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Xu W, Zhang X, Ni D, Zhang W, Guang C, Mu W. A review of fructosyl-transferases from catalytic characteristics and structural features to reaction mechanisms and product specificity. Food Chem 2024; 440:138250. [PMID: 38154282 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-active enzymes are accountable for the synthesis and degradation of glycosidic bonds among diverse carbohydrates. Fructosyl-transferases represent a subclass of these enzymes, employing sucrose as a substrate to generate fructooligosaccharides (FOS) and fructan polymers. This category primarily includes levansucrase (LS, EC 2.4.1.10), inulosucrase (IS, EC 2.4.1.9), and β-fructofuranosidase (Ffase, EC 3.2.1.26). These three enzymes possess a similar five-bladed β-propeller fold and employ an anomer-retaining reaction mechanism mediated by nucleophiles, transition state stabilizers, and general acids/bases. However, they exhibit distinct product profiles, characterized by variations in linkage specificity and molecular mass distribution. Consequently, this article comprehensively explores recent advancements in the catalytic characteristics, structural features, reaction mechanisms, and product specificity of levansucrase, inulosucrase, and β-fructofuranosidase (abbreviated as LS, IS, and Ffase, respectively). Furthermore, it discusses the potential for modifying catalytic properties and product specificity through structure-based design, which enables the rational production of custom fructan and FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Xiaoqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wenli Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Cuie Guang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, China; International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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2
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Wienberg F, Hövels M, Deppenmeier U. High-yield production and purification of prebiotic inulin-type fructooligosaccharides. AMB Express 2022; 12:144. [DOI: 10.1186/s13568-022-01485-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Accepted: 10/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractDue to the health-promoting effects and functional properties of inulin-type fructooligosaccharides (I-FOS), the global market for I-FOS is constantly growing. Hence, there is a continuing demand for new, efficient biotechnological approaches for I-FOS production. In this work, crude inulosucrase InuGB-V3 from Lactobacillus gasseri DSM 20604 was used to synthesize I-FOS from sucrose. Supplementation with 1 mM CaCl2, a pH of 3.5–5.5, and an incubation temperature of 40 °C were found to be optimal production parameters at which crude inulosucrase showed high conversion rates, low sucrose hydrolysis, and excellent stability over 4 days. The optimal process conditions were employed in cell-free bioconversion reactions. By elevating the substrate concentration from 570 to 800 g L−1, the I-FOS concentration and the synthesis of products with a low degree of polymerization (DP) could be increased, while sucrose hydrolysis was decreased. Bioconversion of 800 g L−1 sucrose for 20 h resulted in an I-FOS-rich syrup with an I-FOS concentration of 401 ± 7 g L−1 and an I-FOS purity of 53 ± 1% [w/w]. I-FOS with a DP of 3–11 were synthesized, with 1,1-kestotetraose (DP4) being the predominant transfructosylation product. The high-calorie sugars glucose, sucrose, and fructose were removed from the generated I-FOS-rich syrup using activated charcoal. Thus, 81 ± 5% of the initially applied I-FOS were recovered with a purity of 89 ± 1%.
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3
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Khamwan S, Boonlue S, Mongkolthanaruk W. Production of fructan synthesis/hydrolysis of endophytic bacteria involved in inulin production in Jerusalem artichoke. 3 Biotech 2022; 12:296. [PMID: 36276462 PMCID: PMC9519817 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-022-03374-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Endophytic bacteria refer to bacteria which promote plant growth via direct and indirect mechanisms. Three endophytic bacteria isolated from Jerusalem artichoke exhibited plant growth induction and inulin production. These bacteria had functions of fructan degradation and synthesis from inulinase and levansucrase, respectively. Rossellomorea aquimaris 3.13 and Priestia megaterium 3.5 obtained inulinase/levanase enzyme with inulin and levan as substrates; enzyme production showed the optimum conditions in 1% inulin medium of 35 °C, pH 7.0. Bacillus velezensis 5.18 and Priestia megaterium 3.5 had inulosucrase/levansucrase enzyme with sucrose as a major carbon source; the enzyme had optimum temperature and pH conditions of 30 °C and pH 7.0, respectively. A combination of carbon sources had effect on decreasing enzyme activity; in addition, co-inoculation of bacteria showed a slight difference in enzyme production compared with single inoculation. The inulosucrase/levansucrase was produced earlier in co-culture containing bacteria with inulinase activity. Plant fructan synthesis was involved in 1-SST and 1-FFT, while 1-FEH encoded inulin degradation; these genes were evaluated in Jerusalem artichoke inoculated with the endophytic bacteria to quantify gene expression level using qPCR. All genes expressed in low levels at early stage of growth, responding to all endophytic bacteria. Significantly, Bacillus velezensis 5.18 induced all genes of the plant at 65 days of inoculation; Rossellomorea aquimaris 3.13 induced 1-FFT while Priestia megaterium 3.5 induced 1-SST.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumolnat Khamwan
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparp Road, Muang, 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Sophon Boonlue
