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Dawah HA, Abdullah MA, Ahmad SK, Turner J, Azari-Hamidian S. An overview of the mosquitoes of Saudi Arabia (Diptera: Culicidae), with updated keys to the adult females. Zootaxa 2023; 5394:1-76. [PMID: 38220993 DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5394.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/16/2024]
Abstract
Despite the fact that mosquito-borne infections have considerable consequences for public health in Saudi Arabia, there is neither a thorough review of the species that occur in the country nor updated keys for the identification of the adult females. In this study, species accounts are given for 49 Saudi Arabian mosquito species, as well as Aedes albopictus (Skuse), which is not recorded in Saudi Arabia, but is medically important and is found in some countries of the Middle East and North Africa. Taxonomic notes provide additional information for certain taxa and/or aid their identification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan A Dawah
- Centre for Environmental Research and Studies; Jazan University; P.O. Box 2095; Jazan; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Mohammed A Abdullah
- Department of Biology; College of Science; King Khalid University; PO Box 9004; Abha-61413; Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
| | - Syed Kamran Ahmad
- Department of Plant Protection; Faculty of Agricultural Sciences; Aligarh Muslim University; Aligarh; India.
| | - James Turner
- National Museum of Wales; Department of Natural Sciences; Entomology Section; Cardiff; CF10 3NP; UK.
| | - Shahyad Azari-Hamidian
- Research Center of Health and Environment; School of Health; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran; Department of Medical Parasitology; Mycology and Entomology; School of Medicine; Guilan University of Medical Sciences; Rasht; Iran.
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Devkota S, Fang W, Arunachalam K, Phyo KMM, Shakya B. Systematic review of fungi, their diversity and role in ecosystem services from the Far Eastern Himalayan Landscape (FHL). Heliyon 2023; 9:e12756. [PMID: 36685357 PMCID: PMC9850047 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e12756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungi are morphologically and ecologically diverse kingdom but less explored in the global perspective. This systematic review of mainly higher fungi (mushrooms) and lichenized fungi (lichens) was aimed to convey comprehensive knowledge on these understudied taxa, especially considering diversity, research trends, taxonomic/geographic knowledge gaps, and their contribution to ecosystem services. We investigated literature from the Far Eastern Himalayas and adjacent areas. We followed the PRISM (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) framework for the evidence synthesis and reporting. Search strings were used to explore literature both in English and Chinese databases. Publications were validated examining the title, locality, abstract and full text. We included 75 eligible studies after screening 12,872 publications. The result on species diversity extrapolated from literature was consolidated as a species checklist and published on the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF) portal. This review demonstrates a significant shortage of research work on fungi, and a lack of quantitative data on diversity, ecology, and ecosystem services. Mycological inventories with multidisciplinary perspectives are urgent in the Landscape to better understand the importance of fungi in conservation and sustainable development science. This review is especially useful when global environmental and climate concerns are focused on the use of nature-based solutions, and fungi as integral part of all ecological processes, could play important role in enhancing ecosystem services and therefore benefits coming to people as natural solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiva Devkota
- Global Institute for Interdisciplinary Studies (GIIS), Kathmandu, GPO Box 3226, Nepal
- Himalayan Climate and Science Institute (HCSI), Washington DC, USA
| | - Wei Fang
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Karuppusamy Arunachalam
- Key Laboratory of Economic Plants and Biotechnology and the Yunnan Key Laboratory for Wild Plant Resources, Kunming Institute of Botany (KIB), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Southeast Asia Biodiversity Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yezin, Nay Pyi Taw, 05282, Myanmar
| | | | - Bandana Shakya
- Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD), Khumaltar, Lalitpur, 44700, GPO Box 3226, Nepal
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Lather M, Mallick PK, Sharma D, Kale S, Dang AS, Adak T, Singh OP. Population genetic structure of the malaria vector Anopheles fluviatilis species T (Diptera: Culicidae) in India. MEDICAL AND VETERINARY ENTOMOLOGY 2022; 36:194-202. [PMID: 35182085 DOI: 10.1111/mve.12566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles fluviatilis James (Diptera: Culicidae) represents a complex that comprises four sibling species (S, T, U, and V). Among these, species T is widely distributed in India. Chromosomal inversion polymorphism exists among different geographic populations of An. fluviatilis species T; however, population genetic structure is not understood. This study inferred a genetic structure among six geographically diverse populations of species T using a panel of microsatellite markers. Analyses indicated a significant but low genetic differentiation among the majority of the studied populations. A significant correlation was observed between genetic and geographic distances, exhibiting stepwise migration patterns among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Lather
