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Saout M, Pinheiro T, da Costa V, Savin M, Balmelle B, Lefort S, de Thoisy B, Matoute A, Hernandez M, Ravel C, Sterkers Y, Prévot G, Demar M, Ginouvès M. Fatal case of imported visceral leishmaniasis in a dog caused by Leishmania infantum in French Guiana. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2024; 55:101108. [PMID: 39326963 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2024.101108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2024] [Accepted: 08/27/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Here we described a case of fatal canine visceral leishmaniasis (VL) in French Guiana, a non-endemic VL Amazonian area. The dog was a 2-year-old pug imported from Brazil to French Guiana. Initially seen for a pruriginous lesion on the muzzle which healed after treatment, the dog was in a deteriorated condition and had sublingual, foreleg and eye ulcers, one month later. A visceral leishmaniasis was suspected by the veterinarian. The dog was hospitalized awaiting results, which revealed the presence of L. infantum. However, the dog succumbed suddenly before the results were returned. Few imported and scarce autochthonous canine VL cases have been previously reported in French Guiana, raising the need for local epidemiological surveillance, considering the possibility of unusual transmission routes of the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Saout
- Laboratoire Tropical Biome and ImmunoPathophysiology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Théo Pinheiro
- Clinique vétérinaire MorphoVet, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Marine Savin
- Clinique vétérinaire MorphoVet, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | | | - Solène Lefort
- Clinique vétérinaire MorphoVet, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Benoit de Thoisy
- Laboratoire des Interactions Virus-Hôtes, Institut Pasteur de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Adria Matoute
- Laboratoire Tropical Biome and ImmunoPathophysiology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Miguel Hernandez
- Centre National de Référence Leishmanioses Associé, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Christophe Ravel
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence Pour la Leishmaniose, Montpellier, France
| | - Yvon Sterkers
- Université de Montpellier, CNRS, IRD, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Montpellier, MiVEGEC, Département de Parasitologie-Mycologie, Centre National de Référence Pour la Leishmaniose, Montpellier, France
| | - Ghislaine Prévot
- Laboratoire Tropical Biome and ImmunoPathophysiology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Magalie Demar
- Laboratoire Tropical Biome and ImmunoPathophysiology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France; Centre National de Référence Leishmanioses Associé, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Marine Ginouvès
- Laboratoire Tropical Biome and ImmunoPathophysiology (TBIP), Université de Guyane, Cayenne, French Guiana; Université de Lille, CNRS, Inserm, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Lille, U1019-UMR9017-CIIL Centre d'Infection et d'Immunité de Lille, 59000 Lille, France.
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Osmari V, Fernandes FD, Tatto M, Souza GD, Ratzlaff FR, Vasconcellos JSDP, Botton SDA, Machado DWN, Vogel FSF, Sangioni LA. Fauna and seasonality of sand flies (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) from a leishmaniasis transmission area in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA = BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY : ORGAO OFICIAL DO COLEGIO BRASILEIRO DE PARASITOLOGIA VETERINARIA 2024; 33:e000824. [PMID: 39140495 PMCID: PMC11340863 DOI: 10.1590/s1984-29612024042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024]
Abstract
Sand flies, vectors capable of transmitting Leishmania spp. and causing leishmaniasis, have been a concern in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, where canine leishmaniasis (CanL) has been documented since 1985. Notably, there has been a surge in CanL cases since 2017, with two autochthonous cases of human visceral leishmaniasis reported in the area in 2021. This study aimed to identify the sand fly fauna potentially involved in disease transmission. Modified Centers for Disease Control light traps were deployed in three neighborhoods of the city where CanL cases had been previously reported, spanning January 2021 to December 2022. Of the 89 collections conducted, 119 sand flies belonging to five species were captured: Pintomyia fischeri (76/119, 63.86%), Migonemyia migonei (23/119, 19.33%), Lutzomyia longipalpis (16/119, 13.45%), Brumptomyia sp. (2/119, 1.68%), and Psathyromyia lanei (2/119, 1.68%), predominantly between February and April in 2021 and 2022. Polymerase chain reaction testing on all female specimens yielded negative results for Leishmania spp. DNA. Although Leishmania spp. was not detected in these vectors, these findings underscore the imperative to implement measures aimed at curtailing the proliferation of these insects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Osmari
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias – LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Fagner D’ambroso Fernandes
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias – LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
- Centro Universitário Ritter dos Reis – UniRitter, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Maurício Tatto
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias – LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Getúlio Dornelles Souza
- Laboratório de Reservatórios e Vetores, Laboratório Central do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Fabiana Raquel Ratzlaff
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias – LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Jaíne Soares de Paula Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias – LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Sônia de Avila Botton
- Laboratório de Saúde Única – LASUS, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Diego Willian Nascimento Machado
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Geociências, Instituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul – UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias – LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias – LADOPAR, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
- Laboratório de Saúde Única – LASUS, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva – DMVP, Centro de Ciências Rurais – CCR, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria – UFSM, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
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Dantas-Torres F. Canine leishmaniasis in the Americas: etiology, distribution, and clinical and zoonotic importance. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:198. [PMID: 38689318 PMCID: PMC11061994 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06282-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is a widespread disease on the American continent, with cases reported from Uruguay to the USA and Canada. While numerous Leishmania spp. have been reported in dogs in this region, Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis are the most common etiological agents of canine leishmaniasis from a continental perspective. Nonetheless, other species may predominate locally in some countries. The participation of dogs in the transmission cycle of various Leishmania spp. has long been speculated, but evidence indicates that their role as reservoirs of species other than L. infantum is negligible. Various native wildlife (e.g., small rodents, marsupials, sloths, and monkeys) are, in fact, the primary hosts of Leishmania spp. in the Americas. In this review, an updated list of Leishmania spp. infecting dogs in the Americas is presented, along with their distribution and clinical and zoonotic importance.
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Vaz TP, Quaresma PF, Rêgo FD, Souza CB, Fontes G, Gontijo CMF. Clinical and Laboratory Response of Domiciled Dogs with Visceral Leishmaniasis Treated with Miltefosine and Allopurinol. Trop Med Infect Dis 2023; 8:472. [PMID: 37888600 PMCID: PMC10610677 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed8100472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) remains a significant disease worldwide. In Brazil, its treatment is performed using miltefosine, which has demonstrated promising outcomes in dogs. This study represents the first attempt to treat and monitor dogs with CVL in natural conditions over the course of one year. The dogs were divided into two groups: G1 received miltefosine and allopurinol for 28 days, while G2 received miltefosine for 28 days, followed by allopurinol for one year. The follow-up involved clinical, hematological, and biochemical evaluations, as well as the detection of Leishmania DNA in skin and bone marrow samples. By the end of the follow-up, dogs in G2 exhibited improved staging compared to their initial conditions, whereas those in G1 showed worsened staging. Leishmania DNA in skin and bone marrow decreased between 6 and 12 months after treatment. Our observations indicate that the treatment using miltefosine reduces the detection of the parasite in the skin and bone marrow for up to one year following its administration. The continuous use of allopurinol contributes to control of the disease in dogs. These findings provide valuable insights into the response of dogs treated in natural conditions, offering essential information for veterinarians and public health authorities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talita Pereira Vaz
- René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ/MG), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil; (T.P.V.); (F.D.R.); (C.B.S.)
| | - Patrícia Flávia Quaresma
- Campus Reitor João Davi Ferreira Lima, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Trindade, Florianópolis 88040-900, SC, Brazil;
| | - Felipe Dutra Rêgo
- René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ/MG), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil; (T.P.V.); (F.D.R.); (C.B.S.)
| | - Camila Binder Souza
- René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ/MG), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil; (T.P.V.); (F.D.R.); (C.B.S.)
| | - Gilberto Fontes
- Campus Centro Oeste, Federal University of São João del Rei (UFSJ), Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho, 400, Divinópolis 35501-296, MG, Brazil;
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- René Rachou Institute (FIOCRUZ/MG), Av. Augusto de Lima, 1715, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte 30190-009, MG, Brazil; (T.P.V.); (F.D.R.); (C.B.S.)
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5
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de Freitas Milagres T, López-de-Felipe M, da Silva WJ, Martín-Martín I, Gálvez R, da Silva OS. Same parasite, different outcomes: unraveling the epidemiology of Leishmania infantum infection in Brazil and Spain. Trends Parasitol 2023; 39:774-785. [PMID: 37442747 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2023.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Human leishmaniosis caused by Leishmania infantum is an important health problem worldwide. One of the main aspects arousing interest is the epidemiological scenario surrounding Le. infantum infection in the New World (NW) and Old World (OW). This parasite was introduced to the Americas during European colonization leading to different epidemiology outcomes, even more enigmatic in the face of global changes. Thus, this review aims to highlight the differences and similarities between Le. infantum epidemiology between Brazil (NW) and Spain (OW), as both countries are leading the total number of leishmaniosis cases in their respective continents. Grounded on a systemic view, this article also draws attention to possible common innovative strategies to rethink ways of controlling infections caused by Le. infantum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarcísio de Freitas Milagres
- Flebocollect Medical Entomology Citizen Science Group, Madrid, Spain; Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Wellington Junior da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Inés Martín-Martín
- Laboratory of Medical Entomology, National Center for Microbiology, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Gálvez
- Flebocollect Medical Entomology Citizen Science Group, Madrid, Spain; Department of Specific Didactics, School of Education and Teacher Training, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Onilda Santos da Silva
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Galvão GR, Gonçalves EC, Moura LGS, Virgolino RR, Neves AMP, Aguiar DCF. First molecular description of autochthonous urban cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. BRAZ J BIOL 2023; 83:e267617. [PMID: 37311132 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.267617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is an anthropozoonosis transmitted by vectors, with dogs being the main domestic reservoirs. Brazil is one of the countries most affected by this disease, and it has been described in humans and dogs in every region in the country. In the northern region leishmaniasis cases in humans have been described in more than 100 municipalities in the State, including the capital, Belém. This study involves two cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in which the animals developed clinical signs compatible with the disease in urban areas in Belém, the Pará state capital. The diagnosis was confirmed via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to detect SSUr-rDNA and kDNA of Leishmania sp. and Leishmania infantum, respectively. In one of the cases the animal died and in the other the animal underwent treatment with medicines prescribed for dogs. Through this treatment, parasitemia in the second animal has been kept under control and is being monitored through molecular tests. Previously, no canine cases had been notified from urban neighborhoods in the city of Belém, but only on the island of Cotijuba, at a distance of 29 kilometers from the city. Cases of canine and human leishmaniasis have been recorded close to the capital, Belém, which has areas of conserved vegetation and where the presence of disease vectors has been described. Thus, as has been done in several other Brazilian cities, this study uses clinical and laboratory findings to confirm the presence of autochthonous cases of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the city of Belém.
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Affiliation(s)
- G R Galvão
- Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia - UFRA, Hospital Veterinário Mário Dias Teixeira, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - E C Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | | | - R R Virgolino
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - A M P Neves
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Belém, PA, Brasil
| | - D C F Aguiar
- Universidade Federal do Pará - UFPA, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Laboratório de Tecnologia Biomolecular, Belém, PA, Brasil
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Coelho ML, França T, Fontoura Mateus NL, da Costa Lima Junior MS, Cena C, do Nascimento Ramos CA. Canine visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis by UV spectroscopy of blood serum and machine learning algorithms. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2023; 42:103575. [PMID: 37080349 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2023.103575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonotic disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum, and dogs are considered the main urban hosts for future disease transmission. The first and most effective control against the spread of disease relies on identifying infected animals, followed by their treatment or sacrifice, to reduce the protozoan reservoirs. Despite the availability of various diagnostic tests for VL in dogs the development of a quick and accurate diagnosis is essential from a public health and ethical point of view. Here we analyze the use of UV-Vis spectroscopy as an alternative diagnostic method for VL diagnosis by using the antigen-antibody interaction in canine blood serum and machine learning algorithms. The main UV spectra in the 220 to 280 nm range exhibit nine electronic absorption bands, but no significative difference could be identified between the positive and negative group spectra. Finally, UV pre-proceed spectra by SNV (standard normal variate) were submitted to principal component analysis followed by Linear SVM algorithm, the prediction model was tested in a leave-one-out cross-validation and external validation test reaching an overall accuracy of 75%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateus Lotério Coelho
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Thiago França
- SISFOTON-UFMS, Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Nathália Lopes Fontoura Mateus
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | - Cicero Cena
- SISFOTON-UFMS, Optics and Photonics Group, Institute of Physics, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil.
| | - Carlos Alberto do Nascimento Ramos
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Husbandry (FAMEZ), Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, 79070-900, Campo Grande, Brazil.
