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Rezk A, Pervaiz T, Douhan G, Obenland D, Arpaia ML, El-kereamy A. Preharvest Mandarin Rind Disorder: Insights into Varietal Differences and Preharvest Treatments Effects on Postharvest Quality. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1040. [PMID: 38674460 PMCID: PMC11053722 DOI: 10.3390/plants13081040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The citrus industry loses a significant amount of mandarin fruits either before or shortly after harvesting due to rind disorder. Different citrus cultivars are impacted by a physiological rind disorder that lowers fruit quality and marketability. Although the primary etiology of this condition is unknown, changes in relative humidity (RH) and rind water status can make it worse. The damage is initiated in the fall, especially following rain. It begins with irregular water-soaked areas that develop into dark-brown, necrotic lesions covering large portions of the fruit's surface. The damage is evident in some citrus types such as Satsuma Owari mandarins and other cultivars. In this study, we attempted to understand and control the occurrence of this kind of rind disorder in Satsuma Owari mandarins growing under California conditions. Our data showed that fruit located in the outer part of the canopy suffer more than fruit in the interior canopy. We were able to reduce this damage in Satsuma Owari mandarins by applying 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) at 16 milligrams/Liter (mg/L), gibberellic acid (GA3) at 20 mg/L, or Vapor Gard® at 0.5 percent (v/v) at the color break stage. However, GA3 caused a delay in color development by approximately four weeks. GA3-treated fruit changed their color completely four weeks after the control, and the rind damage was at a very low percentage. Delaying rind senescence could be a good strategy to reduce the damage in mandarin orchards. Data showed that in addition to the benefits of the different treatments on preventing rind disorder at harvest, they have some beneficial effects during storage for four weeks either at 0.5 or 7.5 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alaaeldin Rezk
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 22963, USA; (A.R.); (T.P.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Tariq Pervaiz
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 22963, USA; (A.R.); (T.P.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Greg Douhan
- Department of Microbiology & Plant Pathology, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 22963, USA;
| | - David Obenland
- US Department of Agriculture (USDA), Agricultural Research Service, San Joaquin Valley Agricultural Sciences Center, Parlier, CA 93648, USA;
| | - Mary Lu Arpaia
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 22963, USA; (A.R.); (T.P.); (M.L.A.)
| | - Ashraf El-kereamy
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 22963, USA; (A.R.); (T.P.); (M.L.A.)
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Spera N, Vita LI, Civello PM, Colavita GM. Antioxidant response and quality of sunburn Beurré D'Anjou pears (Pyrus communis L.). PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107703. [PMID: 37075677 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Sunburn is a physiological fruit disorder induced by exposure to excessive solar radiation. This disorder leads to significant losses in the yield of marketable fruits by negatively affecting quality parameters such as maturity and external color of the fruits. The purpose of this work was to characterize the physiological and biochemical aspects related to oxidative metabolism in Beurré D'Anjou pear fruit with different sunburn levels. Fruits were collected and classified into three sunburn levels at harvest: no sunburn (S0), mild sunburn (S1), and moderate sunburn (S2). On sunburned area, the maturity indices were measured on the fruit flesh, while external color, photosynthetic and photoprotective pigments, total phenols, electrolyte leakage, lipid peroxidation, antioxidant capacity and antioxidant enzymatic activities were determined on fruit peel. The hue angle and saturation of peel color of pears with different sunburn levels showed significant reduction with increasing damage. These changes in peel color were associated with a reduction in chlorophyll content and variations in carotenoid and anthocyanin levels. Due to metabolic changes resulting from defense and adaptive responses to high solar radiation, sunburned tissues showed significantly increased firmness, soluble solids content, and starch degradation, and lower acidity compared to undamaged fruits. We observed also increased antioxidant capacity in the peel of S1 and S2 fruit, related to higher phenolic contents and increased SOD and APX activities. Consistent with previous reports in apple, our study demonstrates that sunburn affects pear fruit quality traits and maturity state by enhancing oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazarena Spera
- CITAAC (CONICET-UNCo), Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP8300, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Km 12,5 Ruta 151, Cinco Saltos, CP8303, Argentina.