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparp Road, Muang, 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
| | - Wiyada Mongkolthanaruk
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Khon Kaen University, 123 Mitraparp Road, Muang, 40002 Khon Kaen Thailand
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4
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Levan-type fructooligosaccharides synthesis by novel levansucrase-inulosucrase fusion enzyme. Biochem Eng J 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2022.108524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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5
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Charoenwongpaiboon T, Wangpaiboon K, Pichyangkura R. Cross-linked levansucrase aggregates for fructooligosaccharide synthesis in fruit juices. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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6
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Efficient production of inulin and oligosaccharides using thermostable inulosucrase from Lactobacillus jensenii. Int J Biol Macromol 2020; 165:1250-1257. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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7
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Ni D, Xu W, Zhu Y, Pang X, Lv J, Mu W. Insight into the effects and biotechnological production of kestoses, the smallest fructooligosaccharides. Crit Rev Biotechnol 2020; 41:34-46. [PMID: 33153319 DOI: 10.1080/07388551.2020.1844622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Kestoses, the smallest fructooligosaccharides, are trisaccharides composed of a fructose molecule and a sucrose molecule linked by either β-(2,1) or β-(2,6) linkage. 1-kestose, 6-kestose and neokestose are the three types of kestoses occurring in nature. As the main kind of fructooligosaccharide, kestoses share similar physiological effects with other fructooligosaccharides, and they have recently been determined to show more notable effects in promoting the growth of probiotics including Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and Bifidobacterium than those of other fructooligosaccharides. Kestoses exist in many plants, but the relatively low content and the isolation and purification are the main barriers limiting their industrial application. The production of kestoses by enzymatic biosynthesis and microbial fermentation has the potential to facilitate its production and industrial use. In this article, the recent advances in the research of kestoses were overviewed, including those studying their functions and production. Kestose-producing enzymes were introduced in detail, and microbial production and fermentation optimization techniques for enhancing the yield of kestoses were addressed. β-Fructofuranosidase is the main one used to produce kestoses because of the extensive range of microbial sources. Therefore, the production of kestoses by microorganisms containing β-fructofuranosidase has also been reviewed. However, few molecular modification studies have attempted to change the production profile of some enzymes and improve the yield of kestoses, which is a topic that should garner more attention. Additionally, the production of kestoses using food-grade microorganisms may be beneficial to their application in the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Yingying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Xiaoyang Pang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaping Lv
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wanmeng Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China.,International Joint Laboratory on Food Safety, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
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Charoenwongpaiboon T, Punnatin P, Klaewkla M, Pramoj Na Ayutthaya P, Wangpaiboon K, Chunsrivirot S, Field RA, Pichyangkura R. Conserved Calcium-Binding Residues at the Ca-I Site Involved in Fructooligosaccharide Synthesis by Lactobacillus reuteri 121 Inulosucrase. ACS OMEGA 2020; 5:28001-28011. [PMID: 33163783 PMCID: PMC7643167 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c03521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inulosucrase is an enzyme that synthesizes inulin-type β-2,1-linked fructooligosaccharides (IFOS) from sucrose. Previous studies have shown that calcium is important for the activity and stability of Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase (LrInu). Here, mutational analyses of four conserved calcium-binding site I (Ca-I) residues of LrInu, Asp418, Gln449, Asn488, and Asp520 were performed. Alanine substitution for these residues not only reduced the stability and activity of LrInu, but also modulated the pattern of the IFOS produced. Circular dichroism spectroscopy and molecular dynamics simulation indicated that these mutations had limited impact on the overall conformation of the enzyme. One of Ca-I residues most critical for controlling LrInu-mediated polymerization of IFOS, Asp418, was also subjected to mutagenesis, generating D418E, D418H, D418L, D418N, D418S, and D418W. The activity of these mutants demonstrated that the IFOS chain length could be controlled by a single mutation at the Ca-I site.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Panachai Punnatin
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Methus Klaewkla
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | - Karan Wangpaiboon
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Surasak Chunsrivirot
- Structural
and Computational Biology Research Unit, Department of Biochemistry,
Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Robert A. Field
- Department
of Chemistry and Manchester Institute of Biotechnology, The University of Manchester, 131 Princess Street, Manchester M1 7DN, U.K.
