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Qin X, Huang J, Liang J, Gong E, Wang W, Lv Y, Hou L, Song J, Sun Y, Wen B, Xu J, Qin T. A novel variant of Chlamydia psittaci causing human psittacosis in China. Int J Infect Dis 2024; 147:107180. [PMID: 39059574 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2024.107180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
From January 2022 to November 2022, sporadic psittacosis occurred in Lishui city, China. The patients were presented with fever, cough, and pulmonary infiltration. Their clinical symptoms were not relieved after receiving cephalosporin, penicillin, beta-lactamase inhibitors, and quinolones. Metagenomic next-generation sequencing of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid samples from the patients revealed Chlamydia psittaci infection. Then, three C. psittaci strains were isolated from the patients. Their whole genome sequences (WGSs) were obtained, and a core genome multilocus sequence typing (cgMLST) method was developed to study the population structure of C. psittaci. Using the constructed cgMLST method, 72 WGSs were divided into four related groups and ten sub-clusters. The Lishui strains formed a unique population of C. psittaci, which might represent a new variant of C. psittaci. In vitro antimicrobial susceptibility testing suggested that the Lishui strains were sensitive to tetracycline, macrolides, quinolones, and no drug-resistance was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xincheng Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Huang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Junrong Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Enhui Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wen Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yuankai Lv
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Hou
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jingdong Song
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yamin Sun
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Disease, Research Institute of Public Health, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bohai Wen
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qin
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Ospina-Pinto MC, Alves BF, Soares HS, Jesus Pena HF, Raso TF. Chlamydia gallinacea in Brazilian backyard chicken farms. Braz J Microbiol 2024; 55:2005-2011. [PMID: 38573540 PMCID: PMC11153411 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-024-01319-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Avian chlamydiosis is a bacterial infectious disease of birds, considered until recently caused only by Chlamydia psittaci, that now includes the newly described species C. buteonis, C. avium, and C. gallinacea, associated with several avian hosts. Since its recognition as a species in 2014 and having chickens as one of its main hosts, C. gallinacea has already been described in backyard poultry on all continents. The present study aimed to survey by molecular techniques the presence and species of Chlamydia spp. in backyard chickens from three states of the southern region of Brazil (Paraná-PR, Santa Catarina-SC, and Rio Grande do Sul-RS). DNA extracted from cloacal swab samples were tested by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for different species of Chlamydia, namely Chlamydiaceae (23 S rRNA gene), C. psittaci (ompA gene), C. avium (enoA gene) and C. gallinacea (gidA and enoA genes). The 16 S rRNA gene was used for sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. A total of 582 backyard chicken samples were collected and grouped in 238 pools, from 134 properties in 59 municipalities. Chlamydiaceae was detected in 25.2% (60/238) of the samples, in 38.8% (52/134) of the properties and in 66.1% (39/59) of the municipalities. None of the samples yielded positive PCR results for C. psittaci or C. avium. For C. gallinacea, the overall percentage was 16.3% (39/238) according to the results of gidA and enoA genes. Sequence analysis confirmed that the samples corresponded to C. gallinacea. This is the first report of C. gallinacea in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Catalina Ospina-Pinto
- Laboratório de Ecopatologia de Aves, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brasil
| | - Bruna Farias Alves
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brasil
| | - Herbert Sousa Soares
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brasil
| | - Hilda Fátima Jesus Pena
- Laboratório de Doenças Parasitárias, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva e Saúde Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brasil
| | - Tânia Freitas Raso
- Laboratório de Ecopatologia de Aves, Departamento de Patologia, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade de São Paulo, Av. Prof. Dr. Orlando Marques de Paiva, 87, São Paulo, SP, 05508-270, Brasil.
