1
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Fei H, Chen T, Jiang H. Autocrine and paracrine effects of MDK promote lymph node metastasis of cervical squamous cell carcinoma. iScience 2024; 27:110077. [PMID: 39040052 PMCID: PMC11261016 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2024.110077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Lymph node metastasis (LNM) is the main metastatic pathway of cervical cancer, which is closely related to 5-year survival rate of cervical squamous cell carcinoma (CSCC), yet the underlying mechanism remains unconfirmed. In this study, we show that midkine (MDK) was highly expressed in CSCC and overexpression of MDK was associated with CSCC LNM. Functional investigations demonstrated that MDK promoted LNM by enhancing proliferation, migration and invasion capacity of cervical cancer cells, facilitating lymphangiogenesis and down-regulating the expression of tight junction proteins of human lymphatic endothelial cells (HLECs). MDK exerted these biological effects by interacting with Syndecan-1 and activating PI3K/AKT and p38 MAPK pathways. A retrospective study showed that s-MDK was related to LNM. s-MDK combined with serum-squamous cell carcinoma antigen(s-SCCA) improved the diagnostic accuracy of CSCC LNM. These findings established a new mechanism of LNM and highlighted MDK as a candidate tumor biomarker and therapeutic target in CSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Fei
- Department of Gynecology, The Fifth People’s Hospital of Shanghai, Fudan University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Tong Chen
- Department of Hematology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Hua Jiang
- Department of Gynecology, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai 200011, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Female Reproductive Endocrine Related Diseases, Shanghai 200011, China
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2
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Karg MM, John L, Refaian N, Buettner C, Rottmar T, Sommer J, Bock B, Resheq YJ, Ksander BR, Heindl LM, Mackensen A, Bosch JJ. Midkine promotes metastasis and therapeutic resistance via mTOR/RPS6 in uveal melanoma. Mol Cancer Res 2022; 20:1320-1336. [PMID: 35503453 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Uveal melanoma is a rare form of melanoma that originates in the eye, exerts widespread therapeutic resistance and displays an inherent propensity for hepatic metastases. Since metastatic disease is characterized by poor survival, there is an unmet clinical need to identify new therapeutic targets in uveal melanoma. Here, we show that the pleiotropic cytokine midkine is expressed in uveal melanoma. Midkine expression in primary uveal melanoma significantly correlates with poor survival and is elevated in patients that develop metastatic disease. Monosomy 3 and histopathological staging parameters are associated with midkine expression. In addition, we demonstrate that midkine promotes survival, migration across a barrier of hepatic sinusoid endothelial cells and resistance to AKT/mTOR inhibition. Furthermore, midkine is secreted and mediates mTOR activation by maintaining phosphorylation of the mTOR target RPS6 in uveal melanoma cells. Therefore, midkine is identified as a uveal melanoma cell survival factor that drives metastasis and therapeutic resistance, and could be exploited as a biomarker as well as a new therapeutic target. Implications: Midkine is identified as a survival factor that drives liver metastasis and therapeutic resistance in melanoma of the eye.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lukas John
- University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nasrin Refaian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne and Center for Integrated Oncology (CIO) Cologne-Bonn, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christian Buettner
- University Hospital Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nuremberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Andreas Mackensen
- Dept. of Internal Medicine 5, Hematology/Oncology, Erlangen, Germany
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3
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Mukama T, Fortner RT, Katzke V, Hynes LC, Petrera A, Hauck SM, Johnson T, Schulze M, Schiborn C, Rostgaard-Hansen AL, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Pérez MJS, Crous-Bou M, Chirlaque MD, Amiano P, Ardanaz E, Watts EL, Travis RC, Sacerdote C, Grioni S, Masala G, Signoriello S, Tumino R, Gram IT, Sandanger TM, Sartor H, Lundin E, Idahl A, Heath AK, Dossus L, Weiderpass E, Kaaks R. Prospective evaluation of 92 serum protein biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer. Br J Cancer 2022; 126:1301-1309. [PMID: 35031764 PMCID: PMC9042845 DOI: 10.1038/s41416-021-01697-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CA125 is the best available yet insufficiently sensitive biomarker for early detection of ovarian cancer. There is a need to identify novel biomarkers, which individually or in combination with CA125 can achieve adequate sensitivity and specificity for the detection of earlier-stage ovarian cancer. METHODS In the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort, we measured serum levels of 92 preselected proteins for 91 women who had blood sampled ≤18 months prior to ovarian cancer diagnosis, and 182 matched controls. We evaluated the discriminatory performance of the proteins as potential early diagnostic biomarkers of ovarian cancer. RESULTS Nine of the 92 markers; CA125, HE4, FOLR1, KLK11, WISP1, MDK, CXCL13, MSLN and ADAM8 showed an area under the ROC curve (AUC) of ≥0.70 for discriminating between women diagnosed with ovarian cancer and women who remained cancer-free. All, except ADAM8, had shown at least equal discrimination in previous case-control comparisons. The discrimination of the biomarkers, however, was low for the lag-time of >9-18 months and paired combinations of CA125 with any of the 8 markers did not improve discrimination compared to CA125 alone. CONCLUSION Using pre-diagnostic serum samples, this study identified markers with good discrimination for the lag-time of 0-9 months. However, the discrimination was low in blood samples collected more than 9 months prior to diagnosis, and none of the markers showed major improvement in discrimination when added to CA125.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trasias Mukama
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Verena Katzke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lucas Cory Hynes
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Agnese Petrera
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Stefanie M Hauck
- Research Unit Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Theron Johnson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Matthias Schulze
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam -Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Catarina Schiborn
- Department of Molecular Epidemiology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam -Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Agnetha Linn Rostgaard-Hansen
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Genes and Environment, Strandboulevarden 49 DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anne Tjønneland
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Diet, Genes and Environment, Strandboulevarden 49 DK-2100, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kim Overvad
- Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Bartholins Alle 2, DK-8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - María José Sánchez Pérez
- Escuela Andaluza de Salud Pública (EASP), Granada, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Marta Crous-Bou
- Unit of Nutrition and Cancer, Cancer Epidemiology Research Program, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) - Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08908, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
| | - María-Dolores Chirlaque
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Department of Epidemiology, Regional Health Council, IMIB-Arrixaca, Murcia University, Murcia, Spain
| | - Pilar Amiano
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Ministry of Health of the Basque Government, Sub-Directorate for Public Health and Addictions of Gipuzkoa, San Sebastián, Spain
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Group of Epidemiology of Chronic and Communicable Diseases, San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Eva Ardanaz
