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Reimold AE, Kong AY, Delamater PL, Baggett CD, Golden SD. Urban-rural differences in tobacco product availability in food retailers, United States, 2017. J Rural Health 2023; 39:338-346. [PMID: 35708094 PMCID: PMC9755460 DOI: 10.1111/jrh.12687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Tobacco use prevalence is higher in rural compared to urban settings, possibly due to differences in tobacco availability, including the option to purchase food and other essential items in stores that do not sell tobacco (tobacco-free food retailers). The goal of this research is to determine whether tobacco-free food retailer availability varies by urbanicity/rurality. METHODS Using the 2017 National Establishment Time-Series database, we identified food retailers across all census tracts containing food retailers in the United States (n = 66,053). We used multivariable logistic and linear regression models to test whether tobacco-free food retailer availability varied across 4-levels of census tract urbanicity/rurality (urban, suburban, large town, and small town/rural) for 2 outcomes: (1) the presence of at least 1 tobacco-free food retailer and (2) the percent of all food retailers that were tobacco-free. FINDINGS Compared to urban core census tracts, suburban census tracts had a lower odds (aOR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.73, 0.81) of having at least 1 tobacco-free food retailer, while small town/rural census tracts had greater odds (aOR = 1.23, 95% CI = 1.15, 1.32). Suburban census tracts (B = -2.29, P < .001) and large town census tracts (B = -1.90, P < .001) also had a lower percentage of tobacco-free food retailers compared to urban census tracts. CONCLUSIONS Compared to urban cores, tobacco-free food retailers were less prevalent in suburban and large town areas, though similarly or slightly more available in rural areas. Future research should assess whether these differences depend on varying store types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandria E. Reimold
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Amanda Y. Kong
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
- TSET Health Promotion Research Center, Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Paul L. Delamater
- Department of Geography, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Christopher D. Baggett
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Shelley D. Golden
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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2
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Blake KD, Gaysynsky A, Mayne RG, Seidenberg AB, Kaufman A, D'Angelo H, Roditis M, Vollinger RE. U.S. public opinion toward policy restrictions to limit tobacco product placement and advertising at point-of-sale and on social media. Prev Med 2022; 155:106930. [PMID: 34954242 PMCID: PMC8896313 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2021.106930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act granted the U.S. Food and Drug Administration authority to regulate tobacco advertising and promotion, including at the retail level, and preserved state, tribal, and local tobacco advertising and promotion authorities. Public health experts have proposed prohibiting point-of-sale tobacco advertisements and product displays, among other tobacco advertising restrictions. We examined the prevalence and correlates of public support, opposition, and neutrality toward proposed tobacco product placement and advertising restrictions at point-of-sale and on social media utilizing the National Cancer Institute's 2020 Health Information National Trends Survey (HINTS) (N = 3865), a cross-sectional, probability-based postal survey of U.S. addresses conducted from Feb 24, 2020 to June 15, 2020 (Bethesda, MD). Frequencies and unadjusted, weighted proportions were calculated for support, neutrality, and opposition toward the three policies under study, and weighted, adjusted multivariable logistic regression was employed to examine predictors of neutrality and opposition. Tests of significance were conducted at the p < 0.05 level. Sixty-two percent of U.S. adults supported a policy prohibiting tobacco product advertising on social media; 55% supported a policy restricting the location of tobacco product advertising at point-of-sale; and nearly 50% supported a policy to keep tobacco products out of view at the checkout counter. Neutrality and opposition varied by sociodemographic characteristics including age, sex, education, rurality, and presence of children in the household. Understanding public opinion toward tobacco product placement and advertising restrictions may inform policy planning and implementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly D Blake
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA.
