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CD40-CD154: A perspective from type 2 immunity. Semin Immunol 2021; 53:101528. [PMID: 34810089 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2021.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between CD40 and CD154 (CD40 ligand) is central in immunology, participating in CD4+ T cell priming by dendritic cells (DC), CD4+ T cell help to B cells and classical macrophage activation by CD4+ T cells. However, its role in the Th2 side of immunology including helminth infection remains incompletely understood. Contrary to viral and bacterial stimuli, helminth products usually do not cause CD40 up-regulation in DC, and exogenous CD40 ligation drives Th2-biased systems towards Th1. On the other hand, CD40 and CD154 are necessary for induction of most Th2 responses. We attempt to reconcile these observations, mainly by proposing that (i) CD40 up-regulation in DC in Th2 systems is mostly induced by alarmins, (ii) the Th2 to Th1 shift induced by exogenous CD40 ligation is related to the capacity of such ligation to enhance IL-12 production by myeloid cells, and (iii) signals elicited by endogenous CD154 available in Th2 contexts and by exogenous CD40 ligation are probably different. We stress that CD40-CD154 is important beyond cognate cellular interactions. In such a context, we argue that the proliferation response of B-cells to IL-4 plus CD154 reflects a Th2-specific mechanism for polyclonal B-cell amplification and IgE production at infection sites. Finally, we argue that CD154 is a general immune activation signal across immune polarization including Th2, and propose that competition for CD154 at tissue sites may provide negative feedback on response induction at each site.
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Visvanathan S, Daniluk S, Ptaszyński R, Müller-Ladner U, Ramanujam M, Rosenstock B, Eleftheraki AG, Vinisko R, Petříková A, Kellner H, Dokoupilova E, Kwiatkowska B, Alten R, Schwabe C, Baum P, Joseph D, Fine JS, Padula SJ, Steffgen J. Effects of BI 655064, an antagonistic anti-CD40 antibody, on clinical and biomarker variables in patients with active rheumatoid arthritis: a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIa study. Ann Rheum Dis 2019; 78:754-760. [PMID: 30902820 PMCID: PMC6579552 DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2018-214729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2018] [Revised: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety, efficacy and therapeutic mechanism of BI 655064, an antagonistic anti-CD40 monoclonal antibody, in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an inadequate response to methotrexate (MTX-IR). METHODS In total, 67 patients were randomised to receive weekly subcutaneous doses of 120 mg BI 655064 (n=44) or placebo (n=23) for 12 weeks. The primary endpoint was the proportion of patients who achieved 20% improvement in American College of Rheumatology criteria (ACR20) at week 12. Safety was assessed in patients who received at least one dose of study drug. RESULTS At week 12, the primary endpoint was not met, with 68.2% of patients treated with BI 655064 achieving an ACR20 vs 45.5% with placebo (p=0.064); using Bayesian analysis, the posterior probability of seeing a difference greater than 35% was 42.9%. BI 655064 was associated with greater changes in CD40-CD40L pathway-related markers, including reductions in inflammatory and bone resorption markers (interleukin-6, matrix metalloproteinase-3, receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand), concentration of autoantibodies (immunoglobulin [Ig]G rheumatoid factor [RF], IgM RF, IgA RF) and CD95+ activated B-cell subsets. No serious adverse events (AEs) related to BI 655064 treatment or thromboembolic events occurred; reported AEs were mainly of mild intensity. CONCLUSION Although blockade of the CD40-CD40L pathway with BI 655064 in MTX-IR patients with RA resulted in marked changes in clinical and biological parameters, including reductions in activated B-cells, autoantibody production and inflammatory and bone resorption markers, with a favourable safety profile, clinical efficacy was not demonstrated in this small phase IIa study. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01751776.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudha Visvanathan
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | | | - Meera Ramanujam
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Richard Vinisko
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | | | - Eva Dokoupilova
- Medical Plus, s.r.o, Uherské Hradiště, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Brygida Kwiatkowska
- Prof. Eleonora Reicher Memorial National Institute of Geriatrics, Rheumatology and Rehabilitation, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | | | - Patrick Baum
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
| | - David Joseph
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | - Jay S Fine
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals Inc, Ridgefield, Connecticut, USA
| | | | - Jürgen Steffgen
- Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach, Germany