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do Couto AC, Gravinatti ML, Pellizzaro M, Kmetiuk LB, Yamakawa AC, da Silva EC, Felipetto LG, Langoni H, de Souza Leandro A, de Santi CE, dos Santos AP, Biondo AW. One health approach on serosurvey of anti- Leptospira spp. in homeless persons and their dogs in South Brazil. One Health 2022; 15:100421. [PMID: 36277102 PMCID: PMC9582539 DOI: 10.1016/j.onehlt.2022.100421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Although leptospirosis has been described as a worldwide bacterial zoonosis primarily affecting vulnerable populations, to date no study has focused on concomitant serosurvey of homeless persons and their dogs. The aim of the present study was, to use a One Health approach to serologically assess homeless persons and their dogs in 3 major cities of south Brazil (São Paulo, Curitiba, and Foz do Iguaçu). Environmental information was obtained with an epidemiological questionnaire given to all participants. A total of 200 human and 75 dog samples were tested for anti-Leptospira spp. antibodies to thirty different serovars using the microscopic agglutination test. None of the homeless persons were positive while 5 of the 75 (6.7%) dogs were positive. Among homeless population, 89% (177 of 200) were male, 61% (122 of 200) self-declared Non-white, and 67% (134 of 200) were educated up to the 8th school grade. Lower exposure of homeless persons to Leptospira spp. in the present study when compared to other vulnerable populations (slum and low-income residents) may be result of less direct exposure as they are able to rapidly change locations in response to flooding events. In addition, these results may reflect the effectiveness of a specific healthcare service provided to people living in the streets in the 3 cities. While dogs may be used as environmental sentinels for leptospirosis, the low seropositivity results found in this report may indicate low transmission risk to homeless owners in direct daily contact with their dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anahi Chechia do Couto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80.035-050, Brazil
| | - Mara Lucia Gravinatti
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05339-003, Brazil
| | - Maysa Pellizzaro
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80.035-050, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Yamakawa
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Evelyn Cristine da Silva
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - Laís Giuliani Felipetto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80.035-050, Brazil
| | - Hélio Langoni
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animals Science, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, SP 18618-000, Brazil
| | - André de Souza Leandro
- Zoonoses Surveillance Unit, Municipal Secretary of Health, Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85869-675, Brazil
| | - Carlos Eduardo de Santi
- Zoonoses Surveillance Unit, Municipal Secretary of Health, Foz do Iguaçu, PR 85869-675, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR 80.035-050, Brazil
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, USA
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Ratzlaff FR, Fernandes FD, Osmari V, Silva D, de Paula Vasconcellos JS, Braunig P, Vogel FSF, de Ávila Botton S, Dos Santos HF, Cargnelutti JF, Caldart ET, Campos A, de Mello Filho JA, Soares JF, Fagundes-Moreira R, Witt AA, Pacheco SM, Sangioni LA. Prevalence and molecular detection of Leishmania spp. in bats from Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil. Parasitol Res 2022; 121:3193-3202. [PMID: 36048268 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-022-07639-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to detect the occurrence of infection by Leishmania spp.in bats from 34 municipalities of Rio Grande do Sul state (RS; southern Brazil) from 2016 to 2021. A total of 109 bats were provided by the Centro Estadual de Vigilância em Saúde of RS, including six species belonged to Molossidae family, six to Vespertilionidae family, and two to Phyllostomidae family. Leishmania spp. was identified using the nested-PCR method by amplifying the SSU rDNA ribosomal subunit gene into four organ pools: (1) the liver, spleen, and lymph node; (2) heart and lungs; (3) skin; and (4) bone marrow of each bat. Three (3/109, 2.7%) animals tested positive for Leishmania spp. The respective PCR-positive organs came from pools 1 and 3. Two bats (Tadarida brasiliensis) were from the municipality of Canoas, and sequences analysis confirms the species identification as Leishmania infantum. In the third bat (Molossus molossus), from Rio Grande, it was not possible to determine the protozoa species, being considered Leishmania spp. Our results indicate that bats can participate in the biological cycle of Leishmania spp. and perform as host, reservoir, and/or source of infection of the protozoa in different areas of RS. More studies will be needed to elucidate the role of these Chiropteras in the circulation of Leishmania spp. This is the first study reporting the occurrence of Leishmania spp. in bats in Rio Grande do Sul state, southern Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Raquel Ratzlaff
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fagner D'ambroso Fernandes
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Osmari
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Daniele Silva
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Jaíne Soares de Paula Vasconcellos
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Braunig
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Silveira Flores Vogel
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Sônia de Ávila Botton
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Helton Fernandes Dos Santos
- Laboratório Central de Diagnóstico Em Patologia Aviária (LCDPA), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP, Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 44, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Juliana Felipetto Cargnelutti
- Laboratório de Bacteriologia (LABAC), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP, Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - Eloiza Teles Caldart
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), CEP, Rodovia Celso Garcia Cid, PR-445, Km 380, Londrina, Paraná, 86057-970, Brazil
| | - Aline Campos
- Centro Estadual de Vigilância Em Saúde (CEVS), Av. Ipiranga, 5400, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 90610-000, Brazil
| | - José Américo de Mello Filho
- Departamento de Engenharia Rural, Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), CEP, Av. Roraima, 1000, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, 97105-900, Brazil
| | - João Fabio Soares
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade de Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - Renata Fagundes-Moreira
- Laboratório de Protozoologia e Rickettsioses Vetoriais, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9090, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 91540-000, Brazil
| | - André Alberto Witt
- Divisão de Defesa Sanitária Animal (DDA), Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDRA), Av. Getúlio Vargas, 1384, Porto Alegre, CEP, 90150-004, Brazil
| | - Susi Missel Pacheco
- Instituto Sauver - Organização não governamental, R. Dr. Paulo Franco Dos Réis, 40, Boa Vista, Porto Alegre, 90480-090, Brazil
| | - Luís Antônio Sangioni
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias (LADOPAR), Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva (DMVP), Centro de Ciências Rurais (CCR), Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), Av. Roraima, nº 1000, Prédio 63D, Bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, CEP, 97105-900, Brazil
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10
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Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque SDC, da Silva LG, Sousa-Paula LCD, Sales KGDS, Boegel A, Dantas-Torres F. Exploring IL-17 gene promoter polymorphisms in canine leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2022; 232:106452. [PMID: 35421384 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proinflammatory cytokine secretion determines the infection course in leishmaniasis. The immunopathology of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) caused by Leishmania infantum is characterized by low Leishmania-specific IFN-γ and IL-17 production. Mutations in the human IL-17 gene promoter alter cytokine expression and may increase the susceptibility of humans to some infectious diseases. In this study, we correlated canine IL-17 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with anti-Leishmania IgG levels, parasite load and external clinical signs in dogs naturally exposed to L. infantum in Brazil. A higher frequency (Chi-square test: X2= 5.378, df= 1, P= 0.020) of major alleles was observed among dogs showing no external clinical signs attributable to Leishmania infection. A high proportion of A allele carriers (mutant) were observed among dogs with high antibody levels, although differences were not statistically significant (Chi-square test: X2= 4.410, df= 4, P= 0.353), as compared to dogs with low antibody levels. In general, the association of canine IL-17 SNPs with disease expression or disease exasperation did not reach enough statistical power to allow the use of these mutations as prognostic markers. This knowledge may pave the way for further investigations on the genetic aspects of CanL and its immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suênia da C Gonçalves-de-Albuquerque
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil; Central Laboratory of Public Health Dr Milton Bezerra de Sobral, Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Pernambuco, Brazil.
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11
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Milstein MS, Shaffer CA, Suse P, Marawanaru A, Heinrich DA, Larsen PA, Wolf TM. A mixed-methods approach to understanding domestic dog health and disease transmission risk in an indigenous reserve in Guyana, South America. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010469. [PMID: 35687596 PMCID: PMC9223617 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) can transmit a variety of pathogens due to their ubiquitousness in urban, rural and natural environments, and their close interactions with wildlife and humans. In this study, we used a mixed-methods approach to assess the role of domestic dogs as potential intermediaries of disease transmission from wildlife to humans among indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Guyana. To address these objectives we 1) performed physical examinations and collected biological samples to assess Waiwai domestic dog health, and 2) administered questionnaires to characterize the role of dogs in the community and identify potential transmission pathways between wildlife, dogs, and humans. We observed ectoparasites on all dogs (n = 20), including: fleas (100%), ticks (15%), botflies (30%), and jigger flea lesions (Tunga penetrans) (80%). Ten percent of dogs were seropositive for Ehrlichia canis/ewingii, 10% were positive for Dirofilaria immitis, and one dog was seropositive for Leishmania infantum. All dogs (n = 20) were seronegative for: canine distemper virus, Brucella canis, Leptospira serovars, Trypanosoma cruzi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum/platys and Borrelia burgdorferi. Our questionnaire data revealed that the Waiwai remove ectoparasites from their dogs, clean up dog feces, and administer traditional and/or Western medicine to their dogs. White blood cell, strongyle-type ova, and eosinophil counts were lower in dogs that were not frequently used for hunting, dogs that did receive traditional and/or western medicine, and dogs that were frequently kept in elevated dog houses, although differences were not statistically significant. While our results suggest that the Waiwai have developed cultural practices that may promote dog health and/or prevent zoonotic disease transmission, more research is necessary to determine the efficacy of these practices. Our study provides important data on the health of dogs and the potential for disease transmission to humans in a zoonotic hotspot. Domestic dogs are found throughout the world and interact closely with both wildlife and humans. Dogs can harbor numerous diseases that can be transmitted to other domestic and wildlife species, and human populations. They can serve as bridges, moving diseases between unconnected populations. Additionally, dogs can help in the early detection of wildlife and human diseases. Therefore, understanding what pathogens domestic dogs harbor can inform both wildlife and human health. In this study, we performed physical examinations, collected biological samples, and administered questionnaires to assess dog health and understand the role of dogs as potential bridges of disease transmission from wildlife to humans among indigenous Waiwai in the Konashen Community Owned Conservation Area, Guyana. On physical exam, we observed ectoparasites on all dogs, however, few pathogens were detected with diagnostic screening. Our questionnaire data revealed that the Waiwai engage in husbandry practices that may promote Waiwai dog health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa S. Milstein
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Christopher A. Shaffer
- Department of Anthropology, Grand Valley State University, Allendale, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Phillip Suse
- Masakenari Village, Konashen Indigenous District, Region 9, Guyana
| | - Aron Marawanaru
- Masakenari Village, Konashen Indigenous District, Region 9, Guyana
| | - Daniel A. Heinrich
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Larsen
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Tiffany M. Wolf
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St. Paul, Minnesota, United States of America
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12
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Gupta AK, Das S, Kamran M, Ejazi SA, Ali N. The Pathogenicity and Virulence of Leishmania - interplay of virulence factors with host defenses. Virulence 2022; 13:903-935. [PMID: 35531875 PMCID: PMC9154802 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2022.2074130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a group of disease caused by the intracellular protozoan parasite of the genus Leishmania. Infection by different species of Leishmania results in various host immune responses, which usually lead to parasite clearance and may also contribute to pathogenesis and, hence, increasing the complexity of the disease. Interestingly, the parasite tends to reside within the unfriendly environment of the macrophages and has evolved various survival strategies to evade or modulate host immune defense. This can be attributed to the array of virulence factors of the vicious parasite, which target important host functioning and machineries. This review encompasses a holistic overview of leishmanial virulence factors, their role in assisting parasite-mediated evasion of host defense weaponries, and modulating epigenetic landscapes of host immune regulatory genes. Furthermore, the review also discusses the diagnostic potential of various leishmanial virulence factors and the advent of immunomodulators as futuristic antileishmanial drug therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar Gupta
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sonali Das
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Mohd Kamran
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Sarfaraz Ahmad Ejazi
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Nahid Ali
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Biology, Kolkata 700032, India
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13
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Impact of vector control actions in the abundance of Lutzomyia longipalpis in Montes Claros, Brazil. Acta Trop 2022; 228:106305. [PMID: 34998997 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is endemic to many states in Brazil. To prevent further expansion of the disease, the Brazilian Ministry of Health adopted integrated measures through the Program of Surveillance and Control of Visceral Leishmaniasis (PSCVL), whose actions include the diagnosis and euthanasia of seropositive dogs (the main domestic reservoirs), the use of residual insecticides, environmental management (EM) to control vector population (mainly Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine), rigorous epidemiological surveillance, and health education. The present study was conducted in areas with recent moderate VL transmission to evaluate the efficacy of vector control activities. The systematic capture of phlebotomine was performed for three consecutive days per month, from August 2015 to July 2017. The number of specimens captured was taken as a representative of the monthly insect population. A total of 38,055 phlebotomine specimens were captured and identified at the species level. Lu. longipalpis was consistently found to be the predominant species (97.7%) each month. In the first year of the study, no intervention was performed. In the second year, two cycles of chemical spraying, EM, or a combination of both were performed before and after the rainy season. All interventions, either individually or in combination, reduced the abundance of Lu. longipalpis in the study area.
