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Sofroniou C, Scacchi A, Le H, Espinosa Rodriguez E, D'Agosto F, Lansalot M, Dunlop PSM, Ternan NG, Martín-Fabiani I. Tunable Assembly of Photocatalytic Colloidal Coatings for Antibacterial Applications. ACS APPLIED POLYMER MATERIALS 2024; 6:10298-10310. [PMID: 39296485 PMCID: PMC11406486 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.4c01436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 08/09/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, evaporation-induced size segregation and interparticle interactions are harnessed to tune the microstructure of photocatalytic colloidal coatings containing TiO2 nanoparticles and polymer particles. This enabled the fabrication of a library of five distinct microstructures: TiO2-on-top stratification, a thin top layer of polymer or TiO2, homogeneous films of raspberry particles, and a sandwich structure. The photocatalytic and antibacterial activities of the coatings were evaluated by testing the viability of Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteria using the ISO-27447 protocol, showing a strong correlation with the microstructure. UVA irradiation for 4 h induces a reduction in MRSA viability in all coating systems, ranging from 0.6 to 1.1 log. Films with TiO2-enriched top surfaces exhibit better resistance to prolonged exposure to disinfection and bacterial testing. The remaining systems, nonetheless, present higher antibacterial activity because of a larger number of pores and coating defects that enhance light and water accessibility for the generation and transport of reactive oxygen species. This work establishes design rules for photocatalytic coatings based on the interplay between performance and film architecture, offering valuable insights for several applications, including antibacterial surfaces, self-cleaning/antifogging applications, and water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantina Sofroniou
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Alberto Scacchi
- Department of Applied Physics, Aalto University, P.O. Box 11000, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Bioproducts and Biosystems, Aalto University, P.O. Box 16100, Aalto FI-00076, Finland
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Turku, Turku 20500, Finland
| | - Huyen Le
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Edgar Espinosa Rodriguez
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Franck D'Agosto
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Muriel Lansalot
- Universite Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CPE Lyon, CNRS, UMR 5128, Catalysis, Polymerization, Processes and Materials (CP2M), Villeurbanne F-69616, France
| | - Patrick S M Dunlop
- Nanotechnology and Integrated BioEngineering Centre (NIBEC), Ulster University, Newtownabbey BT37 0QB, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel G Ternan
- Nutrition Innovation Centre for Food and Health (NICHE), Ulster University, Coleraine, Londonderry BT52 1SA, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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Fernandez M, Thompson J, Calle A. Novel feed additive delivers antimicrobial copper and influences fecal microbiota in pigs. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0428023. [PMID: 38629838 PMCID: PMC11237605 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04280-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Dehydrated alginate beads formulated with copper were synthesized and tested as a feed additive to influence the microbiota in finishing pigs and potentially use them as a preharvest intervention to reduce fecal pathogen shedding. The efficacy of the copper beads was tested in vitro and in vivo. In vitro, Salmonella was significantly (P < 0.05) reduced when in contact with the copper beads solution for up to 6 h, with a 5.4 log CFU/mL reduction over the first hour. Chemical analysis of the soak solutions demonstrated the beads delivered their copper payload gradually over the same period the bactericidal effect was observed. For the in vivo experiments, pigs (n = 48) supplemented with the copper beads experienced significant shifts in their microbiota. Enterobacteriaceae (EB) increased by 1.07 log CFU/g (P < 0.05), while lactic acid bacteria (LAB) decreased by 1.22 log CFU/g (P < 0.05) during the treatment period. When beads were removed from the feed, EB and LAB concentrations returned to baseline, indicating copper beads led to measurable and significant changes in microbial loads. Fecal microbiome analysis conducted to explore additional changes by copper bead supplementation demonstrated that, at the phylum level, there was an increase in Firmicutes, Euryarchaeota, and Acidobacteriota, while at the genus level, an increase in Methanosphaera and Pseudomonas was observed. Measures of copper in swine feces showed values ~20 times higher in the treatment group than in the control group during the treatment period, suggesting that dehydrated alginate copper beads were effective in delivering antimicrobial copper to the animal hindgut.IMPORTANCECopper has long been known to have antimicrobial properties. However, when water-soluble salts are fed to livestock, the copper may rapidly dissolve in gastric contents and fail to reach the gut. Here, specially formulated copper beads are seamlessly incorporated into feed and allow copper to remain longer in the gastrointestinal tract of animals, reach deep into both the foregut and hindgut, and shift microbial populations. The technology delivers antimicrobial copper to the animal hindgut and potentially reduces pathogenic microorganisms before animal slaughter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Fernandez
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Jonathan Thompson
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, USA
| | - Alexandra Calle
- Texas Tech University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Amarillo, Texas, USA
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Behzadinasab S, Williams MD, Falkinham Iii JO, Ducker WA. Antimicrobial mechanism of cuprous oxide (Cu 2O) coatings. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 652:1867-1877. [PMID: 37688933 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.08.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
Some very effective antimicrobial coatings exploit copper or cuprous oxide (Cu2O) as the active agent. The aim of this study is to determine which species is the active antimicrobial - dissolved ions, the Cu2O solid, or reactive oxygen species. Copper ions were leached from Cu2O into various solutions and the leachate tested for both dissolved copper and the efficacy in killing Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The concentration of copper species leached from Cu2O into aqueous solution varied greatly with the composition of the aqueous solution. For a range of solution buffers, killing of P. aeruginosa was highly correlated with the concentration of copper in the leachate. Further, 10 µL bacterial suspension droplets were placed on Cu2O coatings, with or without a polymer barrier layer, and tested for bacterial kill. Killing occurred without contact between bacterium and solid, demonstrating that contact with Cu2O is not necessary. We therefore conclude that soluble copper species are the antimicrobial agent, and that the most potent species is Cu+. The solid quickly raises and sustains the concentration of soluble copper species near the bacterium. Killing via soluble copper ions rather than contact should allow copper coatings to kill bacteria even when fouled, which is an important practical consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saeed Behzadinasab
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | - Myra D Williams
- Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
| | | | - William A Ducker
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Center for Soft Matter and Biological Physics, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA; Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, 24061, USA.
