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Hashemi-Afzal F, Fallahi H, Bagheri F, Collins MN, Eslaminejad MB, Seitz H. Advancements in hydrogel design for articular cartilage regeneration: A comprehensive review. Bioact Mater 2025; 43:1-31. [PMID: 39318636 PMCID: PMC11418067 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2024.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 09/03/2024] [Accepted: 09/03/2024] [Indexed: 09/26/2024] Open
Abstract
This review paper explores the cutting-edge advancements in hydrogel design for articular cartilage regeneration (CR). Articular cartilage (AC) defects are a common occurrence worldwide that can lead to joint breakdown at a later stage of the disease, necessitating immediate intervention to prevent progressive degeneration of cartilage. Decades of research into the biomedical applications of hydrogels have revealed their tremendous potential, particularly in soft tissue engineering, including CR. Hydrogels are highly tunable and can be designed to meet the key criteria needed for a template in CR. This paper aims to identify those criteria, including the hydrogel components, mechanical properties, biodegradability, structural design, and integration capability with the adjacent native tissue and delves into the benefits that CR can obtain through appropriate design. Stratified-structural hydrogels that emulate the native cartilage structure, as well as the impact of environmental stimuli on the regeneration outcome, have also been discussed. By examining recent advances and emerging techniques, this paper offers valuable insights into developing effective hydrogel-based therapies for AC repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariba Hashemi-Afzal
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran
| | - Hooman Fallahi
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Science and Health Systems, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, 19104 USA
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Biotechnology Department, Faculty of Chemical Engineering, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 14115-111, Iran
| | - Maurice N. Collins
- School of Engineering, Bernal Institute and Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick V94 T9PX, Ireland
| | - Mohamadreza Baghaban Eslaminejad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Sciences Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, 16635-148, Iran
| | - Hermann Seitz
- Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Marine Technology, University of Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059 Rostock, Germany
- Department Life, Light & Matter, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Straße 25, 18059 Rostock, Germany
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Gonzalez-Nolde S, Schweiger CJ, Davis EER, Manzoni TJ, Hussein SMI, Schmidt TA, Cone SG, Jay GD, Parreno J. The Actin Cytoskeleton as a Regulator of Proteoglycan 4. Cartilage 2024:19476035231223455. [PMID: 38183234 DOI: 10.1177/19476035231223455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The superficial zone (SZ) of articular cartilage is responsible for distributing shear forces for optimal cartilage loading and contributes to joint lubrication through the production of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4). PRG4 plays a critical role in joint homeostasis and is chondroprotective. Normal PRG4 production is affected by inflammation and irregular mechanical loading in post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). THe SZ chondrocyte (SZC) phenotype, including PRG4 expression, is regulated by the actin cytoskeleton in vitro. There remains a limited understanding of the regulation of PRG4 by the actin cytoskeleton in native articular chondrocytes. The filamentous (F)-actin cytoskeleton is a potential node in crosstalk between mechanical stimulation and cytokine activation and the regulation of PRG4 in SZCs, therefore developing insights in the regulation of PRG4 by actin may identify molecular targets for novel PTOA therapies. MATERIALS AND METHODS A comprehensive literature search on PRG4 and the regulation of the SZC phenotype by actin organization was performed. RESULTS PRG4 is strongly regulated by the actin cytoskeleton in isolated SZCs in vitro. Biochemical and mechanical stimuli have been characterized to regulate PRG4 and may converge upon actin cytoskeleton signaling. CONCLUSION Actin-based regulation of PRG4 in native SZCs is not fully understood and requires further elucidation. Understanding the regulation of PRG4 by actin in SZCs requires an in vivo context to further potential of leveraging actin arrangement to arthritic therapeutics.
