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Thin SM, Kanjanarach T, Supsongserm P, Phanudulkitti C, Sorofman BA, Zaw MT, Theeraroungchaisri A, Kittisopee T. Driving factors of community pharmacist weight management service: A structural equation modeling approach. Res Social Adm Pharm 2024; 20:618-624. [PMID: 38565425 DOI: 10.1016/j.sapharm.2024.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Even though the effectiveness of community pharmacists in helping customers to reduce weight has been evident, few pharmacists provided weight management services (WMS). To drive community pharmacist WMS provision, factors affecting their intention and WMS provision were important to be investigated. OBJECTIVE The present study aimed to explore relationships among pharmacist authority, perceived customer obstruction, WMS performance support, obstacles, and facilitators with intention to provide WMS and WMS rovision using structural equation modeling (WMS. METHOD Self-administered questionnaires were utilized to collect data from 302 Thai community pharmacists from December 2022 to March 2023. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore the influencing factors on pharmacist WMS intention and WMS provision. RESULTS Pharmacist authority (r = 0.35), WMS performance support (r = 0.24), and facilitators (r = 0.22) were significantly correlated with community pharmacist WMS provision. Pharmacist authority (r = 0.50), facilitators (r = 0.46), and WMS performance support (r = 0.42) were significantly correlated with community pharmacist intention to provide WMS e structural equation model (SEM), pharmacist authority (β = 0.34) and intention (β = 0.16) significantly influenced WMS provision (R2 = 0.20). Authority (β = 0.49) and WMS performance support (β = 0.28) significantly influenced pharmacist intention to WMS (R2 = 0.42). The model from empirical data indicated a good fit with the hypothetical model (p-value = 0.000, Comparatively Fit Index = 0.9, and Tucker-Lewis Index = 0.878). CONCLUSION Pharmacist authority had direct effects with both their intention to provide WMS and WMS provision. WMS performance support had a direct effect on intention to provide WMS and an indirect effect on WMS provision. Facilitators also had significant correlations with intention to provide WMS and WMS provision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Myat Thin
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Tipaporn Kanjanarach
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Khon Kaen University, 123 Moo 16 Mittraphap Rd., Nai-Muang, Muang District, Khon Kaen, 40002, Thailand.
| | - Pairin Supsongserm
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | | | - Bernard A Sorofman
- College of Pharmacy, The University of Iowa, 310 CPB 180 South Grand Avenue, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Myo Thiha Zaw
- Integrated Specialty Medicine, St. James's Hospital, Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, UK.
| | - Anuchai Theeraroungchaisri
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand.
| | - Tanattha Kittisopee
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Faculty of Pharmacy, Siam University, 38 Phet Kasem Road, Band Wa, Bangkok, 10160, Thailand.
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Jairoun AA, Al-Himyari SS, Shahwan M, Al Ani M, Habeb M, Jairoun M, Zyoud SH, Alkhanani MF, Alhasani RH, Hakami AY, Ainousah BA, Alshehri FS, Alorfi NM, Suliman A. Community pharmacists' perspectives on cardiovascular disease pharmaceutical care in the United Arab Emirates: a questionnaire survey-based analysis. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1237717. [PMID: 37736347 PMCID: PMC10509554 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1237717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Community pharmacists play an intermediary role between prescribing physicians and patients in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) and thus are responsible for ensuring that patients receive optimal cardiovascular disease (CVD) pharmaceutical care. Methods: we used a cross-sectional design to assess the perceptions and practices of community pharmacists concerning pharmaceutical care for patients with CVD. A trained researcher visited randomly selected community pharmacies and used a structured questionnaire to conduct in-person interviews with pharmacists. The questionnaire collected demographic data and information on perceptions and practices regarding CVD pharmaceutical care. Results: Five hundred and fifty-one participants were recruited. The average participant age (mean ± SD) was 35 ± 2.7 years. The average perception score regarding CVD prevention and management was 75.6% (95% confidence interval [CI] 77.1%-74.2%), and the average practice score for CVD prevention and management was 87.1% (95% CI 76.5%-79.6%). Bivariate analysis revealed that gender (p = 0.001), education level (p < 0.001), pharmacy position (p = 0.004), work experience (p < 0.001), number of patients served per day (p < 0.001) and being trained on CVD prevention and management (p < 0.001) were significantly associated with perceptions about the prevention and management of CVD. Better practice scores were seen among older participants (OR 1.01; 95% CI 1-1.019), postgraduates (OR 1.77; 95% CI 1.66-1.89), workers at chain pharmacies (OR 1.24; 95% CI 1.11-1.39), pharmacists in charge (OR 1.22; 95% CI 1.01-1.47), pharmacists with >10 years of experience (OR 11.3; 95% CI 6.01-15.62), pharmacists with 6-10 years of experience (OR 4.42; 95% CI 3.90-5) and pharmacists trained on CVD prevention and management (OR 1.29; 95% CI 1.15-1.46). Conclusion: Pharmacy practitioners working in community pharmacies in the UAE actively engage in delivering pharmaceutical care to patients, playing a role in CVD management and prevention. However, they showed low levels of involvement in other healthcare services, specifically in screening and measuring patients' weight, glucose levels, and blood pressure, monitoring treatment responses, maintaining medical records, and reviewing medication refill histories. Activities such as educating patients, providing medication counseling, offering support for treatment adherence, and fostering collaborative relationships with other healthcare providers should be encouraged among UAE community pharmacists to ensure the provision of high-quality patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ammar Abdulrahman Jairoun
- Health and Safety Department, Dubai Municipality, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Sabaa Saleh Al-Himyari
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Science Malaysia (USM), Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
