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Marzban M, Jamshidi A, Khorrami Z, Hall M, Batty JA, Farhadi A, Mahmudpour M, Gholizade M, Nabipour I, Larijani B, Afrashteh S. Determinants of multimorbidity in older adults in Iran: a cross-sectional study using latent class analysis on the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:247. [PMID: 38468227 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-04848-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Multimorbidity, defined as the presence of two or more long-term health conditions in an individual, is one of the most significant challenges facing health systems worldwide. This study aimed to identify determinants of classes of multimorbidity among older adults in Iran. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS In a cross-sectional sample of older adults (aged ≥ 60 years) from the second stage of the Bushehr Elderly Health (BEH) program in southern Iran, latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify patterns of multimorbidity. Multinomial logistic regression was conducted to investigate factors associated with each multimorbidity class, including age, gender, education, household income, physical activity, smoking status, and polypharmacy. RESULTS In 2,426 study participants (mean age 69 years, 52% female), the overall prevalence of multimorbidity was 80.2%. Among those with multimorbidity, 3 latent classes were identified. These comprised: class 1, individuals with a low burden of multisystem disease (56.9%); class 2, individuals with predominantly cardiovascular-metabolic disorders (25.8%) and class 3, individuals with predominantly cognitive and metabolic disorders (17.1%). Compared with men, women were more likely to belong to class 2 (odds ratio [OR] 1.96, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.52-2.54) and class 3 (OR 4.52, 95% CI 3.22-6.35). Polypharmacy was associated with membership class 2 (OR 3.52, 95% CI: 2.65-4.68) and class 3 (OR 1.84, 95% CI 1.28-2.63). Smoking was associated with membership in class 3 (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.01-2.08). Individuals with higher education levels (59%) and higher levels of physical activity (39%) were less likely to belong to class 3 (OR 0.41; 95% CI: 0.28-0.62) and to class 2 (OR 0.61; 95% CI: 0.38-0.97), respectively. Those at older age were less likely to belong to class 2 (OR 0.95). DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS A large proportion of older adults in Iran have multimorbidity. Female sex, polypharmacy, sedentary lifestyle, and poor education levels were associated with cardiovascular-metabolic multimorbidity and cognitive and metabolic multimorbidity. A greater understanding of the determinants of multimorbidity may lead to strategies to prevent its development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Marzban
- Statistical Genetics Lab, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Ali Jamshidi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Zahra Khorrami
- Ophthalmic Research Center, Research Institute for Ophthalmology and Vision Science, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Marlous Hall
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jonathan A Batty
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
- Leeds Institute for Data Analytics, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Akram Farhadi
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
| | - Mehdi Mahmudpour
- The Persian Gulf Tropical Medicine Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Mohamad Gholizade
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Iraj Nabipour
- The Persian Gulf Marine Biotechnology Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sima Afrashteh
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
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Chowdhury SR, Chandra Das D, Sunna TC, Beyene J, Hossain A. Global and regional prevalence of multimorbidity in the adult population in community settings: a systematic review and meta-analysis. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 57:101860. [PMID: 36864977 PMCID: PMC9971315 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.101860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 109.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Knowing the prevalence of multimorbidity among adults across continents is a crucial piece of information for achieving Sustainable Development Goal 3.4, which calls for reducing premature death due to non-communicable diseases. A high prevalence of multimorbidity indicates high mortality and increased healthcare utilization. We aimed to understand the prevalence of multimorbidity across WHO geographic regions among adults. METHODS We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of surveys designed to estimate the prevalence of multimorbidity among adults in community settings. We searched PubMed, ScienceDirect, Embase and Google Scholar databases for studies published between January 1, 2000, and December 31, 2021. The random-effects model estimated the pooled proportion of multimorbidity in adults. Heterogeneity was quantified using I2 statistics. We performed subgroup analyses and sensitivity analyses based on continents, age, gender, multimorbidity definition, study periods and sample size. The study protocol was registered with PROSPERO (CRD42020150945). FINDINGS We analyzed data from 126 peer-reviewed studies that included nearly 15.4 million people (32.1% were male) with a weighted mean age of 56.94 years (standard deviation of 10.84 years) from 54 countries around the world. The overall global prevalence of multimorbidity was 37.2% (95% CI = 34.9-39.4%). South America (45.7%, 95% CI = 39.0-52.5) had the highest prevalence of multimorbidity, followed by North America (43.1%, 95% CI = 32.3-53.8%), Europe (39.2%, 95% CI = 33.2-45.2%), and Asia (35%, 95% CI = 31.4-38.5%). The subgroup study highlights that multimorbidity is more prevalent in females (39.4%, 95% CI = 36.4-42.4%) than males (32.8%, 95% CI = 30.0-35.6%). More than half of the adult population worldwide above 60 years of age had multimorbid conditions (51.0%, 95% CI = 44.1-58.0%). Multimorbidity has become increasingly prevalent in the last two decades, while the prevalence appears to have stayed stable in the recent decade among adults globally. INTERPRETATION The multimorbidity patterns by geographic regions, time, age, and gender suggest noticeable demographic and regional differences in the burden of multimorbidity. According to insights about prevalence among adults, priority is required for effective and integrative interventions for older adults from South America, Europe, and North America. A high prevalence of multimorbidity among adults from South America suggests immediate interventions are needed to reduce the burden of morbidity. Furthermore, the high prevalence trend in the last two decades indicates that the global burden of multimorbidity continues at the same pace. The low prevalence in Africa suggests that there may be many undiagnosed chronic illness patients in Africa. FUNDING None.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saifur Rahman Chowdhury
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dipak Chandra Das
- Department of Public Health, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | - Joseph Beyene
- Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact (HEI), McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ahmed Hossain
- College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
- Global Health Institute, North South University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Corresponding author.