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14
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Humoral Responses and Ex Vivo IFN-γ Production after Canine Whole Blood Stimulation with Leishmania infantum Antigen or KMP11 Recombinant Protein. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9030116. [PMID: 35324844 PMCID: PMC8954708 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9030116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of Leishmania infantum soluble antigen (LSA) and recombinant Kinetoplastid Membrane Protein 11 (rKMP11) on the induction of ex vivo specific IFN-γ (n = 69) and antibody responses (n = 108) was determined in dogs. All dogs were tested for serological response to both antigens and divided into Group 1: healthy (Asturias, Spain, n = 26), Group 2: sick (n = 46), Group 3: healthy Ibizan hounds (Mallorca, Spain, n = 22) and Group 4: healthy (Bari, Italy, n = 14). Antibody levels were higher for LSA when compared to rKMP11 (p = 0.001). Ibizan hounds were all seronegative to rKMP11 and 18% were low seropositive to LSA. Sick dogs presented higher antibody response to both antigens compared to the rest of the groups (p < 0.0001). All groups showed higher IFN-γ levels after LSA compared to rKMP11 responses (p < 0.05). The highest response to LSA was found in Ibizan hounds (p < 0.05). IFN-γ to LSA and rKMP11 stimulation was observed in 34% and in 2.8% of the sick dogs, respectively. Here, we demonstrated that anti-rKMP11 antibodies are mainly present in dogs with moderate to severe disease. Furthermore, cellular immune response measured by specific ex vivo IFN-γ production was more intense to LSA than stimulated to rKMP11.
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Kmetiuk LB, de Campos MP, Bach RVW, Brandão APD, de Barros-Filho IR, Lipinski LC, Fávero GM, Dos Santos AP, Fiqueiredo FB, Biondo AW. Serosurvey of anti- Leishmania ( Leishmania) infantum antibodies in hunting dogs and hunters in Brazil. Vet World 2021; 14:2735-2738. [PMID: 34903933 PMCID: PMC8654764 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2021.2735-2738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Although wild boar hunting activities and the hunting dog trade in the Atlantic Forest and Cerrado biomes of Brazil overlap both with endemic and with non-endemic areas for visceral leishmaniasis, no study to date has focused on Leishmania spp. exposure among hunting dogs and hunters. The aim of the present study was to assess the presence of Leishmania spp. antibodies in hunting dogs and hunters in different anthropized areas of two Brazilian biomes. Materials and Methods: Blood samples were collected from 170 hunting dogs and 46 hunters between October 2016 and May 2018. The presence of antibodies against Leishmania spp. in hunting dogs was screened through a dual-path platform immunochromatographic test (DPP rapid test; Bio-Manguinhos/Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil) and in hunters through an rK39-based rapid immunochromatographic test. Both tests were used in accordance with Brazilian Ministry of Health recommendations. Results: Overall, although antibodies were detected through the immunochromatographic test in 3/170 (0.02%) of these female asymptomatic hunting dogs, all living in anthropized areas of the Atlantic Forest biome in South Brazil, no sample was confirmed through the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. All the hunters were non-reactive in the rapid immunochromatographic test. Conclusion: Our study on three suspicious hunting dogs has suggested that Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum may circulate both in endemic and non-endemic areas in Brazil. In addition, a high rate of hunting dog replacement due to death and trade may have led to less chance of infection and transmission between animals and between animals and humans, which would corroborate the outcomes reported here. Further studies should be conducted to fully establish whether hunting dogs and hunters may be used as sentinels in other areas endemic for Leishmania spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Bach Kmetiuk
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Monique Paiva de Campos
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Renato van Wilpe Bach
- Department of Medicine, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Giovani Marino Fávero
- Department of General Biology, State University of Ponta Grossa, Ponta Grossa, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, Purdue University, Harrison Street, 725, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47907-2027, USA
| | - Fabiano Borges Fiqueiredo
- Laboratory of Cellular Biology, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná State, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
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16
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Barbosa de Castro R, Badaró de Moraes JV, Costa Bressan G, de Souza Vasconcellos R, Silva-Júnior A, Lopes Rangel Fietto J. Antigens and their diagnostic performance for Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: A critical review. Vet Parasitol 2021; 301:109638. [PMID: 34920304 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is the most aggressive and lethal form of leishmaniasis manifesting in dogs and represents a major public health concern. Although there are sufficiently sensitive molecular tools for CVL diagnosis, they are not accessible at the main points of disease dissemination, in which context serodiagnosis has been used as an alternative tool on the epidemiological control. As an attempt to develop more accurate immunodiagnostic assays, many antigens have been tested over the years, on different platforms. This review aimed to access studies reporting new antigens that can be applied for CVL serodiagnosis. Articles published from January of 2016 to March of 2021 were retrieved from Google Scholar, Science Direct, and PubMed, using "Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis" and "Serodiagnosis" as keywords. In total, 1527 articles were identified, of which 42 were selected based on exclusion factors. Sensitivity, specificity, sample size, and sample quality data were extracted by manual curation and analyzed. Of the selected articles, 26 contemplated ELISA, which enabled a more thorough comparison and a critical review of these studies. Soluble Leishmania Antigens (SLA) and the A2 protein were used as controls in 53.8 and 46.15 % of these articles, respectively, and were evaluated separately; their frequent use was questioned. Subsequently, articles that evaluated other assay platforms, such as immunochromatography, immunosensors, and others, were also reported and evaluated. Finally, data relative to validation studies of commercial kits were briefly discussed. Our results show that there are several antigens with great potential for the development of accurate diagnostic tools, but further testing is required. The critical analysis also brings insights that can be useful for more assertive diagnostic development of more robust tools for CVL serodiagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raissa Barbosa de Castro
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - João Victor Badaró de Moraes
- Departamento de Biologia Geral, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Costa Bressan
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Raphael de Souza Vasconcellos
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Abelardo Silva-Júnior
- Departamento de Veterinária, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, Brazil
| | - Juliana Lopes Rangel Fietto
- Departamento de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Av. P. H. Rolfs, s/n, Campus Universitário, CEP: 36570-000 Viçosa, MG, Brazil.
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17
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Gonçalves G, Campos MP, Gonçalves AS, Medeiros LCS, Figueiredo FB. Increased Leishmania infantum resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B after treatment of a dog with miltefosine and allopurinol. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:599. [PMID: 34886876 PMCID: PMC8656069 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-05100-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Leishmania infantum is the most important etiological agent of visceral leishmaniasis in the Americas and Mediterranean region, and the dog is the main host. Miltefosine was authorized to treat canine leishmaniasis (CanL) in Brazil in 2017, but there is a persistent fear of the emergence of parasites resistant not only to this drug but, through cross-resistance mechanisms, also to meglumine antimoniate and amphotericin B. Additionally, the literature shows that acquisition of resistance is followed by increased parasite fitness, with higher rates of proliferation, infectivity and metacyclogenesis, which are drivers of parasite virulence. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the impact of treating a dog with miltefosine and allopurinol on the generation of parasites resistant to miltefosine, amphotericin B and meglumine antimoniate. Methods In vitro susceptibility tests were conducted against miltefosine, amphotericin B and meglumine antimoniate with T0 (parasites isolated from a dog before treatment with miltefosine plus allopurinol), T1 (after 1 course of treatment) and T2 (after 2 courses of treatment) isolates. The rates of cell proliferation, infectivity and metacyclogenesis of the isolates were also evaluated. Results The results indicate a gradual increase in parasite resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B with increasing the number of treatment courses. An increasing trend in the metacyclogenesis rate of the parasites was also observed as drug resistance increased. Conclusion The data indicates an increased L. infantum resistance to miltefosine and amphotericin B after the treatment of a dog with miltefosine plus allopurinol. Further studies with a larger number of L. infantum strains isolated from dogs with varied immune response profiles and undergoing different treatment regimes, are advocated. Graphical Abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Gonçalves
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, 81310-020, Brazil.
| | - Monique Paiva Campos
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, 81310-020, Brazil
| | | | - Lia Carolina Soares Medeiros
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, 81310-020, Brazil
| | - Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Cell Biology Laboratory, Carlos Chagas Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Curitiba, Paraná, 81310-020, Brazil
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18
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Development of an Amplicon-Based Next-Generation Sequencing Protocol to Identify Leishmania Species and Other Trypanosomatids in Leishmaniasis Endemic Areas. Microbiol Spectr 2021; 9:e0065221. [PMID: 34643453 PMCID: PMC8515931 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.00652-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosomatid infections are an important public health threat affecting many low-income countries across the tropics, particularly in the Americas. Trypanosomatids can infect many vertebrate, invertebrate, and plant species and play an important role as human pathogens. Among these clinically relevant pathogens are species from the genera Leishmania and Trypanosoma. Mixed trypanosomatid infections remain a largely unexplored phenomenon. Herein, we describe the application of an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay to detect and identify trypanosomatid species in mammalian reservoirs, human patients, and sand fly vectors throughout regions of Leishmania endemicity. Sixty-five samples from different departments of Colombia, including two samples from Venezuela, were analyzed: 49 samples from cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) patients, 8 from sand flies, 2 from domestic reservoirs (Canis familiaris), and 6 from wild reservoirs (Phyllostomus hastatus). DNA from each sample served to identify the presence of trypanosomatids through conventional PCR using heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) gene as the target. PCR products underwent sequencing by Sanger sequencing and NGS, and trypanosomatid species were identified by using BLASTn against a reference database built from trypanosomatid-derived HSP70 sequences. The alpha and beta diversity indexes of amplicon sequence variants were calculated for each group. The results revealed the presence of mixed infections with more than two Leishmania species in 34% of CL samples analyzed. Trypanosoma cruzi was identified in samples from wild reservoirs, as well as in sand fly vectors. Coinfection events with three different Leishmania species were identified in domestic reservoirs. These findings depose the traditional paradigm of leishmaniasis as being a single-species-driven infection and redraw the choreography of host-pathogen interaction in the context of multiparasitism. Further research is needed to decipher how coinfections may influence disease progression. This knowledge is key to developing an integrated approach for diagnosis and treatment. IMPORTANCE Traditionally, there has been a frequent, yet incorrect assumption that phlebotomine vectors, animal reservoirs, and human hosts are susceptible to Leishmania infection by a single parasite species. However, current evidence supports that these new vector-parasite-reservoir associations lend vectors and reservoirs greater permissiveness to certain Leishmania species, thus promoting the appearance of coinfection events, particularly in disease-endemic regions. The present study describes the application of an amplicon-based next-generation sequencing (NGS) assay to detect and identify trypanosomatid species in mammalian reservoirs, human patients, and sand fly vectors from regions of endemicity for leishmaniasis. This changes our understanding of the clinical course of leishmaniasis in areas of endemicity.