| | - Laura Inés Vita
- CITAAC (CONICET-UNCo), Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP8300, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Km 12,5 Ruta 151, Cinco Saltos, CP8303, Argentina
| | - Pedro Marcos Civello
- INFIVE (CONICET-UNLP), Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal, Diagonal 113 Nº 495, La Plata, CPB1900, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata, Calle 115 s/n, La Plata, CPB1900, Argentina
| | - Graciela María Colavita
- CITAAC (CONICET-UNCo), Centro de Investigaciones en Toxicología ambiental y Agrobiotecnología del Comahue, Buenos Aires 1400, Neuquén, CP8300, Argentina; Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional del Comahue, Km 12,5 Ruta 151, Cinco Saltos, CP8303, Argentina
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Analysis of the Fruit Quality of Pear ( Pyrus spp.) Using Widely Targeted Metabolomics. Foods 2022; 11:foods11101440. [PMID: 35627008 PMCID: PMC9140454 DOI: 10.3390/foods11101440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Pear is a kind of common temperate fruit, whose metabolite composition that contributes to the difference in fruit quality is unclear. This study identified and quantified the metabolites using a widely targeted LC-MS/MS approach in three pear species, including Pyrus bretschneideri (PB), Pyrus usssuriensis (PU) and Pyrus pyrifolia (PP). A total of 493 metabolites were identified, consisting of 68 carbohydrates, 47 organic acids, 50 polyphenols, 21 amino acids, 20 vitamins, etc. The results of PCA and OPLS-DA demonstrated that the metabolite compositions differed distinctly with cultivar variability. Our results also involved some metabolic pathways that may link to the fruit quality based on KEGG pathway analysis, the pathway of phenylalanine metabolism revealed significant differences between PB and PP (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the study selected D-xylose, formononetin, procyanidin A1 and β-nicotinamide mononucleotide as the major differentially expressed metabolites in the three species. The present study can open new avenues for explaining the differences in fruit quality of the major commercial pear cultivars in China.
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Honaas L, Hargarten H, Hadish J, Ficklin SP, Serra S, Musacchi S, Wafula E, Mattheis J, dePamphilis CW, Rudell D. Transcriptomics of Differential Ripening in 'd'Anjou' Pear ( Pyrus communis L.). FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2021; 12:609684. [PMID: 34220875 PMCID: PMC8243007 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.609684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Estimating maturity in pome fruits is a critical task that directs virtually all postharvest supply chain decisions. This is especially important for European pear (Pyrus communis) cultivars because losses due to spoilage and senescence must be minimized while ensuring proper ripening capacity is achieved (in part by satisfying a fruit chilling requirement). Reliable methods are lacking for accurate estimation of pear fruit maturity, and because ripening is maturity dependent it makes predicting ripening capacity a challenge. In this study of the European pear cultivar 'd'Anjou', we sorted fruit at harvest based upon on-tree fruit position to build contrasts of maturity. Our sorting scheme showed clear contrasts of maturity between canopy positions, yet there was substantial overlap in the distribution of values for the index of absorbance difference (I AD ), a non-destructive spectroscopic measurement that has been used as a proxy for pome fruit maturity. This presented an opportunity to explore a contrast of maturity that was more subtle than I AD could differentiate, and thus guided our subsequent transcriptome analysis of tissue samples taken at harvest and during storage. Using a novel approach that tests for condition-specific differences of co-expressed genes, we discovered genes with a phased character that mirrored our sorting scheme. The expression patterns of these genes are associated with fruit quality and ripening differences across the experiment. Functional profiles of these co-expressed genes are concordant with previous findings, and also offer new clues, and thus hypotheses, about genes involved in pear fruit quality, maturity, and ripening. This work may lead to new tools for enhanced postharvest management based on activity of gene co-expression modules, rather than individual genes. Further, our results indicate that modules may have utility within specific windows of time during postharvest management of 'd'Anjou' pear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loren Honaas
- USDA, ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Heidi Hargarten
- USDA, ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - John Hadish
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Stephen P. Ficklin
- Molecular Plant Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Sara Serra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Stefano Musacchi
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
- Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Washington State University, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Eric Wafula
- Department of Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - James Mattheis
- USDA, ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, United States
| | - Claude W. dePamphilis
- Department of Biology, The Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - David Rudell
- USDA, ARS, Tree Fruit Research Laboratory, Wenatchee, WA, United States