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4
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Zangiabadi S, Chamoun KP, Nguyen K, Tang Y, Sweeney G, Abdul-Sater AA. Copper infused fabric attenuates inflammation in macrophages. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0287741. [PMID: 37713400 PMCID: PMC10503751 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0287741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/17/2023] Open
Abstract
While inflammation is an important immune response for protection from infections, excessive or prolonged inflammation can lead to a variety of debilitating diseases including skin disease, diabetes, heart disease, stroke, autoimmune diseases and cancer. Inflammation is a graded response that is typically initiated when resident macrophages sense the presence of pathogens or damage in the tissue and produce inflammatory cytokines and chemokines to kill the pathogen, clear debris and dead tissue, and initiate tissue repair. Here we show that copper-infused fabrics can prevent inflammation by blocking the production of inflammatory cytokines from macrophages after being exposed to LPS, a component of bacterial cell wall. Mechanistically, we show that copper-infused fabrics can significantly reduce the NF-κB and IRF3 activation in LPS-stimulated macrophages. Given the importance of excessive inflammation in diabetes, we show that copper can reduce insulin resistance mediated by inflammatory cytokines in muscle cells. Our data show that copper infused fabrics may be useful to reduce excessive inflammation in macrophages and improve insulin sensitivity in skeletal muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safoura Zangiabadi
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Khalil P. Chamoun
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Khang Nguyen
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yitian Tang
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, Canada
| | - Gary Sweeney
- Department of Biology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ali A. Abdul-Sater
- School of Kinesiology and Health Science, Muscle Health Research Centre (MHRC), York University, Toronto, Canada
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5
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Kışla D, Gökmen GG, Akdemir Evrendilek G, Akan T, Vlčko T, Kulawik P, Režek Jambrak A, Ozogul F. Recent developments in antimicrobial surface coatings: Various deposition techniques with nanosized particles, their application and environmental concerns. Trends Food Sci Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tifs.2023.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/03/2023]
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Bassam SN, Salimijazi H, Labbaf S, Amya M, Ehsani P, Mehrbod P. Antibacterial and Virucidal Evaluation of Ultrafine Wire Arc Sprayed German Silver Coatings. JOURNAL OF THERMAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGY 2023; 32:959-969. [PMID: 37521527 PMCID: PMC9810382 DOI: 10.1007/s11666-022-01528-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 12/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Copper and its alloys are known as antimicrobial agents that can be used in public places; however, pure copper has a low wear resistance and tends to lose its gloss relatively fast and stainless steel is still more desirable because of its mechanical properties and stable appearance. In this research, German silver coatings, a copper-nickel alloy, are studied as a superior alternative for pure copper coatings. German silver coating on mild steel substrates and stainless steel with two different surface roughnesses was prepared and placed into water bath up to 6 months to investigate the corrosion and exposure effects on the antibacterial behavior. A range of techniques was used to study the microstructure, surface morphology and mechanical properties such as microhardness, coating bonding adhesion, surface roughness and wettability of the coating. Colony count method was used to measure the antibacterial properties, and samples were tested against influenza A virus to evaluate the virucidal activity. The coating thickness was around 130 µm and contained 15% pores and oxides with splats forming inside the coating structure. Inside each splat, columnar grains could be seen with an average of 700 nm width and 4 µm length. The bonding strength of the coating was about 15 MPa, the hardness of coatings was about 180 HV, and the average surface roughness of the as-sprayed samples was about 10 µm. German silver coatings can destroy both Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli by more than 90% after 6 h of exposure time, and it also has a high-level of virucidal activity against influenza A virus after 2 h exposure time. Antibacterial behavior did not show any significant changes after 6 months of immersing samples in water bath. Thus, thermally sprayed German silver coatings exhibited silvery color for a long period of time, while its antimicrobial efficiency was comparable to pure copper coatings. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11666-022-01528-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Navid Bassam
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Hamidreza Salimijazi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Sheyda Labbaf
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology, Isfahan, 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Melika Amya
- Bacteriology Department, Molecular Biology Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parastoo Ehsani
- Bacteriology Department, Molecular Biology Lab, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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Yin X, Wu D, Yang H, Wang J, Zhang X, Li H, Zheng T, Wang L, Zhang T. Galvanic-Replacement-Assisted Surface-Initiated Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization for Functional Polymer Brush Engineering. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:296-302. [PMID: 35575363 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Here we present a facile and robust strategy, namely, galvanic-replacement-assisted surface-initiated Cu(0)-mediated atom transfer radical polymerization (gr-SI-Cu0ATRP, or gr-SI-Cu0CRP) for polymer brush engineering under ambient conditions. In gr-SI-Cu0ATRP, highly active and nanostructured Cu(0) surfaces are obtained by a simple galvanic replacement on zinc/aluminum surfaces in dilute Cu2+ solution. Polymer brush growth rate is extremely high (up to ∼904 nm in 30 min polymerization); meanwhile, both nano Cu(0) surfaces and Cu2+ solution can be reused multiple times without losing grafting efficiency. We also demonstrate that the gr-SI-Cu0ATRP is advantageous for polymer brush engineering on arbitrary substrates, including flexible (polyethylene terephthalate), curved (polycarbonate), and porous (anodic aluminum oxide), and endow the substrates with various functionalities, for example, anti-icing, antifogging, and ion selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Daheng Wu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Haoyong Yang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - He Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Tianyue Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Liping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
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8
