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Jiang J, Liao K, Guo H, Chen XY. Varicella-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation secondary to Henoch-Schönlein purpura with renal and gastrointestinal system involvement in a child: A case report. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023; 102:e36203. [PMID: 37986286 PMCID: PMC10659683 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000036203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE Immunocompromised patients who developed varicella-zoster virus (VZV)-associated disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) previously included recipients of bone marrow, hematopoietic stem cell, or organ transplantations, patients with primary nephropathy receiving corticosteroid therapy, cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, and patients with human immune deficiency virus infection. The case reported here is novel because, to our knowledge, there has been no report of VZV-associated DIC after the onset of Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP). PURPOSE To report the successful treatment of a novel pediatric case with VZV-associated DIC secondary to HSP. DIAGNOSIS AND INTERVENTION An 8-year-old girl developed VZV-associated DIC 24 days after diagnosis of HSP with renal and gastrointestinal involvement. She was treated with methylprednisolone at a local hospital for 19 days, and suddenly developed fever starting from day 4 in our hospital. Her fever persisted with vesicular skin rashes on her back, strong abdominal and lower back pain, epistaxis, hematochezia, erosion and bleeding on her lips, in her mouth and at puncture sites on day 5. She was diagnosed with DIC with the laboratory evidence of dramatically decreased platelet count and fibrinogen, prolonged activated partial thromboplastin time and prothrombin time, and increased fibrin degradation products including d-dimers. She also developed multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. On day 7, the patient VZV nucleic acid result turned out to be positive. Methylprednisolone treatment was discontinued, and she was given a multi-modality therapy including medications of acyclovir and antibiotics, intravenous gamma-immunoglobulin, various blood product transfusions, continuous renal replacement therapy, plasma exchange, and administration of liver and gastrointestinal system protection drugs. OUTCOMES The patient multi-organ function damage gradually recovered. After VZV control, the patient was treated with oral methylprednisolone again for HSP with nephritis. Urine analysis was normal 1 year later, and oral hormone was discontinued. No complication or relapse occurred during 2 years of follow-up. SIGNIFICANCE This case report, for the first time, adds HSP treated with corticosteroids to the spectrum of clinical conditions that progressed to life-threatening secondary varicella-associated DIC. Early identification of varicella infection and DIC, combined with timely antiviral, immunoglobulin transfusion, plasma exchange, and other combined therapies are essential for saving patients' lives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Kai Liao
- Department of Radiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Hui Guo
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Xiu-Ying Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, China
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Forcey DS, Wong V, Beech P, Makary M, Abbinga SJ, Basu G. Visceral disseminated varicella-zoster: radiographical features to aid diagnosis. Intern Med J 2023; 53:2143-2144. [PMID: 37997275 DOI: 10.1111/imj.16271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dana S Forcey
- Department of Renal Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Vincent Wong
- Department of Renal Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Beech
- Department of Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marian Makary
- Department of Rheumatology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Scott J Abbinga
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gopal Basu
- Department of Renal Medicine, Alfred Health, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Ishino Y, Fukasawa H, Kitamoto S, Nakagami D, Kaneko M, Yasuda H, Furuya R. A survival case of visceral disseminated varicella zoster virus infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. BMC Nephrol 2023; 24:164. [PMID: 37291486 PMCID: PMC10251651 DOI: 10.1186/s12882-023-03223-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral disseminated varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is a rare but life-threatening complication in immunosuppressed patients. Herein, we report a survival case of visceral disseminated VZV infection in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). CASE PRESENTATION A 37-year-old woman was diagnosed as SLE and initial induction therapy was started. Two months after starting the immunosuppressive therapy consisting of 40 mg of prednisolone (PSL) and 1500 mg of mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) daily, she suddenly developed strong abdominal pain, which was required opioid analgesics, followed by systemic skin blisters, which were diagnosed as varicella. Laboratory findings showed rapid exacerbation of severe liver failure, coagulation abnormalities and increased numbers of blood VZV deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Therefore, she was diagnosed as visceral disseminated VZV infection. Multidisciplinary treatment with acyclovir, immunoglobulin and antibiotics was started, the dose of PSL was reduced, and MMF was withdrawn. By their treatment, her symptoms were resolved and she finally discharged. CONCLUSIONS Our case highlights the importance of a clinical suspicion of visceral disseminated VZV infections, and the necessity of immediate administration of acyclovir and reduced doses of immunosuppressant to save patients with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuri Ishino
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, 512-3 Ohkubo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-8550, Japan
| | - Hirotaka Fukasawa
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, 512-3 Ohkubo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-8550, Japan.