| | - Anna Gaysynsky
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA; ICF Next, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Rachel Grana Mayne
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andrew B Seidenberg
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Annette Kaufman
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Heather D'Angelo
- Health Communication and Informatics Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Maria Roditis
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert E Vollinger
- Tobacco Control Research Branch, Behavioral Research Program, Division of Cancer Control and Population Sciences, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD, USA
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3
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Glasser AM, Roberts ME. Retailer density reduction approaches to tobacco control: A review. Health Place 2021; 67:102342. [PMID: 33526207 PMCID: PMC7856310 DOI: 10.1016/j.healthplace.2020.102342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tobacco retailer density is consistently associated with poor tobacco-use outcomes. The aim of this review was to synthesize the international evidence on density reduction policies. Searches in multiple databases resulted in 31 studies covering various policy approaches evaluated for their impact on retailer density. Findings indicate that bans on tobacco sales in pharmacies reduced retailer density, but perhaps not equitably. Prohibiting sale of tobacco near schools produced greater density reductions in higher-risk neighborhoods. Policies in combination were most effective. Future studies should measure the impact of these policies on tobacco use. Density-reduction policies offer a promising approach to tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison M Glasser
- The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Megan E Roberts
- The Ohio State University, College of Public Health, Columbus, OH, USA
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4
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Pimentel L, Apollonio DE. Placement and sales of tobacco products and nicotine replacement therapy in tobacco-free and tobacco-selling pharmacies in Northern California: an observational study. BMJ Open 2019; 9:e025603. [PMID: 31203236 PMCID: PMC6588971 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-025603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although tobacco is the leading preventable cause of death in the USA, it is routinely sold in pharmacies. In 2008, San Francisco became the first city in the USA to pass a tobacco-free pharmacy ordinance. Over the next decade, 171 municipalities enacted similar policies, and in 2018, Massachusetts banned tobacco sales in pharmacies. Our objective was to assess the perceived effects of tobacco-free pharmacy policies on displays, sales, customer visits and counselling. DESIGN Observational study and survey. SETTING In 2017, we visited Walgreens and CVS stores in San Francisco and nearby San Jose, which allows tobacco sales, to assess placement of tobacco and over-the-counter tobacco cessation products (nicotine replacement therapy or NRT). We surveyed an employee at each site regarding the impact that tobacco-free pharmacy policies had had on customer traffic and sales of NRT. PARTICIPANTS We obtained display data from 72 pharmacies and collected surveys from 55 employees (76% response rate). RESULTS A majority of respondents at tobacco-free pharmacies (55%) reported that the policy had not affected customer visits. In comparison, 70% of respondents at tobacco-selling pharmacies believed that eliminating tobacco sales would reduce the number of customers visiting their stores. Pharmacies that were tobacco free and those that sold tobacco reported comparable displays, sales and counselling for NRT. CONCLUSIONS Pharmacies operating under tobacco-free policies did not report reduced customer visits. Greater awareness of this outcome could help pharmacies implement public health recommendations to eliminate tobacco sales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liriany Pimentel
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Dorie E Apollonio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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Farrelly MC, Chaloupka FJ, Berg CJ, Emery SL, Henriksen L, Ling P, Leischow SJ, Luke DA, Kegler MC, Zhu SH, Ginexi EM. Taking Stock of Tobacco Control Program and Policy Science and Impact in the United States. JOURNAL OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS AND THERAPY 2017; 1:8. [PMID: 30198028 PMCID: PMC6124688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The 60% decline in the prevalence of cigarette smoking among U.S. adults over the past 50 years represents a significant public health achievement. This decline was steered in part by national, state, and local tobacco control programs and policies, such as public education campaigns; widespread smoke-free air laws; higher cigarette prices that have been driven by large increases in federal, state, and local cigarette excise taxes; and other tobacco control policy and systems-level changes that discourage smoking. Using the MPOWER framework informed by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Office on Smoking and Health and the World Health Organization (WHO), this paper reviews these accomplishments and identifies gaps in tobacco control policy implementation and additional research needed to extend these historic successes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C Farrelly
