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Evidence for local and international spread of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis through whole genome sequencing of isolates from the island of Ireland. Vet Microbiol 2022; 268:109416. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2022.109416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Ashouri M, Nourani H. Pathology, immunohistochemistry and molecular study of cattle screened by comparative tuberculin test for diagnosis latent form of Johne's disease. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 2021; 239:110304. [PMID: 34343749 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetimm.2021.110304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis causes Johne's disease in cattle and other ruminants. It is one of the most widespread in terms of prevalence and one of the most important diseases in the livestock industry in terms of economic importance. In the latent form of the disease, animals can act as carriers. The main purpose of this study was to evaluate avian tuberculin in a single intradermal comparative tuberculin test (SICTT), histopathology, immunohistochemistry, and molecular methods for diagnosis of infected cows with the latent form of the disease. Twenty-three asymptomatic cows and without post-mortem signs of the disease were selected using the single intradermal comparative tuberculin test and were tested. In this study, avian tuberculin in SICTT was able to in diagnosing the latent form of the disease. The results confirm immunohistochemistry and real-time PCR as a sensitive and reliable diagnostic complementary approach for detecting latent forms of Paratuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Ashouri
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Nourani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran.
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Sattar A, Zakaria Z, Abu J, Aziz SA, Rojas-Ponce G. Isolation of Mycobacterium avium and other nontuberculous mycobacteria in chickens and captive birds in peninsular Malaysia. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:13. [PMID: 33413380 PMCID: PMC7791791 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) causes a chronic infectious in the birds known as avian mycobacteriosis. Almost all species of the birds are susceptible to MAC which consists of two closely related species of mycobacteria, that is, M. avium and M. intracellulare. This study aimed to determine the occurrence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium (MAA) in chickens and captive birds in selected states of Peninsular Malaysia. Results A 300 fecal samples were collected from village chickens (n = 100), layer chickens (n = 100) and captive birds (n = 100). Fecal samples were split into two aliquots for microbiological and molecular detection of MAA. Microbiology detection consisted of microscopy (Ziehl-Neelsen staining) and culture of samples decontaminated with 1% Cetylperidinium chloride and vancomycin, nalidixic acid and amphotericin B (VNA) antibiotic cocktail [vancomycin (VAN) 100 μg/ml, nalidixic acid (NAL) 100 μg/ml and amphotericin B (AMB) 50 μg/ml] onto Löwenstein-Jensen (L-J). Molecular detection (PCR-IS901) was performed to detect MAA DNA from the feces and PCR-16S rRNA and IS901 for identification of genus Mycobacterium and Mycobacterium avium sub species avium isolated onto L-J. All samples (296) were AFB negative smear. M. avium was isolated in 0.3% (1/296) samples by culture and detected in 2.5% (6/242) samples by PCR (IS901). Other mycobacteria were found in 1.7% (5/296) chickens. Of five isolates, two were identified as Mycobacterium terrae and M. engbaekii and remaining isolates were not sequenced. Birds positive for M. avium included White Pelican (n = 1) Black Hornbill (n = 1), Macaw (n = 2), Cockatoo (n = 2) and village chicken (n = 1). Conclusion It is concluded that chickens and birds were infected with M. avium in selected areas of Peninsular Malaysia. Although, PCR is rapid, reliable and cost effective method for detection of M. avium in a subclinical stage, the culture of the avian feces should still be used as a reference test for the diagnosis of avian tuberculosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Sattar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lasbela University of Agriculture, Water and Marine Sciences, Uthal, Balochistan, 90150, Pakistan.,Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zunita Zakaria
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia. .,Institute of Bioscience, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400-UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Jalila Abu
- Department of Clinical Studies, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Saleha A Aziz
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia UPM, 43400, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Gabriel Rojas-Ponce
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2V4, Canada
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Husakova M, Kralik P, Babak V, Slana I. Efficiency of DNA Isolation Methods Based on Silica Columns and Magnetic Separation Tested for the Detection of Mycobacterium avium Subsp. Paratuberculosis in Milk and Faeces. MATERIALS 2020; 13:ma13225112. [PMID: 33198402 PMCID: PMC7697941 DOI: 10.3390/ma13225112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Timely and reliable detection of animals shedding Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) should help to effectively identify infected animals and limit infection transmission at early stages to ensure effective control of paratuberculosis. The aim of the study was to compare DNA extraction methods and evaluate isolation efficiency using milk and faecal samples artificially contaminated by MAP with a focus on modern instrumental automatic DNA isolation procedures based on magnetic separation. In parallel, an automatic and manual version of magnetic separation and two methods of faecal samples preparation were compared. Commercially available DNA isolation kits were evaluated, and the selected kits were used in a trial of automatic magnetic beads-based isolation and compared with the manual version of each kit. Detection of the single copy element F57 was performed by qPCR to quantify MAP and determine the isolation efficiency. The evaluated kits showed significant differences in DNA isolation efficiencies. The best results were observed with the silica column Blood and Tissue kit for milk and Zymo Research for faeces. The highest isolation efficiency for magnetic separation was achieved with MagMAX for both matrices. The magnetic separation and silica column isolation methods used in this study represent frequently used methods in mycobacterial diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marketa Husakova
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kralik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Department of Hygiene and Technology of Food of Animal Origin and of Gastronomy, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimir Babak
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
| | - Iva Slana
- Veterinary Research Institute, Hudcova 70, 621 00 Brno, Czech Republic; (M.H.); (P.K.); (V.B.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-777-786-711
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Estimation of the sensitivity and specificity of four serum ELISA and one fecal PCR for diagnosis of paratuberculosis in adult dairy cattle in New Zealand using Bayesian latent class analysis. Prev Vet Med 2020; 185:105199. [PMID: 33229064 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2020.105199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In New Zealand, a new diagnostic approach for the control of paratuberculosis in mixed aged milking cows has been developed using a combination of ELISA and quantitative fecal PCR (f-qPCR). Our analysis was designed to evaluate performance of these individual tests in infected or infectious mixed aged cows across the prevalence of infection typically encountered on NZ dairy farms and calculate test accuracy when used as a screening test of serological ELISAs for four separate antigens read in parallel followed by a confirmatory quantitative f-qPCR test. Data from a cross-sectional study of 20 moderate prevalence herds was combined with existing data from 2 low and 20 high prevalence herds forming a dataset of 3845 paired serum and fecal samples. Incidence of clinical Johne's disease (JD) was used to classify herds into three prevalence categories. High (≥ 3% annual clinical JD for the last three years), moderate (<3 - 1%) and low (<1% incidence for at least the last five years). Positive tests were declared if> 50 ELISA units and f-qPCR at two cut-points (≥1 × 104 genomes/mL or >1 × 103 genomes/mL). Fixed Bayesian latent class models at both f-qPCR cut-points, accounted for conditional independence and paired conditional dependence. Mixed models at both f-qPCR cut-points, using a different mechanism to account for conditional dependencies between tests were also implemented. Models (24 in number) were constructed using OpenBUGS. The aim was to identify Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infected cows that met at least one of two criteria: shedding sufficient MAP in feces to be detected by f-qPCR or mounting a detectable MAP antibody response. The best fit to the data was obtained by modelling pairwise dependencies between tests in a fixed model or by accounting for dependencies in a mixed model at a fecal cut-off of ≥1 × 104 genomes/mL. Test performance differed with prevalence, but models were robust to prior assumptions. For the fixed model, at a prevalence of 0.29 (95 % probability interval (PI) = 0.25-0.33), as a screening plus confirmatory f-qPCR, post-test probability for disease in a positive animal was 0.84 (95 %PI = 0.80-0.88) and 0.16 (95 %PI = 0.15-0.18) for disease in a test negative animal. In low prevalence herds (0.01(95 %PI = 0.00-0.04)) the equivalent figures were 0.84 (95 %PI = 0.08-0.92) and 0.00 (95 %PI = 0.00-0.02). These results suggest this is a useful tool to control JD on dairy farms, particularly in herds with higher levels of infection, where the sampling and testing cost per animal is defrayed across more detected animals.