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Sharma D, Jain S, Mishra AK, Sharma R, Tanwar A. Medicinal Herbs from Phyto-informatics: An aid for Skin Burn Management. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 2022; 23:1436-1448. [PMID: 35272596 DOI: 10.2174/1389201023666220310141308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Skin burn injury is the most common cause of trauma that is still considered a dreadful condition in healthcare emergencies around the globe. Due to the availability of a variety of regimes, their management remains a dynamical challenge for the entire medical and paramedical community. Indeed, skin burn injuries are accompanied by a series of several devastating events that lead to sepsis and multiple organ dysfunction syndromes. Hence the challenge lies in to develop better understanding as well as clear diagnostic criteria and predictive biomarkers which are important in their management. Though there are several regimes available in the market, there are still numerous limitations and challenges in the management. In this review article, we have discussed the various biomarkers that could be targeted for managing skin burn injuries. Instead of focusing on allopathic medication which has its adverse events per se, we have discussed the history, ethnopharmacology properties, and prospects of identified phytomedicines from a well-established herbal informatics model. This review article not only discusses the benefits of scrutinized phytocompounds but also leads to develop novel druggable Phyto-compounds to target skin burn injury at lower cost with no adverse effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepti Sharma
- Division of CBRN Defence, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Delhi 110054, India
| | - Sapna Jain
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Research Center, Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Haryana,121001, India
| | - Amit Kumar Mishra
- Faculty of Life Science and Biotechnology, South Asian University, New Delhi 110021, India
| | - Ruby Sharma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Ankit Tanwar
- Department of Cell Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, 10461, USA
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9
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Razavipour M, Gonzalez M, Singh N, Cimenci CE, Chu N, Alarcon EI, Villafuerte J, Jodoin B. Biofilm Inhibition and Antiviral Response of Cold Sprayed and Shot Peened Copper Surfaces: Effect of Surface Morphology and Microstructure. JOURNAL OF THERMAL SPRAY TECHNOLOGY 2022; 31:130-144. [PMID: 37520908 PMCID: PMC8735887 DOI: 10.1007/s11666-021-01315-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
Antibacterial properties of copper against planktonic bacteria population are affected by surface microstructure and topography. However, copper interactions with bacteria in a biofilm state are less studied. This work aims at better understanding the difference in biofilm inhibition of bulk, cold-sprayed, and shot-peened copper surfaces and gaining further insights on the underlying mechanisms using optical and scanning electron microscopy to investigate the topography and microstructure of the surfaces. The biofilm inhibition ability is reported for all surfaces. Results show that the biofilm inhibition performance of cold sprayed copper, while initially better, decreases with time and results in an almost identical performance than as-received copper after 18h incubation time. The shot-peened samples with a rough and ultrafine microstructure demonstrated an enhanced biofilm control, especially at 18 hr. The biofilm control mechanisms were explained by the diffusion rates and concentration of copper ions and the interaction between these ions and the biofilm, while surface topography plays a role in the bacteria attachment at the early planktonic state. Furthermore, the data suggest that surface topography plays a key role in antiviral activity of the materials tested, with a smooth surface being the most efficient. Graphical Abstract
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Razavipour
- Cold Spray Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Mayte Gonzalez
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, BEaTS Research, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Naveen Singh
- Cold Spray Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Cagla Eren Cimenci
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, BEaTS Research, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Nicole Chu
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, BEaTS Research, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | - Emilio I. Alarcon
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, BEaTS Research, University of Ottawa Heart Institute, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology, and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario Canada
| | | | - Bertrand Jodoin
- Cold Spray Research Laboratory, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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Ermakov VV, Jovanović LN. Biological Role of Trace Elements and Viral Pathologies. GEOCHEMISTRY INTERNATIONAL 2022; 60. [PMCID: PMC8853261 DOI: 10.1134/s0016702922020045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The review presents summarized information on a new research avenue in biogeochemistry and geochemical ecology: relationships between the microcosm (viruses) and manifestations of animal and human pathologies. Some aspects of the biological action of selenium, zinc, copper and iodine, their influence on the manifestation and course of viral infections are considered. Attention is focused on the antioxidant, membrane-protective, boosting immunity, hormonal functions of trace elements, and on the antibacterial and antiviral properties of metallic copper and its compounds. The criteria currently applied in assessing the Se status of territories are compared with the incidence of COVID-19 and HIV in the population of the Russian Federation. In some cases, selenium deficiency in the environment is shown to be associated with a higher susceptibility to RNA viral infections. Emphasis is put on the necessity of improving the criteria for assessing the trace element status of territories and further studies in the geochemical ecology of viruses and their role in the biosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- V. V. Ermakov
- Vernadsky Institute of Geochemistry and Analytical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - L. N. Jovanović
- ALFA BK University, Palmira Toljatija, 3, 11070 Belgrade, Serbia
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Antibacterial Efficacy of Cold-Sprayed Copper Coatings against Gram-Positive Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-Negative Escherichia coli. MATERIALS 2021; 14:ma14226744. [PMID: 34832144 PMCID: PMC8626024 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Contact surfaces have been identified as one of the main routes for pathogen transmission. The efficacy to kill both viruses and bacteria on touch surfaces is critical to reducing the rampant spread of harmful pathogens. Copper is one such material that has been traditionally used for its antimicrobial properties. However, most contact/touch surfaces are made up of steel or aluminum due to their structural properties. Therefore, coating high-touch components with copper is one possible solution to improve antibacterial efficacy. In this study, copper was coated on both stainless steel and aluminum substrates using a cold spray process which is a fast and economic coating technique. The coated samples in both as-deposited and heat-treated states were exposed to Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus bacteria, and their efficacy was compared with bulk copper plate. It was found that both bacterial cells responded differently to the different coating properties such as coating thickness, porosity, hardness, surface roughness, oxide content, and galvanic coupling effect. These correlations were elucidated in light of various results obtained from antibacterial and bacterial attachment tests, and materials characterizations of the coatings. It is possible to tailor copper coating characteristics to render them more effective against targeted bacteria.