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Somi M, Ostadrahimi A, Gilani N, Haji Kamanaj A, Hassannezhad S, Faramarzi E. Patterns and Predictors of Multimorbidity in the Azar Cohort. ARCHIVES OF IRANIAN MEDICINE 2023; 26:8-15. [PMID: 37543916 PMCID: PMC10685807 DOI: 10.34172/aim.2023.02] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The co-existence of chronic diseases (CDs), a condition defined as multimorbidity (MM), is becoming a major public health issue. Therefore, we aimed to determine the patterns and predictors of MM in the Azar Cohort. METHODS We evaluated the prevalence of MM in 15,006 (35-70-year old) subjects of the Azar Cohort Study. MM was defined as the co-existence of two or more CDs. Data on the subjects' socioeconomic status, demographics, sleeping habits, and physical activity were collected using questionnaires. RESULTS The overall prevalence of MM was 28.1%. The most prevalent CDs, in decreasing order, were obesity, hypertension, depression, and diabetes. Obesity, depression, and diabetes were the most co-occurring CDs. The MM risk increased significantly with age, illiteracy, and in females. Also, the subjects within the lowest tertile of physical activity level (OR=1.89; 95% CI: 1.75-2.05) showed higher MM risk than those with the highest level of physical activity. Findings regarding current smoking status indicated that being an ex-smoker or smoker of other types of tobacco significantly increased the risk of MM. CONCLUSION The reduction of MM is possible by promoting public health from an early age among people of various socioeconomic conditions. It is vital to offer the necessary health support to the aging population of Iran.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammdhossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Alireza Ostadrahimi
- Nutrition Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Neda Gilani
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Arash Haji Kamanaj
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Sina Hassannezhad
- Student Research Committee, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Elnaz Faramarzi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Singh K, Alomari A, Lenjawi B. Prevalence of Multimorbidity in the Middle East: A Systematic Review of Observational Studies. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16502. [PMID: 36554382 PMCID: PMC9778740 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There has not been a review that evaluated the prevalence of multimorbidity in the Middle East. This review aims to measure the prevalence, demographic factors, and consequences of multimorbidity in the Middle East region. STUDY DESIGN A quantitative systematic review includes cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort studies. METHODS The prevalence systematic review approach from the Joanna Briggs Institute was applied. We searched PsychINFO, MEDLINE, EMCARE, CINAHL, Scopus, Science Direct, and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials. Data were extracted methodically in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) standards. Studies written in English and released between 2012 and March 2022 were included. For the meta-analysis, a random-effects model was applied. PROSPERO registration number: CRD42022335534. RESULTS The final sample consisted of eight cohort and observational studies. The number of participants varied from 354 to 796,427. Multimorbidity was present in all populations with a prevalence of 21.8% (95% confidence interval (CI): 21.7-21.8%). CONCLUSION Multimorbidity affects a significant section of the world's population. A uniform operationalization of multimorbidity is required in the Middle East in order to enable reliable estimates of illness burden, effective disease management, and resource distribution.
