic, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Basic Medical Research, and School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, International University of Health and Welfare, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Akeo Kurumaji
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Shimousa-Nakayama Mental Clinic, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Bioinformatics Research, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Hyogo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Laboratory for Molecular Pathology of Psychiatric Disorders, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
- Office of the Center Director, RIKEN Center for Brain Science, Saitama, Japan
| | - Vahram Haroutunian
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, The Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Eduard Bentea
- Neurosciences TA Biology, UCB BioPharma SPRL, Braine-l'Alleud, Belgium
| | - Jarek Meller
- Departments of Environmental Health, Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems and Biomedical Informatics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - James H Meador-Woodruff
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Neurobiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Robert E McCullumsmith
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
- Promedica, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, and Pharmacological Research Center, Showa University, 1-5-8, Shinagawa-ku, Tokyo, 142-8555, Japan.
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Kay Y, Tsan L, Davis EA, Tian C, Décarie-Spain L, Sadybekov A, Pushkin AN, Katritch V, Kanoski SE, Herring BE. Schizophrenia-associated SAP97 mutations increase glutamatergic synapse strength in the dentate gyrus and impair contextual episodic memory in rats. Nat Commun 2022; 13:798. [PMID: 35145085 PMCID: PMC8831576 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28430-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the putative glutamatergic synapse scaffolding protein SAP97 are associated with the development of schizophrenia in humans. However, the role of SAP97 in synaptic regulation is unclear. Here we show that SAP97 is expressed in the dendrites of granule neurons in the dentate gyrus but not in the dendrites of other hippocampal neurons. Schizophrenia-related perturbations of SAP97 did not affect CA1 pyramidal neuron synapse function. Conversely, these perturbations produce dramatic augmentation of glutamatergic neurotransmission in granule neurons that can be attributed to a release of perisynaptic GluA1-containing AMPA receptors into the postsynaptic densities of perforant pathway synapses. Furthermore, inhibiting SAP97 function in the dentate gyrus was sufficient to impair contextual episodic memory. Together, our results identify a cell-type-specific synaptic regulatory mechanism in the dentate gyrus that, when disrupted, impairs contextual information processing in rats. The effects of SAP97 mutations associated with schizophrenia on synaptic function are unclear. Here, the authors show that schizophrenia-related SAP97 mutations enhance glutamatergic synapse strength in the dentate gyrus, impairing contextual episodic memory in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuni Kay
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Linda Tsan
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Chen Tian
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Léa Décarie-Spain
- Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anastasiia Sadybekov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Anna N Pushkin
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Vsevolod Katritch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Quantitative and Computational Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Scott E Kanoski
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Human and Evolutionary Biology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Bruce E Herring
- Neuroscience Graduate Program, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA. .,Department of Biological Sciences, Neurobiology Section, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA.
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3
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Analysis of mRNA and Protein Levels of CAP2, DLG1 and ADAM10 Genes in Post-Mortem Brain of Schizophrenia, Parkinson's and Alzheimer's Disease Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031539. [PMID: 35163460 PMCID: PMC8835961 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a mental illness characterized by aberrant synaptic plasticity and connectivity. A large bulk of evidence suggests genetic and functional links between postsynaptic abnormalities and SCZ. Here, we performed quantitative PCR and Western blotting analysis in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) and hippocampus of SCZ patients to investigate the mRNA and protein expression of three key spine shapers: the actin-binding protein cyclase-associated protein 2 (CAP2), the sheddase a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10 (ADAM10), and the synapse-associated protein 97 (SAP97). Our analysis of the SCZ post-mortem brain indicated increased DLG1 mRNA in DLPFC and decreased CAP2 mRNA in the hippocampus of SCZ patients, compared to non-psychiatric control subjects, while the ADAM10 transcript was unaffected. Conversely, no differences in CAP2, SAP97, and ADAM10 protein levels were detected between SCZ and control individuals in both brain regions. To assess whether DLG1 and CAP2 transcript alterations were selective for SCZ, we also measured their expression in the superior frontal gyrus of patients affected by neurodegenerative disorders, like Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease. Interestingly, also in Parkinson’s disease patients, we found a selective reduction of CAP2 mRNA levels relative to controls but unaltered protein levels. Taken together, we reported for the first time altered CAP2 expression in the brain of patients with psychiatric and neurological disorders, thus suggesting that aberrant expression of this gene may contribute to synaptic dysfunction in these neuropathologies.
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Sefik E, Purcell RH, Walker EF, Bassell GJ, Mulle JG. Convergent and distributed effects of the 3q29 deletion on the human neural transcriptome. Transl Psychiatry 2021; 11:357. [PMID: 34131099 PMCID: PMC8206125 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-021-01435-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 3q29 deletion (3q29Del) confers high risk for schizophrenia and other neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. However, no single gene in this interval is definitively associated with disease, prompting the hypothesis that neuropsychiatric sequelae emerge upon loss of multiple functionally-connected genes. 3q29 genes are unevenly annotated and the impact of 3q29Del on the human neural transcriptome is unknown. To systematically formulate unbiased hypotheses about molecular mechanisms linking 3q29Del to neuropsychiatric illness, we conducted a systems-level network analysis of the non-pathological adult human cortical transcriptome and generated evidence-based predictions that relate 3q29 genes to novel functions and disease associations. The 21 protein-coding genes located in the interval segregated into seven clusters of highly co-expressed genes, demonstrating both convergent and distributed effects of 3q29Del across the interrogated transcriptomic landscape. Pathway analysis of these clusters indicated involvement in nervous-system functions, including synaptic signaling and organization, as well as core cellular functions, including transcriptional regulation, posttranslational modifications, chromatin remodeling, and mitochondrial metabolism. Top network-neighbors of 3q29 genes showed significant overlap with known schizophrenia, autism, and intellectual disability-risk genes, suggesting that 3q29Del biology is relevant to idiopathic disease. Leveraging "guilt by association", we propose nine 3q29 genes, including one hub gene, as prioritized drivers of neuropsychiatric risk. These results provide testable hypotheses for experimental analysis on causal drivers and mechanisms of the largest known genetic risk factor for schizophrenia and highlight the study of normal function in non-pathological postmortem tissue to further our understanding of psychiatric genetics, especially for rare syndromes like 3q29Del, where access to neural tissue from carriers is unavailable or limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Sefik