- Center for Health Policy Science and Tobacco Research, RTI International, 3040 E. Cornwallis Road, P.O. Box 12194, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, United States
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 444 Westside Research Office Bldg. 1747 West Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL 60608, United States
| | - Carla J Berg
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Sherry L Emery
- Health Policy Center, Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 444 Westside Research Office Bldg. 1747 West Roosevelt Road Chicago, IL 60608, United States
- NORC at the University of Chicago, 55 East Monroe Street, 30th Floor Chicago, IL 60603 United States
| | - Lisa Henriksen
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1070 Arastradero Road, Suite 353, Palo Alto, CA 94304, United States
| | - Pamela Ling
- Center for Tobacco Control Research and Education and Division of General Internal Medicine. University of California San Francisco, 530 Parnassus Avenue, Suite 366, San Francisco, CA 94143, United States
| | - Scott J Leischow
- Public Health Program, College of Health Solutions, Arizona State University, 550 North 3rd Street, Room 512E Phoenix, Arizona 85004, United States
| | - Douglas A Luke
- George Warren Brown School of Social Work, Washington University in St. Louis, 700 Rosedale Ave, St. Louis, MO 63112-1408, United States
| | - Michelle C Kegler
- Department of Behavioral Sciences and Health Education, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, 1518 Clifton Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30322, United States
| | - Shu-Hong Zhu
- Department of Family Medicine and Public Health, University of California, San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive #0905, La Jolla, CA 92093, United States
| | - Elizabeth M Ginexi
- National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, 31 Center Dr., Room B1C19, Bethesda, MD 20892, United States
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Wang TW, Agaku IT, Marynak KL, King BA. Attitudes Toward Prohibiting Tobacco Sales in Pharmacy Stores Among U.S. Adults. Am J Prev Med 2016; 51:1038-1043. [PMID: 27593419 PMCID: PMC5118143 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2016.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Revised: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmacy stores are positioned to cultivate health and wellness among patrons. This study assessed attitudes toward prohibiting tobacco product sales in pharmacy stores among U.S. adults. METHODS Data from the 2014 Summer Styles, an Internet survey of U.S. adults aged ≥18 years (n=4,269), were analyzed in 2015. Respondents were asked: Do you favor or oppose banning the sale of all tobacco products in retail pharmacy stores? Responses were: strongly favor, somewhat favor, somewhat oppose, and strongly oppose. Prevalence ratios were calculated using multivariate Poisson regression to determine sociodemographic correlates of favorability (strongly or somewhat). RESULTS Among all adults, 66.1% "strongly" or "somewhat" favored prohibiting tobacco product sales in pharmacy stores. Favorability was 46.5% among current cigarette smokers, 66.3% among former smokers, and 71.8% among never smokers. Favorability was 47.8% among current non-cigarette tobacco users, 63.2% among former users, and 71.4% among never users. Following adjustment, favorability was more likely among women compared with men (p<0.05). Conversely, favorability was less likely among the following: adults aged 25-44 years and 45-64 years compared with those aged ≥65 years, those with annual household income of $15,000-$24,999 compared with ≥$60,000, current cigarette smokers compared with never smokers, and current and former non-cigarette tobacco users compared with never tobacco users (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS Most U.S. adults favor prohibiting tobacco sales in retail pharmacy stores. Eliminating tobacco product sales in these settings may reinforce pharmacy stores' efforts to promote wellness, and further cultivate social climates that reduce the desirability, acceptability, and accessibility of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa W Wang
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;; Epidemic Intelligence Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia.
| | - Israel T Agaku
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Kristy L Marynak
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Brian A King
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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7
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Henriksen L, Schleicher NC, Barker DC, Liu Y, Chaloupka FJ. Prices for Tobacco and Nontobacco Products in Pharmacies Versus Other Stores: Results From Retail Marketing Surveillance in California and in the United States. Am J Public Health 2016; 106:1858-64. [PMID: 27552272 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2016.303306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine disparities in the price of tobacco and nontobacco products in pharmacies compared with other types of stores. METHODS We recorded the prices of Marlboro, Newport, the cheapest cigarettes, and bottled water in a random sample of licensed tobacco retailers (n = 579) in California in 2014. We collected comparable data from retailers (n = 2603) in school enrollment zones for representative samples of US 8th, 10th, and 12th graders in 2012. Ordinary least squares regressions modeled pretax prices as a function of store type and neighborhood demographics. RESULTS In both studies, the cheapest cigarettes cost significantly less in pharmacies than other stores; the average estimated difference was $0.47 to $1.19 less in California. We observed similar patterns for premium-brand cigarettes. Conversely, bottled water cost significantly more in pharmacies than elsewhere. Newport cost less in areas with higher proportions of African Americans; other cigarette prices were related to neighborhood income and age. Neighborhood demographics were not related to water prices. CONCLUSIONS Compared with other stores, pharmacies charged customers less for cigarettes and more for bottled water. State and local policies to promote tobacco-free pharmacies would eliminate an important source of discounted cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Henriksen