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Hosseiniporgham S, Cubeddu T, Rocca S, Sechi LA. Identification of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in Sheep Milk, a Zoonotic Problem. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8091264. [PMID: 32825389 PMCID: PMC7565042 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8091264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Johne’s disease (JD) is a life-threatening gastrointestinal disease affecting ruminants, which causes crucial economical losses globally. This ailment is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), a fastidious intracellular pathogen that belongs to the Mycobacteriaceae family. This acid-fast, hard-to-detect bacterium can resist milk pasteurization and be conveyed to dairy product consumers. Many studies have emphasized the zoonotic nature of MAP, suggesting an association between MAP and some gastroenteric conditions such as Crohn’s disease in humans. This underlines the importance of utilizing efficient pasteurization alongside a state-of-the-art diagnostic system in order to minimize the possible ways this pathogen can be conveyed to humans. Until now, no confirmatory MAP screening technique has been developed that can reveal the stages of JD in infected animals. This is partially due to the lack of an efficient gold-standard reference method that can properly evaluate the performance of diagnostic assays. Therefore, the following research aimed to compare the merits of qPCR and ELISA assessments of milk for the detection of MAP in a total of 201 Sardinian unpasteurized sheep milk samples including 73 bulk tank milk (BTM) and 128 individual samples from a MAP-infected flock (MIF) applying various reference models. Accordingly, milk qPCR and ELISA assessments, together and individually, were used as reference models in the herd-level study, while serum ELISA and fecal PCR were similarly (together and in isolation) considered as the gold standards in the individual-level diagnosis. This study showed that the type of gold-standard test affects the sensitivity and specificity of milk qPCR and ELISA significantly. At the individual level in the MAP-infected flock, serum ELISA in isolation and together with fecal PCR were recognized as the best references; however, the best correlation was seen between milk and serum ELISA (p < 0.0001). Regarding the detection of MAP in BTM, qPCR IS900 was recognized as the most sensitive and specific diagnostic test (p < 0.0001) for monitoring the MAP shedders and animals with clinically developed symptoms within herds, under the condition that both milk qPCR and milk ELISA tests formed a binary reference model. The BTM analyses (qPCR and ELISA) revealed that MAP positivity has a seasonal pattern. This hypothesis was proven through a longitudinal study on 14 sheep herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepideh Hosseiniporgham
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Cubeddu
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Stefano Rocca
- Dipartimento di Medicina Veterinaria, Università di Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
| | - Leonardo A Sechi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche, Università di Sassari, Viale San Pietro 43 b, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Mediterranean Centre for Disease Control, University of Sassari, Sassari 07100, Italy
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Hassan AA, Khan IUH, Ganz S, Wehrend A, Failing K, Eisenberg T, Abdulmawjood A, Bülte M. Assessing efficacy of N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine-Sodium Hydroxide on bacterial viability and enhanced recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis from bovine colostrum. J Microbiol Methods 2020; 175:105968. [PMID: 32479871 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2020.105968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The standard procedure for the improved cultural recovery of viable Mycobacterium spp. from diverse samples mainly depends on reducing the viability of background microbiota using different chemical compounds. This study was designed to i) evaluate the efficacy and comparison between N-Acetyl-l-Cysteine-Sodium hydroxide (NALC-2% NaOH) and hexadecylpyridinium chloride (0.75% HPC) treatment and exposure time on reducing the viability of undesirable microorganisms with minimal impact on colostrum consistency; and ii) assess the impact of NALC-2% NaOH on improved and enhanced recovery of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in spiked postpartum colostrum samples and consistency of colostrum. A total of 40 samples, each treated with NALC-2% NaOH for 15 min or 0.75% HPC for 5 h, were investigated for total mesophilic aerobic bacteria (MAB) and enterobacteria (EB) (CFU mL-1). The results showed that treatment of colostrum samples with NALC-2% NaOH completely eliminated EB and significantly reduced MAB (3.6 log10 CFU mL-1). Conversely, samples treated with 0.75% HPC produced a complex mixture following interaction with the colostrum protein and showed non-significant and variable results. In addition, the spiked colostrum treated with NALC-2% NaOH for 15 min revealed recovery of viable MAP cells with a minimum limit of detection of 1.36 log10 CFU 10 mL-1 where no change in the consistency of colostrum was observed. In conclusion, 15-min NALC-2% NaOH treatment of colostrum may significantly reduce the viability of undesirable microorganisms and help to enhance the efficient recovery of MAP without impacting the consistency of high quality postpartum colostrum. This rapid procedure is suitable for efficient recovery and early detection of MAP as well as preventing its transmission to neonates and young calves in MAP infected herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulwahed Ahmed Hassan
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Street 92, D-35392 Gießen, Germany; Department of Veterinary Public Health (DVPH), College of Veterinary Medicine, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq.