- CIBER in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Navarra Public Health Institute, Pamplona, Spain
- IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Eleanor L Watts
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Ruth C Travis
- Cancer Epidemiology Unit, Nuffield Department of Population Health, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 7LF, UK
| | - Carlotta Sacerdote
- Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, Città della Salute e della Scienza University-Hospital, Via Santena 7, 10126, Turin, Italy
| | - Sara Grioni
- Epidemiology and Prevention Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Giovanna Masala
- Institute of Cancer Research, Prevention and Clinical Network (ISPRO), Florence, Italy
| | - Simona Signoriello
- Dipartimento di Salute Mentale e Fisica e Medicina Preventiva, Vanvitelli University, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosario Tumino
- Cancer Registry and Histopathology Department, Provincial Health Authority (ASP 7), Ragusa, Italy
| | - Inger T Gram
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N - 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Torkjel M Sandanger
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Community Medicine, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, N - 9037, Tromsø, Norway
| | - Hanna Sartor
- Diagnostic Radiology, Lund University, Department of Medical Imaging and Physiology, Skåne University Hospital, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Eva Lundin
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Pathology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Annika Idahl
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Obstetrics and Gynecology, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Alicia K Heath
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Laure Dossus
- Nutrition and Metabolism Branch, International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization, Lyon, France
| | - Rudolf Kaaks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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4
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Jach D, Cheng Y, Prica F, Dumartin L, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. From development to cancer - an ever-increasing role of AGR2. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:5249-5262. [PMID: 34873459 PMCID: PMC8640830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2, AGR2, is a small, 20 kDa protein that plays a vital role in oxidative protein folding in the endoplasmic reticulum. AGR2 is involved in several signal transduction pathways that are essential for cell survival. It was initially discovered in the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, where it plays an important function in embryonic development. Akin to several other developmental genes, it is also frequently deregulated in cancer, where it plays a decisive role in tumor initiation, progression and metastasis. In this review, we have summarized currently known AGR2 functions, its expression and function in embryonic and cancer development, as well as its potential as a candidate tumor biomarker and promising new target for cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Jach
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
| | - Yuzhu Cheng
- Institute of Human Genetics, International Centre for Life, Newcastle UniversityNewcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Filip Prica
- Medical Clinic and Polyclinic I, Basic and Translational Research, Department of Cardiology Basic and Translational ResearchMunich, Germany
| | - Laurent Dumartin
- Advanced Accelerator Applications, Novartis CompanyBoulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of LondonLondon, UK
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5
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Croft PKD, Sharma S, Godbole N, Rice GE, Salomon C. Ovarian-Cancer-Associated Extracellular Vesicles: Microenvironmental Regulation and Potential Clinical Applications. Cells 2021; 10:cells10092272. [PMID: 34571921 PMCID: PMC8471580 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer (OC) is one of the most diagnosed gynecological cancers in women. Due to the lack of effective early stage screening, women are more often diagnosed at an advanced stage; therefore, it is associated with poor patient outcomes. There are a lack of tools to identify patients at the highest risk of developing this cancer. Moreover, early detection strategies, therapeutic approaches, and real-time monitoring of responses to treatment to improve survival and quality of life are also inadequate. Tumor development and progression are dependent upon cell-to-cell communication, allowing cancer cells to re-program cells not only within the surrounding tumor microenvironment, but also at distant sites. Recent studies established that extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate bi-directional communication between normal and cancerous cells. EVs are highly stable membrane vesicles that are released from a wide range of cells, including healthy and cancer cells. They contain tissue-specific signaling molecules (e.g., proteins and miRNA) and, once released, regulate target cell phenotypes, inducing a pro-tumorigenic and immunosuppressive phenotype to contribute to tumor growth and metastasis as well as proximal and distal cell function. Thus, EVs are a “fingerprint” of their cell of origin and reflect the metabolic status. Additionally, via the capacity to evade the immune system and remain stable over long periods in circulation, EVs can be potent therapeutic agents. This review examines the potential role of EVs in the different aspects of the tumor microenvironment in OC, as well as their application in diagnosis, delivery of therapeutic agents, and disease monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyakshi Kalita-de Croft
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia
| | - Shayna Sharma
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
| | - Nihar Godbole
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
| | - Gregory E. Rice
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
| | - Carlos Salomon
- Exosome Biology Laboratory, Centre for Clinical Diagnostics, University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, The University of Queensland, Herston, QLD 4029, Australia; (P.K.-d.C); (S.S); (N.G); (G.E.R)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +61-7-3346-5500; Fax: +61-7-3346-5509
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6
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Fessart D, Robert J, Hartog C, Chevet E, Delom F, Babin G. The Anterior GRadient (AGR) family proteins in epithelial ovarian cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:271. [PMID: 34452625 PMCID: PMC8394676 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02060-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) is the most common gynecologic disorder. Even with the recent progresses made towards the use of new therapeutics, it still represents the most lethal gynecologic malignancy in women from developed countries. The discovery of the anterior gradient proteins AGR2 and AGR3, which are highly related members belonging to the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, attracted researchers’ attention due to their putative involvement in adenocarcinoma development. This review compiles the current knowledge on the role of the AGR family and the expression of its members in EOC and discusses the potential clinical relevance of AGR2 and AGR3 for EOC diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutics. A better understanding of the role of the AGR family may thus provide new handling avenues for EOC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Fessart
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France. .,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France. .,ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Jacques Robert
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Cecile Hartog
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France
| | - Eric Chevet
- INSERM U1242, "Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling", Université Rennes 1, Rennes, France.,Centre de Lutte Contre le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Frederic Delom
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
| | - Guillaume Babin
- ARTiSt group, Univ. Bordeaux, INSERM, Institut Bergonié, ACTION, U1218, F-33000, Bordeaux, France.