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12
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Kim YJ, Kim JB, Song CS, Nahm SS. Disinfection of various materials with 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl am-monium chloride in hatchery facilities. Anim Biosci 2021; 35:631-637. [PMID: 34696574 PMCID: PMC8902209 DOI: 10.5713/ab.21.0302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Surface disinfection is important in the proper running of livestock farms. However, disinfection of farm equipment and facilities is difficult because they are made of different materials, besides having large surface areas and complex structures. 3-(trimethoxysilyl)-propyldimethyloctadecyl ammonium chloride (Si-QAC) is a quaternary ammonium salt-based disinfectant that attaches to various surfaces by forming covalent bonds and maintains its disinfecting capacity for a considerable time. Our aim was to evaluate the potential use of Si-QAC for disinfection of farm equipment and facilities. Methods The short- and long-term antimicrobial and antiviral effects of Si-QAC were evaluated in both laboratory and farm settings using modified quantitative assessment method based on the standard operating procedures of the United States Environmental Protection Agency. Results Si-QAC was highly effective in controlling the growth of the Newcastle disease virus and avian pathogenic Escherichia coli. Electron microscopy revealed that the mechanism underlying the disinfection activity of Si-QAC was associated with its ability to damage the outer membrane of the pathogen cells. In the field test, Si-QAC effectively reduced viral contamination of surfaces of equipment and space. Conclusion Our results suggest that Si-QAC has great potential as an effective chemical for disinfecting farm equipment and facilities. This disinfectant could retain its disinfection ability longer than other commercial disinfectants and contribute to better farm biosecurity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Jin Kim
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | | | - Chang-Seon Song
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea.,KCAV Co., Ltd., Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Sang-Soep Nahm
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
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13
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Endogenous nitric oxide-generating surfaces via polydopamine-copper coatings for preventing biofilm dispersal and promoting microbial killing. MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING. C, MATERIALS FOR BIOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS 2021; 128:112297. [PMID: 34474848 DOI: 10.1016/j.msec.2021.112297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Peri-implantitis is a bacterially induced inflammatory disease which affects the hard and soft tissues around a dental implant. Microbial biofilm formation is an important causative factor in peri-implantitis. The aim of this study is to develop an effective multifunctional surface coating for antimicrobial property and to counteract oral biofilm-associated infections via a single polydopamine copper coating (PDAM@Cu) on titanium implant surface to regulate endogenous nitric oxide (NO) generation. METHODS PDAM@Cu coatings were made with different concentrations of CuCl2 on titanium surfaces with a simple dip coating technique. Coatings were characterised to evaluate Cu concentrations as well as NO release rates from the coatings. Further, salivary biofilms were made on the coatings using Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) media in an anaerobic chamber. Biofilms were prepared with three different mixtures, one of which was saliva only, the second had an addition of sheep's blood, and the third was prepared with NO donors S-nitrosoglutathione (GSNO) and L-glutathione (GSH) in the mixture of saliva and blood to evaluate the effects of endogenously produced NO on biofilms. The effectiveness of coated surfaces on biofilms were assessed using four different methods, namely, crystal violet assay, scanning electron microscopy imaging, 2,3-bis (2-methoxy-4-nitro-5-sulfophenyl)-5-[(phenylamino) carbonyl]-2H-tetrazolium hydroxide (XTT) metabolic assay, and live/dead staining. RESULTS NO release rates could be controlled with different Cu concentration in PDAM@Cu coatings. NO generated from the PDAM@Cu coatings effectively induced dispersal of biofilms shown by the reduction in biofilm biomass as well as reduced biofilm attachment in samples prepared with blood and NO donors. Cu ions released from the PDAM@Cu coatings resulted in killing of the dispersed bacteria, which was evidenced by the live/dead cell staining and reduced metabolic activity noted from the XTT assay. In contrast, samples prepared with saliva showed no significant reduction in biofilms, indicating the important effect of endogenously generated NO on biofilm dispersal. CONCLUSION In conclusion, PDAM@Cu coatings with NO generating surfaces have a dual anti-biofilm function, with a synergistic effect on biofilm dispersal from regulated NO generation and bactericidal effects from Cu ions from the coatings.
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Abraham J, Dowling K, Florentine S. Can Copper Products and Surfaces Reduce the Spread of Infectious Microorganisms and Hospital-Acquired Infections? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 14:3444. [PMID: 34206230 PMCID: PMC8269470 DOI: 10.3390/ma14133444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Pathogen transfer and infection in the built environment are globally significant events, leading to the spread of disease and an increase in subsequent morbidity and mortality rates. There are numerous strategies followed in healthcare facilities to minimize pathogen transfer, but complete infection control has not, as yet, been achieved. However, based on traditional use in many cultures, the introduction of copper products and surfaces to significantly and positively retard pathogen transmission invites further investigation. For example, many microbes are rendered unviable upon contact exposure to copper or copper alloys, either immediately or within a short time. In addition, many disease-causing bacteria such as E. coli O157:H7, hospital superbugs, and several viruses (including SARS-CoV-2) are also susceptible to exposure to copper surfaces. It is thus suggested that replacing common touch surfaces in healthcare facilities, food industries, and public places (including public transport) with copper or alloys of copper may substantially contribute to limiting transmission. Subsequent hospital admissions and mortality rates will consequently be lowered, with a concomitant saving of lives and considerable levels of resources. This consideration is very significant in times of the COVID-19 pandemic and the upcoming epidemics, as it is becoming clear that all forms of possible infection control measures should be practiced in order to protect community well-being and promote healthy outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
| | - Kim Dowling
- School of Engineering, Information Technology and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
- Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Future Regions Research Centre, School of Science, Psychology and Sport, Federation University Australia, Mt Helen Campus, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
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15
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Reporting uncertainty in results-Response to article on copper cold-spray technology. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2021; 43:537. [PMID: 34001291 DOI: 10.1017/ice.2021.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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16
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Coating Technologies for Copper Based Antimicrobial Active Surfaces: A Perspective Review. METALS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/met11050711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Microbial contamination of medical devices and treatment rooms leads to several detrimental hospital and device-associated infections. Antimicrobial copper coatings are a new approach to control healthcare-associated infections (HAI’s). This review paper focuses on the efficient methods for depositing highly adherent copper-based antimicrobial coatings onto a variety of metal surfaces. Antimicrobial properties of the copper coatings produced by various deposition methods including thermal spray technique, electrodeposition, electroless plating, chemical vapor deposition (CVD), physical vapor deposition (PVD), and sputtering techniques are compared. The coating produced using different processes did not produce similar properties. Also, process parameters often could be varied for any given coating process to impart a change in structure, topography, wettability, hardness, surface roughness, and adhesion strength. In turn, all of them affect antimicrobial activity. Fundamental concepts of the coating process are described in detail by highlighting the influence of process parameters to increase antimicrobial activity. The strategies for developing antimicrobial surfaces could help in understanding the mechanism of killing the microbes.