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Ryan H. Purcell
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | | | - Elaine F. Walker
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Psychology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Laboratory of Translational Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA
| | - Jennifer G. Mulle
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA USA ,grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA USA
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5
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Rutkowski TP, Purcell RH, Pollak RM, Grewenow SM, Gafford GM, Malone T, Khan UA, Schroeder JP, Epstein MP, Bassell GJ, Warren ST, Weinshenker D, Caspary T, Mulle JG. Behavioral changes and growth deficits in a CRISPR engineered mouse model of the schizophrenia-associated 3q29 deletion. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:772-783. [PMID: 30976085 PMCID: PMC6788962 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0413-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The 3q29 deletion confers increased risk for neuropsychiatric phenotypes including intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, and a >40-fold increased risk for schizophrenia. To investigate consequences of the 3q29 deletion in an experimental system, we used CRISPR/Cas9 technology to introduce a heterozygous deletion into the syntenic interval on C57BL/6 mouse chromosome 16. mRNA abundance for 20 of the 21 genes in the interval was reduced by ~50%, while protein levels were reduced for only a subset of these, suggesting a compensatory mechanism. Mice harboring the deletion manifested behavioral impairments in multiple domains including social interaction, cognitive function, acoustic startle, and amphetamine sensitivity, with some sex-dependent manifestations. In addition, 3q29 deletion mice showed reduced body weight throughout development consistent with the phenotype of 3q29 deletion syndrome patients. Of the genes within the interval, DLG1 has been hypothesized as a contributor to the neuropsychiatric phenotypes. However, we show that Dlg1+/- mice did not exhibit the behavioral deficits seen in mice harboring the full 3q29 deletion. These data demonstrate the following: the 3q29 deletion mice are a valuable experimental system that can be used to interrogate the biology of 3q29 deletion syndrome; behavioral manifestations of the 3q29 deletion may have sex-dependent effects; and mouse-specific behavior phenotypes associated with the 3q29 deletion are not solely due to haploinsufficiency of Dlg1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P. Rutkowski
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Ryan H. Purcell
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Rebecca M. Pollak
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Stephanie M. Grewenow
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Georgette M. Gafford
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Tamika Malone
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Uswa A. Khan
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jason P. Schroeder
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Michael P. Epstein
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Gary J. Bassell
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Cell Biology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Stephen T. Warren
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - David Weinshenker
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Tamara Caspary
- grid.189967.80000 0001 0941 6502Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322 USA
| | - Jennifer Gladys Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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The genetic variations in SAP97 gene and the risk of schizophrenia in the Chinese Han population: a further study. Psychiatr Genet 2020; 30:110-118. [PMID: 32692143 DOI: 10.1097/ypg.0000000000000257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND METHODS Based on our previous discovery that SAP97 rs3915512 polymorphism significantly affects the cognitive function of schizophrenia, we further genotyped the other 12 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) capturing the known common haplotype variations of this gene in a sample including 1014 patients with schizophrenia and 1078 matched controls. RESULTS There were no significant differences in the distribution of genotypes and alleles of the 12 SNPs of SAP97 between the patients and the controls (all P > 0.05). But, in the evaluation of the phenotypic effects of these SNPs on the patients' clinical symptoms and cognitive functions. While patients with minor allele in the rs9843659 polymorphism had higher N5 (difficulty in abstract thinking) scores than that with the main genotype (P = 0.002, Pcor = 0.014), the patients with minor allele in the rs6805920, rs4916461 and rs7638423 had lower verbal memory scores (P = 0.003, 0.003, 0.001, Pcor = 0.021, 0.021, 0.007, respectively) and the P values of these SNPs were still significant after the Bonferroni correction. CONCLUSION Our data are further to indicate that the SAP97 gene polymorphisms may affect neurocognitive function especially verbal memory and the first to suggest that the SAP97 rs9843659 polymorphism may influence abstract thinking of schizophrenic patients in the southern Han Chinese population.
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7
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SAP97 polymorphisms associated with early onset Parkinson’s disease. Neurosci Lett 2020; 728:134931. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.134931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 03/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Marziali F, Dizanzo MP, Cavatorta AL, Gardiol D. Differential expression of DLG1 as a common trait in different human diseases: an encouraging issue in molecular pathology. Biol Chem 2020; 400:699-710. [PMID: 30517074 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2018-0350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Human disc large (DLG1) is a scaffolding protein that through the interaction with diverse cell partners participates in the control of key cellular processes such as polarity, proliferation and migration. Experimental data have mainly identified DLG1 as a tumor suppressor. An outstanding point for DLG1 protein is that altered DLG1 expression and DLG1 gene mutations were observed in different pathologies, including cancer and neurological and immunological disorders. Evident changes in DLG1 abundance and/or cell localization were identified in a number of studies suggesting its participation in molecular mechanisms responsible for the development of such illnesses. In this review, we focus on some of the latest findings regarding DLG1 alterations in different diseases as well as its potential use as a biomarker for pathological progression. We further address the current knowledge on the molecular mechanisms regulating DLG1 expression and the posttranslational modifications that may affect DLG1 cell localization and functions. Despite the advances in this field, there are still open questions about the precise molecular link between alterations in DLG1 expression and the development of each specific pathology. The complete understanding of this concern will give us new scenarios for the design of promising diagnosis and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Marziali
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Paula Dizanzo
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Ana Laura Cavatorta
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
| | - Daniela Gardiol
- Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario-CONICET, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina