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7
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Moidu NA, A Rahman NS, Syafruddin SE, Low TY, Mohtar MA. Secretion of pro-oncogenic AGR2 protein in cancer. Heliyon 2020; 6:e05000. [PMID: 33005802 PMCID: PMC7519367 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2020.e05000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2020] [Revised: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) protein mediates the formation, breakage and isomerization of disulphide bonds during protein maturation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and contributes to the homoeostasis of the secretory pathway. AGR2 promotes tumour development and metastasis and its elevated expression is almost completely restricted to malignant tumours. Interestingly, this supposedly ER-resident protein can be localised to other compartments of cancer cells and can also be secreted into the extracellular milieu. There are emerging evidences that describe the gain-of-function activities of the extracellular AGR2, particularly in cancer development. Here, we reviewed studies detailing the expression, pathological and physiological roles associated with AGR2 and compared the duality of localization, intracellular and extracellular, with special emphasis on the later. We also discussed the possible mechanisms of AGR2 secretion as well as deliberating the functional impacts of AGR2 in cancer settings. Last, we deliberate the current therapeutic strategies and posit the potential use AGR2, as a prognosis and diagnosis marker in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurshahirah Ashikin Moidu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nisa Syakila A Rahman
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Saiful Effendi Syafruddin
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Teck Yew Low
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - M Aiman Mohtar
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Cheras 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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8
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Midkine (MDK) growth factor: a key player in cancer progression and a promising therapeutic target. Oncogene 2019; 39:2040-2054. [PMID: 31801970 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-1124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Midkine is a heparin-binding growth factor, originally reported as the product of a retinoic acid-responsive gene during embryogenesis, but currently viewed as a multifaceted factor contributing to both normal tissue homeostasis and disease development. Midkine is abnormally expressed at high levels in various human malignancies and acts as a mediator for the acquisition of critical hallmarks of cancer, including cell growth, survival, metastasis, migration, and angiogenesis. Several studies have investigated the role of midkine as a cancer biomarker for the detection, prognosis, and management of cancer, as well as for monitoring the response to cancer treatment. Moreover, several efforts are also being made to elucidate its underlying mechanisms in therapeutic resistance and immunomodulation within the tumor microenvironment. We hereby summarize the current knowledge on midkine expression and function in cancer development and progression, and highlight its promising potential as a cancer biomarker and as a future therapeutic target in personalized cancer medicine.
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9
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Alsereihi R, Schulten HJ, Bakhashab S, Saini K, Al-Hejin AM, Hussein D. Leveraging the Role of the Metastatic Associated Protein Anterior Gradient Homologue 2 in Unfolded Protein Degradation: A Novel Therapeutic Biomarker for Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11070890. [PMID: 31247903 PMCID: PMC6678570 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11070890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Effective diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers can help in tracking disease progress, predict patients’ survival, and considerably affect the drive for successful clinical management. The present review aims to determine how the metastatic-linked protein anterior gradient homologue 2 (AGR2) operates to affect cancer progression, and to identify associated potential diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic biomarkers, particularly in central nervous system (CNS) tumors. Studies that show a high expression level of AGR2, and associate the protein expression with the resilience to chemotherapeutic treatments or with poor cancer survival, are reported. The primary protein structures of the seven variants of AGR2, including their functional domains, are summarized. Based on experiments in various biological models, this review shows an orchestra of multiple molecules that regulate AGR2 expression, including a feedback loop with p53. The AGR2-associated molecular functions and pathways including genomic integrity, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, adhesion, migration, stemness, and inflammation, are detailed. In addition, the mechanisms that can enable the rampant oncogenic effects of AGR2 are clarified. The different strategies used to therapeutically target AGR2-positive cancer cells are evaluated in light of the current evidence. Moreover, novel associated pathways and clinically relevant deregulated genes in AGR2 high CNS tumors are identified using a meta-analysis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Alsereihi
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Hans-Juergen Schulten
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Sherin Bakhashab
- Center of Excellence in Genomic Medicine Research, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Biochemistry Department, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80218, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Kulvinder Saini
- School of Biotechnology, Eternal University, Baru Sahib-173101, Himachal Pradesh, India.
| | - Ahmed M Al-Hejin
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80203, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Microbiology Unit, King Fahad Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Deema Hussein
- Neurooncology Translational Group, King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80216, Jeddah, 21589, Saudi Arabia.
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia.
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10
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Tiemann K, Garri C, Lee SB, Malihi PD, Park M, Alvarez RM, Yap LP, Mallick P, Katz JE, Gross ME, Kani K. Loss of ER retention motif of AGR2 can impact mTORC signaling and promote cancer metastasis. Oncogene 2018; 38:3003-3018. [PMID: 30575818 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0638-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a member of the protein disulfide isomerase (PDI) family, which plays a role in the regulation of protein homeostasis and the unfolded protein response pathway (UPR). AGR2 has also been characterized as a proto-oncogene and a potential cancer biomarker. Cellular localization of AGR2 is emerging as a key component for understanding the role of AGR2 as a proto-oncogene. Here, we provide evidence that extracellular AGR2 (eAGR2) promotes tumor metastasis in various in vivo models. To further characterize the role of the intracellular-resident versus extracellular protein, we performed a comprehensive protein-protein interaction screen. Based on these results, we identify AGR2 as an interacting partner of the mTORC2 pathway. Importantly, our data indicates that eAGR2 promotes increased phosphorylation of RICTOR (T1135), while intracellular AGR2 (iAGR2) antagonizes its levels and phosphorylation. Localization of AGR2 also has opposing effects on the Hippo pathway, spheroid formation, and response to chemotherapy in vitro. Collectively, our results identify disparate phenotypes predicated on AGR2 localization. Our findings also provide credence for screening of eAGR2 to guide therapeutic decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Tiemann
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carolina Garri
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sang Bok Lee
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Paymaneh D Malihi
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mincheol Park
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ruth M Alvarez
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Li Peng Yap
- Department of Radiology, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Parag Mallick
