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Li K, Zhai L, Pi Y, Fu S, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wang Y. Mitogen-activated protein kinase MxMPK3-2 mediated phosphorylation of MxZR3.1 participates in regulating iron homoeostasis in apple rootstocks. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2024; 47:2510-2525. [PMID: 38514902 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The micronutrient iron plays a crucial role in the growth and development of plants, necessitating meticulous regulation for its absorption by plants. Prior research has demonstrated that the transcription factor MxZR3.1 restricts iron absorption in apple rootstocks; however, the precise mechanism by which MxZR3.1 contributes to the regulation of iron homoeostasis in apple rootstocks remains unexplored. Here, MxMPK3-2, a protein kinase, was discovered to interact with MxZR3.1. Y2H, bimolecular fluorescence complementation and pull down experiments were used to confirm the interaction. Phosphorylation and cell semi-degradation tests have shown that MxZR3.1 can be used as a substrate of MxMPK3-2, which leads to the MxZR3.1 protein being more stable. In addition, through tobacco transient transformation (LUC and GUS) experiments, it was confirmed that MxZR3.1 significantly inhibited the activity of the MxHA2 promoter, while MxMPK3-2 mediated phosphorylation at the Ser94 site of MxZR3.1 further inhibited the activity of the MxHA2 promoter. It is tightly controlled to absorb iron during normal growth and development of apple rootstocks due to the regulatory effect of the MxMPK3-2-MxZR3.1 module on MxHA2 transcription level. Consequently, this research has revealed the molecular basis of how the MxMPK3-2-MxZR3.1 module in apple rootstocks controls iron homoeostasis by regulating the MxHA2 promoter's activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keting Li
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Longmei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ying Pi
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Sitong Fu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China
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Zhang N, Venn B, Bailey CE, Xia M, Mattoon EM, Mühlhaus T, Zhang R. Moderate high temperature is beneficial or detrimental depending on carbon availability in the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2024; 75:979-1003. [PMID: 37877811 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
High temperatures impair plant growth and reduce agricultural yields, but the underlying mechanisms remain elusive. The unicellular green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii is an excellent model to study heat responses in photosynthetic cells due to its fast growth rate, many similarities in cellular processes to land plants, simple and sequenced genome, and ample genetic and genomics resources. Chlamydomonas grows in light by photosynthesis and with externally supplied acetate as an organic carbon source. Understanding how organic carbon sources affect heat responses is important for the algal industry but remains understudied. We cultivated wild-type Chlamydomonas under highly controlled conditions in photobioreactors at 25 °C (control), 35 °C (moderate high temperature), or 40 °C (acute high temperature) with or without constant acetate supply for 1 or 4 day. Treatment at 35 °C increased algal growth with constant acetate supply but reduced algal growth without sufficient acetate. The overlooked and dynamic effects of 35 °C could be explained by induced acetate uptake and metabolism. Heat treatment at 40 °C for more than 2 day was lethal to algal cultures with or without constant acetate supply. Our findings provide insights to understand algal heat responses and help improve thermotolerance in photosynthetic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Benedikt Venn
- Computational Systems Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | | | - Ming Xia
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Erin M Mattoon
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
- Plant and Microbial Biosciences Program, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University in Saint Louis, St. Louis, MO 63130, USA
| | - Timo Mühlhaus
- Computational Systems Biology, RPTU Kaiserslautern, 67663 Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Ru Zhang
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
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Sun Q, Zhao D, Gao M, Wu Y, Zhai L, Sun S, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Han Z, Wang Y. MxMPK6-2-mediated phosphorylation enhances the response of apple rootstocks to Fe deficiency by activating PM H + -ATPase MxHA2. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:69-86. [PMID: 37340905 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency significantly affects the growth and development, fruit yield and quality of apples. Apple roots respond to Fe deficiency stress by promoting H+ secretion, which acidifies the soil. In this study, the plasma membrane (PM) H+ -ATPase MxHA2 promoted H+ secretion and root acidification of apple rootstocks under Fe deficiency stress. H+ -ATPase MxHA2 is upregulated in Fe-efficient apple rootstock of Malus xiaojinensis at the transcription level. Fe deficiency also induced kinase MxMPK6-2, a positive regulator in Fe absorption that can interact with MxHA2. However, the mechanism involving these two factors under Fe deficiency stress is unclear. MxMPK6-2 overexpression in apple roots positively regulated PM H+ -ATPase activity, thus enhancing root acidification under Fe deficiency stress. Moreover, co-expression of MxMPK6-2 and MxHA2 in apple rootstocks further enhanced PM H+ -ATPase activity under Fe deficiency. MxMPK6-2 phosphorylated MxHA2 at the Ser909 site of C terminus, Thr320 and Thr412 sites of the Central loop region. Phosphorylation at the Ser909 and Thr320 promoted PM H+ -ATPase activity, while phosphorylation at Thr412 inhibited PM H+ -ATPase activity. MxMPK6-2 also phosphorylated the Fe deficiency-induced transcription factor MxbHLH104 at the Ser169 site, which then could bind to the promoter of MxHA2, thus enhancing MxHA2 upregulation. In conclusion, the MAP kinase MxMPK6-2-mediated phosphorylation directly and indirectly regulates PM H+ -ATPase MxHA2 activity at the protein post-translation and transcription levels, thus synergistically enhancing root acidification under Fe deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiran Sun
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Danrui Zhao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Longmei Zhai
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Shan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
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4
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Zhai L, Sun Q, Gao M, Cheng X, Liao X, Wu T, Zhang X, Xu X, Wang Y, Han Z. MxMPK4-1 phosphorylates NADPH oxidase to trigger the MxMPK6-2-MxbHLH104 pathway mediated Fe deficiency responses in apple. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:2810-2826. [PMID: 35748023 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Iron (Fe) deficiency is a nutritional stress in plants that commonly occurs in alkaline and calcareous soils. Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MPKs), the terminal player of MAPK cascade, are involved in distinct physiological processes. Once plants suffer from Fe deficiency stress, the mechanism of MPK function remains unclear owing to limited study on the MPK networks including substrate proteins and downstream pathways. Here, the MAP kinase MPK4-1 was induced in roots of Fe efficient apple rootstock Malus xiaojinensis but not in Fe inefficient rootstock Malus baccata under Fe deficiency conditions. Overexpression of MxMPK4-1 in apple calli and apple roots enhanced the responses to Fe deficiency. We found that MxMPK4-1 interacted with NADPH oxidases (NOX)-respiratory burst oxidase homologs MxRBOHD1 and MxRBOHD2, which positively regulated responses to Fe deficiency. Moreover, MxMPK4-1 phosphorylated the C terminus of MxRBOHD2 at Ser797 and Ser906 and positively and negatively regulated NOX activity through these phospho-sites, respectively. When compared with apple calli that overexpressed MxRBOHD2, the coexpression of MxMPK4-1 and MxRBOHD2 prominently enhanced the Fe deficiency responses. We also demonstrated that hydrogen peroxide derived from MxMPK4-1-MxRBOHD2 regulated the MxMPK6-2-MxbHLH104 pathway, illuminating a systematic network that involves different MPK proteins in M. xiaojinensis under Fe deficiency stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longmei Zhai
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiran Sun
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinxin Cheng
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Liao
- Department of Food Science and Engineering, College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Food Nonthermal Processing, Chinese National Engineering Research Centre for Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Lab of Fruit and Vegetable Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ting Wu
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinzhong Zhang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefeng Xu
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Wang
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Han
- Department of Fruit Science, College of Horticulture, China Agricultural University, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops (Nutrition and Physiology), Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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5
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Li W, Han X, Lan P. Emerging roles of protein phosphorylation in plant iron homeostasis. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:908-921. [PMID: 35414480 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Remarkable progress has been made in dissecting the molecular mechanisms involved in iron (Fe) homeostasis in plants, especially the identification of key transporter and transcriptional regulatory networks. But how the protein activity of these master players is regulated by Fe status remains underexplored. Recent studies show that major players toggle switch their properties by protein phosphorylation under different Fe conditions and consequently control the signaling cascade and metabolic adjustment. Moreover, Fe deficiency causes changes of multiple kinases and phosphatases. Here, we discuss how these findings highlight the emergence of the protein phosphorylation-dependent regulation for rapid and precise responses to Fe status to attain Fe homeostasis. Further studies will be needed to fully understand the regulation of these intricate networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Li