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Prashant K Mallick
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Divya Sharma
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sonal Kale
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amita S Dang
- Centre for Medical Biotechnology, Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak, Haryana, India
| | - Tridibes Adak
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Om P Singh
- Molecular Biology Division, National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Kareemi TI, Mishra AK, Chand SK, Nirankar JK, Vishwakarma AK, Tiwari A, Bharti PK. Analysis of the insecticide resistance mechanism in Anopheles culicifacies sensu lato from a malaria-endemic state in India. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 2021; 116:252-260. [PMID: 34423836 DOI: 10.1093/trstmh/trab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Understanding the dynamics and mechanisms of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors is crucial for vector control activities. The present study investigates the level of insecticide resistance in Anopheles culicifacies and explores the role of two main mechanisms in conferring resistance target site insensitivity and metabolic resistance. METHODS A. culicifacies mosquitoes were collected and the voltage-gated sodium channel (VGSC) gene was amplified and sequenced to analyse the knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations. Further, a non-experimental homology model was generated to investigate the effect of kdr mutations on the conformation of protein. Metabolic resistance was determined using bioassay-based resistant and susceptible mosquitoes and the expression levels of the genes CYP6Z1 and GSTe2 were compared between the two groups. RESULTS Sequence analysis of the VGSC gene revealed the presence of L1014F (n=48 [17%]), L1014S and V1010L (n=5 [1.7%]) mutations in the study area. In gene expression studies, a significant upregulation of CYP6Z1 in deltamethrin-resistant (fold change 243.62; p=0.02) mosquitoes and that of GSTe2 in dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (fold change 403.45; p=0.01) and alpha-cypemethrin resistant (fold change 217.51; p=0.0005) mosquitoes was observed. CONCLUSIONS The study revealed that expression of the genes (CYP6Z1 and GSTe2) conferring metabolic resistance play a key role in insecticide resistance in A. culicifacies populations in central India. However, mutations L101F, L10104S and V10101L also have a role to some extent in spreading resistance. GeneBank accession numbers: MW559058, MW559059 and MW559060 Cover Image: Workflow of Chimera-Modeller interface. In the top window of Chimera's multi-align viewer the sequence alignment of VGSC proteins of human (pdb id_6AGF), cockroach (pdb id 5XOM) and A. culicifacies (ACT176122.1) is shown. The dialog box in the middle is of the comparative modelling tool of Modeller. The A. culicifacies sequence is designated as the target while human and cockroach sequences are templates. Upon selection of the template sequences in the dialog box, the structures of the respective proteins are displayed in the Chimera window. As the run is completed, the results are displayed in the form of a list of models with their scores in a table.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tazeen I Kareemi
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India.,School of Biotechnology, Rajeev Gandhi Technical University, Airport Bypass Road, Bhopal, 462033, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ashok K Mishra
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil K Chand
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Malaria Research, Field Unit, Nagpur Road, Garha Jabalpur, 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Jitendra K Nirankar
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Anup K Vishwakarma
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Archana Tiwari
- School of Biotechnology, Rajeev Gandhi Technical University, Airport Bypass Road, Bhopal, 462033, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Praveen K Bharti
- Division of Vector Borne Diseases, ICMR-National Institute of Research in Tribal Health, Jabalpur, 482003, Madhya Pradesh, India
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Zheng XL. Unveiling mosquito cryptic species and their reproductive isolation. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2020; 29:499-510. [PMID: 32741005 PMCID: PMC7754467 DOI: 10.1111/imb.12666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mosquitoes are major vectors of many infectious pathogens or parasites. Understanding cryptic species and the speciation of disease vectors has important implications for vector management, evolution and host-pathogen and/or host-parasite interactions. Currently, mosquito cryptic species have been reported in many studies, most of which focus on the reproductive isolation of cryptic species and mainly on Anopheles gambiae sensu lato complex. Emerging species within the primary malaria vector Anopheles gambiae show different ecological preferences and significant prezygotic reproductive isolation, while Aedes mariae and Aedes zammitii show postmating reproductive isolation. However, data reporting the reproductive isolation in Culex and Aedes albopictus mosquito cryptic species is absent. The lack of systematic studies leaves many questions open, such as whether cryptic species are more common in particular habitats, latitudes or taxonomic groups; what mosquito cryptic species evolutionary processes bring about reproductive isolation in the absence of morphological differentiation? How does Wolbachia infection affect in mosquitoes' reproductive isolation? In this review, we provide a summary of recent advances in the discovery and identification of sibling or cryptic species within mosquito genera.