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Patino LH, Castillo-Castañeda A, Muñoz M, Muskus C, Rivero-Rodríguez M, Pérez-Doria A, Bejarano EE, Ramírez JD. Revisiting the heterogeneous global genomic population structure of Leishmania infantum. Microb Genom 2021; 7. [PMID: 34491157 PMCID: PMC8715437 DOI: 10.1099/mgen.0.000640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania infantum is the main causative agent responsible for visceral leishmaniasis (VL), a disease with global distribution. The genomic structure and genetic variation of this species have been widely studied in different parts of the world. However, in some countries, this information is still yet unknown, as is the genomic behaviour of the main antigens used in VL diagnosis (rK39 and rK28), which have demonstrated variable sensitivity and specificity in a manner dependent on the geographic region analysed. The objective of this study was to explore the genomic architecture and diversity of four Colombian L. infantum isolates obtained in this study and to compare these results with the genetic analysis of 183 L. infantum isolates from across the world (obtained from public databases), as well as to analyse the whole rK39 and rK28 antigen sequences in our dataset. The results showed that, at the global level, L. infantum has high genetic homogeneity and extensive aneuploidy. Furthermore, we demonstrated that there are distinct populations of L. infantum circulating in various countries throughout the globe and that populations of distant countries have close genomic relationships. Additionally, this study demonstrated the high genetic variability of the rK28 antigen worldwide. In conclusion, our study allowed us to (i) expand our knowledge of the genomic structure of global L. infantum; (ii) describe the intra-specific genomic variability of this species; and (iii) understand the genomic characteristics of the main antigens used in the diagnosis of VL. Additionally, this is the first study to report whole-genome sequences of Colombian L. infantum isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luz H Patino
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Adriana Castillo-Castañeda
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Marina Muñoz
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carlos Muskus
- Programa de Estudios y Control de Enfermedades Tropicales (PECET), Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Matilde Rivero-Rodríguez
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia.,Candidata a doctor en Medicina Tropical, Universidad de Cartagena-SUE Caribe, Colombia
| | - Alveiro Pérez-Doria
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia
| | - Eduar E Bejarano
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad de Sucre, Sincelejo, Colombia
| | - Juan David Ramírez
- Centro de Investigaciones en Microbiología y Biotecnología-UR (CIMBIUR), Facultad de Ciencias Naturales, Universidad del Rosario, Bogotá, Colombia
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20
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Rosa-Teijeiro C, Wagner V, Corbeil A, d'Annessa I, Leprohon P, do Monte-Neto RL, Fernandez-Prada C. Three different mutations in the DNA topoisomerase 1B in Leishmania infantum contribute to resistance to antitumor drug topotecan. Parasit Vectors 2021; 14:438. [PMID: 34454601 PMCID: PMC8399852 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-021-04947-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The evolution of drug resistance is one of the biggest challenges in leishmaniasis and has prompted the need for new antileishmanial drugs. Repurposing of approved drugs is a faster and very attractive strategy that is gaining supporters worldwide. Different anticancer topoisomerase 1B (TOP1B) inhibitors have shown strong antileishmanial activity and promising selective indices, supporting the potential repurposing of these drugs. However, cancer cells and Leishmania share the ability to become rapidly resistant. The aim of this study was to complete a whole-genome exploration of the effects caused by exposure to topotecan in order to highlight the potential mechanisms deployed by Leishmania to favor its survival in the presence of a TOP1B inhibitor. Methods We used a combination of stepwise drug resistance selection, whole-genome sequencing, functional validation, and theoretical approaches to explore the propensity of and potential mechanisms deployed by three independent clones of L. infantum to resist the action of TOP1B inhibitor topotecan. Results We demonstrated that L. infantum is capable of becoming resistant to high concentrations of topotecan without impaired growth ability. No gene deletions or amplifications were identified from the next-generation sequencing data in any of the three resistant lines, ruling out the overexpression of efflux pumps as the preferred mechanism of topotecan resistance. We identified three different mutations in the large subunit of the leishmanial TOP1B (Top1BF187Y, Top1BG191A, and Top1BW232R). Overexpression of these mutated alleles in the wild-type background led to high levels of resistance to topotecan. Computational molecular dynamics simulations, in both covalent and non-covalent complexes, showed that these mutations have an effect on the arrangement of the catalytic pentad and on the interaction of these residues with surrounding amino acids and DNA. This altered architecture of the binding pocket results in decreased persistence of topotecan in the ternary complex. Conclusions This work helps elucidate the previously unclear potential mechanisms of topotecan resistance in Leishmania by mutations in the large subunit of TOP1B and provides a valuable clue for the design of improved inhibitors to combat resistance in both leishmaniasis and cancer. Our data highlights the importance of including drug resistance evaluation in drug discovery cascades. Graphical abstract ![]()
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13071-021-04947-4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloé Rosa-Teijeiro
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Victoria Wagner
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Audrey Corbeil
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada.,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada
| | - Ilda d'Annessa
- Medtronic EMEA, Study and Scientific Solutions, Milan, Italy
| | - Philippe Leprohon
- Centre de Recherche en Infectiologie du Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Québec, Université Laval, Quebec City, Canada
| | | | - Christopher Fernandez-Prada
- Département de Pathologie et Microbiologie, Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada. .,The Research Group on Infectious Diseases in Production Animals (GREMIP), Faculté de Médecine Vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, QC, Canada. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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21
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Parker LA, Acosta L, Gutierrez MN, Cruz I, Nieto J, Deschutter EJ, Bornay-Llinares FJ. A Novel Sampling Model to Study the Epidemiology of Canine Leishmaniasis in an Urban Environment. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:642287. [PMID: 33763466 PMCID: PMC7982517 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.642287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. The domestic dog is the main reservoir of zoonotic VL and a high prevalence of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is associated with transmission of infection to humans. Here we describe the methodology used to obtain a rapid and representative sample of domestic dogs in the city of Posadas, Misiones, and compare the prevalence of Leishmania infection with a sample of shelter dogs. Methodology: We used the city land registry to make a random selection of homes and systematically recruited 349 domestic dogs from the selected properties. We also included all dogs from the main canine shelter within the city. Dogs were examined by two experienced veterinarians who recorded the presence of clinical signs common in CanL using a standardized protocol. We extracted a blood sample from each dog and performed four different serological tests to reveal the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies. Results: After clinical examination, 145 domestic dogs (41.5%) and 63 (90%) shelter dogs had clinical signs compatible with CanL (p < 0.001). The seroprevalence among domestic dogs was 20.1% (95% CI 16.1–24.6) which was significantly lower than among the abandoned dogs (38.6%, 95% CI 27.7–50.6, p < 0.001). The spatial distribution of infected dogs was fairly homogenous throughout the city. Among domestic dogs, we observed a positive association between where the dog slept and presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies (p = 0.034). Of the seropositive domestic dogs 38 (54.4%) were asymptomatic. Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate how seroprevalence results can be highly influenced by sampling methodology. We demonstrate how the land registry can be used to estimate the prevalence of CanL in representative sample of domestic dogs in an urban setting, allowing decision makers to deepen their understanding the epidemiology of CanL in a timely and efficient manner for the development of plans to address both human and canine disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy A Parker
- Departamento de Salud Pública y Ginecología, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain.,CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lucrecia Acosta
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Israel Cruz
- National School of Public Health, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Nieto
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Leishmaniasis, Servicio de Parasitología, Centro Nacional de Microbiología, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Jorge Deschutter
- Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Argentina
| | - Fernando Jorge Bornay-Llinares
- Área de Parasitología, Departamento de Agroquímica y Medio Ambiente, Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche, Alicante, Spain
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22
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Chagas ÚMR, de Avelar DM, Marcelino AP, Paz GF, Gontijo CMF. Correlations between tissue parasite load and common clinical signs in dogs naturally infected by Leishmania infantum. Vet Parasitol 2021; 291:109368. [PMID: 33556846 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2021.109368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
qPCR is being used for the quantification of parasite load in different tissues of dogs infected by Leishmania infantum with or without clinical manifestations. It may be employed in the diagnosis, monitoring of the infection during treatment, and clinical studies for validation of vaccines. Aimed at enhancing the molecular diagnosis and the subsequent monitoring of the infection, this study evaluated the parasite load in several tissues from dogs infected by Leishmania infantum, showing different clinical status. Thus, the qPCR was performed on skin, conjunctival swab, popliteal lymph node, and bone marrow puncture samples taken from 65 dogs naturally infected by L. infantum. Dogs were divided into three groups per clinical score: group 1 (n = 12), included animals with zero points and no clinical manifestations of the disease; group 2 (n = 35), included animals with a score ranging from 1 to 5 points and moderate clinical manifestations; and group 3 (n = 18), included dogs with a score ranging from 6 to 11 points and intensive clinical manifestations. Another analysis was performed classifying the animals into two groups, considering the presence of, or lack of clinical signs of the disease. Analyses of these results showed that the skin was the tissue with a higher parasite load, followed by popliteal lymph node and bone marrow punctures, and conjunctival swab samples having the lowest loads. Furthermore, the skin was also the tissue with the highest parasite load when evaluating the groups individually. Animals in group 3, with intensive clinical manifestations, showed a higher parasite load in different tissues when compared to animals from groups 1 and 2. Finally, animals with clinical manifestations of the disease showed a higher parasite load when compared to dogs with no manifestations. The importance of the dog as a reservoir of L. infantum in nature is reinforced by the demonstration of skin having the highest amount of parasites/μL in this study's analysis, as well as the fact that skin is the main point of access to the parasite vector. Also, a strong and positive correlation between the intensity of clinical manifestations and the increase of parasite load in the skin was observed. In conclusion, skin was the tissue that was demonstrated to be the best option for the molecular diagnosis of L. infantum infection in dogs with varying clinical statuses used in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Úrsula Maira Russo Chagas
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Daniel Moreira de Avelar
- Clinical Research and Public Politics Group in Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Instituto de Pesquisa René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Andreza Pain Marcelino
- Clinical Research and Surveillance Laboratory in Leishmaniosis, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/RJ), 4365 Brasil Avenue, Pavilhão Maria Deane, Manguinhos, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro (RJ), CEP 21.040-360, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Fontes Paz
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
| | - Célia Maria Ferreira Gontijo
- Study Group in Leishmaniosis, Instituto René Rachou (IRR) -Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ/MG), 1715 Augusto de Lima Avenue, Barro Preto, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais (MG), CEP 30.190-002, Brazil.
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23
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Silva RB, Franco-Silva LF, Lima DA, Fonseca SS, Ferreira MA, Silva RC, Lira MA, Melo MA. Differentials in the epidemiological profile of canine visceral leishmaniasis in the semi-arid region of Paraíba, Brazil. PESQUISA VETERINÁRIA BRASILEIRA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-5150-pvb-6773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) and to identify the differences in associated factors to its occurrence in urban area and countrysides in the municipality of Santa Luzia located in the semi-arid region of Paraíba. In the years 2015 and 2016, 779 blood samples from dogs were collected. The prevalence was determined by three serological techniques, ELISA-S7® Kit, DPP® Rapid Test and EIE-LVC® Kit, considering positive the samples that reacted in at least two assays. Associated factors were determined by univariate and multivariate analyzes of the guardians’ responses to the epidemiological questionnaire. The prevalence of anti-Leishmania infantum antibodies in the studied municipality was 15.00% (117/779), being higher in the urban area (15.20%) than in the countryside (13.60%). The neighborhood with the highest prevalence was Frei Damião with 26.40% (33/125), being considered a hotspot (OR 1.245, p=0.007). Other associated factors were the semi-domiciliary breeding (OR 1.798, p=0.025), in the urban area, and hunting dog (OR 18.505, p=0.016), contact with cattle (OR 17.298, p=0.022) and environment where the dog is raised (OR 4.802, p=0.024) in the countryside. In the municipality of Santa Luzia, the prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis is high and the disease is widely distributed. Epidemiological differences between urban area and the countryside could be observed demonstrating the need for more adequate control measures for each locality and proving the urbanization process.
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24
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Brandão EMV, Xavier SCC, Rocha FL, Lima CFM, Candeias ÍZ, Lemos FG, Azevedo FC, Jansen AM, Roque ALR. Wild and Domestic Canids and Their Interactions in the Transmission Cycles of Trypanosoma Cruzi and Leishmania spp. in an Area of the Brazilian Cerrado. Pathogens 2020; 9:pathogens9100818. [PMID: 33036238 PMCID: PMC7600672 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi and Leishmania spp. are parasites that infect multiple hosts including canids, considered bioaccumulators of parasites. Deforestation in the Cerrado biome has resulted in the exposure of wild canids to anthropized areas, where they may establish ecological and epidemiological relationships with domestic dogs. We evaluated the infection by trypanosomatids in canids from a Cerrado agroecosystem between 2013 and 2017. Samples of wild canids (blood, bone marrow and skin) and dogs (blood) were collected for parasitological, serological and molecular diagnosis. A total of 414 samples from wild (n = 131) and domestic (n = 283) canids were collected, including recaptures. We obtained five positive hemocultures from Lycalopex vetulus (n = 2), Cerdocyon thous (n = 1) and dogs (n = 2), all characterized as T. cruzi TcIII/V (18S rDNA) and TcIII/V/VI (gGAPDH); one positive skin fragment for Leishmania sp. (C. thous), one positive skin culture (Chrysocyon brachyurus) and one positive fresh blood examination from a dog. Infection by T. cruzi and Leishmania spp. was serologically confirmed in 18% and 4% of the canids, respectively. Active transmission was attested by seroconversion events and occurred despite the low rate of positive parasitological assays. Wild and domestic canids infected by both parasites were detected sharing the same areas, pointing to a possible spillover of parasites among them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elida M. V. Brandão
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Samanta C. C. Xavier
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - Fabiana L. Rocha
- Centro de Ciências Aplicadas e Educação, Campus IV Litoral Norte, Universidade Federal da Paraíba, Rio Tinto, PB 58297-000, Brazil;
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
| | - Caio F. M. Lima
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Fundação Parque Zoológico de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 04301-905, Brazil
| | - Ísis Z. Candeias
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Reprodução Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Frederico G. Lemos
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil
| | - Fernanda C. Azevedo
- Programa de Conservação Mamíferos do Cerrado, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil; (C.F.M.L.); (Í.Z.C.); (F.G.L.); (F.C.A.)