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Yin Y, Zhang Y, Guo L, Li P, Wang D, Huang L, Zhao X, Wu G, Li L, Wei X. Effect of Moderate Exercise on the Superficial Zone of Articular Cartilage in Age-Related Osteoarthritis. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:3193. [PMID: 37892013 PMCID: PMC10605492 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13203193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of exercise on the superficial zone of the osteoarticular cartilage during osteoarthritis progression. Three-month-old, nine-month-old, and eighteen-month-old Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into two groups, moderate exercise and no exercise, for 10 weeks. Histological staining, immunostaining, and nanoindentation measurements were conducted to detect changes in the superficial zone. X-ray and micro-CT were quantitated to detect alterations in the microarchitecture of the tibial subchondral bone. Cells were extracted from the superficial zone of the cartilage under fluid-flow shear stress conditions to further verify changes in vitro. The number of cells and proteoglycan content in the superficial zone increased more in the exercise group than in the control group. Exercise can change the content and distribution of collagen types I and III in the superficial layer. In addition, TGFβ/pSmad2/3 and Prg4 expression levels increased under the intervention of exercise on the superficial zone. Exercise can improve the Young's modulus of the cartilage and reduce the abnormal subchondral bone remodeling which occurs after superficial zone changes. Moderate exercise delays the degeneration of the articular cartilage by its effect on the superficial zone, and the TGFβ/pSmad2/3 signaling pathways and Prg4 play an important role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukun Yin
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Yuanyu Zhang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Li Guo
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Pengcui Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Dongming Wang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Lingan Huang
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Sports Injuries, Department of Sports Medicine, Peking University Third Hospital, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhao
- College of Physical Education, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan 030024, China;
| | - Gaige Wu
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Lu Li
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
| | - Xiaochun Wei
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Bone and Soft Tissue Injury Repair, Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, 382 Wuyi Road, Taiyuan 030001, China; (Y.Y.); (Y.Z.); (L.G.); (P.L.); (D.W.); (L.H.); (G.W.)
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Abstract
The superficial zone of articular cartilage contributes to smooth joint motion through the production of proteoglycan 4 (PRG4), also known as lubricin. Recent studies indicate novel effects of PRG4 as a signaling molecule, other than a simple extracellular matrix protein. Additionally, the accumulating evidence displays that various molecules and signaling pathways are involved in regulating the superficial zone and PRG4 expression. In addition, Prg4-expressing cells include a progenitor population of articular chondrocytes. Several non-clinical and clinical studies have shown that PRG4 and related molecules are promising candidates for disease-modifying drugs for treating osteoarthritis. Since PRG4 is also expressed in the synovium, tendons, and ligaments, further studies of PRG4-related pathways and PRG4-positive cells may elucidate the mechanisms underlying joint homeostasis.
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Shi C, Yao Y, Wang L, Sun P, Feng J, Wu G. Human Salivary Histatin-1-Functionalized Gelatin Methacrylate Hydrogels Promote the Regeneration of Cartilage and Subchondral Bone in Temporomandibular Joints. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14050484. [PMID: 34069458 PMCID: PMC8159088 DOI: 10.3390/ph14050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The avascular structure and lack of regenerative cells make the repair of osteochondral defects in the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) highly challenging in the clinic. To provide a viable treatment option, we developed a methacrylated gelatin (Gel-MA) hydrogel functionalized with human salivary histatin-1 (Hst1). Gel-MA is highly biocompatible, biodegradable, and cost-effective. Hst1 is capable of activating a series of cell activities, such as adhesion, migration, differentiation, and angiogenesis. To evaluate the efficacy of Hst1/Gel-MA, critical-size osteochondral defects (3 mm in diameter and 3 mm in depth) of TMJ in New Zealand white rabbits were surgically created and randomly assigned to one of the three treatment groups: (1) control (no filling material); (2) Gel-MA hydrogel; (3) Hst1/Gel-MA hydrogel. Samples were retrieved 1, 2, and 4 weeks post-surgery and subjected to gross examination and a series of histomorphometric and immunological analyses. In comparison with the control and Gel-MA alone groups, Hst1/Gel-MA hydrogel was associated with significantly higher International Cartilage Repair Society score, modified O’Driscoll score, area percentages of newly formed bone, cartilage, collagen fiber, and glycosaminoglycan, and expression of collagen II and aggrecan. In conclusion, Hst1/Gel-MA hydrogels significantly enhance bone and cartilage regeneration, thus bearing promising application potential for repairing osteochondral defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjing Shi
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Yu Yao
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou 325000, China
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ping Sun
- Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Stomatology School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310006, China
| | - Jianying Feng
- School of Stomatology, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Gang Wu