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Translating preclinical findings in clinically relevant new antipsychotic targets: focus on the glutamatergic postsynaptic density. Implications for treatment resistant schizophrenia. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 107:795-827. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 07/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Malt EA, Juhasz K, Frengen A, Wangensteen T, Emilsen NM, Hansen B, Agafonov O, Nilsen HL. Neuropsychiatric phenotype in relation to gene variants in the hemizygous allele in 3q29 deletion carriers: A case series. Mol Genet Genomic Med 2019; 7:e889. [PMID: 31347308 PMCID: PMC6732294 DOI: 10.1002/mgg3.889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic risk variants in the hemizygous allele may influence neuropsychiatric manifestations and clinical course in 3q29 deletion carriers. Methods In‐depth phenotypic assessment in two deletion carriers included medical records, medical, genetic, psychiatric and neuropsychological evaluations, brain MRI scan and EEG. Blood samples were analyzed for copy number variations, and deep sequencing of the affected 3q29 region was performed in patients and seven first‐degree relatives. Risk variants were identified through bioinformatic analysis. Results One deletion carrier was diagnosed with learning difficulties and childhood autism, the other with mild intellectual disability and schizophrenia. EEG abnormalities in childhood normalized in adulthood in both. Cognitive abilities improved during adolescence in one deletion carrier. Both had microcytic, hypochromic erythrocytes and suffered from chronic pain and fatigue. Molecular and bioinformatic analyses identified risk variants in the hemizygous allele that were not present in the homozygous state in relatives in genes involved in cilia function and insulin action in the autistic individual and in synaptic function and neurosteroid transport in the subject with schizophrenia. Conclusion 3q29 deletion carriers may undergo developmental phenotypic transition and need regular medical follow‐up. Identified risk variants in the remaining hemizygous allele should be explored further in autism and schizophrenia research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Albertsen Malt
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway.,Campus Ahus, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Katalin Juhasz
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Anna Frengen
- Campus Ahus, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | | | - Nina Merete Emilsen
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Borre Hansen
- Department of Adult Habilitation, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
| | - Oleg Agafonov
- Bioinformatics Core Facility, Department of Core Facilities, Institute of Cancer Research, Radium Hospital, Part of Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Hilde Loge Nilsen
- Campus Ahus, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Section for Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, Lorenskog, Norway
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11
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Gupta P, Uner OE, Nayak S, Grant GR, Kalb RG. SAP97 regulates behavior and expression of schizophrenia risk enriched gene sets in mouse hippocampus. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0200477. [PMID: 29995933 PMCID: PMC6040763 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0200477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Synapse associated protein of 97KDa (SAP97) belongs to a family of scaffolding proteins, the membrane-associated guanylate kinases (MAGUKs), that are highly enriched in the postsynaptic density of synapses and play an important role in organizing protein complexes necessary for synaptic development and plasticity. The Dlg-MAGUK family of proteins are structurally very similar, and an effort has been made to parse apart the unique function of each Dlg-MAGUK protein by characterization of knockout mice. Knockout mice have been generated and characterized for PSD-95, PSD-93, and SAP102, however SAP97 knockout mice have been impossible to study because the SAP97 null mice die soon after birth due to a craniofacial defect. We studied the transcriptomic and behavioral consequences of a brain-specific conditional knockout of SAP97 (SAP97-cKO). RNA sequencing from hippocampi from control and SAP97-cKO male animals identified 67 SAP97 regulated transcripts. As large-scale genetic studies have implicated MAGUKs in neuropsychiatric disorders such as intellectual disability, autism spectrum disorders, and schizophrenia (SCZ), we analyzed our differentially expressed gene (DEG) set for enrichment of disease risk-associated genes, and found our DEG set to be specifically enriched for SCZ-related genes. Subjecting SAP97-cKO mice to a battery of behavioral tests revealed a subtle male-specific cognitive deficit and female-specific motor deficit, while other behaviors were largely unaffected. These data suggest that loss of SAP97 may have a modest contribution to organismal behavior. The SAP97-cKO mouse serves as a stepping stone for understanding the unique role of SAP97 in biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Preetika Gupta
- Neuroscience Graduate Group, Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ogul E. Uner
- School of Arts and Sciences, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Soumyashant Nayak
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Gregory R. Grant
- Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Robert G. Kalb
- Feinberg School of Medicine, Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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12
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Soler J, Fañanás L, Parellada M, Krebs MO, Rouleau GA, Fatjó-Vilas M. Genetic variability in scaffolding proteins and risk for schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders: a systematic review. J Psychiatry Neurosci 2018; 43:223-244. [PMID: 29947605 PMCID: PMC6019351 DOI: 10.1503/jpn.170066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Revised: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scaffolding proteins represent an evolutionary solution to controlling the specificity of information transfer in intracellular networks. They are highly concentrated in complexes located in specific subcellular locations. One of these complexes is the postsynaptic density of the excitatory synapses. There, scaffolding proteins regulate various processes related to synaptic plasticity, such as glutamate receptor trafficking and signalling, and dendritic structure and function. Most scaffolding proteins can be grouped into 4 main families: discs large (DLG), discs-large-associated protein (DLGAP), Shank and Homer. Owing to the importance of scaffolding proteins in postsynaptic density architecture, it is not surprising that variants in the genes that code for these proteins have been associated with neuropsychiatric diagnoses, including schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders. Such evidence, together with the clinical, neurobiological and genetic overlap described between schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders, suggest that alteration of scaffolding protein dynamics could be part of the pathophysiology of both. However, despite the potential importance of scaffolding proteins in these psychiatric conditions, no systematic review has integrated the genetic and molecular data from studies conducted in the last decade. This review has the following goals: to systematically analyze the literature in which common and/or rare genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, single nucleotide variants and copy number variants) in the scaffolding family genes are associated with the risk for either schizophrenia or autism-spectrum disorders; to explore the implications of the reported genetic variants for gene expression and/or protein function; and to discuss the relationship of these genetic variants to the shared genetic, clinical and cognitive traits of schizophrenia and autism-spectrum disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Soler
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Lourdes Fañanás
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mara Parellada
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Marie-Odile Krebs
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Guy A Rouleau
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
| | - Mar Fatjó-Vilas
- From the Secció Zoologia i Antropologia Biològica, Dept Biologia Evolutiva, Ecologia i Ciències Ambientals, Facultat de Biologia, Universitat de Barcelona, Institut de Biomedicina de la Universitat de Barcelona (IBUB), Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Fatjó-Vilas); the Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Madrid, Spain (Soler, Fañanás, Parellada, Fatjó-Vilas); Servicio de Psiquiatría del Niño y del Adolescente, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Departamento de Psiquiatría, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain (Parellada); the Centre Hospitalier Sainte-Anne, Service Hospitalo-Universitaire, Faculté de Médecine Paris Descartes, Paris, France (Krebs); the Université Paris Descartes, Inserm Centre de Psychiatrie et Neurosciences, Laboratoire de Physiopathologie des Maladies Psychiatriques, Paris, France (Krebs); the CNRS, GDR 3557, Institut de Psychiatrie, Paris, France (Krebs); the Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC (Rouleau); and the FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain (Fatjó-Vilas)