- Departamento de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Catalão, Catalão, GO 75704-020, Brazil
| | - Ana M. Jansen
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
| | - André L. R. Roque
- Laboratório de Biologia de Tripanosomatídeos, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21040-900, Brazil; (E.M.V.B.); (S.C.C.X.); (A.M.J.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-2562-1416
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25
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Spada JCP, Silva DTD, Alves ML, Cárdenas NC, Inlamea OF, Faria GA, Ferreira AG, Silva HR, Oliveira TMFDS, Buzetti WAS. Risk factors associated with Leishmania exposure among dogs in a rural area of Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2020; 53:e20200059. [PMID: 32935780 PMCID: PMC7491566 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0059-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: We sought to determine risk factors (RFs) associated with the presence of
antibodies against Leishmania in dogs from a rural area of
Ilha Solteira, SP, Brazil. METHODS: Serum samples were collected from 250 dogs and tested using indirect
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescence
antibody tests (IFATs). Data concerning dogs, their environment, and their
owners’ knowledge of leishmaniasis were collected using a questionnaire. To
determine RFs for contact with the parasite, univariate statistical analysis
based on chi-squared and Fisher’s exact tests, followed by logistic
regression, was used. RESULTS: It was found that 79/250 (31.6%) of the dogs were positive by IFAT, and
72/250 (28.8%) by ELISA. A total of 82/250 dogs (32.8%) were positive in at
least one test. The RFs associated with occurrences of
Leishmania exposure were large body size (OR = 2.25;
95% CI = 1.26-4.04; p = 0.003), presence of chickens (OR = 1.94; 95% CI =
1.05-3.65; p = 0.023), and lack of knowledge about
Leishmania among dog owners (OR = 1.74; 95% CI =
0.96-3.21; p = 0.049). After multivariate analysis, the RFs for occurrence
of Leishmania exposure in dogs that remained significantly
associated were the dog’s size (large dogs) (OR = 1.2; 95% CI = 1.06-1.35; p
= 0.003) and presence of chickens on the properties (small farms) (OR =
1.15; 95% CI = 1.02-1.30; p = 0.023). CONCLUSIONS: These results may be useful for improving preventive practices to reduce the
incidence of Leishmania exposure among dogs in rural
areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Cesar Pereira Spada
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Diogo Tiago da Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Maria Luana Alves
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Nicolás Céspedes Cárdenas
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Osvaldo Frederico Inlamea
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil
| | - Glaucia Amorim Faria
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Matemática, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Andrea Gonçalves Ferreira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Helio Ricardo Silva
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
| | - Trícia Maria Ferreira de Sousa Oliveira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Programa de Pós-graduação em Epidemiologia Experimental Aplicada às Zoonoses, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.,Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Pirassununga, SP, Brasil
| | - Wilma Aparecida Starke Buzetti
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Faculdade de Engenharia de Ilha Solteira, Departamento de Biologia e Zootecnia, Ilha Solteira, SP, Brasil
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Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) remains an important public health issue worldwide causing substantial morbidity and mortality. The Indian subcontinent accounted for up to 90% of the global VL burden in the past but made significant progress during recent years and is now moving towards elimination. However, to achieve and sustain elimination of VL, knowledge gaps on infection reservoirs and transmission need to be addressed urgently. Xenodiagnosis is the most direct way for testing the infectiousness of hosts to the vectors and can be used to investigate the dynamics and epidemiology of Leishmania donovani transmission. There are, however, several logistic and ethical issues with xenodiagnosis that need to be addressed before its application on human subjects. In the current Review, we discuss the critical knowledge gaps in VL transmission and the role of xenodiagnosis in disease transmission dynamics along with its technical challenges. Establishment of state of the art xenodiagnosis facilities is essential for the generation of much needed evidence in the VL elimination initiative.
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Rivas AK, Alcover MM, Martínez-Orellana P, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Nachum-Biala Y, Fisa R, Riera C, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Serological and molecular survey of Leishmania infection in dogs from Venezuela. VETERINARY PARASITOLOGY- REGIONAL STUDIES AND REPORTS 2020; 21:100420. [PMID: 32862890 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Venezuela is a country where human and canine leishmaniosis due to Leishmania infantum, Leishmania braziliensis and other Leishmania spp. is endemic. However, only limited data is available on canine Leishmania infection in Venezuela. The aim of this cross-sectional study was to evaluate the prevalence of Leishmania infection in dogs (n = 152) from the states of Lara (n = 91) and Yaracuy (n = 61) in Venezuela by means of serological and molecular methods. Physical examination was performed and blood samples were collected from all dogs. Serology for antibodies reactive with L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens was assessed by the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and detection of Leishmania DNA from blood samples was evaluated by kinetoplast Leishmania real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). In addition, Leishmania internal transcribed spacer (ITS-1) RT-PCR was performed on the samples positive by kinetoplast RT-PCR. The prevalence of Leishmania infection based on serological and/or molecular techniques was 11.8%. The seroprevalence for L. infantum and L. braziliensis antigens were 2.1% (3/144) and 8.3% (12/144), respectively. All dogs from the state of Yaracuy were serologically negative to L. infantum while 4.6% (4/86) of the dogs were reactive to L. braziliensis antigen. Fourteen percent (8/58) of the dogs from the state of Lara were positive to L. infantum and 5.2% (3/58) to L. braziliensis antigen. Three dogs were positive to both Leishmania spp. antigens. By RT-PCR, 6.5% (4/61) and 4.4% (4/91) of the dogs were positive for infection in the states of Lara and Yaracuy, respectively. The RT-PCR product of one dog from the state of Yaracuy was sequenced revealing a 100% identity with L. infantum. However, all RT-PCR positive dogs were seronegative to both Leishmania spp. antigens. In conclusion, the positivity for Leishmania spp. infections observed indicates that dogs are frequently infected by L. infantum, L. braziliensis or related Leishmania spp. in Venezuela.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aruanai Kalú Rivas
- Veterinary clinic "Teky pets" Barquisimeto, Venezuela; Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - M Magdalena Alcover
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | | | - Roser Fisa
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Riera
- Laboratori de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Salut i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Rehovot, Israel.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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28
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Dantas-Torres F, Ketzis J, Mihalca AD, Baneth G, Otranto D, Tort GP, Watanabe M, Linh BK, Inpankaew T, Jimenez Castro PD, Borrás P, Arumugam S, Penzhorn BL, Ybañez AP, Irwin P, Traub RJ. TroCCAP recommendations for the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of parasitic infections in dogs and cats in the tropics. Vet Parasitol 2020; 283:109167. [PMID: 32580071 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2020.109167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The Tropical Council for Companion Animal Parasites Ltd. (TroCCAP) is a not-for-profit organisation whose mission is to independently inform, guide and make best-practice recommendations for the diagnosis, treatment and control of companion animal parasites in the tropics and sub-tropics, with the aim of protecting animal and human health. In line with this primary mission, TroCCAP recently developed guidelines for the diagnosis, treatment and control of feline and canine parasites in the tropics. The development of these guidelines required unique and complex considerations to be addressed, often inapplicable to developed nations. Much of the tropics encompass middle-to-low income countries in which poor standards of environmental hygiene and large populations of stray dogs and cats coexist. In these regions, a range of parasites pose a high risk to companion animals, which ultimately may place their owners at risk of acquiring parasitic zoonoses. These considerations led to the development of unique recommendations with regard, for example, to deworming and endoparasite testing intervals for the control of both global and 'region-specific' parasites in the tropics. Moreover, the 'off-' or 'extra'-label use of drugs for the treatment and control of parasitic infections is common practice in many tropical countries and many generic products lack manufacturers' information on efficacy, safety, and quality control. Recommendations and advice concerning the use of such drugs and protocols are also addressed in these guidelines. The formation of these guidelines is an important first step towards improving the education of veterinarians specifically regarding best-practice for the diagnosis, treatment and control of canine and feline parasites in the tropics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filipe Dantas-Torres
- Department of Immunology, Aggeu Magalhães Institute, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (Fiocruz), Recife, Brazil.
| | - Jennifer Ketzis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, St. Kitts, West Indies, Cote d'Ivoire
| | - Andrei D Mihalca
- Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Gad Baneth
- Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Domenico Otranto
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Bari, Valenzano, Italy; Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamedan, Iran
| | - Gabriela Perez Tort
- Faculty of Veterinary Sciences, University of Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Malaika Watanabe
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Bui Khanh Linh
- Department of Parasitology, Vietnam National University of Agriculture, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tawin Inpankaew
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pablo D Jimenez Castro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, The University of Georgia, United States; Grupo de Parasitologia Veterinaria, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Pablo Borrás
- Centro Nacional de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Endemo-epidemias, Administración Nacional de Laboratorios e Institutos de Salud Dr. Carlos G. Malbrán, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Sangaran Arumugam
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, Madras Veterinary College, Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (TANUVAS), Chennai, India
| | - Barend L Penzhorn
- Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Adrian Patalinghug Ybañez
- Institute of Molecular Parasitology and Vector-borne Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cebu Technological University, Cebu, Philippines
| | - Peter Irwin
- Vector and Waterborne Pathogens Research Group, College of Science, Health, Engineering and Education, Murdoch University, Perth, Australia
| | - Rebecca J Traub
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.
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29
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Rocha MF, Michalsky ÉM, de Oliveira Lara-Silva F, Valadão JL, França-Silva JC, Pinheiro LC, de Sousa JF, dos Santos RC, Soares MD, Fortes-Dias CL, Dias ES. Dogs with divergent serology for visceral leishmaniasis as sources of Leishmania infection for Lutzomyia longipalpis phlebotomine sand flies - an observational study in an endemic area in Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2020; 14:e0008079. [PMID: 32078634 PMCID: PMC7053768 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0008079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease, caused by Leishmania (Kinetoplastida, Trypanosomatidae) species. In Brazil, the transmission of this parasite essentially occurs through the bite of Lutzomyia longipalpis (Diptera: Psychodidae: Phlebotominae) previously infected with Leishmania infantum. Aiming at preventing VL expansion over the country, integrated control actions have been implemented through a Visceral Leishmaniasis Surveillance and Control Program (VLSCP). Among the actions currently adopted by the program, the screening-culling of seropositive dogs for canine VL (CVL) is particularly polemic. Dogs with negative or divergent serology for CVL remain in their owner’s domicile and are monitored by public health agents. In the present study, we determined the prevalence of CVL and analyzed the implementation of the VLSCP screening-culling action, in an area in Brazil where there has been a recent expansion of VL. Canine census surveys were conducted semiannually for two years (Aug/2015 to Feb/2017). Serological diagnosis of CVL was performed in accordance with current VLSCP protocol: immunochromatography (TR-DPP) followed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA EIE). 6,667 dogs were serologically screened for CVL, of which 567 (8.5%) were positive in both tests and 641 (9.6%) had divergent results. A variable percentage (6.3% to 65.4%) of the dogs in the latter group became positive within nine months from the first result. Xenodiagnosis was conducted in canine samples belonging to any of the three possible serological statuses for CVL–positive, divergent or negative. Leishmania spp. DNA was detected in Lu. longipalpis that fed on 50.0% (5/10) of dogs with positive serology and on 29.4% (5/17) of dogs with divergent serological status for CVL. Therefore, dogs with divergent serology for CVL may be as Leishmania-infective to Lu. longipalpis as seropositive ones. Even with the adoption of euthanasia for seropositive dogs, part of the canine population will continue to serve as a source of Leishmania infection for phlebotomine sand flies. Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a neglected tropical disease caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania. In Brazil, the parasites are mainly transmitted through the bite of female Lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies that have been previously infected with Leishmania infantum. Dogs are the main domestic reservoirs of Leishmania. The Brazilian Ministry of Health has implemented euthanasia of VL-seropositive dogs as a measure to prevent VL expansion in the country, using the Dual-Path Platform Immunochromatographic Rapid Test (TR-DPP) as the screening method and the enzyme-linked immunoassay (ELISA EIE) as the confirmatory test for diagnosis. Dogs with positive results in both tests are considered seropositive and recommended for euthanasia. Dogs with divergent serology between these tests remain at their owners’ home and part of them become seropositive within months. Therefore, even adopting euthanasia of seropositive dogs, part of the canine population will continue to serve as a source of Leishmania infection for sand flies, causing new canine and / or human cases of the disease. Difficulties and limitations to implement the screening-culling policy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marília Fonseca Rocha
- Instituto René Rachou/FIOCRUZ, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Universidade Estadual de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Joel Fontes de Sousa
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Dias Soares
- Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Montes Claros, Montes Claros, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Diotallevi A, Buffi G, Ceccarelli M, Neitzke-Abreu HC, Gnutzmann LV, da Costa Lima MS, Di Domenico A, De Santi M, Magnani M, Galluzzi L. Real-time PCR to differentiate among Leishmania (Viannia) subgenus, Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis: Application on Brazilian clinical samples. Acta Trop 2020; 201:105178. [PMID: 31606374 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Leishmaniasis is a complex disease caused by Leishmania species belonging to subgenera Leishmania and Viannia. In South America, L. (L.) infantum is considered the most important causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, while L. (L.) amazonensis and Viannia subgenus species are responsible for the different cutaneous or mucocutaneous forms. In our previous work, we developed a diagnostic approach for Leishmania species discrimination based on two qPCRs (qPCR-ML and qPCR-ama) targeting the minicircle kDNA followed by melting analysis. This approach allowed to (i) differentiate the subgenera Leishmania and Viannia, and (ii) distinguish between L. (L.) infantum and L. (L.) amazonensis. The aim of this work was to demonstrate the applicability of the approach previously described, using human and canine clinical samples and strains from a Brazilian region, where L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis and Viannia subgenus species coexist. After validation on New World strains, the diagnostic approach was applied blindly to 36 canine clinical samples (peripheral blood and bone marrow) and 11 human clinical samples (peripheral blood and bone marrow). The sensitivity was 95.6% (95% confidence interval 77.3-100%) and 100% (95% confidence interval 76.9-100%) in the canine bone marrow samples and human (peripheral blood and bone marrow) samples, respectively, compared to conventional PCR assays. Concerning the Leishmania species identification, the conventional and qPCR-based methods showed kappa value of 0.876 (95% confidence interval 0.638-1.000), indicating good agreement. Therefore, this approach proved to be useful in both veterinary and human clinical context in regions co-endemic for L. (L.) infantum, L. (L.) amazonensis, and Viannia subgenus, helping to provide rapid diagnosis and to allow studies of species distribution.