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery/Pathology, Amsterdam UMC and Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), Amsterdam Movement Science, 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Oral Implantology and Prosthetic Dentistry, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam (UvA) and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam (VU), 1081 LA Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Han Y, Jia B, Lian M, Sun B, Wu Q, Sun B, Qiao Z, Dai K. High-precision, gelatin-based, hybrid, bilayer scaffolds using melt electro-writing to repair cartilage injury. Bioact Mater 2021; 6:2173-2186. [PMID: 33511315 PMCID: PMC7814104 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2020.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/20/2020] [Accepted: 12/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Articular cartilage injury is a common disease in the field of orthopedics. Because cartilage has poor self-repairing ability, medical intervention is needed. Using melt electro-writing (MEW) technology, tissue engineering scaffolds with high porosity and high precision can be prepared. However, ordinary materials, especially natural polymer materials, are difficult to print. In this study, gelatin was mixed with poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) to prepare high-concentration and high-viscosity printer ink, which had good printability and formability. A composite scaffold with full-layer TGF-β1 loading mixed with hydroxyapatite was prepared, and the scaffold was implanted at the cartilage injury site; microfracture surgery was conducted to induce the mesenchyme in the bone marrow. Quality stem cells thereby promoted the repair of damaged cartilage. In summary, this study developed a novel printing method, explored the molding conditions based on MEW printing ink, and constructed a bioactive cartilage repair scaffold. The scaffold can use autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and induce their differentiation to promote cartilage repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Han
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bo Jia
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200080, China
| | - Meifei Lian
- Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Department of Prosthodontics, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Benlin Sun
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Zhiguang Qiao
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Renji Hospital, South Campus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201112, China
| | - Kerong Dai
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orthopedic Implants, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.,Clinical and Translational Research Center for 3D Printing Technology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
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Fu L, Yang Z, Gao C, Li H, Yuan Z, Wang F, Sui X, Liu S, Guo Q. Advances and prospects in biomimetic multilayered scaffolds for articular cartilage regeneration. Regen Biomater 2020; 7:527-542. [PMID: 33365139 PMCID: PMC7748444 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbaa042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the sophisticated hierarchical structure and limited reparability of articular cartilage (AC), the ideal regeneration of AC defects has been a major challenge in the field of regenerative medicine. As defects progress, they often extend from the cartilage layer to the subchondral bone and ultimately lead to osteoarthritis. Tissue engineering techniques bring new hope for AC regeneration. To meet the regenerative requirements of the heterogeneous and layered structure of native AC tissue, a substantial number of multilayered biomimetic scaffolds have been studied. Ideal multilayered scaffolds should generate zone-specific functional tissue similar to native AC tissue. This review focuses on the current status of multilayered scaffolds developed for AC defect repair, including design strategies based on the degree of defect severity and the zone-specific characteristics of AC tissue, the selection and composition of biomaterials, and techniques for design and manufacturing. The challenges and future perspectives of biomimetic multilayered scaffold strategies for AC regeneration are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Fu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhen Yang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Cangjian Gao
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Zhiguo Yuan
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China.,Department of Bone and Joint Surgery, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, No. 160 Pujian Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 200127, China
| | - Fuxin Wang
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xiang Sui
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shuyun Liu
- Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Quanyi Guo
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, No. 94 Weijin Road, Nankai District, Tianjin 300071, China.,Beijing Key Lab of Regenerative Medicine in Orthopedics, Key Laboratory of Musculoskeletal Trauma and War Injuries PLA, Institute of Orthopedics, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28 Fuxing Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100853, China
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Han Y, Lian M, Sun B, Jia B, Wu Q, Qiao Z, Dai K. Preparation of high precision multilayer scaffolds based on Melt Electro-Writing to repair cartilage injury. Theranostics 2020; 10:10214-10230. [PMID: 32929344 PMCID: PMC7481411 DOI: 10.7150/thno.47909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Articular cartilage injury is quite common. However, post-injury cartilage repair is challenging and often requires medical intervention, which can be aided by 3D printed tissue engineering scaffolds. Specifically, the high accuracy of Melt Electro-Writing (MEW) technology facilitates the printing of scaffolds that imitate the structure and composition of natural cartilage to promote repair. Methods: MEW and Inkjet printing technology was employed to manufacture a composite scaffold that was then implanted into a cartilage injury site through microfracture surgery. While printing polycaprolactone (PCL) or PCL/hydroxyapatite (HA) scaffolds, cytokine-containing microspheres were sprayed alternately to form multiple layers containing transforming growth factor-β1 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 (surface layer), insulin-like growth factor-1 (middle layer), and HA (deep layer). Results: The composite biological scaffold was conducive to adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells recruited from the bone marrow and blood. Meanwhile, the environmental differences between the scaffold's layers contributed to the regional heterogeneity of chondrocytes and secreted proteins to promote functional cartilage regeneration. The biological effect of the composite scaffold was validated both in vitro and in vivo. Conclusion: A cartilage repair scaffold was established with high precision as well as promising mechanical and biological properties. This scaffold can promote the repair of cartilage injury by using, and inducing the differentiation and expression of, autologous bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.