| | - Shuhei Kitamoto
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, 512-3 Ohkubo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-8550, Japan
| | - Daisuke Nakagami
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, 512-3 Ohkubo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-8550, Japan
| | - Mai Kaneko
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, 512-3 Ohkubo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-8550, Japan
| | - Hideo Yasuda
- First Department of Medicine, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Hamamatsu, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Furuya
- Renal Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwata City Hospital, 512-3 Ohkubo, Iwata, Shizuoka, 438-8550, Japan
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4
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Wang J, Yang Z, Ren D, Shi Z, Fang K, Li Z. Disseminated varicella-zoster virus infection in an aplastic anemia- paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria syndrome patient: A case report. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1163872. [PMID: 37153152 PMCID: PMC10154583 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1163872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) is a common and widespread human-restricted pathogen. It is famous for its dermatological manifestations, such as varicella and herpes zoster. Patients with aplastic anemia-paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (AA-PNH) syndrome complicated with fatal disseminated varicella zoster virus infection are very rare and in danger. Patient concerns A 26-year-old man with a history of AA-PNH syndrome was receiving cyclosporine and corticosteroid treatment in the hematology department. During his hospitalization in our hospital, he developed fever, abdominal pain, and lower back pain, and his face, penis, trunk, and limbs developed itchy rash. Subsequently, the patient had to undergo cardiopulmonary resuscitation because of sudden cardiac arrest, and be transferred to ICU for treatment. It was presumed that the cause is unknown severe sepsis. The patient's condition quickly progressed to multiple organ failure, accompanied by liver, respiratory, and circulatory failure, and signs of disseminated intravascular coagulation. Unfortunately, the patient died after 8 h of active treatment. Finally, we collected all the evidence and concluded that the patient died of AA-PNH syndrome combined with poxzoster virus. Conclusion AA-PNH syndrome patients treated with steroids and immunosuppressants are prone to various infections, considering that herpes virus infection with chickenpox and rash as the initial manifestations is characterized by rapid progress and often accompanied by serious complications. It is more difficult to distinguish it from AA-PNH syndrome with skin bleeding points. If it is not identified in time, it may delay the treatment opportunity, make the condition worse, and cause serious adverse prognosis. Therefore, clinicians need to pay attention to it.
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Zhao J, Tian M. Systemic lupus erythematosus with visceral varicella: A case report. World J Clin Cases 2022; 10:9168-9175. [PMID: 36157653 PMCID: PMC9477021 DOI: 10.12998/wjcc.v10.i25.9168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As an autoimmune disease, systemic lupus erythaematosus (SLE) can affect multiple systems of the body and is mainly treated by steroids and immunosuppressive agents. SLE results in a long-term immunocompromised state with the potential of infection complications (e.g., bacterial, fungal and viral infections). Abdominal pain or acute abdomen are frequently the only manifestations of SLE at disease onset or during the early stage of the disease course. Thus, multidisciplinary collaboration is required to identify these patients because timely diagnosis and treatment are crucial for improving their prognosis.
CASE SUMMARY Herein, we reported a case of an SLE patient with visceral varicella that was identified after the onset of abdominal pain. The 16-year-old female patient with SLE was admitted to our hospital due to initial attacks of abdominal pain and intermittent fever. The patient’s condition rapidly became aggravated within a short time after admission, with large areas of vesicular rash, severe pneumonia, respiratory failure, shock, and haematologic system and hepatic function impairment. Based on multidisciplinary collaboration, the patient was diagnosed with visceral disseminated varicella and was administered life support, antiviral (acyclovir), immunomodulatory (intravenous injection of human immunoglobulin), anti-infection (vancomycin) and anti-inflammatory (steroid) therapies. After treatment, her clinical symptoms and laboratory indicators gradually improved, and the patient was discharged.
CONCLUSION SLE patients long treated with steroids and immunosuppressive agents are susceptible to various infections. Considering that visceral varicella with abdominal pain as the initial presentation is characterized by rapid progression and often coexists with serious complications, prompt diagnosis and early antiviral therapy are critical to prevent severe life-threatening complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Mei Tian
- Department of Rheumatology, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563003, Guizhou Province, China
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Mizu D, Nishida H, Matsuoka Y, Ariyoshi K. Visceral disseminated varicella zoster infection: a rare cause of acute abdomen in a patient with well-controlled diabetes mellitus-a case report. BMC Infect Dis 2022; 22:215. [PMID: 35241009 PMCID: PMC8895882 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-022-07183-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visceral disseminated varicella zoster virus (VZV) infections frequently affect immunocompromised patients. Diabetes mellitus has been associated with VZV infection, and most cases of disseminated infection involve patients with poorly controlled blood glucose levels. It initially presents as severe abdominal pain, which is evaluated as an acute abdomen, however, the cause is typically unidentified due to unremarkable computed tomography (CT) findings. We report a case of visceral disseminated VZV infection in a patient with well-controlled diabetes mellitus with fat stranding around the celiac and superior mesenteric artery on CT. CASE PRESENTATION A 61-year-old Japanese woman with well-controlled diabetes mellitus presented to the emergency department with severe abdominal pain that gradually worsened. She had stable vital signs and skin rashes, suggestive of varicella. Abdominal CT showed fat stranding around the celiac and superior mesenteric arteries. The patient tested positive for the VZV antigen and was diagnosed with a visceral disseminated VZV infection. Acyclovir was administered, and the patient was discharged on the 14th day. CONCLUSIONS Visceral disseminated VZV infection may affect patients with well-controlled diabetes mellitus and causes acute abdomen. Periarterial fat stranding on CT is associated with abdominal pain due to visceral disseminated VZV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Mizu
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan.