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13
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Wickens MM, Bangasser DA, Briand LA. Sex Differences in Psychiatric Disease: A Focus on the Glutamate System. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:197. [PMID: 29922129 PMCID: PMC5996114 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in glutamate, the primary excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain, are implicated in several psychiatric diseases. Many of these psychiatric diseases display epidemiological sex differences, with either males or females exhibiting different symptoms or disease prevalence. However, little work has considered the interaction of disrupted glutamatergic transmission and sex on disease states. This review describes the clinical and preclinical evidence for these sex differences with a focus on two conditions that are more prevalent in women: Alzheimer's disease and major depressive disorder, and three conditions that are more prevalent in men: schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorder, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. These studies reveal sex differences at multiple levels in the glutamate system including metabolic markers, receptor levels, genetic interactions, and therapeutic responses to glutamatergic drugs. Our survey of the current literature revealed a considerable need for more evaluations of sex differences in future studies examining the role of the glutamate system in psychiatric disease. Gaining a more thorough understanding of how sex differences in the glutamate system contribute to psychiatric disease could provide novel avenues for the development of sex-specific pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan M Wickens
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Debra A Bangasser
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Lisa A Briand
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States.,Neuroscience Program, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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14
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Kobayashi M, Jitoku D, Iwayama Y, Yamamoto N, Toyota T, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Kurumaji A, Yoshikawa T, Nishikawa T. Association studies of WD repeat domain 3 and chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase genes with schizophrenia in a Japanese population. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0190991. [PMID: 29309433 PMCID: PMC5757935 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0190991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and schizophrenia-like symptoms induced by the dopamine agonists and N-methyl-D aspartate type glutamate receptor antagonists occur only after the adolescent period. Similarly, animal models of schizophrenia by these drugs are also induced after the critical period around postnatal week three. Based upon the development-dependent onsets of these psychotomimetic effects, by using a DNA microarray technique, we identified the WD repeat domain 3 (WDR3) and chitobiosyldiphosphodolichol beta-mannosyltransferase (ALG1) genes as novel candidates for schizophrenia-related molecules, whose mRNAs were up-regulated in the adult (postnatal week seven), but not in the infant (postnatal week one) rats by an indirect dopamine agonist, and phencyclidine, an antagonist of the NMDA receptor. WDR3 and other related proteins are the nuclear proteins presumably involved in various cellular activities, such as cell cycle progression, signal transduction, apoptosis, and gene regulation. ALG1 is presumed to be involved in the regulation of the protein N-glycosylation. To further elucidate the molecular pathophysiology of schizophrenia, we have evaluated the genetic association of WDR3 and ALG1 in schizophrenia. We examined 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms [SNPs; W1 (rs1812607)-W16 (rs6656360), A1 (rs8053916)-A10 (rs9673733)] from these genes using the Japanese case-control sample (1,808 schizophrenics and 2,170 matched controls). No significant genetic associations of these SNPs were identified. However, we detected a significant association of W4 (rs319471) in the female schizophrenics (allelic P = 0.003, genotypic P = 0.008). Based on a haplotype analysis, the observed haplotypes consisting of W4 (rs319471)–W5 (rs379058) also displayed a significant association in the female schizophrenics (P = 0.016). Even after correction for multiple testing, these associations remained significant. Our findings suggest that the WDR3 gene may likely be a sensitive factor in female patients with schizophrenia, and that modification of the WDR3 signaling pathway warrants further investigation as to the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Momoko Kobayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jitoku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akeo Kurumaji
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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15
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Uezato A, Yamamoto N, Jitoku D, Haramo E, Hiraaki E, Iwayama Y, Toyota T, Umino M, Umino A, Iwata Y, Suzuki K, Kikuchi M, Hashimoto T, Kanahara N, Kurumaji A, Yoshikawa T, Nishikawa T. Genetic and molecular risk factors within the newly identified primate-specific exon of the SAP97/DLG1 gene in the 3q29 schizophrenia-associated locus. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2017; 174:798-807. [PMID: 28990294 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The synapse-associated protein 97/discs, large homolog 1 of Drosophila (DLG1) gene encodes synaptic scaffold PDZ proteins interacting with ionotropic glutamate receptors including the N-methyl-D-aspartate type glutamate receptor (NMDAR) that is presumed to be hypoactive in brains of patients with schizophrenia. The DLG1 gene resides in the chromosomal position 3q29, the microdeletion of which confers a 40-fold increase in the risk for schizophrenia. In the present study, we performed genetic association analyses for DLG1 gene using a Japanese cohort with 1808 schizophrenia patients and 2170 controls. We detected an association which remained significant after multiple comparison testing between schizophrenia and the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3915512 that is located within the newly identified primate-specific exon (exon 3b) of the DLG1 gene and constitutes the exonic splicing enhancer sequence. When stratified by onset age, although it did not survive multiple comparisons, the association was observed in non-early onset schizophrenia, whose onset-age selectivity is consistent with our recent postmortem study demonstrating a decrease in the expression of the DLG1 variant in early-onset schizophrenia. Although the present study did not demonstrate the previously reported association of the SNP rs9843659 by itself, a meta-analysis revealed a significant association between DLG1 gene and schizophrenia. These findings provide a valuable clue for molecular mechanisms on how genetic variations in the primate-specific exon of the gene in the schizophrenia-associated 3q29 locus affect its regulation in the glutamate system and lead to the disease onset around a specific stage of brain development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Uezato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan.,Psychiatry Department, Tokyo Metropolitan Tama Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Jitoku
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Emiko Haramo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eri Hiraaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshimi Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tomoko Toyota
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masakazu Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Iwata
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Suzuki
- Department of Psychiatry, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu city, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Kikuchi
- Department of Psychiatry and Neurobiology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Tasuku Hashimoto
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Nobuhisa Kanahara
- Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akeo Kurumaji
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeo Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Saitama, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