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Wu Y, Yang Z, Denslin V, Ren X, Lee CS, Yap FL, Lee EH. Repair of Osteochondral Defects With Predifferentiated Mesenchymal Stem Cells of Distinct Phenotypic Character Derived From a Nanotopographic Platform. Am J Sports Med 2020; 48:1735-1747. [PMID: 32191492 DOI: 10.1177/0363546520907137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Articular cartilage has a zonal architecture and biphasic mechanical properties. The recapitulation of surface lubrication properties with high compressibility of the deeper layers of articular cartilage during regeneration is essential in achieving long-term cartilage integrity. Current clinical approaches for cartilage repair, especially with the use of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), have yet to restore the hierarchically organized architecture of articular cartilage. HYPOTHESIS MSCs predifferentiated on surfaces with specific nanotopographic patterns can provide phenotypically stable and defined chondrogenic cells and, when delivered as a bilayered stratified construct at the cartilage defect site, will facilitate the formation of functionally superior cartilage tissue in vivo. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS MSCs were subjected to chondrogenic differentiation on specific nanopatterned surfaces. The phenotype of the differentiated cells was assessed by the expression of cartilage markers. The ability of the 2-dimensional nanopattern-generated chondrogenic cells to retain their phenotypic characteristics after removal from the patterned surface was tested by subjecting the enzymatically harvested cells to 3-dimensional fibrin hydrogel culture. The in vivo efficacy in cartilage repair was demonstrated in an osteochondral rabbit defect model. Repair by bilayered construct with specific nanopattern predifferentiated cells was compared with implantation with cell-free fibrin hydrogel, undifferentiated MSCs, and mixed-phenotype nanopattern predifferentiated MSCs. Cartilage repair was evaluated at 12 weeks after implantation. RESULTS Three weeks of predifferentiation on 2-dimensional nanotopographic patterns was able to generate phenotypically stable chondrogenic cells. Implantation of nanopatterned differentiated MSCs as stratified bilayered hydrogel constructs improved the repair quality of cartilage defects, as indicated by histological scoring, mechanical properties, and polarized microscopy analysis. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that with an appropriate period of differentiation, 2-dimensional nanotopographic patterns can be employed to generate phenotypically stable chondrogenic cells, which, when implanted as stratified bilayered hydrogel constructs, were able to form functionally superior cartilage tissue. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Our approach provides a relatively straightforward method of obtaining large quantities of zone-specific chondrocytes from MSCs to engineer a stratified cartilage construct that could recapitulate the zonal architecture of hyaline cartilage, and it represents a significant improvement in current MSC-based cartilage regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingnan Wu
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Zheng Yang
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Vinitha Denslin
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - XiaFei Ren
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chang Sheng Lee
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Fung Ling Yap
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Eng Hin Lee
- Tissue Engineering Program, Life Sciences Institute, National University of Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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10
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Barati D, Gegg C, Yang F. Nanoparticle-Mediated TGF-β Release from Microribbon-Based Hydrogels Accelerates Stem Cell-Based Cartilage Formation In Vivo. Ann Biomed Eng 2020; 48:1971-1981. [PMID: 32377980 PMCID: PMC10155292 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-020-02522-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 04/04/2023]
Abstract
Conventional nanoporous hydrogels often lead to slow cartilage deposition by MSCs in 3D due to physical constraints and requirement for degradation. Our group has recently reported macroporous gelatin microribbon (μRB) hydrogels, which substantially accelerate MSC-based cartilage formation in vitro compared to conventional gelatin hydrogels. To facilitate translating the use of μRB-based scaffolds for supporting stem cell-based cartilage regeneration in vivo, there remains a need to develop a customize-designed drug delivery system that can be incorporated into μRB-based scaffolds. Towards this goal, here we report polydopamine-coated mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) that can be stably incorporated within the macroporous μRB scaffolds, and allow tunable release of transforming growth factor (TGF)-β3. We hypothesize that increasing concentration of polydopamine coating on MSNs will slow down TGF- β3 release, and TGF-β3 release from polydopamine-coated MSNs can enhance MSC-based cartilage formation in vitro and in vivo. We demonstrate that TGF-β3 released from MSNs enhance MSC-based cartilage regeneration in vitro to levels comparable to freshly added TGF-β3 in the medium, as shown by biochemical assays, mechanical testing, and histology. Furthermore, when implanted in vivo in a mouse subcutaneous model, only the group containing MSN-mediated TGF-β3 release supported continuous cartilage formation, whereas control group without MSN showed loss of cartilage matrix and undesirable endochondral ossification. The modular design of MSN-mediated drug delivery can be customized for delivering multiple drugs with individually optimized release kinetics, and may be applicable to enhance regeneration of other tissue types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danial Barati
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards R105, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Courtney Gegg
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards R105, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Fan Yang
- Departments of Bioengineering and Orthopedic Surgery, Stanford University Schools of Engineering and Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Edwards R105, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA.