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The 3'-UTR (CA)n microsatellite on CD40LG gene as a possible genetic marker for rheumatoid arthritis in Mexican population: impact on CD40LG mRNA expression. Clin Rheumatol 2017; 37:345-353. [PMID: 28963582 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-017-3853-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine the association of the CD40LG 3'-UTR (CA)n microsatellite with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and CD40LG mRNA levels in females from western Mexico. A case-control study with 219 RA patients and 175 control subjects (CS) was conducted. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), X 2 test was used to compare genotype and allele frequencies, and odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated to evaluate the association between RA and the microsatellite. CD40LG mRNA expression was assessed by real-time quantitative PCR. For comparisons between groups, Kruskal-Wallis or Mann-Whitney U tests for non-parametric data and ANOVA test for parametric data were performed. Among the 13 different alleles identified, CA25 was the most represented (45.4% RA and 46.3% CS). Stratification according to CA repeats as <CA25, CA25, and >CA25 showed a tendency towards a higher frequency of >CA25 alleles in RA patients (29%) compared to CS (23.4%). There was no association between any genotype and the clinical parameters of RA patients. According to the 2-∆∆Cq method, CD40LG mRNA expression in RA patients was 4.5-fold higher compared to CS; this difference was significant when assessed by the 2-∆Cq method (p = 0.028). Compared to carriers of the CA25/CA25 genotype, CS carrying the <CA25/<CA25 genotypes showed greater CD40LG mRNA expression (9.97-fold), unlike RA patients, where expression was 2.55-fold higher for >CA25/>CA25 carriers. The 3'-UTR CD40LG (CA)n microsatellite is not a genetic marker for RA in western Mexican population; however, results suggest that it plays a role in the CD40LG mRNA expression.
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Evaluation of antigen-induced synovitis in a porcine model: Immunological, arthroscopic and kinetic studies. BMC Vet Res 2017; 13:93. [PMID: 28388908 PMCID: PMC5384159 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-017-1025-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Synovitis is an inflammation-related disease linked to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, infections and trauma. This inflammation is accompanied by immune cells infiltration which initiates an inflammatory response causing pain, discomfort and affecting the normal joint function. The treatment of synovitis is based on the administration of anti-inflammatory drugs or biological agents such as platelet rich plasma and mesenchymal stem cells. However, the evaluation and validation of more effective therapies of synovitis requires the establishment of clinically relevant animal models. Results In this study, Large White pigs were pre-immunized to evaluate an antigen-induced synovitis. The immune monitoring of synovial fluids in this model allowed us the identification of IL-12p40 and T cell subsets as immune biomarkers. Moreover, the evolution of synovitis was performed by arthroscopic procedures and kinetic analysis. In summary, this paper describes an animal model of antigen-induced synovitis to be used in the evaluation of anti-inflammatory therapies. Conclusions The novelty of this paper lies in the development of a clinically relevant model of synovitis which permits the simultaneous evaluation of synovitis from an immunological, surgical and kinetic point of view. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-017-1025-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Noort AR, Tak PP, Tas SW. Non-canonical NF-κB signaling in rheumatoid arthritis: Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde? Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 17:15. [PMID: 25774937 PMCID: PMC4308835 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-015-0527-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) family of transcription factors is essential for the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, but can also induce regulatory pathways. NF-κB can be activated via two distinct pathways: the classical or canonical pathway, and the alternative or non-canonical pathway. It is well established that the canonical NF-κB pathway is essential both in acute inflammatory responses and in chronic inflammatory diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although less extensively studied, the non-canonical NF-κB pathway is not only central in lymphoid organ development and adaptive immune responses, but is also thought to play an important role in the pathogenesis of RA. Importantly, this pathway appears to have cell type-specific functions and, since many different cell types are involved in the pathogenesis of RA, it is difficult to predict the net overall contribution of the non-canonical NF-κB pathway to synovial inflammation. In this review, we describe the current understanding of non-canonical NF-κB signaling in various important cell types in the context of RA and consider the relevance to the pathogenesis of the disease. In addition, we discuss current drugs targeting this pathway, as well as future therapeutic prospects.
