Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica of the distal ulna: a case report and review of the literature

Dysplasia Epiphysealis Hemimelica/Trevor Disease: Report of a Lesion Solely Involving the Lunate Bone: A Case Report

CASE

We describe the case of a dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) lesion affecting uniquely the lunate bone in a 16-year-old boy causing pain, stiffness, and decreased range of motion. Surgical excision was performed, leading to resolution of primary symptoms with residual limitations in terminal wrist extension.

CONCLUSIONS

From our review of the literature, we believe this case to be the first report of a DEH lesion affecting solely the lunate bone. Although conservative and surgical management have both been described with DEH cases, we report a positive outcome following the excision of a symptomatic lesion.

Combined navigated drilling and arthroscopy facilitate minimally invasive surgical treatment of ulnar-radial joint dislocation caused by epiphyseal premature closure: A case report

RATIONALE

In this paper, the efficacy and safety of using navigated drilling and arthroscopy (NDA) to assist surgery for ulnar-radial joint dislocation caused by epiphyseal premature closure (EPC) are described. Deformity correction surgery was mentioned in the literature, but there were numerous complications, for example, poor correction, infection, neurovascular injury, osteofascial compartment syndrome, failure of internal fixation, and nonunion after osteotomy. In order to minimize surgical complications, we utilized navigated drilling to finish accuracy bone bridge resection and applied arthroscopy to assess wrist lesions.

PATIENT CONCERNS

An 11-year-old male patient showed swelling and pain of the left wrist.

DIAGNOSES

The patient was diagnosed with a postoperative of Kirschner wire internal fixation for epiphyseal injury, left lower ulnar-radial joint dislocation, left wrist deformity, and EPC.

INTERVENTIONS

A NDA was used to assist the bone bridge resection in this patient.

OUTCOMES

Pain was relieved clearly in the patient. Dorsiflexion increased from 60.8° to 85.3°, palmar flexion increased from 45.3° to 65.8°, supination increased from 41.3° to 69.5°, and pronation increased from 31.6° to 62.9°. The preoperative disabilities of the arm, shoulder, and hand (DASH) score was 86.1, which was increased to 16.4 postoperatively. Surgery designing lasted for 2 minutes, bone bridge resection lasted for 56 minutes, and fluoroscopic time was 2.4 minutes. Complications, for example, neurological injury, vascular injury, infection and deformity aggressive, were not found during the 5-month follow up.

LESSONS

The outcome of the present study suggests that the NDA maximizes the bone bridge resection accuracy in EPC treatment, which is made efficient by reducing surgical trauma and avoiding neurovascular injury. An experience was gained that in the process of bone bridge removal, the bit of navigated drill should be continuously washed with normal saline to cool down, so as to avoid damage of nerve caused by heat conduction.

Osteotomy as a treatment option in dysplasia epiphyseal hemimelica of the distal radius: a case report

Dysplasia epiphysialis hemimelica (DEH), also known as Trevor disease, is a very rare disease characterized by an overgrowth of the osteocartilaginous epiphyseal caused by unknown factors. The medial side of the epiphysis is affected twice as often as the lateral side and more than one epiphysis was affected in two-thirds of the cases. Only a few cases of DEH in the upper extremities have been published, as the lower limb is usually the most affected, especially in the bones of the ankle joint. The symptoms vary from little significant deformities to symptomatic cases, pain, and decreased function depending on the location and the size of the lesion. When surgery is indicated, the complete excision of the lesion is the procedure of choice. If this is not possible, because of the location or size of the lesion, a realignment osteotomy may be necessary. We report the case of a 12-year-old patient with a distal epiphysis DEH on the left radius, treated by wedge osteotomy realignment at the level of the lesion with Kirschner wires. The clinical outcome of realignment osteotomy of the radial epiphysis has been the correction of the deformity with a normal and painless function of the wrist and hand. The case reported was an extremely rare location in the distal radial epiphysis of DEH. We are aware of only one case published previously with involvement of the distal radius in children. The surgical treatment of realignment osteotomy without complete removal of the lesion has enabled anatomical and functional improvement of the joint as well as a reduction in lesion size.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE

Level IV case report.

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica: a histological comparative study with osteochondromas

PURPOSE

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) is a rare developmental disorder resulting in epiphyseal overgrowth. Based on histological appearance, it is often described as an osteochondroma or osteochondroma-like lesion, although clinical differences exist between DEH and osteochondromas. The aim of this study was to test whether DEH and osteochondromas are histologically identical diseases.