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiuwen Han
- Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Biology and the Environment, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Ping Lan
- State Key Laboratory of Soil and Sustainable Agriculture, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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6
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Lin YT, Takeuchi T, Youk B, Umen J, Sears BB, Benning C. Chlamydomonas CHT7 is involved in repressing DNA replication and mitotic genes during synchronous growth. G3 GENES|GENOMES|GENETICS 2022; 12:6523978. [PMID: 35137070 PMCID: PMC8895990 DOI: 10.1093/g3journal/jkac023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In the green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, regulation of the cell cycle in response to external cues is critical for survival in a changing environment. The loss of the nuclear COMPROMISED HYDROLYSIS OF TRIACYLGLYCEROLS 7 (CHT7) protein affects the expression of many genes especially in response to nitrogen availability. Cells lacking CHT7 exhibit abnormal cell morphology following nitrogen deprivation and fail to resume normal cell division after N resupply. To investigate the function of CHT7 in the regulation of cell cycle-related pathways, cells were synchronized, and RNA-seq analysis was performed during various stages of the cell cycle. In the cht7 mutant following nitrogen deprivation, the cells were not dividing, but a subset of cell cycle genes involved in DNA replication and mitosis were found to be derepressed, suggesting that the CHT7 protein plays a role in cell cycle regulation that is opposite to that of the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinases. Furthermore, genes for cell wall synthesis and remodeling were found to be abnormally induced in nondividing cht7 cells; this misregulation may deplete cellular resources and thus contribute to cell death following nitrogen deprivation. Lastly, 43 minimally characterized kinases were found to be highly misregulated in cht7. Further analysis suggested that some of these CHT7-regulated kinases may be related to the MAP3K and Aurora-like kinases, while others are unique. Together, these results suggest a role of CHT7 in transcriptional regulation of the cell cycle and reveal several pathways and genes whose expression appears to be subject to a CHT7-mediated regulatory network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang-Tsung Lin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Tomomi Takeuchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Brian Youk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - James Umen
- Donald Danforth Plant Science Center, St. Louis, MO 63132, USA
| | - Barbara B Sears
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Energy-Plant Research Laboratory, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
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Khan MZ, Ma Y, Ma J, Xiao J, Liu Y, Liu S, Khan A, Khan IM, Cao Z. Association of DGAT1 With Cattle, Buffalo, Goat, and Sheep Milk and Meat Production Traits. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:712470. [PMID: 34485439 PMCID: PMC8415568 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.712470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Milk fatty acids are essential for many dairy product productions, while intramuscular fat (IMF) is associated with the quality of meat. The triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major components of IMF and milk fat. Therefore, understanding the polymorphisms and genes linked to fat synthesis is important for animal production. Identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) and genes associated with milk and meat production traits has been the objective of various mapping studies in the last decade. Consistently, the QTLs on chromosomes 14, 15, and 9 have been found to be associated with milk and meat production traits in cattle, goat, and buffalo and sheep, respectively. Diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 1 (DGAT1) gene has been reported on chromosomes 14, 15, and 9 in cattle, goat, and buffalo and sheep, respectively. Being a key role in fat metabolism and TAG synthesis, the DGAT1 has obtained considerable attention especially in animal milk production. In addition to milk production, DGAT1 has also been a subject of interest in animal meat production. Several polymorphisms have been documented in DGAT1 in various animal species including cattle, buffalo, goat, and sheep for their association with milk production traits. In addition, the DGAT1 has also been studied for their role in meat production traits in cattle, sheep, and goat. However, very limited studies have been conducted in cattle for association of DGAT1 with meat production traits in cattle. Moreover, not a single study reported the association of DGAT1 with meat production traits in buffalo; thus, further studies are warranted to fulfill this huge gap. Keeping in view the important role of DGAT1 in animal production, the current review article was designed to highlight the major development and new insights on DGAT1 effect on milk and meat production traits in cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat. Moreover, we have also highlighted the possible future contributions of DGAT1 for the studied species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Zahoor Khan