| | - Izhar U H Khan
- Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Ottawa Research and Development Centre, Ottawa, ON K1A 0C6, Canada
| | - Sebastian Ganz
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Axel Wehrend
- Klinik für Geburtshilfe, Gynäkologie und Andrologie der Groß- und Kleintiere mit Tierärztlicher Ambulanz, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 106, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Klaus Failing
- Biomathematik und Datenverarbeitung, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Str. 95, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Tobias Eisenberg
- Landesbetrieb Hessisches Landeslabor, Schubertstr. 60, 35392 Gießen, Germany
| | - Amir Abdulmawjood
- Institute of Food Quality and Food Safety, Research Center for Emerging Infections and Zoonoses (RIZ), University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bünteweg 17, D-30559 Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Bülte
- Institute of Veterinary Food Science, Justus-Liebig-University Gießen, Frankfurter Street 92, D-35392 Gießen, Germany
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Characteristics and Epidemiological Investigation of Paratuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Tai'an, China. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:3896754. [PMID: 32258119 PMCID: PMC7094201 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3896754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Paratuberculosis, a chronic and sometimes fatal disease of ruminants, is caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In this study, we examined paratuberculosis cases among 2-4-year-old dairy cows at farms in Shandong Province, China. Paratuberculosis cases were diagnosed based on clinical symptoms, pathological autopsy, and histopathological inspection. Characteristics of paratuberculosis in the affected dairy cattle included poor body condition, persistent diarrhea, subcutaneous edema, granulomatous ileitis (multibacillary), mesenteric lymphadenitis, and hepatitis. Acid-fast bacilli from fecal specimens and lymphocytes were putatively identified as MAP based on Ziehl-Neelsen staining, then confirmed using polymerase chain reaction-based testing and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry analyses. Overall, only one MAP strain was isolated from a herd with symptomatic diarrhea. However, analysis of 586 serum samples from nine herds in Tai'an City revealed that 66.7% of herds and 14.2% of animals were seropositive for MAP. Our findings suggest that paratuberculosis is widely prevalent and therefore a significant threat to the dairy industry in Tai'an City, Shandong Province, China.
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Bates A, O'Brien R, Liggett S, Griffin F. Control of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection on a New Zealand pastoral dairy farm. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:266. [PMID: 31358004 PMCID: PMC6664707 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Johne’s disease is a major production limiting disease of dairy cows caused by infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in calf-hood. The disease is chronic, progressive, contagious and widespread with no treatment and no cure. Economic losses arise from decreased productivity through reduced growth, milk yield, fertility and also capital losses due to premature culling or death. Control chiefly centers upon removing those animals which actively shed bacteria and protecting calves from infection. A prolonged pre-clinical shedding phase, lack of test sensitivity, organism persistence and abundance in the environment as well as management systems that expose susceptible calves to infection make control challenging, particularly in pastoral, seasonal dairy systems. Combining a novel testing strategy to remove infected cows along with limited measures to protect vulnerable calves at pasture, this study reports the successful reduction over a four-year period of seroprevalence of cows testing positive for MAP infection in a New Zealand pastoral dairy herd. Results For all age groups considered the apparent seroprevalence of cows testing positive decreased from 297 / 1,122 (26%) in 2013–2014, to 24 / 1,030 (2.3%) in 2016–2017. Over the same period, the apparent seroprevalence in primiparous cows decreased from 39 / 260 (15%) to 7 / 275 (2.5%) and in multiparous cows from 258 / 862 (29.9%) to 17 / 755 (2.3%). The reported proportion of calved cows culled annually from suspected clinical Johne’s disease fell from 55 / 1,201 (5%) in the year preceding the control program to 5 / 1,283 (0.4%) in the final year of the study. Conclusions On this farm, reduction in the prevalence of infection was achieved by reducing the infectious pressure through targeted culling of heavily shedding animals together with limited measures to protect calves at pasture from exposure to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Whilst greater protection of young animals through separation from infected cows and their colostrum and milk would have reduced the risk of neonatal infection, this study demonstrates, in this case, that these management measures while prudent were not essential for effective reduction in the prevalence of MAP infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bates
- Vetlife Centre for Dairy Excellence, Vetlife Scientific, 1 Waitohi-Temuka Road, Temuka, 20 Wilson Street, Geraldine, New Zealand.
| | - Rory O'Brien
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Simon Liggett
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Frank Griffin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Correa-Valencia NM, Ramírez NF, Arango-Sabogal JC, Fecteau G, Fernández-Silva JA. Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds in Northern Antioquia (Colombia) and associated risk factors using environmental sampling. Prev Vet Med 2019; 170:104739. [PMID: 31421501 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2019.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This cross-sectional study aimed to determine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) herd-level prevalence using a quantitative real-time PCR method (qPCR), performed on environmental samples. Secondly, the study aimed to explore herd-level risk factors associated with the presence of MAP in dairy herds with in-paddock milking facilities of the Northern region of the Province of Antioquia (Colombia). Study herds (n = 292) located in 61 different districts from six municipalities were randomly selected amongst 7794 dairies registered in the foot-and-mouth disease vaccination records from 2015. The sampling strategy considered a proportional allocation, both at municipality and district level. Participant herds were visited once between June and October 2016 to collect one composite environmental sample and to complete a risk assessment questionnaire. Each composite environmental sample contained material from six different sites of concentration of adult cattle and/or high traffic areas (e.g. areas surrounding waterers and feeders, areas surrounding the current mobile milking-unit places). Identification of MAP was achieved using a duplex qPCR (Bactotype MAP PCR Kit®, Qiagen). A herd was considered as MAP infected if the environmental sample was positive in the qPCR. Information about the general characteristics of the herd, management practices, and knowledge about the disease was collected using the risk-assessment questionnaire. The information on risk factors was analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model. The apparent herd-level prevalence was 4.1% (12/292; 95% CI: 1.8-6.4). Herds with a history of mixed farming of cattle with other ruminants had higher odds of being MAP infected than herds without (OR = 3.9; 95% CI: 1.2-13.2). Our study demonstrates the MAP prevalence in dairy herds from Antioquia, Colombia and the possible relationship between MAP environmental positivity with the history of mixed farming of cattle with other susceptible ruminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalia M Correa-Valencia
- Grupo Centauro, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Nicolás F Ramírez
- Grupo Centauro, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Juan C Arango-Sabogal
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| | - Gilles Fecteau
- Département de sciences cliniques, Faculté de médecine vétérinaire, Université de Montréal, Saint-Hyacinthe, Québec, Canada.
| | - Jorge A Fernández-Silva
- Grupo Centauro, Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria, Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, Colombia.