| | - Haruka Nishida
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshinori Matsuoka
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
| | - Koichi Ariyoshi
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, 2-1-1, Minatojimaminami-machi, Chuo-ku, Kobe-shi, Hyogo, 650-0047, Japan
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Matsuo Y, Igarashi Y, Aoyama N, Satta Y, Oikawa R, Noguchi Y, Takahashi H, Matsumoto N, Yamamoto H, Itoh F. Visceral disseminated varicella-zoster virus infection in an immunocompetent host. Clin J Gastroenterol 2022; 15:568-574. [PMID: 35235151 DOI: 10.1007/s12328-022-01607-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Varicella-zoster virus (VZV) can cause visceral disseminated VZV infection in immunocompromised patients. We experienced visceral disseminated VZV infection in an immunocompetent host. A 78-year-old woman visited our hospital complaining of abdominal pain that had persisted for 7 days. On day 3 after admission, a skin rash with blisters appeared mainly on her head and trunk that was diagnosed as generalized zoster via rapid skin VZV diagnostic kit. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy showed gastric erosions, and VZV was detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction testing of the gastric mucosal biopsy specimen. Computed tomography imaging also revealed pancreatitis and colitis, and she was diagnosed as having visceral disseminated VZV infection involving multiple organs. She was treated with acyclovir intravenously, after which her skin rash and abdominal pain disappeared. Because visceral disseminated VZV infection can occur in immunocompetent patients, this disease should be considered in patients with unexplained inflammatory lesions of the gastrointestinal tract or pancreas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasumasa Matsuo
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashi-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-0911, Japan. .,St. Marianna University Toyoko Hospital, 3-435 Kosugimachi, Nakahara-ku, Kawasaki City, Kanagawa, 211-0063, Japan.
| | - Yosuke Igarashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashi-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-0911, Japan
| | - Natsumi Aoyama
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashi-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-0911, Japan
| | - Yosuke Satta
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashi-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-0911, Japan
| | - Ritsuko Oikawa
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki City, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Yohei Noguchi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashi-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-0911, Japan
| | - Hideaki Takahashi
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashi-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-0911, Japan
| | - Nobuyuki Matsumoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University Yokohama Seibu Hospital, 1197-1 Yasashi-cho, Asahi-ku, Yokohama City, Kanagawa, 241-0911, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki City, 216-8511, Japan.,Department of Bioinformatics, St. Marianna University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki City, 216-8511, Japan
| | - Fumio Itoh
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 2-16-1 Sugao, Miyamae-ku, Kawasaki City, 216-8511, Japan
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Kuwano K, Ota Y, Tsuji K, Torigoe K, Yamashita A, Muta K, Kitamura M, Yamashita H, Uramatsu T, Tashiro M, Hayashi H, Izumikawa K, Mukae H, Nishino T. An Autopsy Case of Disseminated Varicella Zoster Virus Infection during the Treatment of Nephrotic Syndrome. Intern Med 2022; 61:571-576. [PMID: 34393162 PMCID: PMC8907779 DOI: 10.2169/internalmedicine.7332-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A 68-year-old woman developed systemic blisters while receiving treatment for nephrotic syndrome. As she also developed marked liver dysfunction and disseminated intravascular coagulation, she was admitted to our hospital. She was diagnosed with varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection. Treatment was administered in the intensive-care unit, but the patient died on day 24 post-admission after severe VZV infection. A post-mortem examination showed micro-abscesses and necrosis caused by varicella zoster infection in multiple organs, including the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract. Because VZV infection can become severe in immunocompromised patients, careful consideration is needed for the prevention and treatment of the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuki Ota
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kiyokazu Tsuji
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kenta Torigoe
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Ayuko Yamashita
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | - Kumiko Muta
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Masato Tashiro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroko Hayashi
- Department of Pathology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Koichi Izumikawa
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Mukae
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | - Tomoya Nishino
- Department of Nephrology, Nagasaki University Hospital, Japan
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Fang C, Wong J, Ang WW. Fulminant varicella hepatitis: a rare but lethal cause of abdominal pain. BMJ Case Rep 2021; 14:e244081. [PMID: 34479894 PMCID: PMC8420704 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2021-244081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
