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Cabral FN, Trad RJ, Amorim BS, Maciel JR, Amaral MDCED, Stevens P. Phylogeny, divergence times, and diversification in Calophyllaceae: Linking key characters and habitat changes to the evolution of Neotropical Calophylleae. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2021; 157:107041. [PMID: 33476719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2020.107041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The clusioid clade comprises five monophyletic families: Bonnetiaceae, Calophyllaceae, Clusiaceae s.s., Hypericaceae, and Podostemaceae. Even though the circumscription of these families is well established, phylogenetic relationships within some families remain unresolved. This study aims to infer phylogenetic relationships within the Neotropical Calophylleae based on a broad sampling of taxa and a multilocus approach. We then use our phylogenetic framework as basis to investigate the evolution and biogeography of Calophylleae and diversification shifts in Calophyllaceae. To reconstruct the phylogeny of the Neotropical Calophylleae, we used five plastid (matK, ndhF, rbcL, psbA-trnH, and trnK), two mitochondrial (matR and rps3), and two nuclear (EMB2765 and ITS) markers, including previously published and newly generated sequences. We sampled 74 species, increasing sampling of Neotropical taxa by 500%. Our phylogenetic hypothesis for Calophyllaceae provides additional support for the monophyly of all genera and allowed us to identify four main clades: Calophyllum, Kayea, Mammea, and the Neotropical clade. The Neotropical clade includes three main lineages, a small clade composed of Clusiella and Marila, and a large HaCaKi clade (i.e., Haplocarpa, Caraipa, and Kilmeyera) that is sister to Mahurea exstipulata. The evolution of three morphological traits (i.e., fleshy fruits, anther glands, and winged seeds) were shown to be associated with changes in evolutionary dynamics in Calophyllaceae, while a biome shift was detected in Kielmeyera, affecting net diversification within this genus. Major geological and climatic events such as the Andean uplift and a gradual decrease in temperatures seem to have influenced diversification rates within the Neotropical Calophylleae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernanda Nunes Cabral
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Ciências e Linguagens, Instituto Federal de Minas Gerais - Campus Bambuí, 38900-000 Bambuí, MG, Brazil.
| | - Rafaela Jorge Trad
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Bruno Sampaio Amorim
- Museu da Amazônia, MUSA, 69099-415 Manaus, AM, Brazil; Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia (PPGMBT-UEA), Universidade do Estado do Amazonas, 69065-001 Manaus, AM, Brazil
| | | | - Maria do Carmo Estanislau do Amaral
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-862 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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