METHODS

Tissue samples of two age- and gender-matched cases with DEH and hereditary multiple exostoses were histologically compared. Sections were stained with Safranin-O for detection of proteoglycans and immunohistochemistry was performed for detection of collagen type II, collagen type X as a marker of hypertrophic chondrocytes and Sox9 as a marker of proliferative chondrocytes. Due to the rarity, descriptions of the included DEH patients were outlined.

RESULTS

Histologically, chondrocyte clusters in a fibrillary matrix, a thick disorganised cartilage cap and ossification centres with small amounts of unabsorbed cartilage, were observed in DEH. In contrast, cartilage organisation of osteochondromas displays characteristics of the normal growth plate. Collagen type II was clearly detected in the cartilaginous extracellular matrix in osteochondromas, while weak expression was observed in DEH. Collagen type X was not detected in DEH, while expressed in the matrix surrounding hypertrophic chondrocytes in osteochondromas. Sox9 staining was positive in hypertrophic chondrocytes in osteochondromas, while expressed in nuclei of chondrocyte clusters in DEH.

CONCLUSION

Both morphological and immunohistological differences were observed in histological sections of DEH and osteochondromas. These results support the previously identified clinical, radiological and genetic differences and imply a different aetiology between DEH and osteochondroma formation.

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica of the ankle: a fracture-like rare developmental disorder

Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica is a rare developmental disorder which affects the epiphyses. We report a case of the disease located in the ankle joint, referred to our clinic with the initial misdiagnosis of a Salter-Harris 3 type fracture of the distal epiphysis of the tibia. After correct diagnosis, the patient was treated surgically with the excision of the cartilaginous masses. Taking an accurate medical history and performing adequate imaging studies is essential in diagnosing and treating this disease. Fracture-like epiphyseal configurations in patients with no history of injury should raise suspicion of periarticular developmental disorders.

Trevor's Disease: A Literature Review regarding Classification, Treatment, and Prognosis apropos of a Case

Background. Dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) is rare and its main characteristic is osteochondromas of the epiphysis of long bones. Methods. We report a case of DEH of the ankle in an 8-year-old boy that was resected in 2005. Additionally we collect all the reported cases of DEH. The literature is reviewed regarding the treatment, prognosis, long term function, and patterns and areas affected by DEH. Results. In our case no complications were noted and our patient remains asymptomatic. Reviewing the literature we found that 73 authors have reported 144 cases from 1926 to 2013. We propose and describe a new classification that correlates with prognosis. According to our classification DEH is classified as types 1 with single lower limb involvement, 2 with multiple lower limb, 3 with single upper limb, 4 with multiple upper limb, 5 with upper and lower limb, and 6 with spine. Conclusions. All single lesions should be followed up and if indicated a whole body nuclear bone scan can be useful in identifying the existence of multiple affected joints. Type 1 lesions have better prognosis than 2 and have less chances of developing OA even if not resected. Resection, even if partial, can be a successful treatment for DEH.

Displasia epifisária hemimélica (doença de Trevor-Fairbank): relato de caso

A displasia epifisária hemimélica é uma doença benigna rara (incidência de 1:1.000.000), caracterizada por um crescimento osteocondral decorrente de uma ou mais epífises. Em geral a idade de início é entre 2 e 14 anos. Os achados característicos dos exames de imagem são suficientes para o diagnóstico. A excisão cirúrgica da lesão só é indicada caso haja limitação funcional.

Hallux valgus interphalangeus deformity: A case series in the pediatric population

PURPOSE

The objective of this report is to describe three cases (four feet) of hallux valgus interphalangeus deformity in the pediatric population.

METHODS

A retrospective review was completed to identify three patients (four feet) with a deformity consistent with hallux valgus interphalangeus. Patients were followed at regular intervals for a minimum of 6 months. Treatment modalities and clinical results were reviewed for all patients for this relatively rare entity in the skeletally immature population.

RESULTS

All patients in this report had a deformity that was not consistent with a traumatic etiology. Case number 1 had a significantly symptomatic deformity that failed conservative treatment, and eventually necessitated full surgical correction of the deformity. Symptom free unrestricted activity was obtained post-operatively, however final follow-up radiographs have demonstrated early changes consistent with arthritis. Case numbers 2 & 3 were relatively asymptomatic throughout their course of treatment, and responded well to non-operative intervention.

CONCLUSION

Based on these findings excision of the exostosis and soft-tissue realignment appears to be a reliable option for symptom relief for patients who present with a painful symptomatic hallux valgus interphalangeus deformity. However, the risk of degenerative changes following spur removal must be entertained prior to the procedure. On the contrary a pain free deformity that does not impact functionality of toe, or impair shoe ware may be treated successfully with conservative measures.