| | - Rath Pichyangkura
- Department
of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn
University, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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9
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Extracellular polysaccharides produced by bacteria of the Leuconostoc genus. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 36:161. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-020-02937-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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10
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Charoenwongpaiboon T, Wangpaiboon K, Panpetch P, Field RA, Barclay JE, Pichyangkura R, Kuttiyawong K. Temperature-dependent inulin nanoparticles synthesized by Lactobacillus reuteri 121 inulosucrase and complex formation with flavonoids. Carbohydr Polym 2019; 223:115044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2019.115044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2019] [Revised: 06/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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11
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Ko H, Bae JH, Sung BH, Kim MJ, Park HJ, Sohn JH. Microbial production of medium chain fructooligosaccharides by recombinant yeast secreting bacterial inulosucrase. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 130:109364. [DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.109364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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12
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Ni D, Xu W, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Zhang T, Guang C, Mu W. Inulin and its enzymatic production by inulosucrase: Characteristics, structural features, molecular modifications and applications. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:306-318. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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13
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Understanding the transfer reaction network behind the non-processive synthesis of low molecular weight levan catalyzed by Bacillus subtilis levansucrase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15035. [PMID: 30301900 PMCID: PMC6177408 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32872-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Under specific reaction conditions, levansucrase from Bacillus subtilis (SacB) catalyzes the synthesis of a low molecular weight levan through the non-processive elongation of a great number of intermediates. To deepen understanding of the polymer elongation mechanism, we conducted a meticulous examination of the fructooligosaccharide profile evolution during the levan synthesis. As a result, the formation of primary and secondary intermediates series in different reaction stages was observed. The origin of the series was identified through comparison with product profiles obtained in acceptor reactions employing levanbiose, blastose, 1-kestose, 6-kestose, and neo-kestose, and supported with the isolation and NMR analyses of some relevant products, demonstrating that all of them are inherent products during levan formation from sucrose. These results allowed to establish the network of fructosyl transfer reactions involved in the non-processive levan synthesis. Overall, our results reveal how the relaxed acceptor specificity of SacB during the initial steps of the synthesis is responsible for the formation of several levan series, which constitute the final low molecular weight levan distribution.
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14
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Versluys M, Kirtel O, Toksoy Öner E, Van den Ende W. The fructan syndrome: Evolutionary aspects and common themes among plants and microbes. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2018; 41:16-38. [PMID: 28925070 DOI: 10.1111/pce.13070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are multifunctional fructose-based water soluble carbohydrates found in all biological kingdoms but not in animals. Most research has focused on plant and microbial fructans and has received a growing interest because of their practical applications. Nevertheless, the origin of fructan production, the so-called "fructan syndrome," is still unknown. Why fructans only occur in a limited number of plant and microbial species remains unclear. In this review, we provide an overview of plant and microbial fructan research with a focus on fructans as an adaptation to the environment and their role in (a)biotic stress tolerance. The taxonomical and biogeographical distribution of fructans in both kingdoms is discussed and linked (where possible) to environmental factors. Overall, the fructan syndrome may be related to water scarcity and differences in physicochemical properties, for instance, water retaining characteristics, at least partially explain why different fructan types with different branching levels are found in different species. Although a close correlation between environmental stresses and fructan production is quite clear in plants, this link seems to be missing in microbes. We hypothesize that this can be at least partially explained by differential evolutionary timeframes for plants and microbes, combined with potential redundancy effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Versluys
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Onur Kirtel
- Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey
| | - Ebru Toksoy Öner
- Industrial Biotechnology and Systems Biology Research Group, Bioengineering Department, Marmara University, Istanbul, 34722, Turkey
| | - Wim Van den Ende
- Laboratory of Molecular Plant Biology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Hernández L, Menéndez C, Pérez ER, Martínez D, Alfonso D, Trujillo LE, Ramírez R, Sobrino A, Mazola Y, Musacchio A, Pimentel E. Fructooligosaccharides production by Schedonorus arundinaceus sucrose:sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase constitutively expressed to high levels in Pichia pastoris. J Biotechnol 2018; 266:59-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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