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Moftakhar L, Rezaeianzadeh R, Ghoddusi Johari M, Hosseini SV, Rezaianzadeh A. Epidemiology and predictors of multimorbidity in Kharameh cohort study: A population-based cross-sectional study in southern Iran. Health Sci Rep 2022; 6:e988. [PMID: 36514331 PMCID: PMC9731168 DOI: 10.1002/hsr2.988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim Multimorbidity is one of the problems and concerns of public health. The aim of this study was to estimate the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with multimorbidity based on the data of the Kherameh cohort study. Methods This cross-sectional study was performed on 10,663 individuals aged 40-70 years in the south of Iran in 2015 to 2017. Demographic and behavioral characteristics were investigated. Multimorbidity was defined as the coexistence of two or more of two chronic diseases in a person. In this study, the prevalence of multimorbidity was calculated. Logistic regression was used to identify the predictors of multimorbidity. Results The prevalence of multimorbidity was 24.4%. The age-standardized prevalence rate was 18.01% in males and 29.6% in females. The most common underlying diseases were gastroesophageal reflux disease with hypertension (33.5%). Multiple logistic regression results showed that the age of 45-55 years (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj]] = 1.22, 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.07-1.38), age of over 55 years (ORadj = 1.21, 95% CI, 1.06-1.37), obesity (ORadj = 3.65, 95% CI, 2.55-5.24), and overweight (ORadj = 2.92, 95% CI, 2.05-4.14) were the risk factors of multimorbidity. Also, subjects with high socioeconomic status (ORadj = 1.27, 95% CI, 1.1-1.45) and very high level of socioeconomic status (ORadj = 1.53, 95% CI, 1.31-1.79) had a higher chance of having multimorbidity. The high level of education, alcohol consumption, having job, and high physical activity had a protective role against it. Conclusion The prevalence of multimorbidity was relatively high in the study area. According to the results of our study, age, obesity, and overweight had an important effect on multimorbidity. Therefore, determining interventional strategies for weight loss and control and treatment of chronic diseases, especially in the elderly, is very useful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Moftakhar
- Student Research CommitteeShiraz University of Medical SciencesShirazIran
| | - Ramin Rezaeianzadeh
- Experimental Medicine Program, Department of Medicine, Faculty of MedicineUniversity of British ColumbiaVancouverBritish ColumbiaCanada
| | | | | | - Abbas Rezaianzadeh
- Colorectal Research CenterShiraz University of Medical ScienceShirazIran
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Ahmadi A, Shirani M, Khaledifar A, Hashemzadeh M, Solati K, Kheiri S, Sadeghi M, Mohammadian-Hafshejani A, Shahraki HR, Asgharzadeh A, Salehifard AZ, Mousavi M, Zarean E, Goujani R, Nazari SSH, Poustchi H, Dugué PA. Non-communicable diseases in the southwest of Iran: profile and baseline data from the Shahrekord PERSIAN Cohort Study. BMC Public Health 2021; 21:2275. [PMID: 34903205 PMCID: PMC8670056 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-021-12326-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Critical inter-provincial differences within Iran in the pattern of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and difficulties inherent to identifying prevention methods to reduce mortality from NCDs have challenged the implementation of the provincial health system plan. The Shahrekord Cohort Study (SCS) was designed to address these gaps in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, a province of high altitude in the southwest of Iran, characterized by its large Bakhtiari population, along with Fars and Turk ethnicity groups. Methods This ongoing cohort, a prospective, large-scale longitudinal study, includes a unique, rich biobank and was conducted for the first time in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province in Iran. SCS is a part of the PERSIAN (Prospective Epidemiological Research Studies in IrAN) cohort. The study began in 2015, recruited 10075 participants (52.8% female, 47.2% male) from both urban (n=7034) and rural (n=3041) areas, and participants will be annually followed up for at least 15 years. A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using baseline data from the SCS, using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. Data analysis was performed using Stata software. Results The prevalence of NCDs was 9.8% for type 2 diabetes, 17.1% for hypertension, 11.6% for thyroid disease, 0.2% for multiple sclerosis and 5.7, 0.9 and 1.3% for ischemic heart disease, stroke and myocardial infarction, respectively. The prevalence of multimorbidity (≥2 NCDs) was higher in women (39.1%) than men (24.9%). The means (standard deviations) of age, BMI, systolic blood pressure and fasting blood glucose were 49.5 (9) years, 27.6 (4.6) kg/m2, 115.4 (17.3) mmHg and 96.7 (27.3) mg/dL, respectively. Logistic regression models showed that older age, female gender, living in an urban area, non-native ethnicity, high wealth index, unemployment, obesity, low physical activity, hypertriglyceridemia, high fasting blood sugar, alkaline urine pH and high systolic and diastolic blood pressure were associated with increased prevalence of NCDs. Conclusions The SCS provides a platform for epidemiological studies that will be useful to better control NCDs in the southwest of Iran and to foster research collaboration. The SCS will be an essential resource for identifying NCD risk factors in this region and designing relevant public health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Ahmadi
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran. .,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran.
| | - Majid Shirani
- Department of Urology, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Arsalan Khaledifar
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Cardiology, School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Morteza Hashemzadeh
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Kamal Solati
- Department of Psychiatry, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Soleiman Kheiri
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Mehraban Sadeghi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Abdollah Mohammadian-Hafshejani
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Hadi Raeisi Shahraki
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Alireza Asgharzadeh
- School of Medicine, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, Shahrekord, Iran
| | | | - Masoumeh Mousavi
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Elaheh Zarean
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Reza Goujani
- Modeling in Health Research Center, Shahrekord University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box: 881-55383, Shahrekord, Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Hashemi Nazari
- Safety Promotion and Injury Prevention Research Center, Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Poustchi
- Liver and Pancreatobiliary Diseases Research Center, Digestive Diseases Research Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pierre-Antoine Dugué
- Precision Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.,Cancer Epidemiology Division, Cancer Council Victoria, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Melbourne School of Population and Global Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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