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Repair of Damaged Articular Cartilage: Current Approaches and Future Directions. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19082366. [PMID: 30103493 PMCID: PMC6122081 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19082366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Articular hyaline cartilage is extensively hydrated, but it is neither innervated nor vascularized, and its low cell density allows only extremely limited self-renewal. Most clinical and research efforts currently focus on the restoration of cartilage damaged in connection with osteoarthritis or trauma. Here, we discuss current clinical approaches for repairing cartilage, as well as research approaches which are currently developing, and those under translation into clinical practice. We also describe potential future directions in this area, including tissue engineering based on scaffolding and/or stem cells as well as a combination of gene and cell therapy. Particular focus is placed on cell-based approaches and the potential of recently characterized chondro-progenitors; progress with induced pluripotent stem cells is also discussed. In this context, we also consider the ability of different types of stem cell to restore hyaline cartilage and the importance of mimicking the environment in vivo during cell expansion and differentiation into mature chondrocytes.
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Cai G, Liu W, He Y, Huang J, Duan L, Xiong J, Liu L, Wang D. Recent advances in kartogenin for cartilage regeneration. J Drug Target 2018; 27:28-32. [PMID: 29772932 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2018.1464011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Either osteoarthritis or sports-related injuries can lead to cartilage defects, whereas both chondrocyte self-renewal and conventional treatments face limitations. In cartilage regenerative medicine, growth factors are commonly used to induce chondrogenic differentiation of stem cells. However, application of growth factors is confined by some drawbacks. Emerging small molecules are regarded as an alternative for cartilage regeneration. A recently discovered small-molecule compound, kartogenin (KGN), has been proven to be a chondrogenic and chondroprotective agent and is more effective in inducing cartilage regeneration when compared with growth factors. KGN has been processed and applied in many forms, such as in intra-articular injection, in collaboration with growth factors, in incorporation in drug delivery systems, and in combination with scaffolds. Fortunately, progress has been achieved in KGN applications. The current review discusses the recent advances in KGN for cartilage regeneration and thus presents new concepts in cartilage repair in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaorui Cai
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Wei Liu
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Yong He
- b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Jianghong Huang
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Li Duan
- b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Jianyi Xiong
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Lijun Liu
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
| | - Daping Wang
- a Department of Traumatic Orthopedics , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,b Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Tissue Engineering , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China.,c Department of Sports Medicine , the First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University , Shenzhen , Guangdong Province , China
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Xiong G, Lingampalli N, Koltsov JC, Leung LL, Bhutani N, Robinson WH, Chu CR. Men and Women Differ in the Biochemical Composition of Platelet-Rich Plasma. Am J Sports Med 2018; 46:409-419. [PMID: 29211968 PMCID: PMC8487642 DOI: 10.1177/0363546517740845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autologous platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is widely used for a variety of clinical applications. However, clinical outcome studies have not consistently shown positive effects. The composition of PRP differs based on many factors. An improved understanding of factors influencing the composition of PRP is important for the optimization of PRP use. HYPOTHESIS Age and sex influence the PRP composition in healthy patients. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Blood from 39 healthy patients was collected at a standardized time and processed into leukocyte-poor PRP within 1 hour of collection using the same laboratory centrifuge protocol and frozen for later analysis. Eleven female and 10 male patients were "young" (aged 18-30 years), while 8 male and 10 female patients were "older" (aged 45-60 years). Thawed PRP samples were assessed for cytokine and growth factor levels using a multiplex assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The platelet count and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were measured. Two-way analysis of variance determined age- and sex-based differences. RESULTS Platelet and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein concentrations were similar in PRP between the groups ( P = .234). Male patients had higher cytokine and growth factor levels in PRP compared with female patients for inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) (9.83 vs 7.71 pg/mL, respectively; P = .008) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) (131.6 vs 110.5 pg/mL, respectively; P = .048); the anti-inflammatory IL-1 receptor antagonist protein (IRAP) (298.0 vs 218.0 pg/mL, respectively; P < .001); and growth factors such as fibroblast growth factor-basic (FGF-basic) (237.9 vs 194.0 pg/mL, respectively; P = .01), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) (3296.2 vs 2579.3 pg/mL, respectively; P = .087), and transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1) (118.8 vs 92.8 ng/mL, respectively; P = .002). Age- but not sex-related differences were observed for insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) ( P < .001). Age and sex interaction terms were not significant. While mean differences were significant, there was also substantial intragroup variability. CONCLUSION This study in healthy patients shows differences in the composition of PRP between men and women, with sex being a greater factor than age. There was also proteomic variability within the groups. These data support a personalized approach to PRP treatment and highlight the need for a greater understanding of the relationships between proteomic factors in PRP and clinical outcomes. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Variability in the proteomic profile of PRP may affect tissue and clinical responses to treatment. These data suggest that clinical studies should account for the composition of PRP used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo
Alto, California, USA
| | - Nithya Lingampalli
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo
Alto, California, USA
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department
of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Jayme C.B. Koltsov
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Lawrence L. Leung
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo
Alto, California, USA
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine,
Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Nidhi Bhutani
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - William H. Robinson
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo
Alto, California, USA
- Division of Immunology and Rheumatology, Department
of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Constance R. Chu
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University
School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo
Alto, California, USA
- Address correspondence to Constance R. Chu, MD,
Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 450
Broadway Street, MC 6342, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA
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Miyatake K, Iwasa K, McNary SM, Peng G, Reddi AH. Modulation of Superficial Zone Protein/Lubricin/PRG4 by Kartogenin and Transforming Growth Factor-β1 in Surface Zone Chondrocytes in Bovine Articular Cartilage. Cartilage 2016; 7:388-97. [PMID: 27688846 PMCID: PMC5029568 DOI: 10.1177/1947603516630789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Superficial zone protein (SZP)/lubricin/PRG4 functions as a boundary lubricant in articular cartilage to decrease friction and wear. As articular cartilage lubrication is critical for normal joint function, the accumulation of SZP at the surface of cartilage is important for joint homeostasis. Recently, a heterocyclic compound called kartogenin (KGN) was found to induce chondrogenic differentiation and enhance mRNA expression of lubricin. The objective of this study was to determine whether KGN can stimulate synthesis of SZP in superficial zone, articular chondrocytes. DESIGN We investigated the effects of KGN and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) on articular cartilage and synovium of the bovine knee joint by evaluating SZP secretion by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay analysis. Monolayer, micromass, and explant cultures of articular cartilage, and monolayer culture of synoviocytes, were treated with KGN. SZP accumulation in the medium was evaluated and mRNA expression was measured through quantitative polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS TGF-β1 stimulated SZP secretion by superficial zone chondrocytes in monolayer, explant, and micromass cultures as expected. In addition, SZP secretion was inhibited by IL-1β in explant cultures, and enhanced by TGF-β1 in synoviocyte monolayer cultures. Although KGN elicited a 1.2-fold increase in SZP mRNA expression in combination with TGF-β1, KGN neither stimulated any significant increases in SZP synthesis nor prevented catabolic decreases in SZP production from IL-1β. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that the chondrogenic effects of KGN depend on cellular phenotype and differentiation status, as KGN did not alter SZP synthesis in differentiated, superficial zone articular chondrocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazumasa Miyatake
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Kenjiro Iwasa
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Sean M. McNary
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Gordon Peng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - A. Hari Reddi
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Lawrence Ellison Center for Tissue Regeneration and Repair, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA,A. Hari Reddi, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Research Building I, Room 2000, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
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Moeinzadeh S, Pajoum Shariati SR, Jabbari E. Comparative effect of physicomechanical and biomolecular cues on zone-specific chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells. Biomaterials 2016; 92:57-70. [PMID: 27038568 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Current tissue engineering approaches to regeneration of articular cartilage rarely restore the tissue to its normal state because the generated tissue lacks the intricate zonal organization of the native cartilage. Zonal regeneration of articular cartilage is hampered by the lack of knowledge for the relation between physical, mechanical, and biomolecular cues and zone-specific chondrogenic differentiation of progenitor cells. This work investigated in 3D the effect of TGF-β1, zone-specific growth factors, optimum matrix stiffness, and adding nanofibers on the expression of chondrogenic markers specific to the superficial, middle, and calcified zones of articular cartilage by the differentiating human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs). Growth factors included BMP-7, IGF-1, and hydroxyapatite (HA) for the superficial, middle, and calcified zones, respectively; optimum matrix stiffness was 80 kPa, 2.1 MPa, and 320 MPa; and nanofibers were aligned horizontal, random, and perpendicular to the gel surface. hMSCs with zone-specific cell densities were encapsulated in engineered hydrogels and cultured with or without TGF-β1, zone-specific growth factor, optimum matrix modulus, and fiber addition and cultured in basic chondrogenic medium. The expression of encapsulated cells was measured by mRNA, protein, and biochemical analysis. Results indicated that zone-specific matrix stiffness had a dominating effect on chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs to the superficial and calcified zone phenotypes. Addition of aligned nanofibers parallel to the direction of gel surface significantly enhanced expression of Col II in the superficial zone chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Conversely, biomolecular factor IGF-1 in combination with TGF-β1 had a dominating effect on the middle zone chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs. Results of this work could potentially lead to the development of multilayer grafts mimicking the zonal organization of articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedsina Moeinzadeh