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Affiliation(s)
- XL. Zheng
- Department of Pathogen Biology, School of Public HealthSouthern Medical UniversityGuangzhouChina
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6
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Abstract
Malaria epidemiology is complex due to multiplicity of disease vectors, sibling species complex and variations in bionomical characteristics, vast varied terrain, various ecological determinants. There are six major mosquito vector taxa in India, viz. Anopheles culicifacies, An. fluviatilis, An. stephensi, An. minimus, An. dirus and An. sundaicus. Among these, An. culicifacies is widely distributed and considered the most important vector throughout the plains and forests of India for generating bulk of malaria cases (>60% annually). Major malaria epidemics are caused by An. culicifaices. It is also the vector of tribal malaria except parts of Odisha and Northeastern States of India. An. culicifacies has been the cause of perennial malaria transmission in forests, and over the years penetrated the deforested areas of Northeast. An. culicifacies participates in malaria transmission either alone or along with An. stephensi or An. fluviatilis. The National Vector Borne Disease Control Programme (NVBDCP) spends about 80 per cent malaria control budget annually in the control of An. culicifacies, yet it remains one of the most formidable challenges in India. With recent advances in molecular biology there has been a significant added knowledge in understanding the biology, ecology, genetics and response to interventions, requiring stratification for cost-effective and sustainable malaria control. Research leading to newer interventions that are evidence-based, community oriented and sustainable would be useful in tackling the emerging challenges in malaria control. Current priority areas of research should include in-depth vector biology and control in problem pockets, preparation of malaria-risk maps for focused and selective interventions, monitoring insecticide resistance, cross-border initiative and data sharing, and coordinated control efforts for achieving transmission reduction, and control of drug-resistant malaria. The present review on An. culicifacies provides updated information on vector biology and control outlining thrust areas of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- V P Sharma
- Centre for Rural Development & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi, India
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Tyagi V, Sharma AK, Dhiman S, Srivastava AR, Yadav R, Sukumaran D, Agrawal OP, Veer V. Malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies sibling species differentiation using egg morphometry and morphology. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:202. [PMID: 27075571 PMCID: PMC4831176 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies (sensu lato) is an important malaria vector in Southeast Asia which comprises of five sibling species namely A, B, C, D and E. However, only a few forms have been identified as malaria vectors in various endemic countries. Currently, for the first time egg morphometry and morphology has been used to differentiate the three known vector sibling species of Anopheles culicifacies collected from malaria endemic Madhya Pradesh state of central India. Methods The adult An. culicifacies (s.l.) was collected from five districts using standard mosquito collection methods. Adult female mosquitoes were allowed to lay eggs individually. The emerged mosquitoes were identified using allele specific polymerase chain reaction (AS-PCR) to sibling species. Eggs of sibling species A, D and E were studied using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) for morphometric and morphological characteristics. Results Currently AS-PCR identified four known sibling species (B, C, D and E) of An. culicifacies in the study area. The surface morphology and morphometric attributes of the sibling species A, D and E eggs considerably differed from each other. An. culicifacies E had a narrow deck as compared to A and D, while An. culicifacies A had a bigger micropyle with 6–7 sectors as compared to D and E that had 6 sectors. An. culicifacies D had the smallest float (the structure present on sides of the egg surface in which air is filled that help in floating) and the number of ribs was also fewer than for An. culicifacies A and E. Conclusions The present study provides the first evidence that in addition to PCR assay, sibling species of An. culicifacies can also be differentiated using morphological and morphometric characteristics of the egg stage. The results also advocate that the sibling species of An. culicifacies are morphologically dissimilar and can be resolved using advanced microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varun Tyagi
- Vector Management Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India. .,Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India.
| | - A K Sharma
- Vector Management Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Sunil Dhiman
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
| | - A R Srivastava
- Vector Management Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ruchi Yadav
- Vector Management Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - D Sukumaran
- Vector Management Division, Defence R&D Establishment, Jhansi Road, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - O P Agrawal
- School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior, 474002, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Vijay Veer
- Medical Entomology Division, Defence Research Laboratory, Tezpur, 784001, Assam, India
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Sharma R, Sharma A, Kumar A, Dube M, Gakhar SK. Population genetic structure of urban malaria vector Anopheles stephensi in India. INFECTION GENETICS AND EVOLUTION 2016; 39:35-44. [PMID: 26777030 DOI: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/10/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Malaria is a major public health problem in India because climatic condition and geography of India provide an ideal environment for development of malaria vector. Anopheles stephensi is a major urban malaria vector in India and its control has been hampered by insecticide resistance. In present study population genetic structure of A. stephensi is analyzed at macro geographic level using 13 microsatellite markers. Significantly high genetic differentiation was found in all studied populations with differentiation values (FST) ranging from 0.0398 to 0.1808. The geographic distance was found to be playing a major role in genetic differentiation between different populations. Overall three genetic pools were observed and population of central India was found to be coexisting in two genetic pools. High effective population size (Ne) was found in all the studied populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richa Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
| | - Arvind Sharma
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
| | - Madhulika Dube
- Department of Statistics, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India
| | - S K Gakhar
- Centre for Biotechnology, M.D. University, Rohtak, Haryana-124001, India.