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16
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Rasmussen AH, Rasmussen HB, Silahtaroglu A. The DLGAP family: neuronal expression, function and role in brain disorders. Mol Brain 2017; 10:43. [PMID: 28870203 PMCID: PMC5583998 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-017-0324-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The neurotransmitter glutamate facilitates neuronal signalling at excitatory synapses. Glutamate is released from the presynaptic membrane into the synaptic cleft. Across the synaptic cleft glutamate binds to both ion channels and metabotropic glutamate receptors at the postsynapse, which expedite downstream signalling in the neuron. The postsynaptic density, a highly specialized matrix, which is attached to the postsynaptic membrane, controls this downstream signalling. The postsynaptic density also resets the synapse after each synaptic firing. It is composed of numerous proteins including a family of Discs large associated protein 1, 2, 3 and 4 (DLGAP1-4) that act as scaffold proteins in the postsynaptic density. They link the glutamate receptors in the postsynaptic membrane to other glutamate receptors, to signalling proteins and to components of the cytoskeleton. With the central localisation in the postsynapse, the DLGAP family seems to play a vital role in synaptic scaling by regulating the turnover of both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors in response to synaptic activity. DLGAP family has been directly linked to a variety of psychological and neurological disorders. In this review we focus on the direct and indirect role of DLGAP family on schizophrenia as well as other brain diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas H Rasmussen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hanne B Rasmussen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asli Silahtaroglu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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17
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McKinney B, Ding Y, Lewis DA, Sweet RA. DNA methylation as a putative mechanism for reduced dendritic spine density in the superior temporal gyrus of subjects with schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2017; 7:e1032. [PMID: 28195572 PMCID: PMC5438028 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2016.297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Reduced dendritic spine density (DSD) in cortical layer 3 of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), and multiple other brain regions, is consistently observed in postmortem studies of schizophrenia (SZ). Elucidating the molecular mechanisms of this intermediate phenotype holds promise for understanding SZ pathophysiology, identifying SZ treatment targets and developing animal models. DNA methylation (DNAm), the addition of a methyl group to a cytosine nucleotide, regulates gene transcription and is a strong candidate for such a mechanism. We tested the hypothesis that DNAm correlates with DSD in the human STG and that this relationship is disrupted in SZ. We used the Illumina Infinium HumanMethylation450 Beadchip Array to quantify DNAm on a genome-wide scale in the postmortem STG from 22 SZ subjects and matched non-psychiatric control (NPC) subjects; DSD measures were available for 17 of the 22 subject pairs. We found DNAm to correlate with DSD at more sites than expected by chance in NPC, but not SZ, subjects. In addition, we show that the slopes of the linear DNAm-DSD correlations differed between SZ and NPC subjects at more sites than expected by chance. From these data, we identified 2 candidate genes for mediating DSD abnormalities in SZ: brain-specific angiogenesis inhibitor 1-associated protein 2 (BAIAP2) and discs large, Drosophila, homolog of, 1 (DLG1). Together, these data suggest that altered DNAm in SZ may be a mechanism for SZ-related DSD reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- B McKinney
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Y Ding
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - D A Lewis
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - R A Sweet
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Translational Neuroscience Program, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Neurology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, VA Pittsburgh Healthcare System, Pittsburgh, PA, USA,Department of Psychiatry, Neurology and VISN 4 Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Biomedical Science Tower, Room W-1645, 3811 O'Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA. E-mail:
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18
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Rutkowski TP, Schroeder JP, Gafford GM, Warren ST, Weinshenker D, Caspary T, Mulle JG. Unraveling the genetic architecture of copy number variants associated with schizophrenia and other neuropsychiatric disorders. J Neurosci Res 2016; 95:1144-1160. [PMID: 27859486 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 09/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies show that the complex genetic architecture of schizophrenia (SZ) is driven in part by polygenic components, or the cumulative effect of variants of small effect in many genes, as well as rare single-locus variants with large effect sizes. Here we discuss genetic aberrations known as copy number variants (CNVs), which fall in the latter category and are associated with a high risk for SZ and other neuropsychiatric disorders. We briefly review recurrent CNVs associated with SZ, and then highlight one CNV in particular, a recurrent 1.6-Mb deletion on chromosome 3q29, which is estimated to confer a 40-fold increased risk for SZ. Additionally, we describe the use of genetic mouse models, behavioral tools, and patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells as a means to study CNVs in the hope of gaining mechanistic insight into their respective disorders. Taken together, the genomic data connecting CNVs with a multitude of human neuropsychiatric disease, our current technical ability to model such chromosomal anomalies in mouse, and the existence of precise behavioral measures of endophenotypes argue that the time is ripe for systematic dissection of the genetic mechanisms underlying such disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy P Rutkowski
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jason P Schroeder
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Georgette M Gafford
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Stephen T Warren
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - David Weinshenker
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Tamara Caspary
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jennifer G Mulle
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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19
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Resequencing and Association Analysis of Six PSD-95-Related Genes as Possible Susceptibility Genes for Schizophrenia and Autism Spectrum Disorders. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27491. [PMID: 27271353 PMCID: PMC4895433 DOI: 10.1038/srep27491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 05/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PSD-95 associated PSD proteins play a critical role in regulating the density and activity of glutamate receptors. Numerous previous studies have shown an association between the genes that encode these proteins and schizophrenia (SZ) and autism spectrum disorders (ASD), which share a substantial portion of genetic risks. We sequenced the protein-encoding regions of DLG1, DLG2, DLG4, DLGAP1, DLGAP2, and SynGAP in 562 cases (370 SZ and 192 ASD patients) on the Ion PGM platform. We detected 26 rare (minor allele frequency <1%), non-synonymous mutations, and conducted silico functional analysis and pedigree analysis when possible. Three variants, G344R in DLG1, G241S in DLG4, and R604C in DLGAP2, were selected for association analysis in an independent sample set of 1315 SZ patients, 382 ASD patients, and 1793 healthy controls. Neither DLG4-G241S nor DLGAP2-R604C was detected in any samples in case or control sets, whereas one additional SZ patient was found that carried DLG1-G344R. Our results suggest that rare missense mutations in the candidate PSD genes may increase susceptibility to SZ and/or ASD. These findings may strengthen the theory that rare, non-synonymous variants confer substantial genetic risks for these disorders.