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Nina C Schleicher
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Dianne C Barker
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Yawen Liu
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
| | - Frank J Chaloupka
- Lisa Henriksen and Nina C. Schleicher are with the Stanford Prevention Research Center, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA. Dianne C. Barker is with Barker Bi-Coastal Health Consultants, Inc, Calabasas, CA. Yawen Liu and Frank J. Chaloupka are with the Department of Economics and the Institute for Health Research and Policy, University of Illinois, Chicago
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8
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Hosler AS, Done DH, Michaels IH, Guarasi DC, Kammer JR. Longitudinal Trends in Tobacco Availability, Tobacco Advertising, and Ownership Changes of Food Stores, Albany, New York, 2003-2015. Prev Chronic Dis 2016; 13:E62. [PMID: 27172257 PMCID: PMC4867654 DOI: 10.5888/pcd13.160002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Frequency of visiting convenience and corner grocery stores that sell tobacco is positively associated with the odds of ever smoking and the risk of smoking initiation among youth. We assessed 12-year trends of tobacco availability, tobacco advertising, and ownership changes in various food stores in Albany, New York. Methods Eligible stores were identified by multiple government lists and community canvassing in 2003 (n = 107), 2009 (n = 117), 2012 (n = 135), and 2015 (n = 137). Tobacco availability (all years) and advertising (2009, 2012, and 2015) were directly measured; electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) were included in 2015. Results Percentage of stores selling tobacco peaked at 83.8% in 2009 and declined to 74.5% in 2015 (P for trend = .11). E-cigarettes were sold by 63.7% of tobacco retailers. The largest decline in tobacco availability came from convenience stores that went out of business (n = 11), followed by pharmacies that dropped tobacco sales (n = 4). The gain of tobacco availability mostly came from new convenience stores (n = 24) and new dollar stores (n = 8). Significant declining trends (P < .01) were found in tobacco availability and any tobacco advertising in pharmacies and in low (<3 feet) tobacco advertising in convenience stores and stores overall. Only one-third of stores that sold tobacco in 2003 continued to sell tobacco with the same owner in 2015. Conclusion The observed subtle declines in tobacco availability and advertising were explained in part by local tobacco control efforts, the pharmacy industry’s self-regulation of tobacco sales, and an increase in the state’s tobacco retailer registration fee. Nonetheless, overall tobacco availability remained high (>16 retailers per 10,000 population) in this community. The high store ownership turnover rate suggests that a moratorium of new tobacco retailer registrations would be an integral part of a multi-prong policy strategy to reduce tobacco availability and advertising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko S Hosler
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, East Campus, GEC 147, One University Place, Rensselaer, NY 12144.
| | - Douglas H Done
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Isaac H Michaels
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Diana C Guarasi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
| | - Jamie R Kammer
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University at Albany School of Public Health, Rensselaer, New York
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9
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McDaniel PA, Patzke H, Malone RE. Twitter users' reaction to a chain pharmacy's decision to end tobacco sales. Tob Induc Dis 2015; 13:36. [PMID: 26539069 PMCID: PMC4632371 DOI: 10.1186/s12971-015-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Reducing the number of tobacco outlets may help reduce smoking uptake and use; public support for such action is essential. We explored how Twitter users responded to the announcement by US pharmacy chain CVS that it was voluntarily ending tobacco sales. Methods We used Twitter’s application programming interface to retrieve tweets and retweets posted over an 8-day period in February 2014 that contained two trending CVS-related hashtags (#cvs and #cvsquits). We manually coded 6,257 tweets as positive, negative, or neutral. Results The majority of tweets were positive (56.0 %) or neutral (39.4 %). Conclusions There was little disapproval of CVS’s decision to end tobacco sales among Twitter users, possibly due to the voluntary nature of the decision. The level of support suggests that CVS’s image and bottom line will not suffer as a result. Further voluntary actions to end tobacco sales – which may lay the groundwork for legislation -- should be incentivized and supported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A McDaniel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Ste. 455, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