An 81-year-old woman with no history of immunocompromise presented with 2 days of upper abdominal pain associated with nausea. On arrival, her physical examination was unremarkable apart from mild epigastric and right hypochondriac tenderness, and laboratory investigations were unremarkable apart from mild thrombocytopenia and transaminitis. A CT scan performed on the day of admission revealed a tiny 0.3 cm stone in the common bile duct, with no upstream dilatation. On day 2 of admission, she developed a vesicular rash and with acutely worsening transaminitis. She deteriorated rapidly and demised from complications of acute liver failure within the next 24 hours. The diagnosis of varicella was confirmed with antibody testing. Fulminant varicella hepatitis is an extremely rare and lethal condition with only a handful of reported cases in the current literature. We aim to share our clinical experience and summarise the salient points from existing case reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Fang
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
| | - Junice Wong
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
| | - Wei Wen Ang
- Department of General Surgery, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, National Healthcare Group, Singapore
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A 24-Year-Old Female Transplant Recipient with Type 2 Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis and Disseminated Shingles: A Cautionary Tale of Deferring to Primary Care. Case Rep Nephrol 2021; 2021:6663689. [PMID: 34341691 PMCID: PMC8325583 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6663689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this report, the case of a 24-year-old Caucasian female with type 2 membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis status-post living donor kidney transplant managed on triple regimen immunosuppressive therapy who developed shingles is discussed. With its onset, she promptly reached out to her nephrologist who deferred her to primary care. Prior to seeing her primary provider, she developed disseminated herpes zoster. She consulted emergency services where she was given inadequate care and again deferred to primary care. One day later, the dissemination included her entire torso, face, oral cavity, and all extremities. Fortunately, the patient had the insight to again reach out to her nephrologist who arranged for her to be admitted for appropriate care 6 days after her initial inquiry that carried 6 days of zoster progression. This case demonstrates how it is pertinent that specialists recognize potentially lethal complications associated with the conditions they follow. Although convenient to defer to primary care, if specialists were to take on the responsibility of providing a broader scope of care for their unique subsets of patients, it would likely result in a reduction in the 80% of serious medical errors that occur as a result of miscommunication, or lack thereof, between care providers.
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11
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Raadsen M, Du Toit J, Langerak T, van Bussel B, van Gorp E, Goeijenbier M. Thrombocytopenia in Virus Infections. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10040877. [PMID: 33672766 PMCID: PMC7924611 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10040877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Thrombocytopenia, which signifies a low platelet count usually below 150 × 109/L, is a common finding following or during many viral infections. In clinical medicine, mild thrombocytopenia, combined with lymphopenia in a patient with signs and symptoms of an infectious disease, raises the suspicion of a viral infection. This phenomenon is classically attributed to platelet consumption due to inflammation-induced coagulation, sequestration from the circulation by phagocytosis and hypersplenism, and impaired platelet production due to defective megakaryopoiesis or cytokine-induced myelosuppression. All these mechanisms, while plausible and supported by substantial evidence, regard platelets as passive bystanders during viral infection. However, platelets are increasingly recognized as active players in the (antiviral) immune response and have been shown to interact with cells of the innate and adaptive immune system as well as directly with viruses. These findings can be of interest both for understanding the pathogenesis of viral infectious diseases and predicting outcome. In this review, we will summarize and discuss the literature currently available on various mechanisms within the relationship between thrombocytopenia and virus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthijs Raadsen
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Justin Du Toit
- Department of Haematology, Wits University Donald Gordon Medical Centre Johannesburg, Johannesburg 2041, South Africa;
| | - Thomas Langerak
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
| | - Bas van Bussel
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Maastricht University Medical Center Plus, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands;
- Care and Public Health Research Institute (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, 6229 GT Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric van Gorp
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marco Goeijenbier
- Department of Viroscience, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Doctor molewaterplein 40, 3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands; (M.R.); (T.L.); (E.v.G.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, 3000 CA Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Correspondence:
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12
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Cleaton N, Sheeran TP, Ali I. Primary varicella zoster virus resulting in disseminated disease in a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis: remain cautious. Rheumatol Adv Pract 2020. [DOI: 10.1093/rap/rkaa051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Cleaton
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Tom P Sheeran
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
| | - Iman Ali
- Department of Rheumatology, Royal Wolverhampton Trust, Wolverhampton, UK
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