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Zaręba-Marchewka K, Bomba A, Scharf S, Niemczuk K, Schnee C, Szymańska-Czerwińska M. Whole Genome Sequencing and Comparative Genomic Analysis of Chlamydia gallinacea Field Strains Isolated from Poultry in Poland. Pathogens 2023; 12:891. [PMID: 37513738 PMCID: PMC10384503 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens12070891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia gallinacea is an intracellular bacterium belonging to the Chlamydiaceae family. Poultry is considered to be the major reservoir of this agent, which has worldwide distribution and a particularly consistent worldwide occurrence in chicken flocks. The bacterium has been linked to respiratory disease in humans but without definitive confirmation; nevertheless, while it has not been proved to be the cause of human respiratory disease, a recent report from Italy verified its bird-to-human transmission. This aspect being significant for public health, more research is needed to gain insight into the infection biology of C. gallinacea. In this study, the genomes of eleven novel C. gallinacea field strains from different regions of Poland were analyzed comparatively. It was confirmed that C. gallinacea strains are closely related, with at least 99.46% sequence identity. They possess a conservative genome structure involving the plasticity zone with a complete cytotoxin, the type three secretion system, inclusion membrane proteins, polymorphic membrane proteins, hctA and hctB histone-like proteins, and the chlamydial protease-like activating factor exoenzyme, as well as plasmids. Genetic diversity seems to be restricted. However, some genetic loci, such as ompA and multi-locus sequence typing target genes, are diverse enough to enable high-resolution genotyping and epidemiological tracing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Zaręba-Marchewka
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Arkadiusz Bomba
- Department of Omics Analyses, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Sabine Scharf
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96 a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Krzysztof Niemczuk
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), Naumburger Str. 96 a, D-07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Monika Szymańska-Czerwińska
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
- Laboratory of Serological Diagnosis, National Veterinary Research Institute, Al. Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland
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Sachse K, Hölzer M, Vorimore F, Barf LM, Sachse C, Laroucau K, Marz M, Lamkiewicz K. Genomic analysis of 61 Chlamydia psittaci strains reveals extensive divergence associated with host preference. BMC Genomics 2023; 24:288. [PMID: 37248517 PMCID: PMC10226258 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-023-09370-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chlamydia (C.) psittaci, the causative agent of avian chlamydiosis and human psittacosis, is a genetically heterogeneous species. Its broad host range includes parrots and many other birds, but occasionally also humans (via zoonotic transmission), ruminants, horses, swine and rodents. To assess whether there are genetic markers associated with host tropism we comparatively analyzed whole-genome sequences of 61 C. psittaci strains, 47 of which carrying a 7.6-kbp plasmid. RESULTS Following clean-up, reassembly and polishing of poorly assembled genomes from public databases, phylogenetic analyses using C. psittaci whole-genome sequence alignment revealed four major clades within this species. Clade 1 represents the most recent lineage comprising 40/61 strains and contains 9/10 of the psittacine strains, including type strain 6BC, and 10/13 of human isolates. Strains from different non-psittacine hosts clustered in Clades 2- 4. We found that clade membership correlates with typing schemes based on SNP types, ompA genotypes, multilocus sequence types as well as plasticity zone (PZ) structure and host preference. Genome analysis also revealed that i) sequence variation in the major outer membrane porin MOMP can result in 3D structural changes of immunogenic domains, ii) past host change of Clade 3 and 4 strains could be associated with loss of MAC/perforin in the PZ, rather than the large cytotoxin, iii) the distinct phylogeny of atypical strains (Clades 3 and 4) is also reflected in their repertoire of inclusion proteins (Inc family) and polymorphic membrane proteins (Pmps). CONCLUSIONS Our study identified a number of genomic features that can be correlated with the phylogeny and host preference of C. psittaci strains. Our data show that intra-species genomic divergence is associated with past host change and includes deletions in the plasticity zone, structural variations in immunogenic domains and distinct repertoires of virulence factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Konrad Sachse
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany.