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Seyed Ramin Pajoum Shariati
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
| | - Esmaiel Jabbari
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Nakagawa Y, Muneta T, Otabe K, Ozeki N, Mizuno M, Udo M, Saito R, Yanagisawa K, Ichinose S, Koga H, Tsuji K, Sekiya I. Cartilage Derived from Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells Expresses Lubricin In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0148777. [PMID: 26867127 PMCID: PMC4750963 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0148777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lubricin expression in the superficial cartilage will be a crucial factor in the success of cartilage regeneration. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are an attractive cell source and the use of aggregates of MSCs has some advantages in terms of chondrogenic potential and efficiency of cell adhesion. Lubricin expression in transplanted MSCs has not been fully elucidated so far. Our goals were to determine (1) whether cartilage pellets of human MSCs expressed lubricin in vitro chondrogenesis, (2) whether aggregates of human MSCs promoted lubricin expression, and (3) whether aggregates of MSCs expressed lubricin in the superficial cartilage after transplantation into osteochondral defects in rats. METHODS For in vitro analysis, human bone marrow (BM) MSCs were differentiated into cartilage by pellet culture, and also aggregated using the hanging drop technique. For an animal study, aggregates of BM MSCs derived from GFP transgenic rats were transplanted to the osteochondral defect in the trochlear groove of wild type rat knee joints. Lubricin expression was mainly evaluated in differentiated and regenerated cartilages. RESULTS In in vitro analysis, lubricin was detected in the superficial zone of the pellets and conditioned medium. mRNA expression of Proteoglycan4 (Prg4), which encodes lubricin, in pellets was significantly higher than that of undifferentiated MSCs. Aggregates showed different morphological features between the superficial and deep zone, and the Prg4 mRNA expression increased after aggregate formation. Lubricin was also found in the aggregate. In a rat study, articular cartilage regeneration was significantly better in the MSC group than in the control group as shown by macroscopical and histological analysis. The transmission electron microscope showed that morphology of the superficial cartilage in the MSC group was closer to that of the intact cartilage than in the control group. GFP positive cells remained in the repaired tissue and expressed lubricin in the superficial cartilage. CONCLUSION Cartilage derived from MSCs expressed lubricin protein both in vitro and in vivo. Aggregation promoted lubricin expression of MSCs in vitro and transplantation of aggregates of MSCs regenerated cartilage including the superficial zone in a rat osteochondral defect model. Our results indicate that aggregated MSCs could be clinically relevant for therapeutic approaches to articular cartilage regeneration with an appropriate superficial zone in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Nakagawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Muneta
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji Otabe
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nobutake Ozeki
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Mizuno
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mio Udo
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ryusuke Saito
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsuaki Yanagisawa
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shizuko Ichinose
- Research Center for Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Koga
- Department of Joint Surgery and Sports Medicine, Graduate School, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kunikazu Tsuji
- Department of Cartilage Regeneration, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ichiro Sekiya
- Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, Tokyo, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Karimi T, Barati D, Karaman O, Moeinzadeh S, Jabbari E. A developmentally inspired combined mechanical and biochemical signaling approach on zonal lineage commitment of mesenchymal stem cells in articular cartilage regeneration. Integr Biol (Camb) 2015; 7:112-27. [PMID: 25387395 DOI: 10.1039/c4ib00197d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is organized into multiple zones including superficial, middle and calcified zones with distinct cellular and extracellular components to impart lubrication, compressive strength, and rigidity for load transmission to bone, respectively. During native cartilage tissue development, changes in biochemical, mechanical, and cellular factors direct the formation of stratified structure of articular cartilage. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of combined gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors on the zonal organization of articular cartilage. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were encapsulated in acrylate-functionalized lactide-chain-extended polyethylene glycol (SPELA) gels simulating cell density and stiffness of the superficial, middle and calcified zones. The cell-encapsulated gels were cultivated in a medium supplemented with growth factors specific to each zone and the expression of zone-specific markers was measured with incubation time. Encapsulation of 60 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a soft gel (80 kPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (3 ng mL(-1)) and BMP-7 (100 ng mL(-1)) led to the expression of markers for the superficial zone. Conversely, encapsulation of 15 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a stiff gel (320 MPa modulus) and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL(-1)) and hydroxyapatite (3%) led to the expression of markers for the calcified zone. Further, encapsulation of 20 × 10(6) cells per mL hMSCs in a gel with 2.1 MPa modulus and cultivation with a combination of TGF-β1 (30 ng mL(-1)) and IGF-1 (100 ng mL(-1)) led to up-regulation of the middle zone markers. Results demonstrate that a developmental approach with gradients in cell density, matrix stiffness, and zone-specific growth factors can potentially regenerate zonal structure of the articular cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tahereh Karimi
- Biomimetic Materials and Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Chemical Engineering, University of South Carolina, Swearingen Engineering Center, Rm 2C11, Columbia, SC 29208, USA.