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Harischandra IN, Dassanayake RS, De Silva BGDNK. Three sympatric clusters of the malaria vector Anopheles culicifacies E (Diptera: Culicidae) detected in Sri Lanka. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:3. [PMID: 26728098 PMCID: PMC4700606 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-015-1286-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The disease re-emergence threat from the major malaria vector in Sri Lanka, Anopheles culicifacies, is currently increasing. To predict malaria vector dynamics, knowledge of population genetics and gene flow is required, but this information is unavailable for Sri Lanka. This study was carried out to determine the population structure of An. culicifacies E in Sri Lanka. Methods Eight microsatellite markers were used to examine An. culicifacies E collected from six sites in Sri Lanka during 2010-2012. Standard population genetic tests and analyses, genetic differentiation, Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, linkage disequilibrium, Bayesian cluster analysis, AMOVA, SAMOVA and isolation-by-distance were conducted using five polymorphic loci. Results Five microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic with high allelic richness. Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) was significantly rejected for four loci with positive FIS values in the pooled population (p < 0.0100). Three loci showed high deviations in all sites except Kataragama, which was in agreement with HWE for all loci except one locus (p < 0.0016). Observed heterozygosity was less than the expected values for all sites except Kataragama, where reported negative FIS values indicated a heterozygosity excess. Genetic differentiation was observed for all sampling site pairs and was not supported by the isolation by distance model. Bayesian clustering analysis identified the presence of three sympatric clusters (gene pools) in the studied population. Significant genetic differentiation was detected in cluster pairs with low gene flow and isolation by distance was not detected between clusters. Furthermore, the results suggested the presence of a barrier to gene flow that divided the populations into two parts with the central hill region of Sri Lanka as the dividing line. Conclusions Three sympatric clusters were detected among An. culicifacies E specimens isolated in Sri Lanka. There was no effect of geographic distance on genetic differentiation and the central mountain ranges in Sri Lanka appeared to be a barrier to gene flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iresha Nilmini Harischandra
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Gangodawila, Nugegoda, Sri Jayewardenepura, 10250, Sri Lanka.
| | - Ranil Samantha Dassanayake
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Colombo, Cumarathunga Munidasa Mawatha, Colombo 04, 00300, Sri Lanka.
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Dhawan R, Gupta K, Kajla M, Kumar S, Gakhar SK, Kakani P, Choudhury TP, Gupta L. Molecular characterization of SOCS gene and its expression analysis on Plasmodium berghei infection in Anopheles culicifacies. Acta Trop 2015; 152:170-175. [PMID: 26407822 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2015.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Revised: 09/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles culicifacies mosquitoes are able to transmit both falciparum and vivax malaria in India. More than 65% of malaria cases reported annually spread through this vector. Despite the fact that it poses major vectorial burden in India, the molecular basis of its immune role against Plasmodium development has not been explored intensively. Here, we characterized An. culicifacies SOCS (suppressor of cytokine signaling) gene, a regulator of STAT pathway and its expression analysis upon Plasmodium infection. Our analysis has demonstrated that An. culicifacies SOCS gene shares strikingly high level of sequence similarity in SH2 domain and SOCS box region with other mosquito species. However, its N-terminal identity is limited to Anophelines mosquito only, suggesting its genus specific role. SOCS mRNA is expressed in all developmental stages of mosquito and its expression is higher in male than female adults. SOCS mRNA is significantly induced after Plasmodium infection in midgut tissue indicating its involvement in the immune defense responses. This is the first evidence of involvement of SOCS as an immune gene in Indian malaria vector An. culicifacies.
