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O’Connor RE, Kretschmer R, Romanov MN, Griffin DK. A Bird's-Eye View of Chromosomic Evolution in the Class Aves. Cells 2024; 13:310. [PMID: 38391923 PMCID: PMC10886771 DOI: 10.3390/cells13040310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Birds (Aves) are the most speciose of terrestrial vertebrates, displaying Class-specific characteristics yet incredible external phenotypic diversity. Critical to agriculture and as model organisms, birds have adapted to many habitats. The only extant examples of dinosaurs, birds emerged ~150 mya and >10% are currently threatened with extinction. This review is a comprehensive overview of avian genome ("chromosomic") organization research based mostly on chromosome painting and BAC-based studies. We discuss traditional and contemporary tools for reliably generating chromosome-level assemblies and analyzing multiple species at a higher resolution and wider phylogenetic distance than previously possible. These results permit more detailed investigations into inter- and intrachromosomal rearrangements, providing unique insights into evolution and speciation mechanisms. The 'signature' avian karyotype likely arose ~250 mya and remained largely unchanged in most groups including extinct dinosaurs. Exceptions include Psittaciformes, Falconiformes, Caprimulgiformes, Cuculiformes, Suliformes, occasional Passeriformes, Ciconiiformes, and Pelecaniformes. The reasons for this remarkable conservation may be the greater diploid chromosome number generating variation (the driver of natural selection) through a greater possible combination of gametes and/or an increase in recombination rate. A deeper understanding of avian genomic structure permits the exploration of fundamental biological questions pertaining to the role of evolutionary breakpoint regions and homologous synteny blocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E. O’Connor
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (R.E.O.); (M.N.R.)
| | - Rafael Kretschmer
- Departamento de Ecologia, Zoologia e Genética, Instituto de Biologia, Campus Universitário Capão do Leão, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas 96010-900, RS, Brazil;
| | - Michael N. Romanov
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (R.E.O.); (M.N.R.)
- L. K. Ernst Federal Research Centre for Animal Husbandry, Dubrovitsy, 142132 Podolsk, Moscow Oblast, Russia
| | - Darren K. Griffin
- School of Biosciences, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NJ, UK; (R.E.O.); (M.N.R.)
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Shi Y, Yan T, Lu X, Li K, Nie Y, Jiao C, Sun H, Li T, Li X, Han D. Phloridzin Reveals New Treatment Strategies for Liver Fibrosis. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15070896. [PMID: 35890194 PMCID: PMC9321461 DOI: 10.3390/ph15070896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is an urgent public health problem which is difficult to resolve. However, various drugs for the treatment of liver fibrosis in clinical practice have their own problems during use. In this study, we used phloridzin to treat hepatic fibrosis in the CCl4-induced C57/BL6N mouse model, which was extracted from lychee core, a traditional Chinese medicine. The therapeutic effect was evaluated by biochemical index detections and ultrasound detection. Furthermore, in order to determine the mechanism of phloridzin in the treatment of liver fibrosis, we performed high-throughput sequencing of mRNA and lncRNA in different groups of liver tissues. The results showed that compared with the model group, the phloridzin-treated groups revealed a significant decrease in collagen deposition and decreased levels of serum alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, laminin, and hyaluronic acid. GO and KEGG pathway enrichment analysis of the differential mRNAs was performed and revealed that phloridzin mainly affects cell ferroptosis. Gene co-expression analysis showed that the target genes of lncRNA were obvious in cell components such as focal adhesions, intercellular adhesion, and cell–substrate junctions and in metabolic pathways such as carbon metabolism. These results showed that phloridizin can effectively treat liver fibrosis, and the mechanism may involve ferroptosis, carbon metabolism, and related changes in biomechanics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yahong Shi
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (X.L.); (K.L.); (H.S.); (T.L.)
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Tun Yan
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (X.L.); (K.L.); (H.S.); (T.L.)
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
- College of Pharmacy, Baotou Medical College, Baotou 014042, China
| | - Xi Lu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (X.L.); (K.L.); (H.S.); (T.L.)
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Kai Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (X.L.); (K.L.); (H.S.); (T.L.)
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Yifeng Nie
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Chuqiao Jiao
- Beijing City International School, Beijing 100022, China;
| | - Huizhen Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (X.L.); (K.L.); (H.S.); (T.L.)
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Tingting Li
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; (Y.S.); (T.Y.); (X.L.); (K.L.); (H.S.); (T.L.)
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
| | - Xiang Li
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.H.); Tel.: +86-82545630 (X.L.); +86-82545568 (D.H.)
| | - Dong Han
- National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing 100190, China;
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (D.H.); Tel.: +86-82545630 (X.L.); +86-82545568 (D.H.)
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