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17
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Dauvergne E, Mullié C. Brass Alloys: Copper-Bottomed Solutions against Hospital-Acquired Infections? Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10030286. [PMID: 33801855 PMCID: PMC7999369 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10030286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Copper has been used for its antimicrobial properties since Antiquity. Nowadays, touch surfaces made of copper-based alloys such as brasses are used in healthcare settings in an attempt to reduce the bioburden and limit environmental transmission of nosocomial pathogens. After a brief history of brass uses, the various mechanisms that are thought to be at the basis of brass antimicrobial action will be described. Evidence shows that direct contact with the surface as well as cupric and cuprous ions arising from brass surfaces are instrumental in the antimicrobial effectiveness. These copper ions can lead to oxidative stress, membrane alterations, protein malfunctions, and/or DNA damages. Laboratory studies back up a broad spectrum of activity of brass surfaces on bacteria with the possible exception of bacteria in their sporulated form. Various parameters influencing the antimicrobial activity such as relative humidity, temperature, wet/dry inoculation or wear have been identified, making it mandatory to standardize antibacterial testing. Field trials using brass and copper surfaces consistently report reductions in the bacterial bioburden but, evidence is still sparse as to a significant impact on hospital acquired infections. Further work is also needed to assess the long-term effects of chemical/physical wear on their antimicrobial effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilie Dauvergne
- Laboratoire AGIR-UR UPJV 4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80037 Amiens, France;
- FAVI Limited Company, 80490 Hallencourt, France
| | - Catherine Mullié
- Laboratoire AGIR-UR UPJV 4294, UFR de Pharmacie, Université de Picardie Jules Verne, 80037 Amiens, France;
- Laboratoire Hygiène, Risque Biologique et Environnement, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Amiens-Picardie, 80025 Amiens, France
- Correspondence:
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18
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Sousa BC, Massar CJ, Gleason MA, Cote DL. On the emergence of antibacterial and antiviral copper cold spray coatings. J Biol Eng 2021; 15:8. [PMID: 33627170 PMCID: PMC7904298 DOI: 10.1186/s13036-021-00256-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
In this literature review, the antipathogenic properties and contact-mediated antibacterial and antiviral performance of copper cold spray surfaces are assessed and compared with alternative antimicrobial materials that are able to kill and/or inactivate infectious agents via direct contact. Discussion is also provided concerning the suitability of copper cold spray material consolidations as biocidal and viricidal surfaces that retain long-term functionality as a preventative measure against fomite transmission of pathogenic agents and hospital-acquired infections from contaminated high-touch surfaces. Numerable alternative antimicrobial coatings and surfaces that do not rely upon the oligodynamic action of copper are detailed. Given the ongoing need for recognition of said alternative antimicrobial materials by authoritative agencies, such as the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the relevant literature on non-copper-based antipathogenic coatings and surfaces are then described. Furthermore, a wide-ranging take on antipathogenic copper cold spray coatings are provided and consideration is given to the distinctive grain-boundary mediated copper ion diffusion pathways found in optimizable, highly deformed, copper cold spray material consolidations that enable pathogen inactivation on surfaces from direct contact. To conclude this literature review, analysis of how copper cold spray coatings can be employed as a preventative measure against COVID-19 was also presented in light of on-going debates surrounding SARS-CoV-2's non-primary, but non-negligible, secondary transmission pathway, and also presented in conjunction with the inevitability that future pathogens, which will be responsible for forthcoming global pandemics, may spread even more readily via fomite pathways too.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryer C Sousa
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609-2280, USA.
| | - Christopher J Massar
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609-2280, USA
| | - Matthew A Gleason
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609-2280, USA
| | - Danielle L Cote
- Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, 100 Institute Road, Worcester, MA, 01609-2280, USA.
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19
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Sousa BC, Cote DL. Antimicrobial Copper Cold Spray Coatings and SARS-CoV-2 Surface Inactivation. MRS ADVANCES 2020; 5:2873-2880. [PMID: 33437532 PMCID: PMC7790037 DOI: 10.1557/adv.2020.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
This article contextualizes how the antimicrobial properties and antipathogenic contact killing/inactivating performance of copper cold spray surfaces and coatings and can be extended to the COVID-19 pandemic as a preventative measure. Specifically, literature is reviewed in terms of how copper cold spray coatings can be applied to high-touch surfaces in biomedical as well as healthcare settings to prevent fomite transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through rapidly inactivating SARS-CoV-2 virions after contaminating a surface. The relevant literature on copper-based antipathogenic coatings and surfaces are then detailed. Particular attention is then given to the unique microstructurally-mediated pathway of copper ion diffusion associated with copper cold spray coatings that enable fomite inactivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryer C Sousa
- Materials Science and Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
| | - Danielle L Cote
- Materials Science and Engineering, Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Worcester, MA USA
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20
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Laboratory-based study of novel antimicrobial cold spray coatings to combat surface microbial contamination. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2020; 41:1378-1383. [DOI: 10.1017/ice.2020.335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AbstractObjective:To investigate the touch-contact antimicrobial efficacy of novel cold spray surface coatings composed of copper and silver metals, regard to their rate of microbial elimination.Design:Antimicrobial time-kill assay.Setting:Laboratory-based study.Methods:An adapted time-kill assay was conducted to characterize the antimicrobial efficacy of the developed coatings. A simulated touch-contact pathogenic exposure to Gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Gram-negative Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 27853), and the yeast Candida albicans (ATCC 10231), as well as corresponding resistant strains of gentamicin-methicillin–resistant S. aureus (ATCC 33592), azlocillin-carbenicillin–resistant P. aeruginosa (DSM 46316), and a fluconazole-resistant C. albicans strain was undertaken. Linear regression modeling was used to deduce microbial reduction rates.Results:A >7 log reduction in microbial colony forming units was achieved within minutes on surfaces with cold spray coatings compared to a single log bacterial reduction on copper metal sheets within a 3 hour contact period. Copper-coated 3-dimensional (3D) printed acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) achieved complete microbial elimination against all tested pathogens within a 15 minute exposure period. Similarly, a copper-on-copper coating achieved microbial elimination within 10 minutes and within 5 minutes with the addition of silver powder as a 5 wt% coating constituent.Conclusions:In response to the global need for alternative solutions for infection control and prevention, these effective antimicrobial surface coatings were proposed. A longitudinal study is the next step toward technology integration.
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21
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Understanding the Antipathogenic Performance of Nanostructured and Conventional Copper Cold Spray Material Consolidations and Coated Surfaces. CRYSTALS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/cryst10060504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The role of high strain rate and severe plastic deformation, microstructure, electrochemical behavior, surface chemistry and surface roughness were characterized for two copper cold spray material consolidations, which were produced from conventionally gas-atomized copper powder as well as spray-dried copper feedstock, during the course of this work. The motivation underpinning this work centers upon the development of a more robust understanding of the microstructural features and properties of the conventional copper and nanostructured copper coatings as they relate to antipathogenic contact killing and inactivation applications. Prior work has demonstrated greater antipathogenic efficacy with respect to the nanostructured coating versus the conventional coating. Thus, microstructural analysis was performed in order to establish differences between the two coatings that their respective pathogen kill rates could be attributed to. Results from advanced laser-induced projectile impact testing, X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, electron backscatter diffraction, scanning transmission microscopy, nanoindentation, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, nanoindentation, confocal microscopy, atomic force microscopy, linear polarization, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy and copper ion release assaying were performed during the course of this research.