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Cytotoxicity of CD56(bright) NK cells towards autologous activated CD4+ T cells is mediated through NKG2D, LFA-1 and TRAIL and dampened via CD94/NKG2A. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31959. [PMID: 22384114 PMCID: PMC3284517 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 01/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In mouse models of chronic inflammatory diseases, Natural Killer (NK) cells can play an immunoregulatory role by eliminating chronically activated leukocytes. Indirect evidence suggests that NK cells may also be immunoregulatory in humans. Two subsets of human NK cells can be phenotypically distinguished as CD16+CD56dim and CD16dim/−CD56bright. An expansion in the CD56bright NK cell subset has been associated with clinical responses to therapy in various autoimmune diseases, suggesting an immunoregulatory role for this subset in vivo. Here we compared the regulation of activated human CD4+ T cells by CD56dim and CD56bright autologous NK cells in vitro. Both subsets efficiently killed activated, but not resting, CD4+ T cells. The activating receptor NKG2D, as well as the integrin LFA-1 and the TRAIL pathway, played important roles in this process. Degranulation by NK cells towards activated CD4+ T cells was enhanced by IL-2, IL-15, IL-12+IL-18 and IFN-α. Interestingly, IL-7 and IL-21 stimulated degranulation by CD56bright NK cells but not by CD56dim NK cells. NK cell killing of activated CD4+ T cells was suppressed by HLA-E on CD4+ T cells, as blocking the interaction between HLA-E and the inhibitory CD94/NKG2A NK cell receptor enhanced NK cell degranulation. This study provides new insight into CD56dim and CD56bright NK cell-mediated elimination of activated autologous CD4+ T cells, which potentially may provide an opportunity for therapeutic treatment of chronic inflammation.
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Bonfield TL, Thomassen MJ, Farver CF, Abraham S, Koloze MT, Zhang X, Mosser DM, Culver DA. Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma regulates the expression of alveolar macrophage macrophage colony-stimulating factor. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2008; 181:235-42. [PMID: 18566389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.181.1.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage CSF (M-CSF) regulates monocyte differentiation, activation, and foam cell formation. We have observed that it is elevated in human pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP) and in the GM-CSF knockout mouse, a murine model for PAP. A potential regulator of M-CSF, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma), is severely deficient in both human PAP and the GM-CSF knockout mouse. To investigate the role of PPARgamma in alveolar macrophage homeostasis, we generated myeloid-specific PPARgamma knockout mice using the Lys-Cre method to knock out the floxed PPARgamma gene. Similar to the GM-CSF-deficient mouse, absence of alveolar macrophage PPARgamma resulted in development of lung pathology resembling PAP in 16-wk-old mice, along with excess M-CSF gene expression and secretion. In ex vivo wild-type alveolar macrophages, we observed that M-CSF itself is capable of inducing foam cell formation similar to that seen in PAP. Overexpression of PPARgamma prevented LPS-stimulated M-CSF production in RAW 264.7 cells, an effect that was abrogated by a specific PPARgamma antagonist, GW9662. Use of proteasome inhibitor, MG-132 or a PPARgamma agonist, pioglitazone, prevented LPS-mediated M-CSF induction. Using chromatin immunoprecipitation, we found that PPARgamma is capable of regulating M-CSF through transrepression of NF-kappaB binding at the promoter. Gel-shift assay experiments confirmed that pioglitazone is capable of blocking NF-kappaB binding. Taken together, these data suggest that M-CSF is an important mediator of alveolar macrophage homeostasis, and that transcriptional control of M-CSF production is regulated by NF-kappaB and PPARgamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tracey L Bonfield
- Department of Pediatrics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44109, USA.