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11
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Lather M, Sharma D, Dang AS, Adak T, Singh OP. Isolation and Characterization of Polymorphic Microsatellite Markers from the Malaria Vector Anopheles fluviatilis Species T (Diptera: Culicidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 52:408-412. [PMID: 26334814 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Anopheles fluviatilis James is an important malaria vector in India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Iran. It has now been recognized as a complex of at least four sibling species-S, T, U, and V, among which species T is the most widely distributed species throughout India. The taxonomic status of these species is confusing owing to controversies prevailing in the literature. In addition, chromosomal inversion genotypes, which were considered species-diagnostic for An. fluviatilis species T, are unreliable due to the existence of polymorphism in some populations. To study the genetic diversity at population level, we isolated and characterized 20 microsatellite markers from microsatellite-enriched genomic DNA library of An. fluviatilis T, of which 18 were polymorphic while two were monomorphic. The number of alleles per locus among polymorphic markers ranged from 4 to 19, and values for observed and expected heterozygosities varied from 0.352 to 0.857 and from 0.575 to 0.933, respectively. Thirteen markers had cross-cryptic species transferability to species S and U of the Fluviatilis Complex. This study provides a promising genetic tool for the population genetic analyses of An. fluviatilis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manila Lather
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India
| | - Divya Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India
| | - Amita S Dang
- Maharshi Dayanand University (MDU), Rohtak-124001 (Haryana), India
| | - Tridibes Adak
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India
| | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research (NIMR), Sector-8, Dwarka, New Delhi-110077, India.
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12
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Wilke ABB, Vidal PO, Suesdek L, Marrelli MT. Population genetics of neotropical Culex quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae). Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:468. [PMID: 25280576 PMCID: PMC4190383 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-014-0468-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes can be found in almost every major city of Brazil and are vectors of filariasis and several arboviruses. Microsatellite markers have been widely used to uncover the genetic structure of various groups of insect populations. The aim of this study was to glimpse the genetic structure of Cx. quinquefasciatus in Brazil. Methods Nine populations were sampled across Brazil (one of them from a laboratory colony - COL) and another one from Argentina and process regarding the variability of six microsatellite loci. Results The analyzed loci revealed moderate population genetic structure (mean Fst = 0.12). Dendrograms of genetic distances evidenced two major population clusters, respectively corresponding to the northern and southern populations. The hybrid population Cx. pipiens/quinquefasciatus (from La Plata, Argentina) and the colony population fell outside the major clusters. Those clusters were substructured and there was a significant correlation between genetic and geographic distances and environmental variables (r = 0.51; p > 0.001 and r = 0.46; p > 0.004). Conclusions Multilocus cluster Bayesian analysis confirmed that populations are mutually distinct, and the set of results point to genetic differences among populations. The presumable low gene flow among them may be due to the large geographic distances (>1000 km) and to the environmental heterogeneity of the sampled areas. The genetic structure observed in this study may lead to the best understanding of Cx. quinquefasciatus demographical diversity as well as their genetic variations patterns in Brazil so far unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Barretto Bruno Wilke
- Departamento de Epidemiologia, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brasil.
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Sharma P, Sharma S, Maurya RK, Das De T, Thomas T, Lata S, Singh N, Pandey KC, Valecha N, Dixit R. Salivary glands harbor more diverse microbial communities than gut in Anopheles culicifacies. Parasit Vectors 2014; 7:235. [PMID: 24886293 PMCID: PMC4062515 DOI: 10.1186/1756-3305-7-235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In recent years, it has been well documented that gut flora not only influence mosquito physiology, but also significantly alter vector competency. Although, salivary gland and gut constitute key partners of the digestive system, it is still believed that salivary glands may harbor less flora than gut (Parasit Vectors 6: 146, 2013). Methods Using a metagenomic approach, we have identified for the first time the diverse microbial community associated with these two physiologically different tissues of the digestive system in the mosquito Anopheles culicifacies. Results A total of 17 different phyla could be assigned to the whole metagenomic dataset, predominated by the phylum Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Bacteriodetes, Tenericutes and Actinomycetes. Common bacteria included the members of Enhydrobacter, Agromonas, Serratia, Ralsonia, Lactobacillus, Pseudomonas, Streptococcus, Rubrobacter, Anaerococcus, Methylobacterium, Turicibacter, Elizabethkingia etc. in both the tissues representing ‘core microbiota’ of the mosquito digestive system. Salivary associated unique bacterial community included the members of Chloriflexi, Chlorobi, Cyanobacteria, Nitrospira, TM7, Armatimonadetes, Planctomycetes, Fibrobacteres etc. Conclusion We find that the salivary gland microbial community structure is more diverse than gut of the mosquito, probably due to differential feeding associated engagements such as food acquisition, ingestion and digestion processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Rajnikant Dixit
- Host-Parasite Interaction Biology Group, National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector-8, Dwarka, Delhi 110077, India.
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