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Boccitto M, Doshi S, Newton IP, Nathke I, Neve R, Dong F, Mao Y, Zhai J, Zhang L, Kalb R. Opposing actions of the synapse-associated protein of 97-kDa molecular weight (SAP97) and Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) on Wnt/β-catenin signaling. Neuroscience 2016; 326:22-30. [PMID: 27026592 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
It has been suggested that synapse-associated protein of 97-kDa molecular weight (SAP97) is a susceptibility factor for childhood and adult neuropsychiatric disorders. SAP97 is a scaffolding protein that shares direct and indirect binding partners with the Disrupted in Schizophrenia 1 (DISC1) gene product, a gene with strong association with neuropsychiatric disorders. Here we investigated the possibility that these two proteins converge upon a common molecular pathway. Since DISC1 modifies Wnt/β-catenin signaling via changes in glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta (GSK3β) phosphorylation, we asked if SAP97 impacts Wnt/β-catenin signaling and GSK3β phosphorylation. We find that SAP97 acts as inhibitor of Wnt signaling activity and can suppress the stimulatory effects of DISC1 on β-catenin transcriptional activity. Reductions in SAP97 abundance also decrease GSK3β phosphorylation. In addition, we find that over expression of DISC1 leads to an increase in the abundance of SAP97, by inhibiting its proteasomal degradation. Our findings suggest that SAP97 and DISC1 contribute to maintaining Wnt/β-catenin signaling activity within a homeostatic range by regulating GSK3β phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Boccitto
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - S Doshi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neuroscience, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - I P Newton
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, UK
| | - I Nathke
- Cell & Developmental Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, DD15EH, UK
| | - R Neve
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - F Dong
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, 214 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Y Mao
- Department of Biology, Penn State University, 214 Life Sciences Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - J Zhai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - L Zhang
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - R Kalb
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neurology, Research Institute, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Room 814, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Department of Neurology, Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Butler MG, McGuire AB, Masoud H, Manzardo AM. Currently recognized genes for schizophrenia: High-resolution chromosome ideogram representation. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2016; 171B:181-202. [PMID: 26462458 PMCID: PMC6679920 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A large body of genetic data from schizophrenia-related research has identified an assortment of genes and disturbed pathways supporting involvement of complex genetic components for schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. Advances in genetic technology and expanding studies with searchable genomic databases have led to multiple published reports, allowing us to compile a master list of known, clinically relevant, or susceptibility genes contributing to schizophrenia. We searched key words related to schizophrenia and genetics from peer-reviewed medical literature sources, authoritative public access psychiatric websites and genomic databases dedicated to gene discovery and characterization of schizophrenia. Our list of 560 genes were arranged in alphabetical order in tabular form with gene symbols placed on high-resolution human chromosome ideograms. Genome wide pathway analysis using GeneAnalytics was carried out on the resulting list of genes to assess the underlying genetic architecture for schizophrenia. Recognized genes of clinical relevance, susceptibility or causation impact a broad range of biological pathways and mechanisms including ion channels (e.g., CACNA1B, CACNA1C, CACNA1H), metabolism (e.g., CYP1A2, CYP2C19, CYP2D6), multiple targets of neurotransmitter pathways impacting dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and serotonin function, brain development (e.g., NRG1, RELN), signaling peptides (e.g., PIK3CA, PIK4CA) and immune function (e.g., HLA-DRB1, HLA-DQA1) and interleukins (e.g., IL1A, IL10, IL6). This summary will enable clinical and laboratory geneticists, genetic counselors, and other clinicians to access convenient pictorial images of the distribution and location of contributing genes to inform diagnosis and gene-based treatment as well as provide risk estimates for genetic counseling of families with affected relatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merlin G. Butler
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas,Correspondence to: Merlin G. Butler, M.D., Ph.D., University of Kansas Medical Center, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, MS 4015, Kansas City, KS 66160,
| | - Austen B. McGuire
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Humaira Masoud
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Ann M. Manzardo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
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Uezato A, Yamamoto N, Iwayama Y, Hiraoka S, Hiraaki E, Umino A, Haramo E, Umino M, Yoshikawa T, Nishikawa T. Reduced cortical expression of a newly identified splicing variant of the DLG1 gene in patients with early-onset schizophrenia. Transl Psychiatry 2015; 5:e654. [PMID: 26440542 PMCID: PMC4930131 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2015.154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The human discs, large homolog 1 gene (DLG1) is mapped to the schizophrenia-susceptibility locus 3q29, and it encodes a scaffold protein that interacts with the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor presumably dysregulated in schizophrenia. In the current study, we have newly identified a splicing variant of DLG1, which is transcribed from an unreported 95-base-pair exon (exon 3b) and is labeled 3b(+). We investigated the mRNA expression of 3b(+) in the post-mortem dorsolateral prefrontal cortices of patients with psychiatric disorders, obtained from The Stanley Medical Research Institute, and examined the potential association of the expression with the genotype of the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs3915512 located within exon 3b. A real-time quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction revealed that the mRNA levels of 3b(+) were significantly reduced in patients with early-onset schizophrenia (onset at <18 years old, P=0.0003) but not in those with non-early-onset schizophrenia, early-onset or non-early-onset bipolar disorder or in the controls. Furthermore, the genotype at the rs3915512 SNP was closely associated with the levels of 3b(+) mRNA expression. It is inferred that the T allele fails to meet the exonic splicing enhancer consensus, thus resulting in skipping of exon 3b, leading to the expression of 3b(-) (the previously known DLG1 variant) but not 3b(+). Because all the subjects with early-onset schizophrenia in the current study possess the T/T genotype, the reduced level of the DLG1 3b(+) transcript may be involved in the susceptibility and/or pathophysiology of early-onset schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uezato
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - N Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Y Iwayama
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - S Hiraoka
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Hiraaki
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - A Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - E Haramo
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - M Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - T Yoshikawa
- Laboratory for Molecular Psychiatry, RIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Japan
| | - T Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45, Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8519, Japan. E-mail:
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Association study of H2AFZ with schizophrenia in a Japanese case-control sample. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2014; 122:915-23. [PMID: 25392085 DOI: 10.1007/s00702-014-1332-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/31/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that malfunction of the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA)-type glutamate receptor may be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. Several recent microRNA (miRNA) studies have demonstrated that the expression of the glutamate system-related miR-132 and miR-212 is changed in postmortem schizophrenic brains. Here we attempted to obtain further insight into the relationships among schizophrenia, the NMDA receptor, the molecular cascades controlled by these miRNAs and commonly predicted target genes of the two miRNAs. We focused on the H2AFZ (encoding H2A histone family, member Z) gene, whose expression was shown in our screening study to be modified by a schizophrenomimetic NMDA antagonist, phencyclidine. By performing polymerase chain reaction with fluorescent signal detention using the TaqMan system, we examined four tag single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs; SNP01-04) located around and within the H2AFZ gene for their genetic association with schizophrenia. The subjects were a Japanese cohort (2,012 patients with schizophrenia and 2,170 control subjects). We did not detect any significant genetic association of these SNPs with schizophrenia in this cohort. However, we observed a significant association of SNP02 (rs2276939) in the male patients with schizophrenia (allelic P = 0.003, genotypic P = 0.008). A haplotype analysis revealed that haplotypes consisting of SNP02-SNP03 (rs10014424)-SNP04 (rs6854536) also showed a significant association in the male patients with schizophrenia (P = 0.018). These associations remained significant even after correction for multiple testing. The present findings suggest that the H2AFZ gene may be a susceptibility factor in male subjects with schizophrenia, and that modification of the H2AFZ signaling pathway warrants further study in terms of the pathophysiology of schizophrenia.