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Anthony BM, Chaparro JM, Prenni JE, Minas IS. Early metabolic priming under differing carbon sufficiency conditions influences peach fruit quality development. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2020; 157:416-431. [PMID: 33202321 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2020.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Crop load management is an important preharvest factor to balance yield, quality, and maturation in peach. However, few studies have addressed how preharvest factors impact metabolism on fruit of equal maturity. An experiment was conducted to understand how carbon competition impacts fruit internal quality and metabolism in 'Cresthaven' peach trees by imposing distinct thinning severities. Fruit quality was evaluated at three developmental stages (S2, S3, S4), while controlling for equal maturity using non-destructive visual to near-infrared spectroscopy. Non-targeted metabolite profiling was used to characterize fruit at each developmental stage from trees that were unthinned (carbon starvation) or thinned (carbon sufficiency). Carbon sufficiency resulted in significantly higher fruit dry matter content and soluble solids concentration at harvest when compared to the carbon starved, underscoring the true impact of carbon manipulation on fruit quality. Significant differences in the fruit metabolome between treatments were observed at S2 when phenotypes were similar, while less differences were observed at S4 when the carbon sufficient fruit exhibited a superior phenotype. This suggests a potential metabolic priming effect on fruit quality when carbon is sufficiently supplied during early fruit growth and development. In particular, elevated levels of catechin may suggest a link between secondary/primary metabolism and fruit quality development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendon M Anthony
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jacqueline M Chaparro
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Jessica E Prenni
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA
| | - Ioannis S Minas
- Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, 80523, USA.
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Lwin HP, Lee J. Fruit quality and major metabolites in cold-stored 'Wonhwang' Asian pears are differentially affected by fruit size. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2020; 100:5117-5125. [PMID: 32297316 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.10422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The size of 'Wonhwang' Asian pear fruit may affect fruit quality and physiological disorders differentially during distribution. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of fruit size on fruit physiological attributes and metabolic responses in terms of soluble carbohydrates and free amino acids in different-sized 'Wonhwang' Asian pears during cold storage and shelf life. RESULTS The rate of weight loss and the severity of fruit shriveling were higher in small fruit than in large fruit, while the severity of decay was lower during shelf life. Lightness and chroma values were lower in the cortex and core tissues of large fruit than small fruit, but hue angle values were higher in large fruit compared to small fruit. Glucose and fructose were higher in large fruit than in small fruit but sucrose and sorbitol were lower during shelf life after cold storage. The levels of most free amino acids were higher in large fruit than in small fruit, and only γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) level was lower in large fruit. CONCLUSION These results indicate that fruit physiological and metabolic responses are differentially affected by fruit size during cold storage and shelf life. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hnin Phyu Lwin
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwook Lee
- Department of Plant Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong, Republic of Korea
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Oliveira Lino L, Quilot-Turion B, Dufour C, Corre MN, Lessire R, Génard M, Poëssel JL. Cuticular waxes of nectarines during fruit development in relation to surface conductance and susceptibility to Monilinia laxa. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2020; 71:5521-5537. [PMID: 32556164 PMCID: PMC7501825 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/eraa284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The cuticle is composed of cutin and cuticular waxes, and it is the first protective barrier to abiotic and biotic stresses in fruit. In this study, we analysed the composition of and changes in cuticular waxes during fruit development in nectarine (Prunus persica L. Batsch) cultivars, in parallel with their conductance and their susceptibility to Monilinia laxa. The nectarine waxes were composed of triterpenoids, mostly ursolic and oleanolic acids, phytosterols, and very-long-chain aliphatics. In addition, we detected phenolic compounds that were esterified with sugars or with triterpenoids, which are newly described in cuticular waxes. We quantified 42 compounds and found that they changed markedly during fruit development, with an intense accumulation of triterpenoids during initial fruit growth followed by their decrease at the end of endocarp lignification and a final increase in very-long-chain alkanes and hydroxylated triterpenoids until maturity. The surface conductance and susceptibility to Monilinia decreased sharply at the beginning of endocarp lignification, suggesting that triterpenoid deposition could play a major role in regulating fruit permeability and susceptibility to brown rot. Our results provide new insights into the composition of cuticular waxes of nectarines and their changes during fruit development, opening new avenues of research to explore brown rot resistance factors in stone fruit.