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan
| | - Yulin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaying Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Adnan Khan
- Shenzhen Branch, Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Genome Analysis Laboratory of the Ministry of Agriculture, Agricultural Genomics Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ibrar Muhammad Khan
- Anhui Provincial Laboratory of Local Livestock and Poultry Genetical Resource Conservation and Breeding, College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, China
| | - Zhijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Beijing Engineering Technology Research Center of Raw Milk Quality and Safety Control, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
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8
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Gomez-Osuna A, Calatrava V, Galvan A, Fernandez E, Llamas A. Identification of the MAPK Cascade and its Relationship with Nitrogen Metabolism in the Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103417. [PMID: 32408549 PMCID: PMC7279229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) form part of a signaling cascade through phosphorylation reactions conserved in all eukaryotic organisms. The MAPK cascades are mainly composed by three proteins, MAPKKKs, MAPKKs and MAPKs. Some signals induce MAPKKK-mediated phosphorylation and activation of MAPKK that phosphorylate and activate MAPK. Afterward, MAPKs can act either in the cytoplasm or be imported into the nucleus to activate other proteins or transcription factors. In the green microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii the pathway for nitrogen (N) assimilation is well characterized, yet its regulation still has many unknown features. Nitric oxide (NO) is a fundamental signal molecule for N regulation, where nitrate reductase (NR) plays a central role in its synthesis. The MAPK cascades could be regulating N assimilation, since it has been described that the phosphorylation of NR by MAPK6 promotes NO production in Arabidopsis thaliana. We have identified the proteins involved in the MAPK cascades in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, finding 17 MAPKs, 2 MAPKKs and 108 MAPKKKs (11 MEKK-, 94 RAF- and 3 ZIK-type) that have been structurally and phylogenetically characterized. The genetic expressions of MAPKs and the MAPKK were slightly regulated by N. However, the genetic expressions of MAPKKKs RAF14 and RAF79 showed a very strong repression by ammonium, which suggests that they may have a key role in the regulation of N assimilation, encouraging to further analyze in detail the role of MAPK cascades in the regulation of N metabolism.
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9
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Kroh GE, Pilon M. Regulation of Iron Homeostasis and Use in Chloroplasts. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3395. [PMID: 32403383 PMCID: PMC7247011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21093395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron (Fe) is essential for life because of its role in protein cofactors. Photosynthesis, in particular photosynthetic electron transport, has a very high demand for Fe cofactors. Fe is commonly limiting in the environment, and therefore photosynthetic organisms must acclimate to Fe availability and avoid stress associated with Fe deficiency. In plants, adjustment of metabolism, of Fe utilization, and gene expression, is especially important in the chloroplasts during Fe limitation. In this review, we discuss Fe use, Fe transport, and mechanisms of acclimation to Fe limitation in photosynthetic lineages with a focus on the photosynthetic electron transport chain. We compare Fe homeostasis in Cyanobacteria, the evolutionary ancestors of chloroplasts, with Fe homeostasis in green algae and in land plants in order to provide a deeper understanding of how chloroplasts and photosynthesis may cope with Fe limitation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marinus Pilon
- Department of Biology, Colorado State University Department of Biology, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA;
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10