| | - Martin Hölzer
- Methodology and Research Infrastructure, Bioinformatics, Robert Koch Institute, 13353, Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Identypath, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706, Paris, France
| | - Lisa-Marie Barf
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Carsten Sachse
- Ernst-Ruska Centre 3 / Structural Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Institute for Biological Information Processing 6 / Structural Cellular Biology, Forschungszentrum Jülich, Wilhelm-Johnen-Straße, 52425, Jülich, Germany
- Department of Biology, Heinrich Heine University, Universitätsstr. 1, 40225, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706, Paris, France
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Kevin Lamkiewicz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
- JRG Analytical MicroBioinformatics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743, Jena, Germany
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Luu LDW, Kasimov V, Phillips S, Myers GSA, Jelocnik M. Genome organization and genomics in Chlamydia: whole genome sequencing increases understanding of chlamydial virulence, evolution, and phylogeny. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1178736. [PMID: 37287464 PMCID: PMC10242142 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1178736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The genus Chlamydia contains important obligate intracellular bacterial pathogens to humans and animals, including C. trachomatis and C. pneumoniae. Since 1998, when the first Chlamydia genome was published, our understanding of how these microbes interact, evolved and adapted to different intracellular host environments has been transformed due to the expansion of chlamydial genomes. This review explores the current state of knowledge in Chlamydia genomics and how whole genome sequencing has revolutionised our understanding of Chlamydia virulence, evolution, and phylogeny over the past two and a half decades. This review will also highlight developments in multi-omics and other approaches that have complemented whole genome sequencing to advance knowledge of Chlamydia pathogenesis and future directions for chlamydial genomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurence Don Wai Luu
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Vasilli Kasimov
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
- School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Samuel Phillips
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
| | - Garry S. A. Myers
- Australian Institute for Microbiology and Infection, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Martina Jelocnik
- Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD, Australia
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Qin XC, Huang J, Yang Z, Sun X, Wang W, Gong E, Cao Z, Lin J, Qiu Y, Wen B, Kan B, Xu J, Qin T. Severe community-acquired pneumonia caused by Chlamydia psittasi genotype E/B strain circulating among geese in Lishui city, Zhejiang Province, China. Emerg Microbes Infect 2022; 11:2715-2723. [DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2140606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Cheng Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jinwei Huang
- Department of respiratory and critical care medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Zhangnv Yang
- Key Laboratory of Vaccine, Prevention and Control of Infectious Disease of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiangrong Sun
- Nanchang Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Wen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Enhui Gong
- Department of respiratory and critical care medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Zhuo Cao
- Department of respiratory and critical care medicine, The Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Lishui, Zhejiang province, China
| | - Jianfeng Lin
- Department of internal medicine, Suichang Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine, Suichang County, Lishui, Zhejiang Province
| | - Yanai Qiu
- Department of internal medicine, Suichang Hospital of traditional Chinese medicine, Suichang County, Lishui, Zhejiang Province
| | - Bohai Wen
- Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Tian Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Marchino M, Rizzo F, Barzanti P, Sparasci OA, Bottino P, Vicari N, Rigamonti S, Braghin S, Aaziz R, Vorimore F, Ru G, Laroucau K, Mandola ML. Chlamydia Species and Related Risk Factors in Poultry in North-Western Italy: Possible Bird-to-Human Transmission for C. gallinacea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19042174. [PMID: 35206361 PMCID: PMC8872282 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19042174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydiaceae are obligatory intracellular bacteria causing acute and chronic diseases in animals and humans worldwide, with recently discovered species with a still unclear pathogenic potential (i.e., C. gallinacea). In Italy, Chlamydiaceae infections are underestimated both in animals and humans. To estimate the prevalence of Chlamydiaceae species in poultry and occupationally exposed workers on farm, a cross-sectional study was carried out in north-western Italy. A total of 2063 samples from 83 commercial and 31 backyard poultry farms were analysed using real-time PCRs for Chlamydiaceae screening and species typing. Chlamydiaceae were detected in 23 farms, with a herd prevalence of 20.2% (95%CI: 13.2-28.7), higher in backyard farms (38.7%; 95%CI: 21.8-57.8) compared to commercial ones (13.3%; 95%CI: 6.8-22.5). C. gallinacea was found in 18 chicken farms, both commercial and backyard, and C. psittaci only in 3 backyard farms. Exposure to wild birds and factors related to biosecurity resulted the main risk factors associated with Chlamydia positivity. Out of the 113 sputum samples collected from farmers, 16 tested positive to Chlamydiaceae, with a prevalence of 14.2% (95%CI: 8, 3-22). To the best of our knowledge, for the first time at international level, C. gallinacea was detected in humans with farmer positivity associated with farm infectious status, suggesting a bird-to-human transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica Marchino
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.L.M.)