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Schwalm AK, Obiegala A, Pfeffer M, Sting R. Enhanced sensitivity and fast turnaround time in laboratory diagnosis for bovine paratuberculosis in faecal samples. J Microbiol Methods 2018; 152:39-47. [PMID: 30031012 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Bovine paratuberculosis (Johne's disease in cattle) is caused by the pathogen Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and is a widespread chronic bacterial infectious disease in cattle. Due to the peculiarities of the pathogen, detection of MAP in faeces remains difficult. DNA extraction and real-time PCR for detection of MAP in bovine faeces (direct PCR) have been refined and feasible procedures for rapid, sensitive and automatable detection of the pathogen agent have been developed. Accordingly, in a first step we tested 20 faecal samples using two MAP complete kits (DNA extraction kits based on magnetic beads combined with real-time PCR assays) and six other DNA extraction kits for faeces. MAP-specific DNA was detected by real-time PCR assays. Cultivation of MAP on the solid medium HEYM and in the liquid medium M7H9C served as reference standards. The two complete kits detected significantly more MAP-DNA positive samples than the other procedures applied (p < 0.04). Ct values of 37 and 38 served as cut-off for the respective real-time PCR assays calculated on the basis of standard curves and droplet digital PCR (ddPCR). In a second step, the two MAP complete kits were employed for a comprehensive study including 107 positive and 50 negative faecal samples which had been previously tested on HEYM cultivation. The MAP complete kits yielded sensitivity values of 86% and 89% and specificity values of 100% compared to cultivation of MAP in the liquid medium M7H9C. In detail, cultivation of MAP in M7H9C detected the pathogen in 97% and 100% of the samples tested after an incubation period of six and twelve weeks, respectively. However, the cultivation of MAP on HEYM succeeded in only 74% after twelve weeks of incubation. In all these solid culture positive samples, MAP was also detected using the two complete kits. Additionally, the impact of repeated freezing and thawing of samples on re-cultivation of MAP was tested using 20 faecal samples and resulted in a reduction to 75% and 25% of bacterial growth when using liquid medium M7H9C and solid medium HEYM, respectively. The results of this study show that complete kits with refined automatable protocols for DNA extraction in combination with real-time PCR assays for detection of MAP can compete with sensitive cultivation of the pathogen in liquid medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Schwalm
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office (CVUA) Stuttgart, Fellbach D 70736, Germany.
| | - A Obiegala
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D 04103, Germany
| | - M Pfeffer
- Institute of Animal Hygiene and Veterinary Public Health, University of Leipzig, Leipzig D 04103, Germany
| | - R Sting
- Chemical and Veterinary Investigations Office (CVUA) Stuttgart, Fellbach D 70736, Germany
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Bates A, O'Brien R, Liggett S, Griffin F. The effect of sub-clinical infection with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis on milk production in a New Zealand dairy herd. BMC Vet Res 2018. [PMID: 29540214 PMCID: PMC5853068 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-018-1421-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Johne’s disease is a major production limiting disease of dairy cows. The disease is chronic, progressive, contagious and widespread; there is no treatment and there is no cure. Economic losses arise from decreased productivity through reduced growth, milk yield and fertility and capital losses due to premature culling or death. This study attempts to address the effect of subclinical JD on milk production under New Zealand pastoral dairy farming conditions using a new testing approach. Blood samples were taken from all lactating animals from a single seasonally calving New Zealand dairy herd in the autumn of 2013 and 2014. Samples were subject to serological assay for antibodies to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis using a combination of four ELISA tests in parallel followed by selective quantitative fecal PCR to confirm the fecal shedding characteristics of ELISA positive cows. ELISA status was classified as Not-Detected, Low, Moderate or High and fecal PCR status as Not-Detected, Moderate or High. Results A mixed generalized regression model indicated that, compared to cows where MAP was not detected, daily milk solids production was 4% less for high ELISA positive cows (p = 0.004), 6% less for moderate fPCR cows (p = 0.036) and 12% less for high fPCR cows (p < 0.001). Conclusions This study confirms that sub-clinical JD can have a significant impact on milk production and that the testing methodology used stratified the animals in this herd on their likely impact on production and disease spread. This allowed the farmer to prioritize removal of heavily shedding, less-productive animals and so reduce the risk of infection of young stock. This is the first longitudinal study based in New Zealand looking at the effect of Johne’s infection status on daily milk production allowing for intermediary and confounding factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Bates
- Vetlife, Centre for Dairy Excellence, Wilson Street, Geraldine, New Zealand.
| | - Rory O'Brien
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Simon Liggett
- Disease Research Limited, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
| | - Frank Griffin
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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An ISMap02-like insertion sequence in Mycobacterium spp. interferes with specific detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Vet Microbiol 2018. [PMID: 29519503 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is a causative agent of Johne's disease or paratuberculosis (PTB), which is a chronic debilitating disease in ruminants, that is characterized by incurable enteritis and persistent diarrhea. ISMap02 is one of the major targets of PCR because it is present in multicopies (six copies) and known to be specific to MAP. However, in the present study, non-MAP mycobacteria were shown to be positive by ISMap02 targeting PCR. Two bacterial isolates (Sample ID: BO-038 and BO-042) were cultured from bovine fecal samples that produced positive results in three of two ISMap02 targeting PCR analyses with negative results in IS900 real-time PCR. Species identification using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and hsp65 gene partial sequencing revealed that strains BO-038 and BO-042 were M. virginiense and M. nonchromogenicum, respectively, which both belong to the M. terrae complex (MTC). Moreover, the two isolates shared a novel insertion sequence (IS) with high similarity to some parts of nucleotide sequences of ISMap02, and IS was presumed to be identical to that present in M. heraklionense. Both the novel IS and ISMap02 were characterized as IS1182 family members, and several sequences similar to ISMap02 were identified by BLAST analysis. In addition, the DDE transposase of the novel IS showed great similarity in the N-terminal portion with the IS5/1182 DDE transposase of other mycobacteria. These results suggest that ISMap02 has a conserved region with similarity to other ISs, and that the diagnostic value of the primer sets targeting that region should be re-addressed.