- Stanford University, Department of Radiology, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan E Katz
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mitchell E Gross
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kian Kani
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Lawrence J. Ellison Institute for Transformative Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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11
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Enroth S, Berggrund M, Lycke M, Lundberg M, Assarsson E, Olovsson M, Stålberg K, Sundfeldt K, Gyllensten U. A two-step strategy for identification of plasma protein biomarkers for endometrial and ovarian cancer. Clin Proteomics 2018; 15:38. [PMID: 30519148 PMCID: PMC6271635 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9216-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Over 500,000 women worldwide are diagnosed with ovarian or endometrial cancer each year. We have used a two-step strategy to identify plasma proteins that could be used to improve the diagnosis of women with an indication of gynecologic tumor and in population screening. Methods In the discovery step we screened 441 proteins in plasma using the proximity extension assay (PEA) and five Olink Multiplex assays (CVD II, CVD III, INF I, ONC II, NEU I) in women with ovarian cancer (n = 106), endometrial cancer (n = 74), benign ovarian tumors (n = 150) and healthy population controls (n = 399). Based on the discovery analyses a set of 27 proteins were selected and two focused multiplex PEA assays were developed. In a replication step the focused assays were used to study an independent set of cases with ovarian cancer (n = 280), endometrial cancer (n = 228), women with benign ovarian tumors (n = 76) and healthy controls (n = 57). Results In the discovery step, 27 proteins that showed an association to cancer status were identified. In the replication analyses, the focused assays distinguished benign tumors from ovarian cancer stage III-IV with a sensitivity of 0.88 and specificity of 0.92 (AUC = 0.92). The assays had a significantly higher AUC for distinguishing benign tumors from late stage ovarian cancer than using CA125 and HE4 (p = 9.56e-22). Also, population controls could be distinguished from ovarian cancer stage III-IV with a sensitivity of 0.85 and a specificity of 0.92 (AUC = 0.89). Conclusion The PEA assays represent useful tools for identification of new biomarkers for gynecologic cancers. The selected protein assays could be used to distinguish benign tumors from ovarian and endometrial cancer in women diagnosed with an unknown suspicious pelvic mass. The panels could also be used in population screening, for identification of women in need of specialized gynecologic transvaginal ultrasound examination. Funding The Swedish Cancer Foundation, Vinnova (SWELIFE), The Foundation for Strategic Research (SSF), Assar Gabrielsson Foundation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Enroth
- 1Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Uppsala, Uppsala University, Box 815, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Malin Berggrund
- 1Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Uppsala, Uppsala University, Box 815, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Maria Lycke
- 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Martin Lundberg
- OLINK Proteomics, Uppsala Science Park, 75183 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Erika Assarsson
- OLINK Proteomics, Uppsala Science Park, 75183 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Matts Olovsson
- 3Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Stålberg
- 3Department of Women's and Children's Health, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Sundfeldt
- 4Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ulf Gyllensten
- 1Department of Immunology, Genetics, and Pathology, Biomedical Center, Science for Life Laboratory (SciLifeLab) Uppsala, Uppsala University, Box 815, 75108 Uppsala, Sweden
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Mahalaxmi I, Santhy K. Role and hallmarks of Sp1 in promoting ovarian cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jons.2018.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
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13
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Boylan KLM, Geschwind K, Koopmeiners JS, Geller MA, Starr TK, Skubitz APN. A multiplex platform for the identification of ovarian cancer biomarkers. Clin Proteomics 2017; 14:34. [PMID: 29051715 PMCID: PMC5634875 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-017-9169-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Currently, there are no FDA approved screening tools for detecting early stage ovarian cancer in the general population. Development of a biomarker-based assay for early detection would significantly improve the survival of ovarian cancer patients.
Methods We used a multiplex approach to identify protein biomarkers for detecting early stage ovarian cancer. This new technology (Proseek® Multiplex Oncology Plates) can simultaneously measure the expression of 92 proteins in serum based on a proximity extension assay. We analyzed serum samples from 81 women representing healthy, benign pathology, early, and advanced stage serous ovarian cancer patients.
Results Principle component analysis and unsupervised hierarchical clustering separated patients into cancer versus non-cancer subgroups. Data from the Proseek® plate for CA125 levels exhibited a strong correlation with current clinical assays for CA125 (correlation coefficient of 0.89, 95% CI 0.83, 0.93). CA125 and HE4 were present at very low levels in healthy controls and benign cases, while higher levels were found in early stage cases, with highest levels found in the advanced stage cases. Overall, significant trends were observed for 38 of the 92 proteins (p < 0.001), many of which are novel candidate serum biomarkers for ovarian cancer. The area under the ROC curve (AUC) for CA125 was 0.98 and the AUC for HE4 was 0.85 when comparing early stage ovarian cancer versus healthy controls. In total, 23 proteins had an estimated AUC of 0.7 or greater. Using a naïve Bayes classifier that combined 12 proteins, we improved the sensitivity corresponding to 95% specificity from 93 to 95% when compared to CA125 alone. Although small, a 2% increase would have a significant effect on the number of women correctly identified when screening a large population. Conclusions These data demonstrate that the Proseek® technology can replicate the results established by conventional clinical assays for known biomarkers, identify new candidate biomarkers, and improve the sensitivity and specificity of CA125 alone. Additional studies using a larger cohort of patients will allow for validation of these biomarkers and lead to the development of a screening tool for detecting early stage ovarian cancer in the general population. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12014-017-9169-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristin L M Boylan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 395, 420 Delaware Street, S.E, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Ovarian Cancer Early Detection Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Kate Geschwind
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 395, 420 Delaware Street, S.E, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Ovarian Cancer Early Detection Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Joseph S Koopmeiners
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Melissa A Geller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Timothy K Starr
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Genetics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
| | - Amy P N Skubitz
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, MMC 395, 420 Delaware Street, S.E, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA.,Ovarian Cancer Early Detection Program, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA.,Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN USA
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14
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Guo H, Zhu Q, Yu X, Merugu SB, Mangukiya HB, Smith N, Li Z, Zhang B, Negi H, Rong R, Cheng K, Wu Z, Li D. Tumor-secreted anterior gradient-2 binds to VEGF and FGF2 and enhances their activities by promoting their homodimerization. Oncogene 2017; 36:5098-5109. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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15