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Takebayashi H, Yamamoto N, Umino A, Nishikawa T. Identification of developmentally regulated PCP-responsive non-coding RNA, prt6, in the rat thalamus. PLoS One 2014; 9:e97955. [PMID: 24886782 PMCID: PMC4041572 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0097955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia and similar psychoses induced by NMDA-type glutamate receptor antagonists, such as phencyclidine (PCP) and ketamine, usually develop after adolescence. Moreover, adult-type behavioral disturbance following NMDA receptor antagonist application in rodents is observed after a critical period at around 3 postnatal weeks. These observations suggest that the schizophrenic symptoms caused by and psychotomimetic effects of NMDA antagonists require the maturation of certain brain neuron circuits and molecular networks, which differentially respond to NMDA receptor antagonists across adolescence and the critical period. From this viewpoint, we have identified a novel developmentally regulated phencyclidine-responsive transcript from the rat thalamus, designated as prt6, as a candidate molecule involved in the above schizophrenia-related systems using a DNA microarray technique. The transcript is a non-coding RNA that includes sequences of at least two microRNAs, miR132 and miR212, and is expressed strongly in the brain and testis, with trace or non-detectable levels in the spleen, heart, liver, kidney, lung and skeletal muscle, as revealed by Northern blot analysis. The systemic administration of PCP (7.5 mg/kg, subcutaneously (s.c.)) significantly elevated the expression of prt6 mRNA in the thalamus at postnatal days (PD) 32 and 50, but not at PD 8, 13, 20, or 24 as compared to saline-treated controls. At PD 50, another NMDA receptor antagonist, dizocilpine (0.5 mg/kg, s.c.), and a schizophrenomimetic dopamine agonist, methamphetamine (4.8 mg/kg, s.c.), mimicked a significant increase in the levels of thalamic prt6 mRNAs, while a D2 dopmamine receptor antagonist, haloperidol, partly inhibited the increasing influence of PCP on thalamic prt6 expression without its own effects. These data indicate that prt6 may be involved in the pathophysiology of the onset of drug-induced schizophrenia-like symptoms and schizophrenia through the possible dysregulation of target genes of the long non-coding RNA or microRNAs in the transcript.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hironao Takebayashi
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Yamamoto
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asami Umino
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toru Nishikawa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Iasevoli F, Tomasetti C, Buonaguro EF, de Bartolomeis A. The glutamatergic aspects of schizophrenia molecular pathophysiology: role of the postsynaptic density, and implications for treatment. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:219-38. [PMID: 24851087 PMCID: PMC4023453 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140324183406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating psychiatric diseases with a lifetime prevalence of approximately
1%. Although the specific molecular underpinnings of schizophrenia are still unknown, evidence has long linked its
pathophysiology to postsynaptic abnormalities.
The postsynaptic density (PSD) is among the molecular structures suggested to be potentially involved in schizophrenia.
More specifically, the PSD is an electron-dense thickening of glutamatergic synapses, including ionotropic and
metabotropic glutamate receptors, cytoskeletal and scaffolding proteins, and adhesion and signaling molecules. Being
implicated in the postsynaptic signaling of multiple neurotransmitter systems, mostly dopamine and glutamate, the PSD
constitutes an ideal candidate for studying dopamine-glutamate disturbances in schizophrenia. Recent evidence suggests
that some PSD proteins, such as PSD-95, Shank, and Homer are implicated in severe behavioral disorders, including
schizophrenia. These findings, further corroborated by genetic and animal studies of schizophrenia, offer new insights for
the development of pharmacological strategies able to overcome the limitations in terms of efficacy and side effects of
current schizophrenia treatment. Indeed, PSD proteins are now being considered as potential molecular targets against this
devastating illness.
The current paper reviews the most recent hypotheses on the molecular mechanisms underlying schizophrenia
pathophysiology. First, we review glutamatergic dysfunctions in schizophrenia and we provide an update on postsynaptic
molecules involvement in schizophrenia pathophysiology by addressing both human and animal studies. Finally, the
possibility that PSD proteins may represent potential targets for new molecular interventions in psychosis will be
discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felice Iasevoli
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Carmine Tomasetti
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Elisabetta F Buonaguro
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
| | - Andrea de Bartolomeis
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences - University "Federico II", Naples, Italy
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Kowalczyk M, Owczarek A, Suchanek R, Paul-Samojedny M, Fila-Danilow A, Borkowska P, Kucia K, Kowalski J. Heat shock protein 70 gene polymorphisms are associated with paranoid schizophrenia in the Polish population. Cell Stress Chaperones 2014; 19:205-15. [PMID: 23893339 PMCID: PMC3933617 DOI: 10.1007/s12192-013-0446-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
HSP70 genes have been considered as promising schizophrenia candidate genes based on their protective role in the central nervous system under stress conditions. In this study, we analyzed the potential implication of HSPA1A +190G/C, HSPA1B +1267A/G, and HSPA1L +2437T/C polymorphisms in the susceptibility to paranoid schizophrenia in a homogenous Caucasian Polish population. In addition, we investigated the association of the polymorphisms with the clinical variables of the disease. Two hundred and three patients with paranoid schizophrenia and 243 healthy controls were enrolled in the study. Polymorphisms of HSPA1A, -1B, and -1L genes were genotyped using the PCR-RFLP technique. Analyses were conducted in entire groups and in subgroups that were stratified according to gender. There were significant differences in the genotype and allele frequencies of HSPA1A polymorphism between the patients and controls. The +190CC genotype and +190C allele were over-represented in the patients and significantly increased the risk for developing schizophrenia (OR = 3.45 and OR = 1.61, respectively). Interestingly, such a risk was higher for females with the +190CC genotype than for males with the +190CC genotype (OR = 5.78 vs. OR = 2.76). We also identified the CGT haplotype as a risk haplotype for schizophrenia and demonstrated the effects of HSPA1A and HSPA1B genotypes on the psychopathology and age of onset. Our study provided the first evidence that the HSPA1A polymorphism may potentially increase the risk of developing paranoid schizophrenia. Further independent analyses in different populations to evaluate the role of gender are needed to replicate these results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata Kowalczyk
- Department of Medical Genetics, Medical University of Silesia, Ostrogorska 30, 41-200, Sosnowiec, Poland,
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Walch L. Emerging role of the scaffolding protein Dlg1 in vesicle trafficking. Traffic 2014; 14:964-73. [PMID: 23829493 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Discs large 1 (Dlg1) is a modular scaffolding protein implicated in the control of cell polarity through assembly of specific multiprotein complexes, including receptors, ion channels and signaling proteins, at specialized zones of the plasma membrane. Recent data have shown that in addition to these well-known interaction partners, Dlg1 may also recruit components of the vesicle trafficking machinery either to the plasma membrane or to transport vesicles. Here, we discuss Dlg1 function in vesicle formation, targeting, tethering and fusion, in both the exocytotic and endocytotic pathways. These pathways contribute to cell functions as major and diverse as glutamatergic activity in the neurons, membrane homeostasis in Schwann cell myelination, insulin stimulation of glucose transport in adipocytes, or endothelial secretion of the hemostatic protein, von Willebrand factor (VWF).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Walch
- INSERM U698, Université Paris 7, Hemostasis, Bio-engineering and Cardiovascular Remodeling, CHU X. Bichat, Paris, France.