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Bull TJ, Munshi T, Mikkelsen H, Hartmann SB, Sørensen MR, Garcia JS, Lopez-Perez PM, Hofmann S, Hilpert K, Jungersen G. Improved Culture Medium (TiKa) for Mycobacterium avium Subspecies Paratuberculosis (MAP) Matches qPCR Sensitivity and Reveals Significant Proportions of Non-viable MAP in Lymphoid Tissue of Vaccinated MAP Challenged Animals. Front Microbiol 2017; 7:2112. [PMID: 28101082 PMCID: PMC5209360 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.02112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2016] [Accepted: 12/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The quantitative detection of viable pathogen load is an important tool in determining the degree of infection in animals and contamination of foodstuffs. Current conventional culture methods are limited in their ability to determine these levels in Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) due to slow growth, clumping and low recoverability issues. The principle goal of this study was to evaluate a novel culturing process (TiKa) with unique ability to stimulate MAP growth from low sample loads and dilutions. We demonstrate it was able to stimulate a mean 29-fold increase in recoverability and an improved sensitivity of up to three logs when compared with conventional culture. Using TiKa culture, MAP clumping was minimal and produced visible colonies in half the time required by standard culture methods. Parallel quantitative evaluation of the TiKa culture approach and qPCR on MAP loads in tissue and gut mucosal samples from a MAP vaccine-challenge study, showed good correlations between colony counts (cfu) and qPCR derived genome equivalents (Geq) over a large range of loads with a 30% greater sensitivity for TiKa culture approach at low loads (two logs). Furthermore, the relative fold changes in Geq and cfu from the TiKa culture approach suggests that non-mucosal tissue loads from MAP infected animals contained a reduced proportion of non-viable MAP (mean 19-fold) which was reduced significantly further (mean 190-fold) in vaccinated “reactor” calves. This study shows TiKa culture equates well with qPCR and provides important evidence that accuracy in estimating viable MAP load using DNA tests alone may vary significantly between samples of mucosal and lymphatic origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J Bull
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London London, UK
| | - Tulika Munshi
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London London, UK
| | - Heidi Mikkelsen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Sofie B Hartmann
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Maria R Sørensen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Joanna S Garcia
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London London, UK
| | - Paula M Lopez-Perez
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London London, UK
| | - Sven Hofmann
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London London, UK
| | - Kai Hilpert
- Institute of Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London London, UK
| | - Gregers Jungersen
- National Veterinary Institute, Technical University of Denmark (DTU) Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
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15
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Bauman CA, Jones-Bitton A, Jansen J, Kelton D, Menzies P. Evaluation of fecal culture and fecal RT-PCR to detect Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis fecal shedding in dairy goats and dairy sheep using latent class Bayesian modeling. BMC Vet Res 2016; 12:212. [PMID: 27645908 PMCID: PMC5029031 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-016-0814-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 08/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The study’s objective was to evaluate the ability of fecal culture (FCUL) and fecal PCR (FPCR) to identify dairy goat and dairy sheep shedding Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis. A cross-sectional study of the small ruminant populations was performed in Ontario, Canada between October 2010 and August 2011. Twenty-nine dairy goat herds and 21 dairy sheep flocks were visited, and 20 lactating females > two years of age were randomly selected from each farm resulting in 580 goats and 397 sheep participating in the study. Feces were collected per rectum and cultured using the BD BACTEC™ MGIT™ 960 system using a standard (49 days) and an extended (240 days) incubation time, and underwent RT-PCR based on the hsp-X gene (Tetracore®). Statistical analysis was performed using a 2-test latent class Bayesian hierarchical model for each species fitted in WinBUGS. Results Extending the fecal culture incubation time statistically improved FCUL sensitivity from 23.1 % (95 % PI: 15.9-34.1) to 42.7 % (95 % PI: 33.0-54.5) in dairy goats and from 5.8 % (95 % PI: 2.3-12.4) to 19.0 % (95 % PI: 11.9-28.9) in dairy sheep. FPCR demonstrated statistically higher sensitivity than FCUL (49 day incubation) with a sensitivity of 31.9 % (95 % PI: 22.4-43.1) in goats and 42.6 % (95 % PI: 28.8-63.3) in sheep. Conclusions Fecal culture demonstrates such low sensitivity at the standard incubation time it cannot be recommended as a screening test to detect shedding of MAP in either goats or sheep. Extending the incubation time resulted in improved sensitivity; however, it is still disappointingly low for screening purposes. Fecal PCR should be the screening test of choice in both species; however, it is important to recognize that control programs should not be based on testing alone when they demonstrate such low sensitivity. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-016-0814-5) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathy A Bauman
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Andria Jones-Bitton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jocelyn Jansen
- Veterinary Science & Policy Unit, Animal Health and Welfare Branch, Ontario Ministry of Agriculture, Food & Rural Affairs, Elora, Ontario, N0B 1S0, Canada
| | - David Kelton
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Paula Menzies
- Department of Population Medicine, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, N1G 2W1, Canada
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16
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Park HT, Shin MK, Park HE, Cho YI, Yoo HS. PCR-based detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in cattle in South Korea using fecal samples. J Vet Med Sci 2016; 78:1537-1540. [PMID: 27301582 PMCID: PMC5059387 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.15-0271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is
the causative agent of bovine paratuberculosis (PTB). The first step in the control of PTB
is the identification and isolation of sub-clinical fecal shedders from the herd. In the
current study, real-time and nested PCR targeting MAP-specific genetic elements
(IS900 and ISMAP02) DNA isolated from fecal samples
were used to detect MAP infection in cattle. Of the 1,562 fecal samples obtained from 37
herds, regardless of diarrhea, 35 samples tested positive in both
IS900-targeted real-time and ISMAP02-targeted nested
PCR. At the herd level, 12 of the 37 herds were found to be positive for MAP. Detection
rates of the PCR tests were similar to those reported for ELISA-based methods. These
results suggest that PCR can be used to detect sub-clinical fecal shedders of MAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Tae Park
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea
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17