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Jia M, Zhao HZ, Cheng YP, Luo ZB, Zhang JY, Li SS, Xu XJ, Tang YM. High expression of Midkine (MK) indicates poor prognosis in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 21:69-77. [PMID: 26352402 DOI: 10.1179/1607845415y.0000000050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Midkine (MK) expression has been reported to be correlated with the poor prognosis of patients with various tumors. However, there are no data available about the prognostic value of MK expression in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). METHODS In this study, MK mRNA expression was determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction in 120 childhood ALL and 30 healthy volunteers. Patients were dichotomized at the median value and divided into two groups: MK(low) group and MK(high) group. RESULTS MK(high) patients had higher white blood cell counts, higher peripheral blood blasts percentages, and higher minimal residual disease levels than MK(low) patients. Moreover, the MK gene was expressed significantly higher in patients with relapsed ALL than in patients who maintained complete remission or at diagnosis. MK(high) patients harbored inferior relapse-free survival (RFS, P = 0.047) and overall survival (OS, P = 0.022) than MK(low) patients, and high expression of MK was found to be independently predictive of inferior OS (P = 0.032) but not RFS (P = 0.077) in the overall cohort. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION MK high expression is an independent adverse prognostic factor in childhood ALL. Its level may be incorporated into an improved risk classification system for ALL and suggest the need of alternative regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Jia
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
| | - Hai-Zhao Zhao
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
| | - Yu-Ping Cheng
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
| | - Ze-Bin Luo
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
| | - Jing-Ying Zhang
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
| | - Si-Si Li
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
| | - Xiao-Jun Xu
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
| | - Yong-Min Tang
- a Division of Hematology-Oncology , Children's Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Genetics (Zhejiang University), Ministry of Education , Hangzhou 310003 , PR China
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16
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Jones DR. Measuring midkine: the utility of midkine as a biomarker in cancer and other diseases. Br J Pharmacol 2015; 171:2925-39. [PMID: 24460734 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2013] [Revised: 11/15/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Midkine (MK) is a pleiotropic growth factor prominently expressed during embryogenesis but down-regulated to neglible levels in healthy adults. Many published studies have demonstrated striking MK overexpression compared with healthy controls in various pathologies, including ischaemia, inflammation, autoimmunity and, most notably, in many cancers. MK expression is detectable in biopsies of diseased, but not healthy, tissues. Significantly, because it is a soluble cytokine, elevated MK is readily apparent in the blood and other body fluids such as urine and CSF, making MK a relatively convenient, accessible, non-invasive and inexpensive biomarker for population screening and early disease detection. The first diagnostic tests that quantify MK are just now receiving regulatory clearance and entering the clinic. This review examines the current state of knowledge pertaining to MK as a biomarker and highlights promising indications and clinical settings where measuring MK could make a difference to patient treatment. I also raise outstanding questions about reported variants of MK as well as MK's bio-distribution in vivo. Answering these questions in future studies will enhance our understanding of the significance of measured MK levels in both patients and healthy subjects, and may reveal further opportunities for measuring MK to diagnose disease. MK has already proven to be a biomarker that can significantly improve detection, management and treatment of cancer, and there is significant promise for developing further MK-based diagnostics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- D R Jones
- Cellmid Ltd., Sydney, NSW, Australia
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17
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Wu X, Zhi X, Ji M, Wang Q, Li Y, Xie J, Zhao S. Midkine as a potential diagnostic marker in epithelial ovarian cancer for cisplatin/paclitaxel combination clinical therapy. Am J Cancer Res 2015; 5:629-638. [PMID: 25973302 PMCID: PMC4396029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The paclitaxel/cisplatin combination therapy commonly is used as the first-line treatment for advanced ovarian cancer patients. Midkine (MK), known as a novel tumor biomarker, has been elevated in the serum of patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). In this study, we aimed to detect the expression of MK in EOC tissues and evaluate clinical value of MK in diagnosis and therapy of EOC. We perform immunohistochemistry analysis to detect MK in EOC sample with postoperative platinum/paclitaxel combination therapy, we found that 71.4% (85 in 119 samples) of these samples were MK positive (> 10% of the cells were stained), and the expression of MK was significantly associated with disease histology (P = 0.038) as well as differentiation grade (P < 0.001). Moreover, MK positive samples show much more sensitive to cisplatin/paclitaxel combination therapy, compared with MK negative samples (P = 0.029). Those results indicated that MK expression might correlate with paclitaxel and/or cisplatin cytotoxicity in clinical therapy of EOC. Then, we evaluated the sensitivity to cisplatin and paclitaxel in 5 ovarian cancer cell lines (ES2, A2870, HO-8910, SKOV3 and SW626), and ES2, the highest MK expression among those cell lines, show the most sensitive to paclitaxel and cisplatin. Further, we confirmed this correlation between MK and paclitaxel and/or cisplatin cytotoxicity with the gain- and lost- of function. Finally, we demonstrated that MK enhanced the cytotoxicity of paclitaxel and/or cisplatin by accumulated cisplatin and paclitaxel through inhibited the expression of multidrug resistance-associated protein 3 (MRP3). In conclusion, MK could be an effective biomarker in diagnosis and therapy of EOC, especially for the drug selection at the time of initial diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wu
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Xiaogai Zhi
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | | | - Qingling Wang
- Department of Pathology, Xuzhou Medical CollegeXuzhou, China
| | - Yujuan Li
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Jingyan Xie
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
| | - Shuli Zhao
- Nanjing First Hospital, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical UniversityNanjing, China
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Genome-wide modulation of gene transcription in ovarian carcinoma cells by a new mithramycin analogue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104687. [PMID: 25110883 PMCID: PMC4128730 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has a poor prognosis due to intrinsic or acquired resistance to some cytotoxic drugs, raising the interest in new DNA-binding agents such as mithramycin analogues as potential chemotherapeutic agents in gynecological cancer. Using a genome-wide approach, we have analyzed gene expression in A2780 human ovarian carcinoma cells treated with the novel mithramycin analogue DIG-MSK (demycarosyl-3D-β-D-digitoxosyl-mithramycin SK) that binds to C+G-rich DNA sequences. Nanomolar concentrations of DIG-MSK abrogated the expression of genes involved in a variety of cell processes including transcription regulation and tumor development, which resulted in cell death. Some of those genes have been associated with cell proliferation and poor prognosis in ovarian cancer. Sp1 transcription factor regulated most of the genes that were down-regulated by the drug, as well as the up-regulation of other genes mainly involved in response to cell stress. The effect of DIG-MSK in the control of gene expression by other transcription factors was also explored. Some of them, such as CREB, E2F and EGR1, also recognize C/G-rich regions in gene promoters, which encompass potential DIG-MSK binding sites. DIG-MSK affected several biological processes and molecular functions related to transcription and its cellular regulation in A2780 cells, including transcription factor activity. This new compound might be a promising drug for the treatment of ovarian cancer.