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Paola Barzanti
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Oriana Anna Sparasci
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Paolo Bottino
- S.C. Microbiology and Virology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria “Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino”, 10126 Turin, Italy;
| | - Nadia Vicari
- National Reference Laboratory for Chlamydioses, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Sara Rigamonti
- National Reference Laboratory for Chlamydioses, Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Lombardia and Emilia Romagna (IZSLER), 27100 Pavia, Italy; (N.V.); (S.R.)
| | - Silvia Braghin
- S.C. Sanità Animale, Dipartimento Di Prevenzione, ASL CN1, Via Carlo Boggio 12, 12100 Cuneo, Italy;
| | - Rachid Aaziz
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France; (R.A.); (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France; (R.A.); (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Ru
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Laboratory for Animal Health, Bacterial Zoonosis Unit, ANSES Maisons-Alfort, Paris-Est University, 94706 Paris, France; (R.A.); (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Maria Lucia Mandola
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Piedmont, Liguria and Aosta Valley (IZSPLV), Via Bologna 148, 10154 Turin, Italy; (F.R.); (P.B.); (O.A.S.); (G.R.)
- Correspondence: (M.M.); (M.L.M.)
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Experimental inoculation of chicken broilers with C. gallinacea strain 15-56/1. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23856. [PMID: 34903753 PMCID: PMC8668880 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03223-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia gallinacea is one of the new Chlamydia species, encountered predominantly in birds and occasionally in cattle, and its dissemination, pathogenicity and zoonotic potential have not yet been fully elucidated. Until now, no case of clinical infection has been described in poultry, but the number of studies is limited. This study was conducted to evaluate the course of infection and the impact on production parameters in chicken broilers inoculated with the strain 15-56/1 isolated from a Polish flock. The presence of C. gallinacea was confirmed in oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs by real-time PCR from the fifth day post inoculation (dpi). Pathogen DNA was also detected in many internal organs of inoculated chickens. All infected animals remained asymptomatic during the entire experimental period, although statistical analyses showed that broilers in the experimental group exhibited significantly lower body weight gains and feed conversion ratios than animals in the control group. These data indicate that subclinical C. gallinacea infection in broilers may lead to financial losses for poultry farmers.
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Genetic and phenotypic analysis of the pathogenic potential of two novel Chlamydia gallinacea strains compared to Chlamydia psittaci. Sci Rep 2021; 11:16516. [PMID: 34389764 PMCID: PMC8363750 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-95966-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia gallinacea is an obligate intracellular bacterium that has recently been added to the family of Chlamydiaceae. C. gallinacea is genetically diverse, widespread in poultry and a suspected cause of pneumonia in slaughterhouse workers. In poultry, C. gallinacea infections appear asymptomatic, but studies about the pathogenic potential are limited. In this study two novel sequence types of C. gallinacea were isolated from apparently healthy chickens. Both isolates (NL_G47 and NL_F725) were closely related to each other and have at least 99.5% DNA sequence identity to C. gallinacea Type strain 08-1274/3. To gain further insight into the pathogenic potential, infection experiments in embryonated chicken eggs and comparative genomics with Chlamydia psittaci were performed. C. psittaci is a ubiquitous zoonotic pathogen of birds and mammals, and infection in poultry can result in severe systemic illness. In experiments with embryonated chicken eggs, C. gallinacea induced mortality was observed, potentially strain dependent, but lower compared to C. psittaci induced mortality. Comparative analyses confirmed all currently available C. gallinacea genomes possess the hallmark genes coding for known and potential virulence factors as found in C. psittaci albeit to a reduced number of orthologues or paralogs. The presence of potential virulence factors and the observed mortality in embryonated eggs indicates C. gallinacea should rather be considered as an opportunistic pathogen than an innocuous commensal.