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Liu C, Ma X, Li T, Zhang Q. Kartogenin, transforming growth factor-β1 and bone morphogenetic protein-7 coordinately enhance lubricin accumulation in bone-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Biol Int 2015; 39:1026-35. [DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2014] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Chun Liu
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | - Xueqin Ma
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
| | | | - Qiqing Zhang
- Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Technology; Fuzhou University; Fuzhou China
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Somoza RA, Welter JF, Correa D, Caplan AI. Chondrogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells: challenges and unfulfilled expectations. TISSUE ENGINEERING PART B-REVIEWS 2014; 20:596-608. [PMID: 24749845 DOI: 10.1089/ten.teb.2013.0771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage repair and regeneration provides a substantial challenge in Regenerative Medicine because of the high degree of morphological and mechanical complexity intrinsic to hyaline cartilage due, in part, to its extracellular matrix. Cartilage remains one of the most difficult tissues to heal; even state-of-the-art regenerative medicine technology cannot yet provide authentic cartilage resurfacing. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were once believed to be the panacea for cartilage repair and regeneration, but despite years of research, they have not fulfilled these expectations. It has been observed that MSCs have an intrinsic differentiation program reminiscent of endochondral bone formation, which they follow after exposure to specific reagents as a part of current differentiation protocols. Efforts have been made to avoid the resulting hypertrophic fate of MSCs; however, so far, none of these has recreated a fully functional articular hyaline cartilage without chondrocytes exhibiting a hypertrophic phenotype. We reviewed the current literature in an attempt to understand why MSCs have failed to regenerate articular cartilage. The challenges that must be overcome before MSC-based tissue engineering can become a front-line technology for successful articular cartilage regeneration are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo A Somoza
- Department of Biology, Skeletal Research Center, Case Western Reserve University , Cleveland, Ohio
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Iwamoto M, Ohta Y, Larmour C, Enomoto-Iwamoto M. Toward regeneration of articular cartilage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 99:192-202. [PMID: 24078496 DOI: 10.1002/bdrc.21042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Articular cartilage is classified as permanent hyaline cartilage and has significant differences in structure, extracelluar matrix components, gene expression profile, and mechanical property from transient hyaline cartilage found in the epiphyseal growth plate. In the process of synovial joint development, articular cartilage originates from the interzone, developing at the edge of the cartilaginous anlagen, and establishes zonal structure over time and supports smooth movement of the synovial joint through life. The cascade actions of key regulators, such as Wnts, GDF5, Erg, and PTHLH, coordinate sequential steps of articular cartilage formation. Articular chondrocytes are restrictedly controlled not to differentiate into a hypertrophic stage by autocrine and paracrine factors and extracellular matrix microenvironment, but retain potential to undergo hypertrophy. The basal calcified zone of articular cartilage is connected with subchondral bone, but not invaded by blood vessels nor replaced by bone, which is highly contrasted with the growth plate. Articular cartilage has limited regenerative capacity, but likely possesses and potentially uses intrinsic stem cell source in the superficial layer, Ranvier's groove, the intra-articular tissues such as synovium and fat pad, and marrow below the subchondral bone. Considering the biological views on articular cartilage, several important points are raised for regeneration of articular cartilage. We should evaluate the nature of regenerated cartilage as permanent hyaline cartilage and not just hyaline cartilage. We should study how a hypertrophic phenotype of transplanted cells can be lastingly suppressed in regenerating tissue. Furthermore, we should develop the methods and reagents to activate recruitment of intrinsic stem/progenitor cells into the damaged site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahiro Iwamoto
- Translational Research Program in Pediatric Orthopaedics, Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; McKay Orthopaedic Research Laboratory, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Perleman School of Medicine, University of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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