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Ascencio ME, Sarmiento NF, Schnittger L, Florin-Christensen M, Rodriguez AE. Molecular diagnosis of Leishmania spp. in dogs of a subtropical locality of Argentina. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 67 Suppl 2:106-110. [PMID: 31496050 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leishmaniosis is a tropical and subtropical vector-borne disease caused by hemoparasites of the genus Leishmania. The disease can infect humans, as well as domestic and wildlife animals. Dogs are the main reservoir for L. infantum, the aetiological agent of visceral leishmaniosis (VL) in America, and a domestic source of L. braziliensis, the most widespread aetiological agent of American tegumentary leishmaniosis. Infected dogs can develop a clinical syndrome called canine leishmaniosis (CanL), which presents with skin lesions, mild fever; additionally hepatomegaly and splenomegaly can be observed, although asymptomatic infections are frequent. Direct microscopic observation of the parasite in bone marrow, blood, skin scrapings and conjunctival swab samples is the gold standard of diagnosis and is usually complemented with serological tests, and to a lesser extent, molecular detection of the parasite. In Argentina, leishmaniosis is an emerging disease, with a growing number of human and canine clinical cases since 2006. Our study was carried out in Mercedes, a town located in the subtropical north-eastern area of Argentina, where dogs with positive parasitological test results for Leishmania spp. must be euthanized according to local regulations. We evaluated the presence of Leishmania spp. DNA in the blood of dogs (n = 166) from urban and peri-urban zones. Genomic DNA was extracted from whole blood using Chelex 100 resin and a conserved 116 bp region of the kinetoplastid DNA was amplified by conventional PCR. Clinical signs, age and gender were recorded. Our results showed that 120 out of 166 surveyed dogs (72%) were positive for Leishmania spp. DNA of which only seven were positive by parasitological and serological tests. No significant correlation between positive cases and gender or age groups was found. This report shows the high prevalence of this disease in Argentina and contributes to improve public health policy with regard to diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infected dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Ernesto Ascencio
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVet), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Leonhard Schnittger
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVet), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad de Morón, Morón, Argentina
| | - Mónica Florin-Christensen
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVet), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.,Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad de Morón, Morón, Argentina
| | - Anabel Elisa Rodriguez
- Instituto de Patobiología Veterinaria (IPVet), Instituto Nacional de Tecnología Agropecuaria (INTA), Hurlingham, Argentina - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Silva SCPFE, Gomes LB, Carvalho PCFB, Santos AGRC, Borges LFNM, Oliveira CSF, Morais MHF, Pereira PLL, Amaral Haddad JP, Soares DFDM. Effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for preventing transmission of canine leishmaniasis by Lutzomyia spp.: A cluster randomized controlled trial. Prev Vet Med 2019; 171:104770. [PMID: 31536935 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a zoonosis that greatly impacts public health, especially in developing countries. The effectiveness of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars for preventing transmission of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) by the sand fly Lutzomyia spp. in countries with high incidence of the disease, such as Brazil, remains unknown. A cluster randomized controlled trial was carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of these collars in preventing infection of dogs with Leishmania infantum. Two areas were selected in a municipality endemic for VL in Brazil: an experimental area (EA) and a control area (CA). In both areas, blood samples were collected from dogs for detection of CanL. Seronegative dogs from the EA received collars impregnated with deltamethrin 4%. After six months, the dogs were retested for CanL and the incidence of the disease, the relative risk, and the effectiveness of collaring determined. In the baseline survey, 1020 dogs from the EA and 589 from the CA were examined. The prevalence calculated for EA was 4.41% (CI95% 3.27-5.91), and 7.13% (CI95% 5.25-9.59) for CA. In the second evaluation, 454 dogs from the EA and 292 from the CA were examined. The person-time incidence calculated for EA was 3.51% (CI95% 1.30-7.48), and for CA was 11.81% (CI95% 7.03-18.23). The difference between the calculated incidences was statistically significant (p = 0.009). The relative risk was 0.2972 (CI95% 0.1204-0.7339; p = 0.009), and the efficacy of the proposed measure was estimated in 70.27%. This report evaluated the effectiveness of the mass use of deltamethrin-impregnated dog collars in areas of transmission of VL by Lutzomyia spp. Collaring was able to protect dogs and may represent an effective strategy that could be implemented to control infection in both dogs and humans in Brazil and perhaps other countries where Lutzomyia spp. is the main vector of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laiza Bonela Gomes
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Paloma Carla Fonte Boa Carvalho
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camila Stefanie Fonseca Oliveira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Pedro Lúcio Lithg Pereira
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Amaral Haddad
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Díaz RG, Salvatierra KA, Silva GA, Deschutter EJ, Bornay-Llinares FJ, Acosta L. First molecular characterization of Leishmania infantum species in patients infected with visceral leishmaniasis in Misiones province, Argentina. BIOMEDICA : REVISTA DEL INSTITUTO NACIONAL DE SALUD 2019; 39:405-414. [PMID: 31529825 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v39i2.4378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cutaneous leishmaniasis caused by L. braziliensis has been historically endemic in Argentina and several cases of visceral leishmaniasis following initial cutaneous leishmaniasis have been reported. Visceral leishmaniasis started to appear in Argentina in 2006 in the city of Posadas, Misiones province, affecting both humans and dogs. Objective: To identify the etiologic agent to species level in patients with visceral leishmaniasis diagnosis in Misiones province and describe its clinical and epidemiological characteristics. Materials and methods: A cohort of 24 patients from Misiones province was studied from 2009 to 2016, all with a confirmed diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis. To identify the Leishmania species involved, patient samples were analyzed by microscopy, serologic studies, DNA detection, and sequencing. Variables such as age, sex, place of residence, clinical signs and symptoms consistent with visceral leishmaniasis were also recorded. Results: 75% (18/24) of the patients studied were males and 25% (6/24) were younger than 4 years. The most frequent symptom was a prolonged fever in 87.5% of the patients (21/24), followed by splenomegaly in 70.8% (17/24). Leishmania infantum was the only parasite species identified in all patients. Conclusion: This finding constitutes the first molecular identification of the Leishmania infantum species in autochthonous patients of Misiones province, Argentina. This study highlights the importance of PCR for species identification in epidemiological studies of visceral leishmaniosis in Argentina.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G Díaz
- Cátedra de Parasitología, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Químicas y Naturales, Universidad Nacional de Misiones, Posadas, Misiones, Argentina.
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Medkour H, Davoust B, Dulieu F, Maurizi L, Lamour T, Marié JL, Mediannikov O. Potential animal reservoirs (dogs and bats) of human visceral leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum in French Guiana. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2019; 13:e0007456. [PMID: 31216270 PMCID: PMC6602241 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0007456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 07/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In French Guiana, cutaneous leishmaniasis is highly endemic, whereas no autochthonous case of visceral leishmaniasis have been reported so far. However, due to its proximity to Brazil which is highly endemic for visceral leishmaniasis, and the high transboundary population flow, an epidemiological challenge could arise at any time. As an overseas department and region and the largest outermost region of the European Union, epidemiological surveillance of visceral leishmaniasis is of great importance. Our study aimed to investigate the presence of Leishmania spp. in domestic (dogs) and sylvatic (bats) animals from French Guiana. Over the 2008-2018 period, samples from 349 animals were collected. They included blood from 179 autochthonous dogs and 59 bats, spleen samples from 33 bats and, blood from 78 military working dogs (MWD) collected before their departure from continental France and at the end of their four-month stay in French Guiana. Samples were screened using real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) assays targeting Leishmania DNA followed by sequencing of 18S rRNA, kDNA and ITS2 genes. L. infantum was detected in 2.3% (8/349) of animals with 1.7% (3/179) of autochthonous dogs, 5.1% (4/78) of MWD returning from French Guiana, whereas they were negative before their departure. One of them dates back to 2012. All these dogs were positive for serological tests. In addition, L. infantum DNA was detectable in one bat spleen sample, belonging to Carollia perspicillata species. We report here for the first time an infection with L. infantum in dogs and bat from French Guiana. Our results suggest the existence of potential reservoir and transmission cycle for visceral leishmaniasis, at least since 2012, which was unknown in this territory until now. Further studies are needed to determine how these animals were infected and which vectors are involved in the transmission in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hacène Medkour
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Bernard Davoust
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, Marseille, France
| | | | | | | | - Jean-Lou Marié
- Animal Epidemiology Working Group of the Military Health Service, Marseille, France
- French Army Health Service, Paris, France
| | - Oleg Mediannikov
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, AP-HM, MEPHI, IHU Méditerranée-Infection, Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
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Latif AA, Nkabinde B, Peba B, Matthee O, Pienaar R, Josemans A, Marumo D, Labuschagne K, Abdelatief NA, Krüger A, Mans BJ. Risk of establishment of canine leishmaniasis infection through the import of dogs into South Africa. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 86:e1-e11. [PMID: 31170780 PMCID: PMC6556918 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v86i1.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 12/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Canine leishmaniasis is a vector-borne disease caused by protozoa of the genus Leishmania that affect dogs, humans and wildlife. Sandflies of the genera Phlebotomus and Lutzomyia are the primary vectors. Canine leishmaniasis is an exotic and controlled disease in South Africa. The main purpose of our risk assessment study was to evaluate the likelihood that this exotic disease could enter and be established in South Africa through importation of live dogs. Risk analysis to the spread of the disease follows the World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) formal method of quantitative risk assessment documented as a step-by-step process. We have identified and discussed 11 possible risk factors involved in three steps for final assessment. The annual average number of diagnostic tests performed on imported dogs from 44 countries for 2011-2015 was 1158. Leishmania is reported to occur in 21/44 (47.7%) exporting countries. A total of 71.1% of Leishmania positive dogs were imported from these endemic countries. The yearly percentage of Leishmania positive dogs ranged from 0.2% to 2%. Three confirmed clinical and fatal cases of leishmaniasis in dogs of unidentified origin have been reported by our laboratory and the state veterinarians. The disease has been reported in neighbouring countries as well as the putative sandfly vectors. This study concluded that the risk for the introduction and degree of uncertainty of Leishmania in imported dogs in South Africa are moderate. Risk mitigation and recommendations such as investigations into possible occurrence of autochthonous leishmaniasis in the country, surveillance in its wildlife reservoirs and systematic surveillance of sandfly populations are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdalla A Latif
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban.