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Yue R, Liu C, Barrow P, Liu F, Cui Y, Yang L, Zhao D, Zhou X. The isolation and molecular characterization of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Shandong province, China. Gut Pathog 2016; 8:9. [PMID: 27006704 PMCID: PMC4802609 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-016-0092-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2015] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (Map) causes Johne's disease in domestic and wild ruminants. It has been a debate that whether Map can cause Crohn's disease in human. To our knowledge there is no report about molecular characterization of Map in China, although several Map strains have been reported in other country. The objectives of this study was to know the recent prevalence of Johne's disease in dairy farms in Shandong province, and have a better understanding of genotypic distribution of Map in China. METHODS Johne's disease was detected from 1038 individuals in 19 dairy farms by ELISA. Map in fecal and milk specimens was identified by Ziehl-Neelsen staining and confirmed using PCR-REA. In addition, frozen sections of ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes from two Map shedding cows were performed to observe the histopathological changes. Next-generation sequencing technology was performed to get whole genome sequences. RESULT A total of 121 (11.7 %) animals were positive for Map antibody from 1038 sera tested, and 11 (57.9 %) dairy herds were positive for Map antibody. Typically histopathologic changes were observed in mesenteric lymph nodes. We have successfully isolated two Map strains, which both were Map-C. The current genome-wide analysis showed that the genome size of our isolates are respectively 4,750,273 and 4,727,050 bp with a same G + C content of 69.3 %, and the numbers of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) against Map K-10 are respectively 292 and 296. CONCLUSION Map is a prevalent pathogen among dairy cattle in China. This study successfully isolated two Map strains from one Chinese dairy herd with signs of diarrhoea, and identified that the two isolates were both Map-C. Furthermore, these isolates were most closely related to Map K-10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichao Yue
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Chunfa Liu
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Paul Barrow
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington Campus, Loughborough, Leicestershire LE12 5RD UK
| | - Fei Liu
- Institute of Microbiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101 China
| | - Yongyong Cui
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lifeng Yang
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Deming Zhao
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratories for Agrobiotechnology, Key Laboratory of Animal Epidemiology and Zoonosis, Ministry of Agriculture, National Animal Transmissible Spongiform Encephalopathy Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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18
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Mita A, Mori Y, Nakagawa T, Tasaki T, Utiyama K, Mori H. Comparison of fecal pooling methods and DNA extraction kits for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Microbiologyopen 2015; 5:134-42. [PMID: 26666871 PMCID: PMC4767428 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to develop a sensitive method using quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) with pooled fecal samples for the screening of Johne's disease (JD). Manufacturer‐specified and our new pooling method in combination with five commercial kits for DNA extraction and purification were compared. Different volumes of pooled fecal suspensions were tested, and the results were compared for individual samples and three pool sizes (5, 10, and 50 samples); each of the fecal suspensions, which were prepared from healthy dairy and beef cattle was spiked with 0, 10, 100, or 1000 cultured Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) organisms or was mixed with fecal suspensions from experimentally infected cattle. The MAP DNA detection proportion with our pooling method in combination with Johne‐Spin kit (Fasmac, Japan) was 100% for all models and all pool sizes, except for the low shedder model with a pool size of 50. There was no loss of sensitivity in pools of 10 subjects or less by using the new method. These results suggest that new method is a sensitive, practical, and cost‐effective screening test for the detection of MAP‐infected cattle and the monitoring of JD‐free herds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Mita
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Yasuyuki Mori
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-0856, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Nakagawa
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Tomoko Tasaki
- National Livestock Breeding Center, Okazaki Station, Okazaki, Aichi, 444-3161, Japan
| | - Katsuo Utiyama
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
| | - Hitomi Mori
- Hygienics Division, National Livestock Breeding Center, Nishigo, Nishi-Shirakawa, Fukushima, 961-8511, Japan
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19
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Britton LE, Cassidy JP, O'Donovan J, Gordon SV, Markey B. Potential application of emerging diagnostic techniques to the diagnosis of bovine Johne's disease (paratuberculosis). Vet J 2015; 209:32-9. [PMID: 26831164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) causes Johne's disease (paratuberculosis), a chronic wasting disease in cattle with important welfare, economic and potential public health implications. Current tests are unable to recognise all stages of the disease, which makes it difficult to diagnose and control. This review explores emerging diagnostic techniques that could complement and enhance the diagnosis of MAP infection, including bacteriophage analysis, new MAP-specific antigens, host protein expression in response to infection, transcriptomic studies, analysis of microRNAs and investigation of the gastrointestinal microbiome. It emphasises the inherent challenges of diagnosing bovine Johne's disease and investigates novel areas which may have the potential both to advance our understanding of the immunopathology of MAP infection and to augment current diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jim O'Donovan
- Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine, Model Farm Road, Cork, Ireland
| | | | - Bryan Markey
- University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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20
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Fiss L, Santos BL, Albuquerque PPFD, Mota RA, Marcolongo-Pereira C, Adrien MDL, Soares MP, Schild AL. Paratuberculose em bovinos de corte na região Sul do Rio Grande do Sul. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2015000500008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Resumo:Descrevem-se os aspectos epidemiológicos e clínico-patológicos de paratuberculose diagnosticada no sul do Rio Grande do Sul em uma propriedade de bovinos de corte. Dois bovinos criados extensivamente que apresentavam emagrecimento progressivo e diarreia crônica foram necropsiados. Os linfonodos mesentéricos estavam aumentados e edematosos. A mucosa do intestino estava espessada e enrugada com aspecto cerebroide principalmente na porção final do íleo, válvula íleo-cecal e ceco. Fragmentos dos órgãos foram fixados em formalina 10%, incluídos em parafina, cortados e corados pela técnica de hematoxilina e eosina (HE) e Ziehl-Neelsen (ZN). Fezes foram encaminhadas ao Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Área de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco para o cultivo de Mycobacterium aviumsubsp.paratuberculosis em meio Lowenstein Jensen com micobactina e para realização da PCR. Histologicamente, havia enterite granulomatosa no jejuno, íleo, ceco e reto, afetando multifocalmente, também, o duodeno e o cólon. Havia, ainda, linfangite e adenite granulomatosa. Pela coloração de ZN foram observados numerosos bacilos álcool-ácido resistentes (BAAR) no interior de macrófagos, células gigantes de Langhans e nos linfonodos mesentéricos no jejuno, íleo ceco e reto. Não houve crescimento bacteriano nas amostras de fezes e cinco amostras amplificaram a sequência genética IS900 específica do Mycobacterium aviumsubesp. paratuberculosis. Pelo presente trabalho pode-se concluir que a paratuberculose apesar dos poucos relatos ocorre também em bovinos de corte criados extensivamente no sul do Rio Grande do Sul e pode ter uma prevalência maior do que se supõe na região. Alerta-se para a necessidade do diagnóstico e da tomada de medidas efetivas de controle para esta doença que, por muitos, ainda é considerada uma doença exótica no Brasil.