| | - Hannah Patzke
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Ste. 455, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
| | - Ruth E Malone
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California, San Francisco, 3333 California Street, Ste. 455, San Francisco, CA 94118 USA
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10
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Barnoya J, Jin L, Hudmon KS, Schootman M. Nicotine replacement therapy, tobacco products, and electronic cigarettes in pharmacies in St. Louis, Missouri. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2015; 55:405-12. [DOI: 10.1331/japha.2015.14230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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11
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Myers AE, Hall MG, Isgett LF, Ribisl KM. A comparison of three policy approaches for tobacco retailer reduction. Prev Med 2015; 74:67-73. [PMID: 25689540 PMCID: PMC4563823 DOI: 10.1016/j.ypmed.2015.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Institute of Medicine recommends that public health agencies restrict the number and regulate the location of tobacco retailers as a means of reducing tobacco use. However, the best policy strategy for tobacco retailer reduction is unknown. PURPOSE The purpose of this study is to test the percent reduction in the number and density of tobacco retailers in North Carolina resulting from three policies: (1) prohibiting sales of tobacco products in pharmacies or stores with a pharmacy counter, (2) restricting sales of tobacco products within 1000 ft of schools, and (3) regulating to 500 ft the minimum allowable distance between tobacco outlets. METHODS This study uses data from two lists of tobacco retailers gathered in 2012, one at the statewide level, and another "gold standard" three-county list. Retailers near schools were identified using point and parcel boundaries in ArcMap. Python programming language generated a random lottery system to remove retailers within 500 ft of each other. Analyses were conducted in 2014. RESULTS A minimum allowable distance policy had the single greatest impact and would reduce density by 22.1% at the state level, or 20.8% at the county level (range 16.6% to 27.9%). Both a pharmacy and near-schools ban together would reduce density by 29.3% at the state level, or 29.7% at the county level (range 26.3 to 35.6%). CONCLUSIONS The implementation of policies restricting tobacco sales in pharmacies, near schools, and/or in close proximity to another tobacco retailer would substantially reduce the number and density of tobacco retail outlets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison E Myers
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Counter Tools, Carrboro, NC, United States.
| | - Marissa G Hall
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Lisa F Isgett
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Counter Tools, Carrboro, NC, United States
| | - Kurt M Ribisl
- Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Counter Tools, Carrboro, NC, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
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12
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Sullivan E. Re: Tackling tobacco smoking: opportunities for pharmacists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACY PRACTICE 2015; 23:161. [DOI: 10.1111/ijpp.12124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Sullivan
- Department of Pharmacy, Franciscan St. Margaret Health, Hammond, IN, USA
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13
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Schmitt CL, Allen JA, Kosa KM, Curry LE. Support for a ban on tobacco powerwalls and other point-of-sale displays: findings from focus groups. HEALTH EDUCATION RESEARCH 2015; 30:98-106. [PMID: 25096065 DOI: 10.1093/her/cyu046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This study uses focus group data to document consumer perceptions of powerwall and other point-of-sale (POS) tobacco displays, and support for a ban on tobacco displays. Four focus groups were conducted in 2012 by a trained moderator. The study comprised 34 adult residents of New York State, approximately half with children under age 18 years living at home. Measures used in the study were awareness and perceptions of powerwall and other POS displays, and level of support for a ban on tobacco displays. Analysis focused on perceptions of powerwall and other POS displays, level of support for a ban on tobacco displays and reasons participants oppose a display ban. This study documents a general lack of concern about tobacco use in the community, which does not appear to be associated with support for a ban on POS tobacco displays. Although all participants had seen tobacco powerwalls and most considered them to be a form of advertising, participants were divided as to whether they played a role in youth smoking. Additional research is warranted to determine what factors individuals weigh in assigning value to a ban on POS tobacco displays and other tobacco control policies and how educational efforts can influence those assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol L Schmitt
- Public Health Policy Research Program, RTI International, 701 13th Street NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20005-3967, USA
| | - Jane A Allen