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Maggi RG, Krämer F. A review on the occurrence of companion vector-borne diseases in pet animals in Latin America. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:145. [PMID: 30917860 PMCID: PMC6438007 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3407-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Companion vector-borne diseases (CVBDs) are an important threat for pet life, but may also have an impact on human health, due to their often zoonotic character. The importance and awareness of CVBDs continuously increased during the last years. However, information on their occurrence is often limited in several parts of the world, which are often especially affected. Latin America (LATAM), a region with large biodiversity, is one of these regions, where information on CVBDs for pet owners, veterinarians, medical doctors and health workers is often obsolete, limited or non-existent. In the present review, a comprehensive literature search for CVBDs in companion animals (dogs and cats) was performed for several countries in Central America (Belize, Caribbean Islands, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico) as well as in South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana (British Guyana), Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela) regarding the occurrence of the following parasitic and bacterial diseases: babesiosis, heartworm disease, subcutaneous dirofilariosis, hepatozoonosis, leishmaniosis, trypanosomosis, anaplasmosis, bartonellosis, borreliosis, ehrlichiosis, mycoplasmosis and rickettsiosis. An overview on the specific diseases, followed by a short summary on their occurrence per country is given. Additionally, a tabular listing on positive or non-reported occurrence is presented. None of the countries is completely free from CVBDs. The data presented in the review confirm a wide distribution of the CVBDs in focus in LATAM. This wide occurrence and the fact that most of the CVBDs can have a quite severe clinical outcome and their diagnostic as well as therapeutic options in the region are often difficult to access and to afford, demands a strong call for the prevention of pathogen transmission by the use of ectoparasiticidal and anti-feeding products as well as by performing behavioural changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo G. Maggi
- Department of Clinical Sciences and the Intracellular Pathogens Research Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC USA
| | - Friederike Krämer
- Institute of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
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Figueiredo FB, de Vasconcelos TCB, Madeira MDF, Menezes RC, Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Marcelino AP, Werneck GL. Validation of the Dual-path Platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP® CVL rapid test) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018; 113:e180260. [PMID: 30379198 PMCID: PMC6216333 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health challenge in South America, and dogs are its main urban reservoir. OBJECTIVE Validation of the canine Dual-path Platform immunoassay for canine visceral leishmaniasis (DPP® CVL) for a sample set composed of 1446 dogs from different Brazilian endemic areas. METHODS A well-defined reference standard by means of parasitological culture, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology was used. Animals were classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or symptomatic. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed as a single set and in clinical groups. A reproducibility assessment of the tests was conducted using the Kappa (κ) index at three different laboratories (A, B, and C). FINDINGS Overall, 89% sensitivity and 70% specificity were obtained for the entire sample set. Analysis of the clinical groups showed a gradual decrease in the sensitivity and an increase in the specificity with the reduction of clinical signs in the dogs that were assessed, reaching a sensitivity of 75% (42.8-94.5%) among asymptomatic dogs and lower specificity of 56% (46.2-66.3%) among symptomatic dogs. Inter-laboratory agreement was substantial (κAB= 0.778; κAC= 0.645; κCB= 0.711). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The test performance is somewhat dependent on canine symptomatology, but such influence was less evident than in previous studies. Favourable results for sensitivity and specificity can be obtained even in asymptomatic animals; however, caution is needed in these evaluations, and the results suggest that the immunochromatographic test may be further improved for better investigation in asymptomatic dogs. The results obtained confirm the usefulness of DPP® CVL for application in serological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de infectologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Nilce Silveira Maia-Elkhoury
- Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, Doenças Negligenciadas, Tropicais e Transmitidas por Vetores, Doenças Transmissíveis e Determinantes Ambientais de Saúde, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Guilherme L Werneck
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Figueiredo FB, de Vasconcelos TCB, Madeira MDF, Menezes RC, Maia-Elkhoury ANS, Marcelino AP, Werneck GL. Validation of the Dual-path Platform chromatographic immunoassay (DPP® CVL rapid test) for the serodiagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2018. [PMID: 30379198 PMCID: PMC6216333 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760180206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral leishmaniasis is a major public health challenge in South America, and dogs are its main urban reservoir. OBJECTIVE Validation of the canine Dual-path Platform immunoassay for canine visceral leishmaniasis (DPP® CVL) for a sample set composed of 1446 dogs from different Brazilian endemic areas. METHODS A well-defined reference standard by means of parasitological culture, immunohistochemistry, and histopathology was used. Animals were classified as asymptomatic, oligosymptomatic, or symptomatic. Sensitivity and specificity were assessed as a single set and in clinical groups. A reproducibility assessment of the tests was conducted using the Kappa (κ) index at three different laboratories (A, B, and C). FINDINGS Overall, 89% sensitivity and 70% specificity were obtained for the entire sample set. Analysis of the clinical groups showed a gradual decrease in the sensitivity and an increase in the specificity with the reduction of clinical signs in the dogs that were assessed, reaching a sensitivity of 75% (42.8-94.5%) among asymptomatic dogs and lower specificity of 56% (46.2-66.3%) among symptomatic dogs. Inter-laboratory agreement was substantial (κAB= 0.778; κAC= 0.645; κCB= 0.711). MAIN CONCLUSIONS The test performance is somewhat dependent on canine symptomatology, but such influence was less evident than in previous studies. Favourable results for sensitivity and specificity can be obtained even in asymptomatic animals; however, caution is needed in these evaluations, and the results suggest that the immunochromatographic test may be further improved for better investigation in asymptomatic dogs. The results obtained confirm the usefulness of DPP® CVL for application in serological surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano Borges Figueiredo
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Carlos Chagas, Laboratório de Biologia Celular, Curitiba, PR, Brasil
| | | | - Maria de Fátima Madeira
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de Infectologia, Laboratório de Vigilância em Leishmanioses, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo Caldas Menezes
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz-Fiocruz, Instituto Nacional de infectologia, Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em Dermatozoonoses em Animais Domésticos, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Ana Nilce Silveira Maia-Elkhoury
- Organização Pan-Americana de Saúde, Doenças Negligenciadas, Tropicais e Transmitidas por Vetores, Doenças Transmissíveis e Determinantes Ambientais de Saúde, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brasil
| | | | - Guilherme L Werneck
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Instituto de Medicina Social, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
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Melo SN, Teixeira-Neto RG, Werneck GL, Struchiner CJ, Ribeiro RAN, Sousa LR, de Melo MOG, Carvalho Júnior CG, Penaforte KM, Manhani MN, Aquino VV, Silva ES, Belo VS. Prevalence of visceral leishmaniasis in A population of free-roaming dogs as determined by multiple sampling efforts: A longitudinal study analyzing the effectiveness of euthanasia. Prev Vet Med 2018; 161:19-24. [PMID: 30466654 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2018.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Free-roaming dogs affected by visceral leishmaniasis (VL) contribute to the geographical expansion of the disease and require special attention from health authorities. The objectives of the present study were to determine the prevalences of VL in a population of free-roaming dogs in an endemic region of Brazil, to establish the spatial distribution of infected dogs, and to examine the effectiveness of euthanasia of infected dogs in controlling the disease in this particular population. Dogs were captured every two months during seven sampling efforts. Capture locations were georeferenced and captured dogs were assessed for the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) as a screening test and the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) as the confirmatory procedure. Dogs that were seropositive by both assays were considered infected and were submitted to immediate euthanasia. After the end of the collection period, stored sera were evaluated with the Dual-Path Platform test (DPP). Animals positive by this method and by ELISA were also considered infected as currently recommended by the Brazilian Ministry of Health. Spatial analysis was performed using the Kernel technique. A total of 328 dogs were captured at least once during the sampling period, 25 (7.6%) of them were seropositive by ELISA and IFAT and 27 (8.2%) by DPP and ELISA. The prevalence of VL showed an overall decreasing trend. However, even with periodical euthanasia, it was not possible to eliminate the infection and increased prevalences were observed in the fourth and seventh samplings. There was a high overall agreement between the two criteria for defining infection. None of the dogs that tested negative by IFAT at the first capture seroconverted in the subsequent captures but a number of dogs exhibited changes in serological status over time. From the three dogs initially tested negative by ELISA and IFAT, but tested positive by the protocol currently adopted in Brazil, two became negative in subsequent recaptures. Spatial analysis revealed that infected animals concentrated in areas with a high density of free-roaming dogs. The existence of VL among homeless dogs may contribute significantly in the persistence of the disease among the human population, despite the practice of periodical euthanasia. The operational and ethical implications associated with euthanasia of free-roaming dogs, and the failure to control the transmission of VL among this particular population, led us to conclude that interventions promoting responsible ownership of pets may be a more effective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saulo N Melo
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Rafael G Teixeira-Neto
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Guilherme L Werneck
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Claudio J Struchiner
- Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, Departamento de Epidemiologia, Instituto de Medicina Social, Rua São Francisco Xavier 524, 20550-013, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Fundação Getúlio Vargas, Escola de Matemática Aplicada, Praia de Botafogo 190, 22250-900, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata A N Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Lorena R Sousa
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marcella O G de Melo
- Prefeitura Municipal de Divinópolis, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Rua Minas Gerais 500, 35500-007, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Clóvis G Carvalho Júnior
- Prefeitura Municipal de Divinópolis, Secretaria Municipal de Saúde, Rua Minas Gerais 500, 35500-007, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Klauber M Penaforte
- Universidade José do Rosário Vellano, Campus Divinópolis, Avenida Tedinho Alvim 1000, 5502-634, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Marianna N Manhani
- Centro Universitário Una, BR 262, km 480, 35600-000, Bom Despacho, MG, Brazil
| | - Vanessa V Aquino
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Eduardo S Silva
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil
| | - Vinícius S Belo
- Universidade Federal de São João del Rei, Campus Centro Oeste Dona Lindu, Rua Sebastião Gonçalves Coelho 400, 35501-296, Divinópolis, MG, Brazil.
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Velez R, Spitzova T, Domenech E, Willen L, Cairó J, Volf P, Gállego M. Seasonal dynamics of canine antibody response to Phlebotomus perniciosus saliva in an endemic area of Leishmania infantum. Parasit Vectors 2018; 11:545. [PMID: 30309376 PMCID: PMC6182812 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-018-3123-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Canine leishmaniosis (CanL) is an important zoonotic parasitic disease, endemic in the Mediterranean basin. In this region, transmission of Leishmania infantum, the etiological agent of CanL, is through the bite of phlebotomine sand flies. Therefore, monitoring host-vector contact represents an important epidemiological tool, and could be used to assess the effectiveness of vector-control programmes in endemic areas. Previous studies have shown that canine antibodies against the saliva of phlebotomine sand flies are specific markers of exposure to Leishmania vectors. However, this method needs to be further validated in natural heterogeneous dog populations living in CanL endemic areas. Methods In this study, 176 dogs living in 12 different locations of an L. infantum endemic area in north-east Spain were followed for 14 months. Blood samples were taken at 5 pre-determined time points (February, August and October 2016; January and April 2017) to assess the canine humoral immune response to whole salivary gland homogenate (SGH) and to the single salivary 43 kDa yellow-related recombinant protein (rSP03B) of Phlebotomus perniciosus, a proven vector of L. infantum naturally present in this region. Simultaneously, in all dogs, L. infantum infection status was assessed by serology. The relationship between anti-SGH and anti-rSP03B antibodies with the sampling month, L. infantum infection and the location was tested by fitting multilevel linear regression models. Results The dynamics of canine anti-saliva IgG for both SGH and rSP03B followed the expected trends of P. perniciosus activity in the region. Statistically significant associations were detected for both salivary antigens between vector exposure and sampling month or dog seropositivity to L. infantum. The correlation between canine antibodies against SGH and rSP03B was moderate. Conclusions Our results confirm the frequent presence of CanL vectors in the study area in Spain and support the applicability of SGH- and rSP03B-based ELISA tests to study canine exposure to P. perniciosus in L. infantum endemic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita Velez
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Tatiana Spitzova
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Laura Willen
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | | | - Petr Volf
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Montserrat Gállego
- ISGlobal, Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Secció de Parasitologia, Departament de Biologia, Sanitat i Medi Ambient, Facultat de Farmàcia i Ciències de l'Alimentació, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Boaz R, Corberán-Vallet A, Lawson A, Ferreira Lima FED, Donato LE, Alves RV, Machado G, Carvalho M FD, Pompei J, Vilas VJDR. Integration of animal health and public health surveillance sources to exhaustively inform the risk of zoonosis: An application to visceral leishmaniasis data in Brazil. Spat Spatiotemporal Epidemiol 2018; 29:177-185. [PMID: 31128627 DOI: 10.1016/j.sste.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a parasitic disease that is endemic in more than 80 countries, and leads to high fatality rates when left untreated. We investigate the relationship of VL cases in dogs and human cases, specifically for evidence of VL in dogs leading to excess cases in humans. We use surveillance data for dogs and humans for the years 2007-2011 to conduct both spatial and spatio-temporal analyses. Several models are evaluated incorporating varying levels of dependency between dog and human data. Models including dog data show marginal improvement over models without; however, for a subset of spatial units with ample data, models provide concordant risk classification for dogs and humans at high rates (∼70%). Limited reported dog case surveillance data may contribute to the results suggesting little explanatory value in the dog data, as excess human risk was only explained by dog risk in 5% of regions in the spatial analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boaz
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA.