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Heijne M, van der Goot J, Buys H, Dinkla A, Roest HJ, van Keulen L, Koets A. Pathogenicity of Chlamydia gallinacea in chickens after oral inoculation. Vet Microbiol 2021; 259:109166. [PMID: 34217040 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2021.109166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Chlamydia gallinacea is a recently discovered and widespread obligate intracellular bacterium in chickens. In chickens, infections appear to be asymptomatic, but can result in reduced weight gain in broilers. Molecular typing revealed C. gallinacea is genetically diverse which might lead to differences in pathogenic potential between strains. However, studies about the pathogenesis of different C. gallinacea strains are still limited. In this study, the pathogenesis of C. gallinacea strain NL_G47 was investigated in three consecutive animal experiments. The first experiment served as a pilot in which a maximum culturable dose was administered orally to 13 chickens. Excretion of chlamydial DNA in cloacal swabs was measured during 11 days post infection, but no clinical signs were observed. The second and third experiment were a repetition of the first experiment, but now chickens were sacrificed at consecutive time points to investigate tissue dissemination of C. gallinacea. Again excretion of chlamydial DNA in cloacal swabs was detected and no clinical signs were observed in line with the results of the first experiment. PCR and immunohistochemistry of tissue samples revealed C. gallinacea infected the epithelium of the jejunum, ileum and caecum. Furthermore, C. gallinacea could be detected in macrophages in the lamina propria and in follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) of the B cell follicles in the caecal tonsil. Results of serology showed a systemic antibody response from day seven or eight and onward in all three experiments. The experiments with strain NL_G47 confirmed observations from field studies that C. gallinacea infection does not result in acute clinical disease and mainly resides in the epithelium of the gut. Whether the presence of C. gallinacea results in chronic persistent infections with long term and less obvious health effects in line with observations on other infections caused by Chlamydiae, needs further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marloes Heijne
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeanet van der Goot
- Department of Diagnostics and Crisis Organisation, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Herma Buys
- Department of Diagnostics and Crisis Organisation, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Annemieke Dinkla
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Hendrik Jan Roest
- Directorate Animal Supply Chain and Animal Welfare, Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality, The Hague, the Netherlands
| | - Lucien van Keulen
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands
| | - Ad Koets
- Department of Bacteriology, Host-Pathogen Interaction and Diagnostics Development, Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Lelystad, the Netherlands; Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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11
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Pang Y, Cong F, Zhang X, Li H, Chang YF, Xie Q, Lin W. A recombinase polymerase amplification-based assay for rapid detection of Chlamydia psittaci. Poult Sci 2020; 100:585-591. [PMID: 33518111 PMCID: PMC7858173 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlamydia psittaci is a zoonotic agent of systemic wasting disease in birds and atypical pneumonia in mammalians including humans, constituting a public health risk. A rapid diagnostic assay would be beneficial in screening C. psittaci in the field. In this study, we developed a probe-based recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) assay for the rapid detection of C. psittaci. The specific primer pairs and probe targeting the conserved region of the outer membrane protein A gene were designed and applied to the real-time real-time RPA assay. The test can be performed at 39°C for 20 min using a portable device, with sensitivities approaching 100 copies of DNA molecules per reaction, with no cross-reaction with other pathogens. The clinical performance of the RPA assay was evaluated in an outbreak of C. psittaci and has high accuracy levels in field applications. The epidemic C. psittaci strains were classed into 2 genotypes: A and C. Collectively, this study offers a promising approach in screening for C. psittaci both in a laboratory setting and in field settings, and RPA can be used as an effective clinical test to monitor outbreaks in domestic fowl populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanling Pang
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Feng Cong
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Laboratory Animals, Guangdong Laboratory Animals Monitoring Institute, Guangzhou 510633, P.R. China
| | - Xinheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Li
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China
| | - Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, P.R. China; Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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12
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Hölzer M, Barf LM, Lamkiewicz K, Vorimore F, Lataretu M, Favaroni A, Schnee C, Laroucau K, Marz M, Sachse K. Comparative Genome Analysis of 33 Chlamydia Strains Reveals Characteristic Features of Chlamydia Psittaci and Closely Related Species. Pathogens 2020; 9:E899. [PMID: 33126635 PMCID: PMC7694038 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9110899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
To identify genome-based features characteristic of the avian and human pathogen Chlamydia(C.) psittaci and related chlamydiae, we analyzed whole-genome sequences of 33 strains belonging to 12 species. Using a novel genome analysis tool termed Roary ILP Bacterial Annotation Pipeline (RIBAP), this panel of strains was shown to share a large core genome comprising 784 genes and representing approximately 80% of individual genomes. Analyzing the most variable genomic sites, we identified a set of features of C. psittaci that in its entirety is characteristic of this species: (i) a relatively short plasticity zone of less than 30,000 nt without a tryptophan operon (also in C. abortus, C. avium, C. gallinacea, C. pneumoniae), (ii) a characteristic set of of Inc proteins comprising IncA, B, C, V, X, Y (with homologs in C. abortus, C. caviae and C. felis as closest relatives), (iii) a 502-aa SinC protein, the largest among Chlamydia spp., and (iv) an elevated number of Pmp proteins of subtype G (14 in C. psittaci, 14 in Cand. C. ibidis). In combination with future functional studies, the common and distinctive criteria revealed in this study provide important clues for understanding the complexity of host-specific behavior of individual Chlamydia spp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Hölzer
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.H.); (L.-M.B.); (K.L.); (M.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Lisa-Marie Barf
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.H.); (L.-M.B.); (K.L.); (M.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Kevin Lamkiewicz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.H.); (L.-M.B.); (K.L.); (M.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Fabien Vorimore
- Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, University Paris-Est, Anses, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Marie Lataretu
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.H.); (L.-M.B.); (K.L.); (M.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Alison Favaroni
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Christiane Schnee
- Institute of Molecular Pathogenesis, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut (Federal Research Institute for Animal Health), 07743 Jena, Germany; (A.F.); (C.S.)