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Hückel M, Schurigt U, Wagner AH, Stöckigt R, Petrow PK, Thoss K, Gajda M, Henzgen S, Hecker M, Bräuer R. Attenuation of murine antigen-induced arthritis by treatment with a decoy oligodeoxynucleotide inhibiting signal transducer and activator of transcription-1 (STAT-1). Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 8:R17. [PMID: 16507120 PMCID: PMC1526583 DOI: 10.1186/ar1869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2005] [Revised: 10/27/2005] [Accepted: 11/21/2005] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor STAT-1 (signal transducer and activator of transcription-1) plays a pivotal role in the expression of inflammatory gene products involved in the pathogenesis of arthritis such as various cytokines and the CD40/CD40 ligand (CD40/CD40L) receptor-ligand dyad. The therapeutic efficacy of a synthetic decoy oligodeoxynucleotide (ODN) binding and neutralizing STAT-1 was tested in murine antigen-induced arthritis (AIA) as a model for human rheumatoid arthritis (RA). The STAT-1 decoy ODN was injected intra-articularly in methylated bovine serum albumin (mBSA)-immunized mice 4 h before arthritis induction. Arthritis was evaluated by joint swelling measurement and histological evaluation and compared to treatment with mutant control ODN. Serum levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, mBSA-specific antibodies and auto-antibodies against matrix constituents were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The transcription factor neutralizing efficacy of the STAT-1 decoy ODN was verified in vitro in cultured synoviocytes and macrophages. Single administration of STAT-1 decoy ODN dose-dependently suppressed joint swelling and histological signs of acute and chronic arthritis. Delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction, serum levels of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and anti-proteoglycan IgG titres were significantly reduced in STAT-1 decoy ODN-treated mice, whereas mBSA, collagen type I and type II specific immunoglobulins were not significantly affected. Intra-articular administration of an anti-CD40L (anti-CD154) antibody was similarly effective. Electrophoretic mobility shift analysis (EMSA) of nuclear extracts from synoviocytes incubated with the STAT-1 decoy ODN in vitro revealed an inhibitory effect on STAT-1. Furthermore, the STAT-1 decoy ODN inhibited the expression of CD40 mRNA in stimulated macrophages. The beneficial effects of the STAT-1 decoy ODN in experimental arthritis presumably mediated in part by affecting CD40 signalling in macrophages may provide the basis for a novel treatment of human RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion Hückel
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Uta Schurigt
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Andreas H Wagner
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ruprecht Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Renate Stöckigt
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Peter K Petrow
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Klaus Thoss
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Mieczyslaw Gajda
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
| | - Steffen Henzgen
- Institute of Pathology, Dietrich Bonhoeffer Clinical Centre, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Markus Hecker
- Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Ruprecht Karls University, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Rolf Bräuer
- Institute of Pathology, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena, Germany
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Martin-Donaire T, Losada-Fernandez I, Perez-Chacon G, Rua-Figueroa I, Erausquin C, Naranjo-Hernandez A, Rosado S, Sanchez F, Garcia-Saavedra A, Citores MJ, Vargas JA, Perez-Aciego P. Association of the microsatellite in the 3' untranslated region of the CD154 gene with rheumatoid arthritis in females from a Spanish cohort: a case-control study. Arthritis Res Ther 2007; 9:R89. [PMID: 17845713 PMCID: PMC2212561 DOI: 10.1186/ar2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2006] [Revised: 08/14/2007] [Accepted: 09/10/2007] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
CD40-CD154 interaction is an important mediator of inflammation and has been implicated in T helper type 1-mediated autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Linkage studies have shown association of markers in the proximity of the CD154 gene. In the present work we investigated whether specific allele variants of the microsatellite in the 3' UTR of the CD154 gene might modulate the risk of RA. The study, in a case-control setting, included 189 patients and 150 healthy controls from the Canary Islands, Spain. The 24CAs allele was less represented in female patients than in controls (0.444 in controls versus 0.307 in patients, P = 0.006, odds ratio (OR) 0.556, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.372 to 0.831) but not in males (0.414 versus 0.408), and only when homozygous (P = 0.012; OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.16 to 0.77). We also verified that CD154 association with RA was independent