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Shao H, Yu X, Wang C, Wang Q, Guan H. Midkine expression is associated with clinicopathological features and BRAF mutation in papillary thyroid cancer. Endocrine 2014; 46:285-91. [PMID: 24272599 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-0068-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to detect the expression of midkine (MK) in papillary thyroid cancer (PTC) and to evaluate whether MK expression is associated with clinicopathological features and BRAF mutation in PTC. The expression of MK in samples from 200 cases of PTC, 60 cases of adenomatoid nodule of thyroid, and 40 samples of tumor-adjacent normal thyroid tissue were assessed with immunohistochemistry. The BRAF mutation was detected by direct sequencing. The relationships between MK expression and the clinicopathological features of PTC and BRAF mutation were analyzed. The results demonstrated that MK was not expressed in tumor-adjacent normal tissue. The positive expression rates and MK scores were both higher in PTC than in adenomatoid nodule (positive expression rates: 88 vs. 8.3 %, P < 0.001; MK scores: 2.02 ± 0.93 vs. 0.08 ± 0.28, P < 0.001). The expression level of MK in PTC with extrathyroidal invasion, lymph node metastasis, or stage III/IV was significantly higher than that in PTC without such biological features (all P < 0.01). The overall prevalence of BRAF mutation was 66.5 % in PTC. The expression level of MK in PTC with BRAF mutation was significantly higher than that in PTC with wild-type BRAF (P < 0.001). We can conclude that MK is specifically expressed in PTC tissues and is associated with clinicopathological features and BRAF mutation. MK may be a helpful diagnostic and prognostic marker for PTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Shao
- Department of General Surgery, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110004, China
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20
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Cheng YP, Lin C, Lin PY, Cheng CY, Ma HI, Chen CM, Hueng DY. Midkine expression in high grade gliomas: Correlation of this novel marker with proliferation and survival in human gliomas. Surg Neurol Int 2014; 5:78. [PMID: 24949221 PMCID: PMC4061577 DOI: 10.4103/2152-7806.133205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND High-grade primary glioma have poor prognosis and predictive biomarkers is very important. Midkine (MDK), a heparin-binding growth factor, is important in regulating carcinogenesis, cell proliferation, mitogenesis, and angiogenesis. This study aimed to identify over-expression of MDK in gliomas and correlate this with clinical outcomes. The authors put forward their hypothesis correlating proliferation and poor survival with over-expression of this novel protein. METHODS Two datasets from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) included human data of 100 and 180 patients, respectively. The MDK expression, World Health Organization (WHO) pathological grade, sex, age, and survival time were identified for statistical analysis. RESULTS A search of the GEO profile revealed that MDK expression level was statistically greater in the WHO grade IV compared with grade II (P = 0.002), in grades III and IV compared with nontumor control (P = 0.044 and P < 0.001, respectively) after adjustments using the Bonferroni method. By the Kaplan-Meier survival curve, the high MDK expression group had poorer survival outcome (2.38-fold hazard, 95% confidence interval: 1.22-4.63) than the low MDK expression group after adjustments for WHO grade and age. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, there is a positive correlation between MDK expression and WHO grading of human gliomas. Moreover, MDK over-expression is significant correlated to poor survival outcome in high-grade, suggesting that MDK may be an important therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Po Cheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, China
| | - Chin Lin
- Graduate Institute of Life Science, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ping-Yi Lin
- Transplant Medicine and Surgery Research Centre, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, China
| | - Chun-Yuan Cheng
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, China
| | - Hsin-I Ma
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Min Chen
- Division of Neurosurgery, Department of Surgery, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, China
| | - Dueng-Yuan Hueng
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC ; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
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Li H, Wang J, Yang LM, Ning HB. Clinical significance of expression of anterior gradient-2 in colon adenocarcinoma. Shijie Huaren Xiaohua Zazhi 2014; 22:1064-1069. [DOI: 10.11569/wcjd.v22.i8.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the expression of anterior gradient-2 (AGR2) in colon adenocarcinoma and the relationship between AGR2 expression and clinicopathological features of colon adenocarcinoma.
METHODS: AGR2 mRNA and protein expression in colon adenocarcinoma and tumor-adjacent non-cancerous tissues was detected by semi-quantitative RT-PCR, Western blot and immunohistochemistry.
RESULTS: The expression of AGR2 mRNA and protein in colon adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in tumor-adjacent non-cancerous tissues (0.95 ± 0.03 vs 0.21 ± 0.06, 0.93 ± 0.03 vs 0.31 ± 0.02, P < 0.05 for both). The positive rate of AGR2 expression in colon adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than that in tumor-adjacent non-cancerous tissues (75% vs 29.4%, P < 0.05). The expression of AGR2 was correlated with Dukes stage, histopathological grade and lymph node metastasis (P < 0.05 for all), but not with other clinicopathologic factors.
CONCLUSION: Our findings indicate that the expression of AGR2 is closely related to the tumorigenesis, progression and metastasis of colon adenocarcinoma. AGR2 may be used as a diagnostic marker for colon adenocarcinoma.
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Shi T, Gao Y, Quek SI, Fillmore TL, Nicora CD, Su D, Zhao R, Kagan J, Srivastava S, Rodland KD, Liu T, Smith RD, Chan DW, Camp DG, Liu AY, Qian WJ. A highly sensitive targeted mass spectrometric assay for quantification of AGR2 protein in human urine and serum. J Proteome Res 2013; 13:875-82. [PMID: 24251762 DOI: 10.1021/pr400912c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Anterior gradient 2 (AGR2) is a secreted, cancer-associated protein in many types of epithelial cancer cells. We developed a highly sensitive targeted mass spectrometric assay for quantification of AGR2 in urine and serum. Digested peptides from clinical samples were processed by PRISM (high pressure and high resolution separations coupled with intelligent selection and multiplexing), which incorporates high pH reversed-phase liquid chromatography (LC) separations to fractionate and select target fractions for follow-on LC-selected reaction monitoring (LC-SRM) analyses. The PRISM-SRM assay for AGR2 showed a reproducibility of <10% CV and limit of quantification (LOQ) values of ∼130 pg/mL in serum and ∼10 pg per 100 μg of total protein mass in urine, respectively. A good correlation (R(2) = 0.91) was observed for the measurable AGR2 concentrations in urine between SRM and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). On the basis of an initial cohort of 37 subjects, urinary AGR2/PSA concentration ratios showed a significant difference (P = 0.026) between noncancer and cancer. Large clinical cohort studies are needed for the validation of AGR2 as a useful diagnostic biomarker for prostate cancer. Our work validated the approach of identifying candidate secreted protein biomarkers through genomics and measurement by targeted proteomics, especially for proteins where no immunoassays are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tujin Shi
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory , Richland, Washington 99352
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Nguyen L, Cardenas-Goicoechea SJ, Gordon P, Curtin C, Momeni M, Chuang L, Fishman D. Biomarkers for early detection of ovarian cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 9:171-85; quiz 186-7. [PMID: 23477323 DOI: 10.2217/whe.13.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy. However, effective screening strategies have not been established and continue to be elusive. A good screening test must adequately address validity, reliability, yield, cost, acceptance and follow-up services. An ideal screening test for ovarian cancer must have a high sensitivity in order to correctly diagnose all women with the disease and a high specificity to avoid false-positive results. The current screening modalities of bimanual examination, CA-125 and transvaginal ultrasonography together allow us to detect only 30-45% of women with early-stage disease. Recent developments in proteomic and genomic research have identified a number of potential biomarkers. Although panels of tumor markers and proteomic-based technologies may improve the positive predictive value, all markers require validation and interfacing with newly developed diagnostic imaging technologies. While a large amount of information on miRNAs has been promising, much remains to be elucidated. This review will examine the current status of biomarkers and technologies of interest in the effort of early detection of ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Nguyen