| | - Karine Laroucau
- Animal Health Laboratory, Bacterial Zoonoses Unit, University Paris-Est, Anses, 94706 Maisons-Alfort, France; (F.V.); (K.L.)
| | - Manja Marz
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.H.); (L.-M.B.); (K.L.); (M.L.); (M.M.)
| | - Konrad Sachse
- RNA Bioinformatics and High-Throughput Analysis, Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany; (M.H.); (L.-M.B.); (K.L.); (M.L.); (M.M.)
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13
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Szabo KV, O’Neill CE, Clarke IN. Diversity in Chlamydial plasmids. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233298. [PMID: 32469898 PMCID: PMC7259575 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Evolutionary studies have been conducted that have investigated the chromosomal variance in the genus of Chlamydia. However, no all-encompassing genus-wide comparison has been performed on the plasmid. Therefore, there is a gap in the current knowledge on Chlamydia plasmid diversity. Aims This project is aimed to investigate and establish the nature and extent of diversity across the entire genus of Chlamydia, by comparing the sequences of all currently available plasmid carrying strains. Methods The PUBMED database was used to identify plasmid sequences from all available strains that met the set quality criteria for their inclusion in the study. Alignments were performed on the 51 strains that fulfilled the criteria using MEGA X software. Following that Maximum Likelihood estimation was used to construct 11 phylogenetic trees of the whole plasmid sequence, the individual 8 coding sequences, the iteron and a chromosomal gene ompA as a comparator. Results The genus-wide plasmid phylogeny produced three distinct lineages labelled as alpha, beta and gamma. Nineteen genotypes were found in the initial whole plasmid analysis. Their distribution was allocated as six C. pecorum, two C. pneumoniae, one C. gallinacea, one C. avium, one C. caviae, one C. felis, two C. psittaci, one C. trachomatis, one C. muridarum, and two C. suis. The chromosomal comparative gene ompA supported this distribution, with the same number of primary clades with the same species distribution. However, ompA sequence comparison resulted in fewer genotypes due to a reduced amount of available sequences (33 out of 51). All results were statistically significant. Conclusion The results of this study indicate that the common bacterial ancestor of all the species had a plasmid, which has diverged over time. Moreover, it suggests that there is a strong evolutionary selection towards these species retaining their plasmids due to its high level of conservation across the genus, with the notable exception of C. pneumoniae. Furthermore, the evolutionary analysis showed that the plasmid and the chromosome have co-evolved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kolos V. Szabo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Colette E. O’Neill
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
| | - Ian N. Clarke
- Molecular Microbiology Group, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, University Hospital Southampton, Southampton, Hampshire, United Kingdom
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14
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Lin W, Chen T, Liao L, Wang Z, Xiao J, Lu J, Song C, Qin J, Chen F, Chang YF, Xie Q. A parrot-type Chlamydia psittaci strain is in association with egg production drop in laying ducks. Transbound Emerg Dis 2019; 66:2002-2010. [PMID: 31127977 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydophila psittaci (C. psittaci) is an avian pathogen associated with systemic wasting disease in birds, as well as a public health risk. Although duck-related cases of psittacosis have been reported, the pathogenicity and shedding status of C. psittaci in ducks are unclear. In this study, we reported that C. psittaci (genotype A) is responsible for a disease outbreak characterized by poor laying performance and severe lesions in multiple organs of ducks. Oral administration of antibiotic, doxycycline, was found to effectively control the C. psittaci infection in laying ducks. Collectively, our new findings provide evidence that C. psittaci was the major pathogen responsible for the outbreak of this disease in ducks. In order to reduce economic losses incurred by this disease, effective control measures must be taken to prevent infection in laying duck farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wencheng Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Tong Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Liqin Liao
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhanxin Wang
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Junfang Xiao
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junpeng Lu