- Public Health Policy Research Program, RTI International, 701 13th Street NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20005-3967, USA
| | - Katherine M Kosa
- Public Health Policy Research Program, RTI International, 701 13th Street NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20005-3967, USA
| | - Laurel E Curry
- Public Health Policy Research Program, RTI International, 701 13th Street NW, Suite 750, Washington, DC 20005-3967, USA
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López-Torrecillas F, Rueda MM, López-Quirantes EM, Santiago JM, Tapioles RR. Adherence to treatment to help quit smoking: effects of task performance and coping with withdrawal symptoms. BMC Public Health 2014; 14:1217. [PMID: 25424314 PMCID: PMC4289175 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Currently the combined cognitive-behavioral and pharmacological treatment is the best option to quit smoking, although success rates remain moderate. This study aimed to identify predictors of continuous abstinence in an assisted smoking cessation program using combined treatment. In particular, we analyzed the effects of socio-demographic, smoking-, and treatment-related variables. In addition, we analyzed the effect of several risk factors on abstinence, and estimated a model of risk for smoking relapse. Methods Participants were 125 workers at the University of Granada (50 males), with an average age of 46.91 years (SD = 8.15). They were recruited between 2009 and 2013 at an occupational health clinic providing smoking cessation treatment. Baseline measures included socio-demographic data, preferred brand of cigarettes, number of years smoking, use of alcohol and/or tranquilizers, past attempts to quit, Fargerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, Smoking Processes of Change Scale, and Coping with Withdrawal Symptoms Interview. Participants were invited to a face-to-face assessment of smoking abstinence using self-report and cooximetry hemoglobin measures at 3, 6, and 12 months follow-up. The main outcome was smoking status coded as “relapse” versus “abstinence” at each follow-up. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to estimate the probability of continued abstinence during 12 months and log-rank tests were used to analyze differences in continued abstinence as a function of socio-demographic, smoking-, and treatment-related variables. Cox regression was used to analyze the simultaneous effect of several risk factors on abstinence. Results Using alcohol and/or tranquilizers was related to shorter abstinence. Physical exercise, the number of treatment sessions, performance of treatment tasks, and coping with withdrawal symptoms were related to prolonged abstinence. In particular, failure to perform the treatment tasks tripled the risk of relapse, while lack of coping doubled it. Conclusions Our results show that physical exercise, performance of treatment-related tasks, and effective coping with withdrawal symptoms can prolong abstinence from smoking. Programs designed to help quit smoking can benefit from the inclusion of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisca López-Torrecillas
- Departamento de Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológico, Centro de Investigación Cuerpo Cerebro Comportamiento (CIMCYC), Universidad de Granada, Campus Universitario de Cartuja s/n, 18071 Granada, España.
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15
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McDaniel PA, Malone RE. Understanding community norms surrounding tobacco sales. PLoS One 2014; 9:e106461. [PMID: 25180772 PMCID: PMC4152285 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0106461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the US, denormalizing tobacco use is key to tobacco control; less attention has been paid to denormalizing tobacco sales. However, some localities have placed limits on the number and type of retailers who may sell tobacco, and some retailers have abandoned tobacco sales voluntarily. Understanding community norms surrounding tobacco sales may help accelerate tobacco denormalization. METHODS We conducted 15 focus groups with customers of California, New York, and Ohio retailers who had voluntarily discontinued tobacco sales to examine normative assumptions about where cigarettes should or should not be sold, voluntary decisions to discontinue tobacco sales, and government limits on such sales. RESULTS Groups in all three states generally agreed that grocery stores that sold healthy products should not sell tobacco; California groups saw pharmacies similarly, while this was a minority opinion in the other two states. Convenience stores were regarded as a natural place to sell tobacco. In each state, it was regarded as normal and commendable for some stores to want to stop selling tobacco, although few participants could imagine convenience stores doing so. Views on government's role in setting limits on tobacco sales varied, with California and New York participants generally expressing support for restrictions, and Ohio participants expressing opposition. However, even those who expressed opposition did not approve of tobacco sales in all possible venues. Banning tobacco sales entirely was not yet normative. CONCLUSION Limiting the ubiquitous availability of tobacco sales is key to ending the tobacco epidemic. Some limits on tobacco sales appear to be normative from the perspective of community members; it may be possible to shift norms further by problematizing the ubiquitous presence of cigarettes and drawing connections to other products already subject to restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia A. McDaniel