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Kennedy AE, Da Silva AT, Byrne N, Govender R, MacSharry J, O’Mahony J, Sayers RG. The Single Intradermal Cervical Comparative Test Interferes with Johne's Disease ELISA Diagnostics. Front Immunol 2014; 5:564. [PMID: 25429289 PMCID: PMC4228858 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2014.00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 10/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) of milk and serum samples are a routinely used method of screening herds for Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP). Infection with MAP causes granulomatous enteritis of ruminants known as Johne's disease (JD). The sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of MAP ELISAs leads to difficulties in the identification of both infected and infectious animals. Interference with MAP ELISA Se and Sp has been reported in MAP seronegative cows following administration of purified protein derivative (PPD) as part of intradermal testing for bovine tuberculosis (bTB). The aim of this study is to examine the impact of the single intradermal cervical comparative test (SICCT) for bTB, on both serum and milk MAP ELISA tests, in a herd containing both seropositive and seronegative cows pre-SICCT. A secondary objective is to provide appropriate timing of JD ELISA tests in relation to the SICCT. A herd of 139 cows were serum and milk sampled pre- and post-SICCT administration. Prior to SICCT, 6% of the herd tested seropositive for MAP using milk ELISA, with 8% positive on serum. ID Screen Paratuberculosis Indirect Screening Test (ID Vet) was used to screen the herd. Within 14 days of PPD administration, a significant increase in the prevalence of seropositive cows was recorded. Identical prevalence's were recorded with both test matrices (39%). ELISA values remained significantly higher until day 43 post-SICCT in milk (P = 0.850), and day 71 in serum (P = 0.602). If the "new" positives detected post-bTB testing are deemed false positives due to generation of cross-reacting antibodies by administration of PPD, milk would appear a more suitable sample for JD ELISA testing within 2 months of SICCT. In summary, sampling for JD utilizing milk ELISA should be avoided in the 43-day period following PPD administration, with serum ELISA sampling avoided for an additional 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aideen E. Kennedy
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Ana T. Da Silva
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Cork, Ireland
| | - Noel Byrne
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Cork, Ireland
| | - Rodney Govender
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - John MacSharry
- Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, Biosciences Institute, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O’Mahony
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Cork, Ireland
| | - Riona G. Sayers
- Animal and Bioscience Research Department, Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Teagasc, Cork, Ireland
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22
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Johnston CD, Bannantine JP, Govender R, Endersen L, Pletzer D, Weingart H, Coffey A, O'Mahony J, Sleator RD. Enhanced expression of codon optimized Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis antigens in Lactobacillus salivarius. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2014; 4:120. [PMID: 25237653 PMCID: PMC4154528 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2014.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well documented that open reading frames containing high GC content show poor expression in A+T rich hosts. Specifically, G+C-rich codon usage is a limiting factor in heterologous expression of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) proteins using Lactobacillus salivarius. However, re-engineering opening reading frames through synonymous substitutions can offset codon bias and greatly enhance MAP protein production in this host. In this report, we demonstrate that codon-usage manipulation of MAP2121c can enhance the heterologous expression of the major membrane protein (MMP), analogous to the form in which it is produced natively by MAP bacilli. When heterologously over-expressed, antigenic determinants were preserved in synthetic MMP proteins as shown by monoclonal antibody mediated ELISA. Moreover, MMP is a membrane protein in MAP, which is also targeted to the cellular surface of recombinant L. salivarius at levels comparable to MAP. Additionally, we previously engineered MAP3733c (encoding MptD) and show herein that MptD displays the tendency to associate with the cytoplasmic membrane boundary under confocal microscopy and the intracellularly accumulated protein selectively adheres to the MptD-specific bacteriophage fMptD. This work demonstrates there is potential for L. salivarius as a viable antigen delivery vehicle for MAP, which may provide an effective mucosal vaccine against Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - John P Bannantine
- United States Department of Agriculture - Agricultural Research Service, National Animal Disease Center Ames, IA, USA
| | - Rodney Govender
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Lorraine Endersen
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Daniel Pletzer
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Helge Weingart
- School of Engineering and Science, Jacobs University Bremen Bremen, Germany
| | - Aidan Coffey
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Jim O'Mahony
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
| | - Roy D Sleator
- Biological Sciences Department, Cork Institute of Technology Cork, Ireland
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23
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Oakey J, Gavey L, Singh SV, Platell J, Waltisbuhl D. Variable-number tandem repeats genotyping used to aid and inform management strategies for a bovine Johne’s disease incursion in tropical and subtropical Australia. J Vet Diagn Invest 2014; 26:651-7. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638714547257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The application of variable-number tandem repeats (VNTR) genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates to assist in investigating incidents of bovine Johne’s disease in a low-prevalence region of Australia is described in the current study. Isolates from a response to detection of bovine Johne’s disease in Queensland were compared with strains from national and international sources. The tandem application of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive unit (MIRU) and multilocus short sequence repeats (MLSSR) genotyping identified 2 strains, 1 that infected cattle on multiple properties with trace-forward histories from a common infected property, and 1 genotypically different strain recovered from a single property. The former strain showed an identical genotype to an isolate from India. Neither strain showed a genotypic link to regions of Australia with a higher prevalence of the disease. Genotyping has indicated incursions from 2 independent sources. This intelligence has informed investigations into potential routes of entry and the soundness of ongoing control measures, and supported strategy and policy decisions regarding management of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis incursions for Queensland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Oakey
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Oakey, Platell, Waltisbuhl)
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Gavey)
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, District of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (Singh)
| | - Lawrence Gavey
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Oakey, Platell, Waltisbuhl)
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Gavey)
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, District of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (Singh)
| | - Shoor Vir Singh
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Oakey, Platell, Waltisbuhl)
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Gavey)
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, District of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (Singh)
| | - Joanne Platell
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Oakey, Platell, Waltisbuhl)
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Gavey)
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, District of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (Singh)
| | - David Waltisbuhl
- Biosecurity Sciences Laboratory, Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Coopers Plains, Queensland, Australia (Oakey, Platell, Waltisbuhl)
- Biosecurity Queensland, Queensland Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry, Toowoomba, Queensland, Australia (Gavey)
- Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, District of Mathura, Uttar Pradesh, India (Singh)
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Sting R, Hrubenja M, Mandl J, Seemann G, Salditt A, Waibel S. Detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in faeces using different procedures of pre-treatment for real-time PCR in comparison to culture. Vet J 2014; 199:138-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2013.08.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Revised: 08/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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25
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Improved short-sequence-repeat genotyping of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 80:534-9. [PMID: 24212568 DOI: 10.1128/aem.03212-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Accurate sequence analysis of mononucleotide repeat regions is difficult, complicating the use of short sequence repeats (SSRs) as a tool for bacterial strain discrimination. Although multiple SSR loci in the genome of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis allow genotyping of M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis isolates with high discriminatory power, further characterization of the most discriminatory loci is limited due to inherent difficulties in sequencing mononucleotide repeats. Here, a method was evaluated using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) as an alternative to Sanger sequencing to further differentiate the dominant mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit (MIRU)-variable-number tandem-repeat (VNTR) M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis type (n = 37) in Canadian dairy herds by targeting a highly discriminatory mononucleotide SSR locus. First, PCR-amplified DNA was digested with two restriction enzymes to yield a sufficiently small fragment containing the SSR locus. Second, MALDI-TOF MS was performed to identify the mass, and thus repeat length, of the target. Sufficiently intense, discriminating spectra were obtained to determine repeat lengths up to 15, an improvement over the limit of 11 using traditional sequencing techniques. Comparison to synthetic oligonucleotides and Sanger sequencing results confirmed a valid and reproducible assay that increased discrimination of the dominant M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis MIRU-VNTR type. Thus, MALDI-TOF MS was a reliable, fast, and automatable technique to accurately resolve M. avium subsp. paratuberculosis genotypes based on SSRs.