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Chuncheng Song
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Jianping Qin
- Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China.,Wen's Group Academy, Wen's Foodstuffs Group Co., Ltd., Xinxing, China
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Qingmei Xie
- Guangdong Provincial Animal Virus Vector Vaccine Engineering Technology Research Center, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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15
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You J, Wu Y, Zhang X, Wang X, Gong J, Zhao Z, Zhang J, Zhang J, Sun Z, Li J, Guo W, Wang J, Wang Y, Li M, Zhang R, Yang Y, Ye J, Poudel A, Kaltenboeck B, Wang C. Efficient fecal-oral and possible vertical, but not respiratory, transmission of emerging Chlamydia gallinacea in broilers. Vet Microbiol 2019; 230:90-94. [PMID: 30827411 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2019.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/21/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlamydia gallinacea is an endemic Chlamydia agent in poultry with a worldwide distribution. The aim of this study was to investigate whether C. gallinacea can be transmitted via fecal-oral, respiratory and vertical routes. After co-housing with C. gallinacea-inoculated broilers (n = 10) for 15 days, over 90.0% of SPF broilers (n = 10) became C. gallinacea-positive in their oropharyngeal and cloacal swabs. Connection of isolators with ventilation tubing resulted in transmission of infectious bronchitis virus, but not of C. gallinacea, from infected broilers in one isolator to uninfected ones in the other isolator. Chlamydia-qPCR determined that 97.6% of shells of embryonated eggs (287/294) from a breeding farm were positive for C. gallinacea. C. gallinacea positivity in egg albumen increased significantly from 7.6% (10/128) before incubating to 44.4% (8/18) of 7-day incubation, and from 5.5% (7/128) to 38.9% (7/18) in egg yolk. After incubating for 19 days, C. gallinacea DNA was detected in heart (5/55, 9.1%), liver (3/55, 5.5%), spleen (7/55, 12.7%), lung (6/55, 10.1%), kidney (8/55; 14.5%) and intestine (4/55, 7.3%) of chicken embryos. Taken together, our data indicate that C. gallinacea can be efficiently transmitted by the fecal-oral route, but not via aerosol. Additionally, vertical transmission can occur via penetration of C. gallinacea from eggshell to albumen, yolk, and the growing embryo. Our findings provide essential information for the control of C. gallinacea in poultry farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinfeng You
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Yantao Wu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaorong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobo Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiansen Gong
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Zhenhua Zhao
- Poultry Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Sinopharm Yangzhou VAC Biological Engineering Co., Ltd., Yangzhou, China
| | - Jilei Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Ziqiang Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Jing Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Weina Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Jiawei Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Yaoyao Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Min Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Yi Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Jianqiang Ye
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China
| | - Anil Poudel
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | | | - Chengming Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University Yangzhou, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA.
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16
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Abstract
Developed two decades ago as a molecular method to provide definite characterization of a bacterial isolate, Multilocus Sequence Typing (MLST) is today globally adopted as a universal fine-detailed molecular typing tool and has been applied to numerous pathogenic and nonpathogenic bacterial as well eukaryotic organisms. MLST utilizes DNA sequence of several conserved housekeeping (HK) genes which are assigned an allelic number, which then collectively constitute an allelic profile or sequence type (ST), a "molecular barcode" of the interrogated bacterial strain or a eukaryotic organism. Here, we describe the principles and molecular approaches for generating MLST data for an analysis of a bacteria in the order Chlamydiales, using a Chlamydia pecorum-specific MLST scheme as an example.
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