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Hendrickson C, Hewitt S, Swanson ME, Einhorn T, Dhingra A. Evidence for pre-climacteric activation of AOX transcription during cold-induced conditioning to ripen in European pear (Pyrus communis L.). PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225886. [PMID: 31800597 PMCID: PMC6892529 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
European pears (Pyrus communis L.) require a range of cold-temperature exposure to induce ethylene biosynthesis and fruit ripening. Physiological and hormonal responses to cold temperature storage in pear have been well characterized, but the molecular underpinnings of these phenomena remain unclear. An established low-temperature conditioning model was used to induce ripening of 'D'Anjou' and 'Bartlett' pear cultivars and quantify the expression of key genes representing ripening-related metabolic pathways in comparison to non-conditioned fruit. Physiological indicators of pear ripening were recorded, and fruit peel tissue sampled in parallel, during the cold-conditioning and ripening time-course experiment to correlate gene expression to ontogeny. Two complementary approaches, Nonparametric Multi-Dimensional Scaling and efficiency-corrected 2-(ΔΔCt), were used to identify genes exhibiting the most variability in expression. Interestingly, the enhanced alternative oxidase (AOX) transcript abundance at the pre-climacteric stage in 'Bartlett' and 'D'Anjou' at the peak of the conditioning treatments suggests that AOX may play a key and a novel role in the achievement of ripening competency. There were indications that cold-sensing and signaling elements from ABA and auxin pathways modulate the S1-S2 ethylene transition in European pears, and that the S1-S2 ethylene biosynthesis transition is more pronounced in 'Bartlett' as compared to 'D'Anjou' pear. This information has implications in preventing post-harvest losses of this important crop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hendrickson
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Seanna Hewitt
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Mark E. Swanson
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
| | - Todd Einhorn
- Department of Horticulture, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States of America
| | - Amit Dhingra
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
- Molecular Plant Sciences Program, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States of America
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Serra S, Goke A, Diako C, Vixie B, Ross C, Musacchi S. Consumer perception of d'Anjou pear classified by dry matter at harvest using near‐infrared spectroscopy. Int J Food Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1111/ijfs.14140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Serra
- Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center Washington State University 1100 N Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
- Department of Horticulture Washington State University 149 Johnson Hall Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Alex Goke
- Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center Washington State University 1100 N Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
| | - Charles Diako
- School of Food Science Washington State University 106 Food Science and Human Nutrition Building Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Beata Vixie
- School of Food Science Washington State University 106 Food Science and Human Nutrition Building Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Carolyn Ross
- School of Food Science Washington State University 106 Food Science and Human Nutrition Building Pullman WA 99164 USA
| | - Stefano Musacchi
- Tree Fruit Research & Extension Center Washington State University 1100 N Western Avenue Wenatchee WA 98801 USA
- Department of Horticulture Washington State University 149 Johnson Hall Pullman WA 99164 USA
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