- Mount Sinai Medical Center, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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Bailey MJ, Shield-Artin KL, Oliva K, Ayhan M, Reisman S, Rice GE. Stage-specific analysis of plasma protein profiles in ovarian cancer: Difference in-gel electrophoresis analysis of pooled clinical samples. J Carcinog 2013; 12:10. [PMID: 23858298 PMCID: PMC3709370 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.114216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 03/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ovarian cancer is the leading cause of death from gynecological cancer. Non-specific symptoms early in disease and the lack of specific biomarkers hinder early diagnosis. Multi-marker blood screening tests have shown promise for improving identification of early stage disease; however, available tests lack sensitivity, and specificity. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, pooled deeply-depleted plasma from women with Stage 1, 2 or 3 ovarian cancer and healthy controls were used to compare the 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) protein profiles and identify potential novel markers of ovarian cancer progression. RESULTS/DISCUSSION Stage-specific variation in biomarker expression was observed. For example, apolipoprotein A1 expression is relatively low in control and Stage 1, but shows a substantial increase in Stage 2 and 3, thus, potential of utility for disease confirmation rather than early detection. A better marker for early stage disease was tropomyosin 4 (TPM4). The expression of TPM4 increased by 2-fold in Stage 2 before returning to "normal" levels in Stage 3 disease. Multiple isoforms were also identified for some proteins and in some cases, displayed stage-specific expression. An interesting example was fibrinogen alpha, for which 8 isoforms were identified. Four displayed a moderate increase at Stage 1 and a substantial increase for Stages 2 and 3 while the other 4 showed only moderate increases. CONCLUSION Herein is provided an improved summary of blood protein profiles for women with ovarian cancer stratified by stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Bailey
- Zoetis, Veterinary Medicine Research and Development, Melbourne, Australia
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Wu J, Xie X, Nie S, Buckanovich RJ, Lubman DM. Altered expression of sialylated glycoproteins in ovarian cancer sera using lectin-based ELISA assay and quantitative glycoproteomics analysis. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:3342-52. [PMID: 23731285 DOI: 10.1021/pr400169n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Herein, we identify and confirm differentially expressed sialoglycoproteins in the serum of patients with ovarian cancer. On the basis of Sambucus nigra (SNA) lectin enrichment and on an isobaric chemical labeling quantitative strategy, clusterin (CLUS), leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG1), hemopexin (HEMO), vitamin D-binding protein (VDB), and complement factor H (CFH) were found to be differentially expressed in the serum of patients with ovarian cancer compared to benign diseases. The abnormal sialylation levels of CLUS, CFH, and HEMO in serum of ovarian cancer patients were verified by a lectin-based ELISA assay. ELISA assays were further applied to measure total protein level changes of these glycoproteins. Protein levels of CLUS were found to be down-regulated in the serum of ovarian cancer patients, while protein levels of LRG1 were increased. The combination of CLUS and LRG1 (AUC = 0.837) showed improved performance for distinguishing stage III ovarian cancer from benign diseases compared to CA125 alone (AUC = 0.811). In differentiating early stage ovarian cancer from benign diseases or healthy controls, LRG1 showed comparable performance to CA125. An independent sample set was further used to confirm the ability of these candidate markers to detect patients with ovarian cancer. Our study provides a comprehensive strategy for the identification of candidate biomarkers that show the potential for diagnosis of ovarian cancer. Further studies using a large number of samples are necessary to validate the utility of this panel of proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
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Lv M, Mou Y, Wang P, Chen Y, Wang T, Hou Y. Diagnostic and predictive role of cell-free midkine in malignant pleural effusions. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2013; 139:543-9. [PMID: 23212314 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-012-1359-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 11/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The detection of circulating nucleic acids has long been explored for the diagnosis and prognosis of a variety of clinical conditions. The aim of this study was to detect the cell-free mRNA expression of midkine (MK) in patients with effusions and its potential diagnostic and predictive value. METHODS Effusions were collected prospectively from 168 patients. The cell-free RNA was extracted from effusions, and the mRNA expression of MK was detected using real-time PCR. The expression of carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and biochemical markers in effusions were also assayed. Primary cancer cells were isolated from the malignant effusions (n = 46). Compared with culture cell lines, the response of these cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents was determined by CCK-8 assay. RESULTS The expression of cell-free MK mRNA was significantly higher in the malignant group than in the benign group (0.13 vs 0.01, P < 0.001). The sensitivity and diagnostic accuracy of MK were 77.5 and 81.5 %, while a combination of CEA and MK reached 86.9 % sensitivity and 88.7 % accuracy. In addition, cell-free MK mRNA expression was significantly correlated with inhibitory rate of cisplatin (R = -0.72, P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS Measurement of cell-free MK mRNA levels in effusion supernatant yields a high diagnostic accuracy and a potential predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Lv
- Immunology and Reproduction Biology Lab, Medical School and State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210093, China
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Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) is an independent prognostic factor in ovarian high-grade serous carcinoma. Virchows Arch 2012; 461:109-16. [DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1273-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2012] [Revised: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Wayner EA, Quek SI, Ahmad R, Ho ME, Loprieno MA, Zhou Y, Ellis WJ, True LD, Liu AY. Development of an ELISA to detect the secreted prostate cancer biomarker AGR2 in voided urine. Prostate 2012; 72:1023-34. [PMID: 22072305 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 10/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Comparative transcriptomics between sorted cells identified AGR2 as one of the highest up-regulated genes in cancer. Overexpression in primary tumors was verified by tissue microarray analysis. AGR2 encodes a 19-kDa secreted protein that might be found in urine. METHODS Monoclonal antibodies were generated against AGR2. One antibody pair, P1G4 (IgG1) to capture and P3A5 (IgG2a) to detect, showed good performance characteristics in a sandwich ELISA. This assay could detect AGR2 at sub ng/ml quantities. RESULTS AGR2 was detected in tissue digestion media of tumor specimens and culture media of AGR2-secreting prostate cancer cell lines. Additional testings involved frozen section immunohistochemistry, immunoprecipitation, and Western blot analysis. Voided urine samples were collected from pre-operative cancer patients, and urinary protein was desalted and concentrated by filtration. The amount of AGR2 detected was scored as pg/100 µg total protein, and then converted to pg/ml urine. The developed ELISA detected AGR2 protein, ranging from 3.6 to 181 pg/ml, in an initial cohort of samples. AGR2 was not detected in the urine of non-cancer and a bladder cancer patient. CONCLUSIONS For prostate cancer, an AGR2 urine test could be used for diagnosis. The data, although derived from a small number of samples assayed, showed that developing such a test for clinical application is viable because AGR2 is specific to cancer cells, and apparently secreted into urine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Wayner
- Antibody Resource, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
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29