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22
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Ciacotich N, Kragh KN, Lichtenberg M, Tesdorpf JE, Bjarnsholt T, Gram L. In Situ Monitoring of the Antibacterial Activity of a Copper-Silver Alloy Using Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy and pH Microsensors. GLOBAL CHALLENGES (HOBOKEN, NJ) 2019; 3:1900044. [PMID: 31692989 PMCID: PMC6827527 DOI: 10.1002/gch2.201900044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The antibacterial efficacy of a copper-silver alloy coating under conditions resembling build up of dry surface bacterial biofilms is successfully demonstrated according to US EPA test methods with a ≥99.9% reduction of test organisms over a 24 h period. A tailor-made confocal imaging protocol is designed to visualize in situ the killing of bacterial biofilms at the copper-silver alloy surface and monitor the kinetics for 100 min. The copper-silver alloy coating eradicates a biofilm of Gram-positive bacteria within 5 min while a biofilm of Gram-negative bacteria are killed more slowly. In situ pH monitoring indicates a 2-log units increase at the interface between the metallic surface and bacterial biofilm; however, the viability of the bacteria is not directly affected by this raise (pH 8.0-9.5) when tested in buffer. The OH- production, as a result of the interaction between the electrochemically active surface and the bacterial biofilm under environmental conditions, is thus one aspect of the contact-mediated killing of the copper-silver alloy coating and not the direct cause of the observed antibacterial efficacy. The combination of oxidation of bacterial cells, release of copper ions, and local pH raise characterizes the antibacterial activity of the copper-silver alloy-coated dry surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ciacotich
- Elplatek A/SBybjergvej 7DK‐3060EspergærdeDenmark
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads Bldg. 221DK‐2800Kgs LyngbyDenmark
| | - Kasper Nørskov Kragh
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyCosterton Biofilm CenterFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3BDK‐2200Copenhagen NDenmark
| | - Mads Lichtenberg
- Department of Immunology and MicrobiologyCosterton Biofilm CenterFaculty of Health and Medical SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenBlegdamsvej 3BDK‐2200Copenhagen NDenmark
| | - Jens Edward Tesdorpf
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads Bldg. 221DK‐2800Kgs LyngbyDenmark
| | - Thomas Bjarnsholt
- Department of Clinical MicrobiologyRigshospitaletJuliane Maries vej 222100Copenhagen ØDenmark
| | - Lone Gram
- Department of Biotechnology and BiomedicineTechnical University of DenmarkSøltofts Plads Bldg. 221DK‐2800Kgs LyngbyDenmark
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Liao C, Li Y, Tjong SC. Antibacterial Activities of Aliphatic Polyester Nanocomposites with Silver Nanoparticles and/or Graphene Oxide Sheets. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E1102. [PMID: 31374855 PMCID: PMC6724040 DOI: 10.3390/nano9081102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Aliphatic polyesters such as poly(lactic acid) (PLA), polycaprolactone (PCL) and poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA) copolymers have been widely used as biomaterials for tissue engineering applications including: bone fixation devices, bone scaffolds, and wound dressings in orthopedics. However, biodegradable aliphatic polyesters are prone to bacterial infections due to the lack of antibacterial moieties in their macromolecular chains. In this respect, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), graphene oxide (GO) sheets and AgNPs-GO hybrids can be used as reinforcing nanofillers for aliphatic polyesters in forming antimicrobial nanocomposites. However, polymeric matrix materials immobilize nanofillers to a large extent so that they cannot penetrate bacterial membrane into cytoplasm as in the case of colloidal nanoparticles or nanosheets. Accordingly, loaded GO sheets of aliphatic polyester nanocomposites have lost their antibacterial functions such as nanoknife cutting, blanket wrapping and membrane phospholipid extraction. In contrast, AgNPs fillers of polyester nanocomposites can release silver ions for destroying bacterial cells. Thus, AgNPs fillers are more effective than loaded GO sheets of polyester nanocomposiites in inhibiting bacterial infections. Aliphatic polyester nanocomposites with AgNPs and AgNPs-GO fillers are effective to kill multi-drug resistant bacteria that cause medical device-related infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengzhu Liao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Yuchao Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Sie Chin Tjong
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong 999077, China.
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24
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A Review on Surface Modifications and Coatings on Implants to Prevent Biofilm. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-019-00116-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Abstract
Bacterial and viral contamination of contact surfaces increases the risk of infection. A great deal of work has been done on the capabilities of copper and its alloys to protect against a variety of microorganisms endangering public health, particularly in healthcare and food processing applications. This work has conclusively shown the effectiveness of copper for touch surface disinfection; however, the optimum microstructural characteristics of the copper surface have not been established. The sterilization effectiveness of three kinetically sprayed copper surfaces and two copper feedstocks were examined. The surfaces were inoculated with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and influenza A virus. After a two-hour exposure to the surfaces, the surviving microorganisms were assayed, and the results contrasted. These tests showed substantial antimicrobial differences between the coatings generated by the spray techniques and those obtained by different feedstock powders. The significance of the copper spray application was demonstrated, and the application-dependent mechanism for antimicrobial effectiveness was explained.
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26
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On Coating Techniques for Surface Protection: A Review. JOURNAL OF MANUFACTURING AND MATERIALS PROCESSING 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/jmmp3010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A wide variety of coating methods and materials are available for different coating applications with a common purpose of protecting a part or structure exposed to mechanical or chemical damage. A benefit of this protective function is to decrease manufacturing cost since fabrication of new parts is not needed. Available coating materials include hard and stiff metallic alloys, ceramics, bio-glasses, polymers, and engineered plastic materials, giving designers a variety freedom of choices for durable protection. To date, numerous processes such as physical/chemical vapor deposition, micro-arc oxidation, sol–gel, thermal spraying, and electrodeposition processes have been introduced and investigated. Although each of these processes provides advantages, there are always drawbacks limiting their application. However, there are many solutions to overcome deficiencies of coating techniques by using the benefits of each process in a multi-method coating. In this article, these coating methods are categorized, and compared. By developing more advanced coating techniques and materials it is possible to enhance the qualities of protection in the future.