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Baier T, Kros D, Feiner RC, Lauersen KJ, Müller KM, Kruse O. Engineered Fusion Proteins for Efficient Protein Secretion and Purification of a Human Growth Factor from the Green Microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. ACS Synth Biol 2018; 7:2547-2557. [PMID: 30296377 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.8b00226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Light-driven recombinant protein (RP) production in eukaryotic microalgae offers a sustainable alternative to other established cell-culture systems. RP production via secretion into the culture medium enables simple product separation from the cells adding a layer of process value in addition to the algal biomass, which can be separately harvested. For the model microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, a broad range of molecular tools have been established to enable heterologous gene expression; however, low RP production levels and unreliable purification from secretion concepts have been reported. Domesticated C. reinhardtii strains used for genetic engineering are often cell-wall deficient. These strains nevertheless secrete cell-wall components such as insoluble (hydroxy)proline-rich glycoproteins into the culture media, which hinder downstream purification processes. Here, we attempted to overcome limitations in secretion titers and improve protein purification by combining fusion partners that enhance RP secretion and enable alternative aqueous two-phase (ATPS) RP extraction from the culture medium. Protein fusions were strategically designed to contain a stably folded peptide, which enhanced secretion capacities and gave insights into (some) regulatory mechanisms responsible for this process in the algal host. The elevated protein titers mediated by this fusion were then successfully applied in combination with a fungal hydrophobin tag, which enabled protein purification from the complex microalgal extracellular environment by ATPS, to yield functional recombinant human epidermal growth factor (hEGF) from the algal host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Baier
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Dana Kros
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Rebecca C. Feiner
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Technology, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kyle J. Lauersen
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Kristian M. Müller
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Technology, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology, Universitätsstrasse 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Olaf Kruse
- Bielefeld University, Faculty of Biology, Center for Biotechnology (CeBiTec), Universitätsstrasse 27, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
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Liu Z, Wang X, Chen X, Shi G, Bai Q, Xiao K. TaMIR1139: a wheat miRNA responsive to Pi-starvation, acts a critical mediator in modulating plant tolerance to Pi deprivation. PLANT CELL REPORTS 2018; 37:1293-1309. [PMID: 29947952 DOI: 10.1007/s00299-018-2313-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Wheat miRNA member TaMIR1139 targets genes functional in various families and plays crucial roles in regulating plant Pi starvation tolerance. Through regulating target genes at posttranscriptional or translational level, plant miRNAs are involved in mediating diverse biological processes associated with growth, development, and responses to adverse stresses. In this study, we characterized the expression pattern and function of TaMIR1139, a miRNA member of wheat (T. aestivum) under Pi deprivation. TaMIR1139 precursor is also present in N. tabucum, suggesting the conserved nature of miR1139 across monocots and eudicots. TaMIR1139 targets seven genes within different families. The transcripts abundance of TaMIR1139 was induced upon Pi deprivation and the upregulated expression under Pi starvation was downregulated by the Pi recovery treatment, In contrast, the genes targeted by TaMIR1139 exhibited reduced transcripts upon Pi starvation and their downregulated expression was recovered by Pi-recovery condition, suggesting the regulation of them under TaMIR1139 through a cleavage mechanism. TaMIR1139 overexpression conferred the Pi-deprived plants improved phenotype, biomass, photosynthesis, and Pi acquisition. Transcriptome analysis identified numerous genes involving biological process, cellular components, and molecular function were differentially expressed in the TaMIR1139 overexpression lines, which suggests the TaMIR1139-mediated plant Pi starvation tolerance to be associated with the role of miRNA in extensively modulating the transcript profiling. A phosphate transporter (PT) gene NtPT showed significantly upregulated expression in TaMIR1139 overexpression lines; overexpression of it conferred plants improved Pi acquisition upon Pi starvation, suggesting its contribution to the TaMIR1139-mediated plant low-Pi stress resistance. Our investigation indicates that TaMIR1139 is critical in plant Pi starvation tolerance through transcriptionally regulating the target genes and modulating the Pi stress-defensiveness processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhipeng Liu
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoying Wang
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Chen
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Guiqing Shi
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Qianqian Bai
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China
| | - Kai Xiao
- College of Agronomy, Agricultural University of Hebei, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Crop Growth Regulation of Hebei Province, Baoding, 071001, People's Republic of China.
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