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Zhao G, Nie Y, Lv M, He L, Wang T, Hou Y. ERβ-mediated estradiol enhances epithelial mesenchymal transition of lung adenocarcinoma through increasing transcription of midkine. Mol Endocrinol 2012; 26:1304-15. [PMID: 22669742 DOI: 10.1210/me.2012-1028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) plays a specific role in the migration of tumor cells. Both estrogen and midkine (MK) have been thought to be important factors in promoting the progression of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and can enhance EMT. Some evidence indicated the correlation between estradiol (E2) and MK, but the precise mechanism on their interreaction is unknown. Here, we try to clarify whether and how E2 regulates MK expression to promote EMT. We found that E2 increased MK mRNA expression in lung adenocarcinoma cells LTEP-a2 and A549 in a time-dependent manner. E2-induced MK expression was inhibited by the estrogen receptor (ER) antagonist ICI 182,780 and tamoxifen but not by phosphoinositide-3 kinase and MAPK inhibitors, suggesting a genomic mechanism of E2 on the regulation of MK transcription. Moreover, luciferase reporter and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays exhibited that E2 induced ERβ recruitment to the estrogen response element in the MK promoter. Small interfering RNA to ERα and ERβ revealed that ERβ mainly mediated E2-induced MK transcription. Interestingly, E2 enhanced MK expression in accordance with increase of EMT, whereas knockdown of MK could block EMT under E2 stimulation. Importantly, through analyzing lung adenocarcinoma tissues, there was indeed a correlation among levels of E2, MK, and EMT-related protein expression. Taken together, we reported a previously unrecognized mechanism on E2 in the regulation of MK expression and proved that MK plays a pivotal role in progression of E2-regulated EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guangfeng Zhao
- Immunology and Reproductive Biology Laboratory, Medical School & State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
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Shield-Artin KL, Bailey MJ, Oliva K, Liovic AK, Barker G, Dellios NL, Reisman S, Ayhan M, Rice GE. Identification of ovarian cancer-associated proteins in symptomatic women: A novel method for semi-quantitative plasma proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2012; 6:170-81. [DOI: 10.1002/prca.201100008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L. Shield-Artin
- Department of Medicine; Monash University; Melbourne Victoria Australia
- Omics Facility; BakerIDI Medical Research Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Mark J. Bailey
- Veterinary medicine research and Development; Pfizer; Parkville Victoria Australia
| | - Karen Oliva
- Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Ana K. Liovic
- Omics Facility; BakerIDI Medical Research Institute; Melbourne Victoria Australia
| | - Gillian Barker
- Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Nicole L. Dellios
- Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Simone Reisman
- Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Mustafa Ayhan
- Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
| | - Gregory E. Rice
- Centre for Clinical Research; University of Queensland; Herston Queensland Australia
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Nolen BM, Lokshin AE. Multianalyte assay systems in the differential diagnosis of ovarian cancer. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 6:131-138. [PMID: 22468148 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2012.661711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The efficient triage of women diagnosed with a pelvic mass presents a current area of unmet need. Unnecessary surgical intervention performed on patients at a decreased risk of malignancy represents a significant source of preventable morbidity, anxiety and cost. Likewise, delayed or overlooked referral of patients harboring malignant tumors is strongly associated with diminished outcomes. Current tools including imaging modalities and the CA 125 blood test are of insufficient accuracy to overcome these challenges. The use of multianalyte assays systems which include additional biomarkers capable of complementing the performance of CA 125 may offer the best hope of improvement. AREAS COVERED Recent findings regarding the use of multianalyte biomarker panels for the differential diagnosis of a pelvic mass are reviewed and discussed. Particular attention is paid to to the FDA approved ROMA and OVA1 tests. The development, validation, recent evaluation and comparative performances of these two tests are reviewed in detail. EXPERT OPINION The performances achieved by the ROMA and OVA1 diagnostic tests represent significant milestones in the application of multianalyte assay systems into standard clinical practice. The overall impact and cost-effectiveness of widespread clinical use of these tools remains to be evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian M Nolen
- University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue 1.18, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213 ; Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, 1218 Scaife Hall, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213
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Hiss D. Optimizing molecular-targeted therapies in ovarian cancer: the renewed surge of interest in ovarian cancer biomarkers and cell signaling pathways. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2012; 2012:737981. [PMID: 22481932 PMCID: PMC3306947 DOI: 10.1155/2012/737981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of ovarian cancer encompass the development of resistance, disease recurrence and poor prognosis. Ovarian cancer cells express gene signatures which pose significant challenges for cancer drug development, therapeutics, prevention and management. Despite enhancements in contemporary tumor debulking surgery, tentative combination regimens and abdominal radiation which can achieve beneficial response rates, the majority of ovarian cancer patients not only experience adverse effects, but also eventually relapse. Therefore, additional therapeutic possibilities need to be explored to minimize adverse events and prolong progression-free and overall response rates in ovarian cancer patients. Currently, a revival in cancer drug discovery is devoted to identifying diagnostic and prognostic ovarian cancer biomarkers. However, the sensitivity and reliability of such biomarkers may be complicated by mutations in the BRCA1 or BRCA2 genes, diverse genetic risk factors, unidentified initiation and progression elements, molecular tumor heterogeneity and disease staging. There is thus a dire need to expand existing ovarian cancer therapies with broad-spectrum and individualized molecular targeted approaches. The aim of this review is to profile recent developments in our understanding of the interrelationships among selected ovarian tumor biomarkers, heterogeneous expression signatures and related molecular signal transduction pathways, and their translation into more efficacious targeted treatment rationales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donavon Hiss
- Molecular Oncology Research Laboratory, Department of Medical BioSciences, University of the Western Cape, Bellville 7535, South Africa
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Acquati F, Monti L, Lualdi M, Fabbri M, Sacco MG, Gribaldo L, Taramelli R. Molecular signature induced by RNASET2, a tumor antagonizing gene, in ovarian cancer cells. Oncotarget 2011; 2:477-84. [PMID: 21646684 PMCID: PMC3248199 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Using the Hey3Met2 human ovarian cancer cell line, we previously found the RNASET2 gene to possess a remarkable in vivo tumor suppressor activity, although no in vitro features such as inhibition of cell proliferation, clonogenic potential, impaired growth in soft agar and increase in apoptotic rate could be detected. This is reminiscent of the behavior of genes belonging to the class of tumor antagonizing genes (TAG) which act mainly within the context of the microenvironment. Here we present transcriptional profiles analysis which indicates that investigations of the mechanisms of TAG biological functions require a comparison between the in vitro and in vivo expression patterns. Indeed several genes displaying a biological function potentially related to tumor suppression could not be validated by subsequent in vivo expression analysis. On the other hand the fact that we could find congruency for three genes both in vivo and in vitro adds a warning to a too much stringent categorization of this class of genes which relies on the sensitivity of the methodological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Acquati
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie e Scienze Molecolari, Università degli Studi dell'Insubria, via JH Dunant 3, 21100 Varese, Italy.
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