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26
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Johnston C, Douarre PE, Soulimane T, Pletzer D, Weingart H, MacSharry J, Coffey A, Sleator RD, O'Mahony J. Codon optimisation to improve expression of a Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis-specific membrane-associated antigen by Lactobacillus salivarius. Pathog Dis 2013; 68:27-38. [PMID: 23620276 DOI: 10.1111/2049-632x.12040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2013] [Revised: 03/11/2013] [Accepted: 03/20/2013] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Subunit and DNA-based vaccines against Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) attempt to overcome inherent issues associated with whole-cell formulations. However, these vaccines can be hampered by poor expression of recombinant antigens from a number of disparate hosts. The high G+C content of MAP invariably leads to a codon bias throughout gene expression. To investigate if the codon bias affects recombinant MAP antigen expression, the open reading frame of a MAP-specific antigen MptD (MAP3733c) was codon optimised for expression against a Lactobacillus salivarius host. Of the total 209 codons which constitute MAP3733c, 172 were modified resulting in a reduced G+C content from 61% for the native gene to 32.7% for the modified form. Both genes were placed under the transcriptional control of the PnisA promoter; allowing controlled heterologous expression in L. salivarius. Expression was monitored using fluorescence microscopy and microplate fluorometry via GFP tags translationally fused to the C-termini of the two MptD genes. A > 37-fold increase in expression was observed for the codon-optimised MAP3733synth variant over the native gene. Due to the low cost and improved expression achieved, codon optimisation significantly improves the potential of L. salivarius as an oral vaccine stratagem against Johne's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Johnston
- Department of Biological Sciences, Cork Institute of Technology, Bishopstown, Cork, Ireland
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27
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Yamasaki EM, Brito MF, Mota RA, McIntosh D, Tokarnia CH. Paratuberculose em ruminantes no Brasil. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2013. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2013000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A paratuberculose ou doença de Johne é uma enterite granulomatosa causada por Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (Map) e comumente afeta ruminantes domésticos, no entanto, pode infectar várias espécies de mamíferos. Está presente nos cinco continentes e é considerada endêmica em algumas regiões pela Organização Internacional de Epizootias (OIE). Pertence à lista de enfermidades notificáveis, que compreende as doenças transmissíveis de importância sócio-econômica e/ou em saúde-pública, cujo controle é necessário para o comércio internacional de animais e alimentos de origem animal. A importância da doença de Johne não se restringe somente aos prejuízos econômicos causados à indústria animal, mas também na possível participação do Map na íleocolite granulomatosa que afeta seres humanos, conhecida como doença de Crohn. No Brasil, a paratuberculose já foi descrita em diversas espécies de ruminantes e em vários estados. Embora os relatos naturais da enfermidade sejam pontuais, acredita-se na possibilidade da transmissão interespecífica e na disseminação do agente através da compra e venda de animais infectados. O objetivo deste artigo foi reunir as informações disponíveis referentes aos aspectos epidemiológicos, clínico-patológicos e laboratoriais da paratuberculose em bovinos, bubalinos, caprinos e ovinos no Brasil, e salientar a necessidade de implementação de medidas de controle sanitário da enfermidade no país, o que possibilitaria a melhoria da qualidade e valorização dos produtos de origem animal no mercado internacional.
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Leite FL, Stokes KD, Robbe-Austerman S, Stabel JR. Comparison of fecal DNA extraction kits for the detection of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis by polymerase chain reaction. J Vet Diagn Invest 2012; 25:27-34. [PMID: 23166181 DOI: 10.1177/1040638712466395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Culture of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) from feces has been considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of paratuberculosis for many years. However, direct fecal polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is becoming more widely used, demonstrating similar sensitivity and specificity to culture. To ensure efficient and reproducible PCR results from a difficult sample matrix such as feces, there are many obstacles that a DNA extraction method must overcome, including the presence of inhibitors and the thick waxy cell wall of MAP. In the current study, 6 commercial DNA extraction kits were evaluated using fecal samples from naturally infected cattle shedding various amounts of MAP. Upon extraction, DNA purity and yield were measured, and real-time PCR was performed for detection of the insertion sequence (IS)900 and ISMAP02 targets. The kits evaluated showed significant differences in the purity and yield of DNA obtained. The best results were observed with kits E and A, having identified 94% (16/17) and 76% (13/17) of the positive samples by IS900 PCR, respectively. Both of these kits utilized bead beating in a lysis solution for cell disruption, followed by spin column technology (kit E) or magnetic bead-based technology (kit A) for nucleic acid isolation and purification. Two kits (A and F) demonstrated improved performance when used in conjunction with the respective manufacturer's PCR test. The present study demonstrates the importance of choosing the correct methodology for the most accurate diagnosis of paratuberculosis through fecal PCR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando L Leite
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Preventive Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
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29
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Salem M, Heydel C, El-Sayed A, Ahmed SA, Zschöck M, Baljer G. Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis: an insidious problem for the ruminant industry. Trop Anim Health Prod 2012; 45:351-66. [PMID: 23054804 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-012-0274-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis is considered as one of the most serious problems affecting the world's ruminant industry due to its significant impact on the global economy and the controversial issue that it may be pathogenic for humans. M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis is the causative agent of Johne's disease in animals and might be implicated in cases of human Crohn's disease. We provide an insight into M. avium subspecies paratuberculosis from some bacteriological, clinical, and molecular epidemiological perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Salem
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, P.O. Box 12211, Giza, Egypt.
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30
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Corrias F, Brajon G, Salari F, Dal Prà A, Ragona G, Lombardo A, Mari M, Altomonte I, Colombani G, Pedri P, Scotti B, Martini M. Health evaluation in the native Garfagnina goat. Small Rumin Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2011.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Chiodini RJ, Chamberlin WM, Sarosiek J, McCallum RW. Crohn's disease and the mycobacterioses: a quarter century later. Causation or simple association? Crit Rev Microbiol 2012; 38:52-93. [PMID: 22242906 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2011.638273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It has been more than 25 years since Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was first proposed as an etiologic agent in Crohn's disease based on the isolation of this organism from several patients. Since that time, a great deal of information has been accumulated that clearly establishes an association between M. paratuberculosis and Crohn's disease. However, data are conflicting and difficult to interpret and the field has become divided into committed advocates and confirmed skeptics. This review is an attempt to provide a thorough and objective summary of current knowledge from both basic and clinical research from the views and interpretations of both the antagonists and proponents. The reader is left to draw his or her own conclusions related to the validity of the issues and claims made by the opposing views and data interpretations. Whether M. paratuberculosis is a causative agent in some cases or simply represents an incidental association remains a controversial topic, but current evidence suggests that the notion should not be so readily dismissed. Remaining questions that need to be addressed in defining the role of M. paratuberculosis in Crohn's disease and future implications are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrick J Chiodini
- Divisions of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine, Paul L. Foster School of Medicine, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, El Paso, USA.
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