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Ruth E. Malone
- Department of Social and Behavioral Sciences, School of Nursing, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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16
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Corelli RL, Chai T, Karic A, Fairman M, Baez K, Hudmon KS. Tobacco and alcohol sales in community pharmacies: policy statements from U.S. professional pharmacy associations. J Am Pharm Assoc (2003) 2014; 54:285-8. [PMID: 24770374 PMCID: PMC8838874 DOI: 10.1331/japha.2014.13191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To characterize the extent to which state and national professional pharmacy associations have implemented formal policies addressing the sale of tobacco and alcohol products in community pharmacies. METHODS To determine existence of tobacco and alcohol policies, national professional pharmacy associations (n = 10) and state-level pharmacy associations (n = 86) affiliated with the American Pharmacists Association (APhA) and/or the American Society of Health-System Pharmacists (ASHP) were contacted via telephone and/or e-mail, and a search of the association websites was conducted. RESULTS Of 95 responding associations (99%), 14% have a formal policy opposing the sale of tobacco products in pharmacies and 5% have a formal policy opposing the sale of alcohol in pharmacies. Of the associations representing major tobacco-producing states, 40% have a formal policy against tobacco sales in pharmacies, significantly more than the 8% of non-tobacco state associations with such policies. CONCLUSION Among national professional pharmacy associations, only APhA and ASHP have formal policy statements opposing the sale of both tobacco and alcohol in pharmacies. Most state-level professional pharmacy associations affiliated with these two national organizations have no formal policy statement or position.
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"People over profits": retailers who voluntarily ended tobacco sales. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85751. [PMID: 24465682 PMCID: PMC3899055 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tobacco retailers are key players in the ongoing tobacco epidemic. Tobacco outlet density is linked to a greater likelihood of youth and adult smoking and greater difficulty quitting. While public policy efforts to address the tobacco problem at the retail level have been limited, some retailers have voluntarily ended tobacco sales. A previous pilot study examined this phenomenon in California, a state with a strong tobacco program focused on denormalizing smoking and the tobacco industry. We sought to learn what motivated retailers in other states to end tobacco sales and how the public and media responded. Methods We conducted interviews with owners, managers, or representatives of six grocery stores in New York and Ohio that had voluntarily ended tobacco sales since 2007. We also conducted unobtrusive observations at stores and analyzed media coverage of each retailer’s decision. Results Grocery store owners ended tobacco sales for two reasons, alone or in combination: health or ethics-related, including a desire to send a consistent health message to employees and customers, and business-related, including declining tobacco sales or poor fit with the store’s image. The decision to end sales often appeared to resolve troubling contradictions between retailers’ values and selling deadly products. New York retailers attributed declining sales to high state tobacco taxes. All reported largely positive customer reactions and most received media coverage. Forty-one percent of news items were letters to the editor or editorials; most (69%) supported the decision. Conclusion Voluntary decisions by retailers to abandon tobacco sales may lay the groundwork for mandatory policies and further denormalize tobacco. Our study also suggests that high tobacco taxes may have both direct and indirect effects on tobacco use. Highlighting the contradictions between being a responsible business and selling deadly products may support voluntary decisions by retailers to end tobacco sales.
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Apollonio DE. Political advocacy in pharmacy: challenges and opportunities. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2014; 3:89-95. [PMID: 26301185 PMCID: PMC4540366 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s47334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Many pharmacists have expressed a desire to become more involved in patient care, in part by being compensated for patient counseling, as well as by providing services traditionally offered by physicians and nurse practitioners. Recent efforts to develop collaborative care models, as well as major restructurings of US health insurance coverage, provide a unique opportunity for pharmacists to become recognized as independent health care providers and be reimbursed as primary care providers. Achieving that goal would require addressing advocacy challenges familiar to other health care professionals who have achieved provider status under existing reimbursement rules. Historically, political advocacy has not been a major part of pharmacy practice, or even viewed as necessary. However, pharmacists would be more politically effective with a single organization to speak for them as a profession, and with further education in advocacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorie E Apollonio
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
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