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Cambiaso-Daniel J, Boukovalas S, Bitz GH, Branski LK, Herndon DN, Culnan DM. Topical Antimicrobials in Burn Care: Part 1-Topical Antiseptics. Ann Plast Surg 2018; Publish Ahead of Print:10.1097/SAP.0000000000001297. [PMID: 29319571 PMCID: PMC6037606 DOI: 10.1097/sap.0000000000001297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Burn wounds disrupt the body's primary defense against invasion and colonization by microorganisms. Topical antimicrobials are one component in burn wound care. These agents suppress microbial growth to advantage skin cells and wound healing. Topical antimicrobials can be divided into 2 superclasses: antiseptics and antibiotics. We review the 4 main classes of topical antiseptics (emulsifiers, acids, oxidizers, and heavy metals) and antiseptic-impregnated dressings in current clinical use and address the mechanisms, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of each antiseptic for burn wound management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Cambiaso-Daniel
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Stafanos Boukovalas
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Genevieve H. Bitz
- JMS Burn and Reconstructive Center, Merit Health Central Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
| | - Ludwik K. Branski
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Division of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - David N. Herndon
- Department of Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, and Shriners Hospitals for Children, Galveston, Texas, USA
- Division of Plastic Surgery, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, USA
| | - Derek M. Culnan
- JMS Burn and Reconstructive Center, Merit Health Central Hospital, Jackson, Mississippi, USA
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28
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Mofazzal Jahromi MA, Sahandi Zangabad P, Moosavi Basri SM, Sahandi Zangabad K, Ghamarypour A, Aref AR, Karimi M, Hamblin MR. Nanomedicine and advanced technologies for burns: Preventing infection and facilitating wound healing. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2018; 123:33-64. [PMID: 28782570 PMCID: PMC5742034 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2017.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 258] [Impact Index Per Article: 43.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 08/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
According to the latest report from the World Health Organization, an estimated 265,000 deaths still occur every year as a direct result of burn injuries. A widespread range of these deaths induced by burn wound happens in low- and middle-income countries, where survivors face a lifetime of morbidity. Most of the deaths occur due to infections when a high percentage of the external regions of the body area is affected. Microbial nutrient availability, skin barrier disruption, and vascular supply destruction in burn injuries as well as systemic immunosuppression are important parameters that cause burns to be susceptible to infections. Topical antimicrobials and dressings are generally employed to inhibit burn infections followed by a burn wound therapy, because systemic antibiotics have problems in reaching the infected site, coupled with increasing microbial drug resistance. Nanotechnology has provided a range of molecular designed nanostructures (NS) that can be used in both therapeutic and diagnostic applications in burns. These NSs can be divided into organic and non-organic (such as polymeric nanoparticles (NPs) and silver NPs, respectively), and many have been designed to display multifunctional activity. The present review covers the physiology of skin, burn classification, burn wound pathogenesis, animal models of burn wound infection, and various topical therapeutic approaches designed to combat infection and stimulate healing. These include biological based approaches (e.g. immune-based antimicrobial molecules, therapeutic microorganisms, antimicrobial agents, etc.), antimicrobial photo- and ultrasound-therapy, as well as nanotechnology-based wound healing approaches as a revolutionizing area. Thus, we focus on organic and non-organic NSs designed to deliver growth factors to burned skin, and scaffolds, dressings, etc. for exogenous stem cells to aid skin regeneration. Eventually, recent breakthroughs and technologies with substantial potentials in tissue regeneration and skin wound therapy (that are as the basis of burn wound therapies) are briefly taken into consideration including 3D-printing, cell-imprinted substrates, nano-architectured surfaces, and novel gene-editing tools such as CRISPR-Cas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirza Ali Mofazzal Jahromi
- Department of Advanced Medical Sciences & Technologies, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences (JUMS), Jahrom, Iran; Research Center for Noncommunicable Diseases, School of Medicine, Jahrom University of Medical Sciences (JUMS), Jahrom, Iran
| | - Parham Sahandi Zangabad
- Research Center for Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology (RCPN), Tabriz University of Medical Science (TUOMS), Tabriz, Iran; Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Masoud Moosavi Basri
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Bioenvironmental Research Center, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran; Civil & Environmental Engineering Department, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Keyvan Sahandi Zangabad
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Polymer Engineering, Sahand University of Technology, PO Box 51335-1996, Tabriz, Iran; Nanomedicine Research Association (NRA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran
| | - Ameneh Ghamarypour
- Bio-Nano-Interfaces: Convergence of Sciences (BNICS), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Tehran, Iran; Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad university, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir R Aref
- Department of Medical Oncology, Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Mahdi Karimi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Department of Medical Nanotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Technologies in Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Research Center for Science and Technology in Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran; Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA.
| | - Michael R Hamblin
- Wellman Center for Photomedicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Department of Dermatology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, USA; Harvard-MIT Division of Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, USA.
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Development of Sustainable Cold Spray Coatings and 3D Additive Manufacturing Components for Repair/Manufacturing Applications: A Critical Review. COATINGS 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/coatings7080122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This review article presents the findings of a comprehensive state-of-the-art literature review of the scientific and technological progress of the cold spray process in the field of repair/remanufacturing using the concept of additive manufacturing. A thorough study was conducted on the potential of this technology to form (a) both thin and thick coatings; (b) the ability to fabricate 3D freeform components in a single process, while benefiting from reduced residual stress level compared to conventional thermal spray coatings processes such as high velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) or plasma spraying. A systematic overview of the process technology, particularly focusing on the suitability of ceramic-metallic (cermet) composite particles used as feedstock in the deposition was conducted; further elaboration was made pertinent to particle impact and bonding mechanisms during the deposition.
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30
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Villapún VM, Esat F, Bull S, Dover LG, González S. Tuning the Mechanical and Antimicrobial Performance of a Cu-Based Metallic Glass Composite through Cooling Rate Control and Annealing. MATERIALS 2017; 10:ma10050506. [PMID: 28772866 PMCID: PMC5459050 DOI: 10.3390/ma10050506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The influence of cooling rate on the wear and antimicrobial performance of a Cu52Z41Al₇ (at. %) bulk metallic glass (BMG) composite was studied and the results compared to those of the annealed sample (850 °C for 48 h) and to pure copper. The aim of this basic research is to explore the potential use of the material in preventing the spread of infections. The cooling rate is controlled by changing the mould diameter (2 mm and 3 mm) upon suction casting and controlling the mould temperature (chiller on and off). For the highest cooling rate conditions CuZr is formed but CuZr₂ starts to crystallise as the cooling rate decreases, resulting in an increase in the wear resistance and brittleness, as measured by scratch tests. A decrease in the cooling rate also increases the antimicrobial performance, as shown by different methodologies (European, American and Japanese standards). Annealing leads to the formation of new intermetallic phases (Cu10Zr₇ and Cu₂ZrAl) resulting in maximum scratch hardness and antimicrobial performance. However, the annealed sample corrodes during the antimicrobial tests (within 1 h of contact with broth). The antibacterial activity of copper was proved to be higher than that of any of the other materials tested but it exhibits very poor wear properties. Cu-rich BMG composites with optimised microstructure would be preferable for some applications where the durability requirements are higher than the antimicrobial needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victor M Villapún
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - F Esat
- School of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK.
| | - S Bull
- Newcastle University, School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 7RU, UK.
| | - L G Dover
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
| | - S González
- Faculty of Engineering and Environment, Northumbria University, Newcastle upon Tyne NE1 8ST, UK.