of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) phenotype. A further functional study showed that after stimulation anti-CD3, CD154 mRNA was more stable in CD4+ T lymphocytes from patients with RA bearing the 24CAs allele (mRNA half-life 208 minutes) than in patients without the 24CAs allele (109 minutes, P = 0.009). However, a lower percentage of CD154+CD4+ T lymphocytes was seen in freshly isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients carrying 24CAs alleles (mean 4.28 versus 8.12; P = 0.033), and also in CD4+ T lymphocytes stimulated with anti-CD3 (median 29.40 versus 47.60; P = 0.025). These results were concordant with the smaller amounts of CD154 mRNA isolated from stimulated T lymphocytes with 24CAs alleles. The CD154 microsatellite therefore seems to affect the expression of the gene in a complex manner that implies not only mRNA stability. These data suggest that the CD154 microsatellite contributes to the regulation of mRNA and protein expression, although further studies will be necessary to elucidate its role in disease predisposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trinidad Martin-Donaire
- Fundacion LAIR, Madrid, Spain
- Servicio de Medicina Interna I, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/San Martin de Porres 4, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Iñigo Rua-Figueroa
- Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrin, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Celia Erausquin
- Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrin, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Antonio Naranjo-Hernandez
- Servicio de Reumatologia, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrin, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | | | - Florentino Sanchez
- Servicio de Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrin, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Ayoze Garcia-Saavedra
- Servicio de Inmunologia, Hospital Universitario de Gran Canaria Doctor Negrin, Barranco de la Ballena s/n, 35010 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
| | - Maria Jesus Citores
- Servicio de Medicina Interna I, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/San Martin de Porres 4, 28035 Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan A Vargas
- Servicio de Medicina Interna I, Hospital Universitario Puerta de Hierro, Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, C/San Martin de Porres 4, 28035 Madrid, Spain
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Harigai M, Hara M, Kawamoto M, Kawaguchi Y, Sugiura T, Tanaka M, Nakagawa M, Ichida H, Takagi K, Higami-Ohsako S, Shimada K, Kamatani N. Amplification of the synovial inflammatory response through activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases and nuclear factor kappaB using ligation of CD40 on CD14+ synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 50:2167-77. [PMID: 15248214 DOI: 10.1002/art.20340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the signal transduction pathways in CD14+ synovial cells from patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) after CD40 ligation, and to examine their role in amplifying synovial inflammation in affected joints. METHODS Expression of messenger RNA was analyzed using quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Cytokines and chemokines were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Activation of kinases was detected using Western blotting. Nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB was examined using immunohistochemistry. CD14+ synovial cells were enriched using magnetic cell sorting. Fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) were obtained by passaging primary synovial cell culture. RESULTS Stimulation of CD14+ synovial cells from RA patients by recombinant soluble CD154 (rsCD154) significantly induced expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFalpha), interleukin-1alpha (IL-1alpha), and IL-1beta. CD14+ RA synovial cells stimulated with rsCD154 plus interferon-gamma (IFNgamma) induced significantly higher production of IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein 1 by FLS compared with unstimulated CD14+ synovial cells, through TNFalpha-, IL-1alpha-, and IL-1beta-mediated pathways. Stimulation with rsCD154 plus IFNgamma induced the activation of ERK-1/2, p38 MAPK, and NF-kappaB. Specific inhibitors of MAPK/ERK-1/2 kinases and p38 MAPK significantly reduced the production of TNFalpha and IL-1beta by rsCD154 plus IFNgamma-stimulated CD14+ synovial cells, and also inhibited production of these cytokines by freshly isolated synovial cells from RA patients. CONCLUSION These data indicate that the CD40-CD154 interaction activates the ERK, p38, and NF-kappaB pathways in CD14+ synovial cells from RA patients to produce TNFalpha, IL-1alpha, and IL-1beta, which in turn amplifies inflammatory responses by stimulating FLS. Inhibition of the CD40-CD154 interaction or its signal transduction pathways would be a strong and efficient strategy for the management of synovial inflammation in RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayoshi Harigai
- Institute of Rheumatology, Tokyo Women's Medical University, Tokyo, Japan.
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