- Pharmacy Department, Emirates Health Services, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Moyad Shahwan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Mina Al Ani
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, Faculty of Population Health Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Maimona Jairoun
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
- Centre of Medical and Bio-Allied Health Sciences Research, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sa’ed H. Zyoud
- Department of Clinical and Community Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
- Clinical Research Centre, An-Najah National University Hospital, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mustfa Faisal Alkhanani
- Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Hafr Al Batin, Hafr Al-Batin, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Alqassem Y. Hakami
- College of Medicine, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bayan A. Ainousah
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad S. Alshehri
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nasser M. Alorfi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al Qura University, Mecca, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdulhaq Suliman
- College of Dentistry, Ajman University, Ajman, United Arab Emirates
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Liddelow C, Mullan BA, Breare H, Sim TF, Haywood D. A call for action: Educating pharmacists and pharmacy students in behaviour change techniques. EXPLORATORY RESEARCH IN CLINICAL AND SOCIAL PHARMACY 2023; 11:100287. [PMID: 37397030 PMCID: PMC10314283 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcsop.2023.100287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The increasing impact of chronic disease, including cancer and heart disease on mortality signifies a need for the upskilling of health professionals in health behaviour change. Solely providing education and information to patients is generally not sufficient to change behaviour, and for any change to be sustained. The nature of pharmaceutical practice allows pharmacists to have frequent contact with patients in the community. Historically, pharmacists have often effectively engaged with patients to assist with behaviour change initiatives related to smoking cessation, weight loss or medication adherence. Unfortunately, such initiatives do not work for everyone, and more tailored and varied interventions are urgently needed to reduce the effects of chronic disease. In addition, with greater inaccessibility to hospitals and GP's (e.g., appointment wait times), it is imperative that pharmacists are upskilled in providing opportunistic health behaviour change techniques and interventions. Pharmacists need to practice to their full scope consistently and confidently, including the use of behavioural interventions. The following commentary therefore describes and provides recommendations for the upskilling of pharmacists and pharmacy students in opportunistic behaviour change. We outline nine key evidence-based behaviour change techniques, the active-ingredients of a behaviour change intervention, that are relevant to common encounters in professional practice by pharmacists, such as improving adherence to medications/treatments and health promotion initiatives. These include social support (practical and emotional), problem solving, anticipated regret, habit formation, behaviour substitution, restructuring the environment, information about others' approval, pros and cons, and monitoring and providing feedback on behaviour. Recommendations are then provided for how this upskilling can be taught to pharmacists and pharmacy students, as well as how they can use these techniques in their everyday practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin Liddelow
- School of Psychology, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, New South Wales, 2500, Australia
| | - Barbara A. Mullan
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- Western Australian Cancer Prevention Research Unit, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Hayley Breare
- enAble Institute, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
- School of Population Health, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia, 6102, Australia
| | - Tin Fei Sim
- School of Pharmacy, Curtin Medical School, Curtin University, Bentley, Western Australia 6102, Australia
| | - Darren Haywood
- St. Vincent's Hospital Melbourne, Mental Health, Fitzroy, Victoria 3065, Australia
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health and School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
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Sendekie AK, Tadesse YB, Kasahun AE, Belachew EA. Determine the perceived level of involvement and factors affecting diabetes management by community pharmacy professionals at drug retails in northwestern amhara region, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20091. [PMID: 37810015 PMCID: PMC10559852 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists in community drug retail outlets (CDROs) have significant involvement in diabetes prevention and management by providing more direct interventions in medication education, preventive measures, and disease management. This study examined the perceived level of involvement of community pharmacy professionals (CPPs) in diabetes management at CDROs in Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among CPPs in Northwest Ethiopia between September 1 and 30, 2022. The Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26 was used to analyzed the data, which had been gathered using a self-administered structured questionnaire. An independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to examine the mean perceived involvement score difference between CPPs. The association between CPPs' involvement and other sociodemographic variables was examined using linear regression analysis. At a 95% confidence interval (CI), a p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results The study included 184 (94.3%) of 195 CPPs approached. The overall mean perceived involvement score of CPPs in diabetes management was 3.80 ± 0.63 out of 5. CPPs with a bachelor's degree or higher [β = 3.065, 95% CI: 2.704, 3.641; p < 0.001], CPPs with a higher monthly income (≥5000 ETB) [β = 0.242, 95% CI: 0.112, 0.596; p = 0.034], and those who provided more than 8 hours of service per day [β = 0.163, 95% CI: 0.051, 0.332; p = 0.043] had higher perceived involvement in the management of diabetes compared with their counterparts. Conclusions This study found that most CPPs had a high level of perceived involvement in diabetes management. Higher educational backgrounds, a higher monthly salary, and working longer hours were associated with an increased level of perceived involvement. Promoting the educational background of CPPs may be crucial to enhance their active involvement in the management of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Yabibal Berie Tadesse