| | | | - A Lawson
- Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, USA
| | - F E de Ferreira Lima
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (SVS-MH), Brasília, Brazil
| | - L Edel Donato
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (SVS-MH), Brasília, Brazil
| | - R Vieira Alves
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde (SVS-MH), Brasília, Brazil
| | - G Machado
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Julio Pompei
- PANAFTOSA, Pan American Health Organization (PAHO), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Martínez-Orellana P, Marí-Martorell D, Montserrat-Sangrà S, Ordeix L, Baneth G, Solano-Gallego L. Leishmania infantum-specific IFN-γ production in stimulated blood from dogs with clinical leishmaniosis at diagnosis and during treatment. Vet Parasitol 2017; 248:39-47. [PMID: 29173539 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2017.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
There is limited data regarding Leishmania infantum specific T cell mediated immunity in naturally infected sick dogs at the time of diagnosis and during anti-Leishmania treatment. Our aim was to investigate the kinetics of L. infantum specific IFN-γ production in dogs with leishmaniosis at the time of diagnosis and during treatment and to correlate it with specific L. infantum antibodies, blood parasitemia and clinicopathological findings. Thirty-four dogs were diagnosed with leishmaniosis based on physical examination, routine laboratory tests and L. infantum-specific antibody levels by quantitative ELISA. Heparinized whole blood was stimulated with L. infantum soluble antigen (LSA) and concanavalin A (ConA) and incubated for 5days. IFN-γ concentration was evaluated in supernatants of stimulated blood using a commercial sandwich ELISA. Leishmania real-time PCR was also performed for assessing blood parasitemia. Dogs were treated with meglumine antimoniate and allopurinol. Sixteen dogs were classified as IFN-γ non-producers after LSA stimulation (mean±SD: 0±0pg/mL) and 18 dogs as IFN-γ producers (mean±SD: 2885.3±4436.1pg/mL) at the time of diagnosis (P<0.0001). IFN-γ non-producers were classified in a more severe clinical staging than IFN-γ producers that presented a mild to moderate clinical staging (P=0.03). In the IFN-γ non-producer group, production of IFN-γ after LSA stimulation was significantly increased during treatment especially at day 365 (P=0.018) together with clinical improvement when compared with day 0. In contrast, IFN-γ producers maintained their IFN-γ production after LSA stimulation and no statistically significant changes were found during treatment follow-up. At diagnosis, IFN-γ non-producers showed a significantly higher blood parasitemia versus IFN-γ -producers (P=0.005). IFN-γ non-producers drastically reduced blood parasitemia to minimum values at day 365 when compared with day 0 (P=0.017). No significant differences were found at day 365 in blood parasitemia of IFN-γ producers compared to pre-treatment. At diagnosis, L. infantum specific antibodies were higher in IFN-γ non-producers than IFN-γ producers (P=0.014). A marked reduction of antibody levels was found at day 365 when compared with day 0 in IFN-γ non-producers (P=0.005) and producers (P=0.001). These results demonstrate that IFN-γ concentration increases with long-term anti-Leishmania treatment together with clinical improvement in dogs that do not produce IFN-γ at diagnosis. Together with clinical recovery, reduction in blood parasitemia and L. infantum specific antibodies, tracking IFN-γ concentration could constitute an important prognostic tool for immune monitoring in CanL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela Martínez-Orellana
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Daniel Marí-Martorell
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Sara Montserrat-Sangrà
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Laura Ordeix
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain; Fundació Hospital Clínic Veterinari, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
| | - Gad Baneth
- School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University, Israel.
| | - Laia Solano-Gallego
- Departament de Medicina i Cirurgia Animals, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Spain.
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Toepp AJ, Schaut RG, Scott BD, Mathur D, Berens AJ, Petersen CA. Leishmania incidence and prevalence in U.S. hunting hounds maintained via vertical transmission. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Reports 2017; 10:75-81. [PMID: 31014604 DOI: 10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 07/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Leishmania is the causative agent of leishmaniasis, a deadly protozoan disease which affects over 1 million people each year. Autochthonous cases of canine leishmaniasis are generally associated with tropical and subtropical climatic zones. However, in 1999, U.S. hunting dogs were found to have leishmaniasis with no history of travel outside the country. Transmission of this disease was found to be primarily vertical. In endemic areas, dogs are a dominant domestic reservoir host for Leishmania infantum. This study evaluated L. infantum infection prevalence and incidence within US dogs tested over a nine-year span (2007-2015). This investigation used both passive and active surveillance, following an initial outbreak investigation by the Centers for Disease Control. L. infantum infection incidence and prevalence over time and across regions were examined to evaluate whether transmission was sufficient to maintain ongoing infection within this population. These studies also established whether this disease is becoming more or less prominent within this reservoir host, dogs. There was no significant difference between prevalence and incidence rates via as measured by passive vs. active surveillance. Although due to fluctuations in sample submission there were significant changes in both incidence and prevalence of L. infantum in US hunting dogs over this nine year span, these differences were not outside of the interquartile range and therefore there is likely to be a steady-state of transmission within U.S. dogs. Based on these findings, if vertical transmission is the primary means of L. infantum spread in U.S. dogs, with appropriate husbandry and infection control procedures, elimination of L. infantum from US dogs could be possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela J Toepp
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Robert G Schaut
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Benjamin D Scott
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Divida Mathur
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Ali J Berens
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Lab, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa, USA
| | - Christine A Petersen
- College of Public Health, Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA.
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Zuben APBV, Donalísio MR. [Difficulties in implementing the guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program in large cities]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2017; 32:S0102-311X2016000600401. [PMID: 27333135 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00087415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The expansion of visceral leishmaniasis (VL) transmission areas in Brazil raises questions concerning the country's control strategies. The guidelines of the Brazilian Visceral Leishmaniasis Control Program (PVCLC) focus on decreases in morbidity and case-fatality, reservoir and vector control, and health education. This article assesses difficulties in implementing the measures recommended by the PVCLC, according to the program's coordinators in large cities with canine and/or human transmission (Campinas, Bauru, Goiânia, Campo Grande, Fortaleza, and Belo Horizonte). Semi-structured interviews identified the following main problems: discontinuity of control activities, resistance to canine euthanasia by dog owners, and low coverage of chemical vector control. CONCLUSION the interviews revealed numerous obstacles to implementation of the measures proposed by the PVCLC and a clear need to reassess Brazil's VL policy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Paula Bruno von Zuben
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil., Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas , Brazil
| | - Maria Rita Donalísio
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, Brasil., Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas , Brazil
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Detection of Leishmania (V) guyanensis in Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from Pecari tajacu. BIOMEDICA 2017; 37:208-214. [PMID: 29161493 DOI: 10.7705/biomedica.v37i0.3435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Previous studies identified the presence of Leishmania infantum in Rhipicephalus sanguineus and indicated the possibility that it could transmit leishmaniasis to a variety of hosts. OBJECTIVE To identify parasites of Leishmania (Viannia) spp. in ticks collected from wild animals in an endemic area for leishmaniasis. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed 81 individual DNA extractions from ticks collected from three Tapirus terrestris and three Pecari tajacu in Madre de Dios, Perú. Ticks were taxonomically identified and they were subsequently prepared to identify Leishmania (Viannia) spp. kDNA by PCR and the species of Leishmania by HRM-PCR. RESULTS Leishmania (Viannia) kDNA was detected in three wild ticks of the species R. microplus, collected from a collard peccary (P. tajacu) hunted in the forests of Madre de Dios. The HRM-PCR showed that one of the positive samples had a kDNA curve compatible with L. (V) guyanensis. CONCLUSION The results showed the presence of L. (V) guyanensis DNA in R. microplus possibly acquired after biting a collarde peccary. Therefore, it is important to design future studies to clarify R. microplus involvement in the transmission of leishmaniasis.
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Constantino C, de Paula EFE, Brandão APD, Ferreira F, Vieira RFDC, Biondo AW. Survey of spatial distribution of vector-borne disease in neighborhood dogs in southern Brazil. Open Vet J 2017; 7:50-56. [PMID: 28331833 PMCID: PMC5356290 DOI: 10.4314/ovj.v7i1.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Neighborhood dogs may act as reservoirs and disseminators of vector-borne diseases in urban areas. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to ascertain the health status and the vector-borne pathogens infecting dogs living in public areas with high levels of human movement in the city of Curitiba, southern Brazil. Blood samples from 21 neighborhood dogs that were found in nine of 22 bus stations and two public parks were subjected to a complete blood cell (CBC) count, serum biochemical profiling, a commercial rapid ELISA test and a commercial real-time PCR panel of vector-borne diseases. The CBC count and serum biochemical profiling were within the normal range for dogs and only 1/21 (4.7%) of the dogs was seroreactive for Borrelia burgdorferi sensu stricto. The commercial real-time PCR panel showed that 7/21 (33.3%) of the dogs had Mycoplasma haemocanis infection, 9/21 (42.8%) had ‘Candidatus Mycoplasma haematoparvum’ and 4/21 (19.0%) had both. No statistical association between infected by the agents found here and abnormalities in physical examinations, laboratory tests or ectoparasite presence was found (p > 0.05). In conclusion, neighborhood dogs showed low prevalence of vector-borne diseases and satisfactory wellbeing, and dogs can be used as sentinels for disease exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Constantino
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80035-050, Brazil
| | | | - Ana Pérola Drulla Brandão
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | - Fernando Ferreira
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brazil
| | | | - Alexander Welker Biondo
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 80035-050, Brazil; Animal Protection Section, City Secretary of Environment, Curitiba, PR, 80020-290, Brazil
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Martínez Abad LP, Almeida CS, Mattos AMM, Mendonça ACP, Alves MJM, Pinheiro AC, Porrozzi R, Abass E, Steinhoff U, Teixeira HC. Diagnostic accuracy of rKLO8 versus rK26 ELISAs for screening of canine visceral leishmaniasis. Acta Trop 2017; 166:133-138. [PMID: 27876645 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) represents an important public health issue. Despite numerous diagnostic tests available, CVL diagnosis still needs to be improved to achieve a more accurate detection rate. Recently, rKLO8, a new antigenic protein of Sudanese Leishmania donovani, was studied for the first time in diagnosis of human visceral leishmaniasis (HVL) and showed good performance. The present study aimed to evaluate serum reactivity to rKL08 and the reference antigen rK26, and to compare both diagnostic proteins with the combined DPP® CVL rapid test and ELISA (EIE-Bio-Manguinhos) confirmatory test, which are both recommended for the diagnosis of CVL in Brazil. Serum samples of dogs were grouped into: (I) DPP®/EIE negative (n=100) and (II) DPP®/EIE positive sera (n=100). Enhanced levels of IgG, mainly IgG2, to both rKLO8 and rK26 were found in group II. Sensitivity was 68% and 77% and specificity was 92% and 91%, for rKLO8 and rK26 antigens, respectively. Moreover, the combination of rKLO8 and rK26 antigens (rKLO8+rK26) exhibited higher sensitivity (85%) and specificity (93%). Thus, our results show that apart from the improved diagnostic power of rKLO8 in HVL, this new antigen is also suitable for the diagnosis of CVL. Further, the combination of rKLO8 and rK26 antigens increases the diagnostic accuracy of CVL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily P Martínez Abad
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline S Almeida
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Márcia M Mattos
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina P Mendonça
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Márcio J M Alves
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil
| | - Aimara C Pinheiro
- Zoonosis Control Center, Municipal Health Secretariat, Governador Valadares, MG, Brazil
| | - Renato Porrozzi
- Leishmaniasis Research Laboratory, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Elfadil Abass
- Department of Microbiology, Sudan International University, Khartoum and Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ahfad University for Women, Omdurman, Sudan
| | - Ulrich Steinhoff
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Hospital Hygiene, Philipps University of Marburg, Germany
| | - Henrique C Teixeira
- Department of Parasitology, Microbiology and Immunology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, Brazil.
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Bortoletto DV, Utsunomiya YT, Perri SHV, Ferreira F, Nunes CM. Age structure of owned dogs under compulsory culling in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2016; 32:e00026115. [PMID: 27598014 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311x00026115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The age structure of the dog population is essential for planning and evaluating control programs for zoonotic diseases. We analyzed data of an owned-dog census in order to characterize, for the first time, the structure of a dog population under compulsory culling in a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area (Panorama, São Paulo State, Brazil) that recorded a dog-culling rate of 28% in the year of the study. Data on 1,329 households and 1,671 owned dogs revealed an owned dog:human ratio of 1:7. The mean age of dogs was estimated at 1.73 years; the age pyramid indicated high birth and mortality rates at the first year of age with an estimated cumulative mortality of 78% at the third year of age and expected life span of 2.75 years. In spite of the high mortality, a growth projection simulation suggested that the population has potential to grow in a logarithmic scale over the years. The estimated parameters can be further applied in models to maximize the impact and minimize financial inputs of visceral leishmaniasis control measures.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuri Tani Utsunomiya
- Faculdade de Ciência Agrária e Veterinárias, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Jaboticabal, Brasil
| | | | - Fernando Ferreira
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cáris Maroni Nunes
- Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Estadual Paulista, Araçatuba, Brasil
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Leishmania-FAST15: A rapid, sensitive and low-cost real-time PCR assay for the detection of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA in canine blood samples. Mol Cell Probes 2016; 31:65-69. [PMID: 27554834 DOI: 10.1016/j.mcp.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Revised: 08/17/2016] [Accepted: 08/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We describe an improved real-time PCR assay (designated as "Leishmania-FAST15") for the detection and quantification of Leishmania infantum and Leishmania braziliensis kinetoplast DNA minicircles in canine blood samples. The analytical sensitivity of this technique is 0.1 fg of DNA, which is equivalent to 0.002 parasite per reaction. This assay uses a small reaction volume (15 μl) and is rapid to perform, with the results being available in less than 34 min. This improved assay might also be suitable for detecting and quantifying L. infantum and L. braziliensis DNA in other tissues, such as bone marrow and lymph nodes.
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50
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Cytokine and iNOS profiles in lymph nodes of dogs naturally infected with Leishmania infantum and their association with the parasitic DNA load and clinical and histopathological features. Vet Parasitol 2016; 227:8-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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