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Rial D, Lara DR, Cunha RA. The Adenosine Neuromodulation System in Schizophrenia. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2014; 119:395-449. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-801022-8.00016-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Population-specific haplotype association of the postsynaptic density gene DLG4 with schizophrenia, in family-based association studies. PLoS One 2013; 8:e70302. [PMID: 23936182 PMCID: PMC3723755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0070302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The post-synaptic density (PSD) of glutamatergic synapses harbors a multitude of proteins critical for maintaining synaptic dynamics. Alteration of protein expression levels in this matrix is a marked phenomenon of neuropsychiatric disorders including schizophrenia, where cognitive functions are impaired. To investigate the genetic relationship of genes expressed in the PSD with schizophrenia, a family-based association analysis of genetic variants in PSD genes such as DLG4, DLG1, PICK1 and MDM2, was performed, using Japanese samples (124 pedigrees, n = 376 subjects). Results showed a significant association of the rs17203281 variant from the DLG4 gene, with preferential transmission of the C allele (p = 0.02), although significance disappeared after correction for multiple testing. Replication analysis of this variant, found no association in a Chinese schizophrenia cohort (293 pedigrees, n = 1163 subjects) or in a Japanese case-control sample (n = 4182 subjects). The DLG4 expression levels between postmortem brain samples from schizophrenia patients showed no significant changes from controls. Interestingly, a five marker haplotype in DLG4, involving rs2242449, rs17203281, rs390200, rs222853 and rs222837, was enriched in a population specific manner, where the sequences A-C-C-C-A and G-C-C-C-A accumulated in Japanese (p = 0.0009) and Chinese (p = 0.0007) schizophrenia pedigree samples, respectively. However, this could not be replicated in case-control samples. None of the variants in other examined candidate genes showed any significant association in these samples. The current study highlights a putative role for DLG4 in schizophrenia pathogenesis, evidenced by haplotype association, and warrants further dense screening for variants within these haplotypes.
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Pathogenetic model for Tourette syndrome delineates overlap with related neurodevelopmental disorders including Autism. Transl Psychiatry 2012; 2:e158. [PMID: 22948383 PMCID: PMC3565204 DOI: 10.1038/tp.2012.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Tourette syndrome (TS) is a highly heritable neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by motor and vocal tics. Despite decades of research, the aetiology of TS has remained elusive. Recent successes in gene discovery backed by rapidly advancing genomic technologies have given us new insights into the genetic basis of the disorder, but the growing collection of rare and disparate findings have added confusion and complexity to the attempts to translate these findings into neurobiological mechanisms resulting in symptom genesis. In this review, we explore a previously unrecognised genetic link between TS and a competing series of trans-synaptic complexes (neurexins (NRXNs), neuroligins (NLGNs), leucine-rich repeat transmembrane proteins (LRRTMs), leucine rich repeat neuronals (LRRNs) and cerebellin precursor 2 (CBLN2)) that links it with autism spectrum disorder through neurodevelopmental pathways. The emergent neuropathogenetic model integrates all five genes so far found to be uniquely disrupted in TS into a single pathogenetic chain of events described in context with clinical and research implications.
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Yu GI, Kim SK, Park HJ, Kim JW, Chung JH, Shin DH. The C allele of synonymous SNP (rs1142636, Asn170Asn) in SYN1 is a risk factor for the susceptibility of Korean female schizophrenia. Synapse 2012; 66:979-83. [PMID: 22807112 DOI: 10.1002/syn.21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2012] [Revised: 07/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the exonic single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of synapsin I (SYN1) (rs1142636, Asn170Asn, Xp11.23) and SYN2 (rs2289708, 3'-untranslated region, 3p25) in schizopherenia. METHODS Two hundred eighty six schizophrenia patients and 304 control subjects were recruited. SNPs with a know heterozygosity and minor allele frequency (MAF) > 0.1 in Asian populations were selected and genotyped by direct sequencing. RESULTS The allelic frequencies of rs1142636 (SYN1) were associated with schizophrenia (P < 0.05), respectively. The allelic frequency of rs1142636 in all subjects was associated with schizophrenia [P = 0.000059, OR = 2.17 (95% CI = 1.47-3.18)]. The C allele frequency of rs1142636 was higher in schizophrenia (20.8%) than that in controls (10.8%). In the analysis of gender, the allelic frequency of rs1142636 was also strongly associated with female schizophrenia [P = 0.0001, OR = 2.65 (95% CI = 1.61-4.36)], but not with male schizophrenia. The C allele frequency of rs1142636 was higher in female schizophrenia (22.2%) than that in female controls (9.7%). The rs2289708 SNP (SYN2) did not show any association between schizophrenia and controls. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that the C allele of a synonymous SNP (rs1142636, Asn170Asn, Xp11.23) in SYN1 may be a risk factor for the susceptibility of Koreran female schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gyeong Im Yu
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Keimyung University, Daegu, Korea
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