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Asmamaw Emagn Kasahun
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Social Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Eyayaw Ashete Belachew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar; Gondar, Ethiopia
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Sallom H, Abdi A, Halboup AM, Başgut B. Evaluation of pharmaceutical care services in the Middle East Countries: a review of studies of 2013-2020. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:1364. [PMID: 37461105 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-16199-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pharmaceutical care services (PCs) have evolved significantly over the last few decades, with a greater focus on patient's safety and proven effectiveness in a wide range of contexts. Many of the evidence supporting this technique comes from the United States, the evaluation and adoption of (PCs) which differ greatly across the globe. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to identify and assess the efficacy of pharmaceutical care services in various pharmaceutical aspects throughout seventeen Middle Eastern nations. METHOD The Arkesy and O'Malley technique was used to conduct a scoping review. It was conducted using PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane Library, Springer Link, Clinical Trials, and Web of Science etc. The Van Tulder Scale was utilized in randomized trials research, whereas the dawn and black checklists were used in non-randomized trials research. A descriptive and numerical analysis of selected research was done. The scope of eligible PCs, pharmaceutical implementers, study outcomes, and quality were all identified by a thematic review of research. RESULTS There were about 431,753 citations found in this study, and 129 publications were found to be eligible for inclusion after analysing more than 271 full-text papers. The study design was varied, with 43 (33.3%) RCTs and 86 (66.7%) n-RCTs. Thirty-three (25.6%) of the studies were published in 2020. Jordan, Saudi Arabia, and Turkey were home to the majority of the studies (25.6%, 16.3%, and 11.6%) respectively. Thirty-seven studies (19.7%) were concerned with resolving drug related problems (DRPs), whereas 27 (14.4%) were concerned with increasing quality of life (QOL) and 23 (12.2%) with improving drug adherence. Additionally, the research revealed that the average ratings of the activities provided to patients improved every year. CONCLUSION Studies in the Middle East continue to provide evidence supporting the positive impact of pharmaceutical care services on both hard and soft outcomes measured in most studies. Yet there was rare focus on the value of the implemented services. Thus, rigorous evaluation of the economic impact of implemented pharmaceutical care services in the Middle East and assessment of their sustainability is must.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hebah Sallom
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus, Turkey.
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen.
| | - Abdikarim Abdi
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus, Turkey
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Yeditepe University, İstanbul, Turkey
| | - Abdulsalam M Halboup
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Science and Technology, Sana'a, Yemen
- Discipline of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, Malaysia
| | - Bilgen Başgut
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Başkent University, Ankara, Turkey
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Sendekie AK, Dagnaw AD, Dagnew EM. Pharmacists' involvements and barriers in the provision of health promotion services towards noncommunicable diseases: Community-based cross-sectional study in Northwest Ethiopia. Arch Public Health 2023; 81:31. [PMID: 36841787 PMCID: PMC9968412 DOI: 10.1186/s13690-023-01038-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community drug retail outlets (CDROs) are among the initial healthcare facilities where pharmacists play a crucial role in preventing and managing noncommunicable diseases (NCDs). Therefore, this study assessed pharmacists' level of involvement and barriers in the provision of health promotion for noncommunicable diseases at CDROs in Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A community-based multicenter cross-sectional study was conducted among community pharmacists in Northwest Ethiopia from April to June 2022. Data was collected using a self-administered structured questionnaire, and analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 26. The level of involvement mean score difference among pharmacists was investigated using an independent samples t-test and a one-way ANOVA. Logistic regression analysis was used to examine the association between pharmacists' level of involvement and other variables. A p-value < 0.05 at a 95% confidence interval (CI) was considered statistically significant. RESULTS A total of 285 (94.4%) participants participated in the study out of 302 approached samples. Overall, more than half (58.9%) of the participants showed a high level of involvement in health promotion. Pharmacists who had a degree and/or above (AOR = 0.03, 95% CI: 0.01-0.63; p < 0.001) and served a lower number of clients per day (AOR = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.04-94; p = 0.042) were less likely to have low involvement in health promotion services. Pharmacists who worked fewer hours per day (AOR = 3.65, 95% CI: 1.79-7.48; p = 0.005) were more likely to have low involvement. Lack of an appropriate area in the CDROs (52.1%) and lack of coordination with other healthcare providers (43.6%) were the most reported barriers to the provision of health promotion. CONCLUSION Most pharmacists were found to have a high level of involvement in health promotion activities. A lack of an appropriate area in the CDROs and a lack of coordination with other healthcare providers were among the most reported barriers. Pharmacists might benefit from training to increase their educational backgrounds, and barriers could be addressed to enhance the pharmacist involvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia.