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31
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Vincent M, Hartemann P, Engels-Deutsch M. Antimicrobial applications of copper. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2016; 219:585-591. [PMID: 27318723 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2016.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Copper has long been known to have antimicrobial activity and is used in drinking water treatment and transportation. It has been recognized by the American Environmental Protection Agency as the first metallic antimicrobial agent in 2008. With ongoing waterborne hospital-acquired infections and antibiotic resistance, research on copper as an antimicrobial agent is again very attractive. Many studies have shown that the use of copper surface and copper particles could significantly reduce the environmental bioburden. This review highlights in its first part all the conditions described in the literature to enhance copper antimicrobial activity. Secondly, the different antimicrobial applications of copper in water treatment, hospital care units and public applications are presented. Finally, the future research needs on copper as an antimicrobial agent are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marin Vincent
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France; Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Philippe Hartemann
- Université de Lorraine, DESP, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM EA 7298, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France
| | - Marc Engels-Deutsch
- CNRS, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France; Université de Lorraine, LEMTA, UMR 7563, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France; Université de Lorraine, DESP, Faculté de Médecine, INSERM EA 7298, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy F-54500, France.
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32
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Whitehead KA, Olivier S, Benson PS, Arneborg N, Verran J, Kelly P. The effect of surface properties of polycrystalline, single phase metal coatings on bacterial retention. Int J Food Microbiol 2015; 197:92-7. [PMID: 25576986 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2014.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Revised: 11/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In the food industry microbial contamination of surfaces can result in product spoilage which may lead to potential health problems of the consumer. Surface properties can have a substantial effect on microbial retention. The surface characteristics of chemically different coatings (Cu, Ti, Mo, Ag, Fe) were defined using white light profilometry (micro-topography and surface features), atomic force microscopy (nano-topography) and physicochemical measurements. The Ag coating had the greatest topography measurements and Fe and Mo the least. Mo was the most hydrophobic coating (lowest γAB,γ(+), γ(-)) whilst Ag was the most hydrophilic (greatest γAB,γ(+), γ(-)). The physicochemical results for the Fe, Ti and Cu coatings were found to lie between those of the Ag and Mo coatings. Microbiological retention assays were carried out using Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus in order to determine how surface properties influenced microbial retention. It was found that surface chemistry had an effect on microbial retention, whereas the shape of the surface features and nano-topography did not. L. monocytogenes and S. aureus retention to the surfaces were mostly affected by surface micro-topography, whereas retention of E. coli to the coatings was mostly affected by the coating physicochemistry. There was no trend observed between the bacterial cell surface physicochemistry and the coating physicochemistry. This work highlights that different surface properties may be linked to factors affecting microbial retention hence, the use of surface chemistry, topography or physicochemical factors alone to describe microbial retention to a surface is no longer adequate. Moreover, the effects of surface parameters on microbial retention should be considered individually for each bacterial genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn A Whitehead
- School of Health Care Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK; Surface Engineering Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK.
| | - Sebastien Olivier
- Ecole Nationale Superieure des Ingnieurs en Arts Chimiques et Technologies, 118 Route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse, Cedex 4, France
| | - Paul S Benson
- School of Health Care Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Nils Arneborg
- Department of Food Science, Food Microbiology, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joanna Verran
- School of Research Enterprise and Development, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Peter Kelly
- Surface Engineering Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Chester St, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
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33
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Zeiger M, Solioz M, Edongué H, Arzt E, Schneider AS. Surface structure influences contact killing of bacteria by copper. Microbiologyopen 2014; 3:327-32. [PMID: 24740976 PMCID: PMC4082706 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2014] [Revised: 03/02/2014] [Accepted: 03/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Copper kills bacteria rapidly by a mechanism that is not yet fully resolved. The antibacterial property of copper has raised interest in its use in hospitals, in place of plastic or stainless steel. On the latter surfaces, bacteria can survive for days or even weeks. Copper surfaces could thus provide a powerful accessory measure to curb nosocomial infections. We here investigated the effect of the copper surface structure on the efficiency of contact killing of Escherichia coli, an aspect which so far has received very little attention. It was shown that electroplated copper surfaces killed bacteria more rapidly than either polished copper or native rolled copper. The release of ionic copper was also more rapid from electroplated copper compared to the other materials. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that the bacteria nudged into the grooves between the copper grains of deposited copper. The findings suggest that, in terms of contact killing, more efficient copper surfaces can be engineered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Zeiger
- INM - Leibniz Institute for New Materials, Campus D2 2, 66123, Saarbrücken, Germany
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34
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Monk AB, Kanmukhla V, Trinder K, Borkow G. Potent bactericidal efficacy of copper oxide impregnated non-porous solid surfaces. BMC Microbiol 2014; 14:57. [PMID: 24606672 PMCID: PMC3973859 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-14-57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of fomites and the environment in nosocomial infections is becoming widely recognized. In this paper we discuss the use of Cupron copper oxide impregnated non-porous solid surface in the hospital setting and present in vitro testing data via USA Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) approved testing protocols that demonstrate the efficacy of these products to assist in reduction in environmental contamination and potentially nosocomial infections. RESULTS The two countertops tested passed all the acceptance criteria by the EPA (>99.9% kill within 2 hours of exposure) killing a range of bacterial pathogens on the surface of the countertops even after repeated exposure of the countertops to the pathogen, and multiple wet and dry abrasion cycles. CONCLUSIONS Cupron enhanced EOS countertops thus may be an important adjunct to be used in hospital settings to reduce environmental bioburden and potentially nosocomial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alastair B Monk
- Cupron Inc, 800 East Leigh Street, Suite 123, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Vikram Kanmukhla
- Cupron Inc, 800 East Leigh Street, Suite 123, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | | | - Gadi Borkow
- Cupron Inc, 800 East Leigh Street, Suite 123, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
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