| | - Abera Dessie Dagnaw
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Ephrem Mebratu Dagnew
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Health Sciences, Debre Markos University, Debre Markos, Ethiopia
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Sendekie AK, Netere AK. Multicenter Cross-Sectional Study on Perceptions and Roles of Community Pharmacists in the Prevention and Management of Cardiovascular Disorders in Northwest Ethiopia. INTEGRATED PHARMACY RESEARCH AND PRACTICE 2022; 11:21-31. [PMID: 35083130 PMCID: PMC8784253 DOI: 10.2147/iprp.s348260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Community pharmacy professionals are among the initial healthcare providers and could play crucial roles in preventing and managing cardiovascular disorders. This study aimed to assess perceptions and involvements of community pharmacy professionals in the prevention and management of cardiovascular disorders in Gondar city and nearby rural towns, Northwest Ethiopia. METHODS A multi-centered cross-sectional survey was conducted on community pharmacy professionals in Gondar city and the nearby rural towns from June to July 2021. Independent sample t-test and one-way ANOVA were used to show mean score differences of pharmacists towards the prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. A 95% confidence interval with a P-value of < 0.05 in the tests was considered statistically significant. RESULTS Of the 223 initial samples, 210 completed the survey and resulted in a 94.2% response rate. The average perception and involvement scores of the community pharmacy professionals towards the prevention and treatment of the cardiovascular syndromes were 4.1 and 3.8, respectively. Numerous professionals (>86%) agreed on weight reductions, alcohol consumption restrictions and physical exercises to decrease cardiovascular risks. Pharmacy professionals recruited from Gondar city had significantly higher mean scores compared with pharmacy professionals involved from rural towns (P < 0.001). A significant difference in mean involvement score was also noted in regarding the numbers of clients serving/day (P = 0.026). CONCLUSION Community pharmacy professionals had good perceptions on prevention and management of cardiovascular diseases. However, their level of involvement in measuring weight, blood pressure and glucose level, dispensing equipment for home blood pressure and glucose monitoring and keeping records of patients needs to be encouraged. Professionals might benefit from enhanced training to increase their knowledge and confidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashenafi Kibret Sendekie
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Adeladlew Kassie Netere
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Gondar, Gondar, Ethiopia
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Elrggal ME, Alamer SI, Alkahtani SA, Alshrahili MA, Alharbi A, Alghamdi BA, Zaitoun MF. Dispensing Practices for Weight Management Products in Eastern Saudi Arabia: A Survey of Community Pharmacists. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182413146. [PMID: 34948755 PMCID: PMC8700952 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182413146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Due to changing lifestyles and socioeconomic status, obesity prevalence has been rising in Saudi Arabia, and community pharmacists often counsel patients about its management. The study aimed to evaluate practices of community pharmacists involved in dispensing products for weight control in four cities located in the eastern province of Saudi Arabia. A cross-sectional study was conducted involving community pharmacists in Dammam, Dhahran, Khobar, and Al-Ahsa, using a Likert format questionnaire. Only those who consented to participate were handed the questionnaire. A total of 100 complete responses were analyzed. The median value for packs sold per month for tea containing products Al-Diafa Slimming Tea, Jamue Tea, and Green Tea was ≥6 while the same for orlistat and apple cider vinegar were ≤4. Moreover, >50% of pharmacists mentioned that orlistat and apple cider vinegar were effective while ≥35% mentioned that metformin and Jamue tea were effective. Furthermore, ≥25% mentioned that green tea and Al-Diafa slimming tea were effective. Excluding orlistat, >50% of pharmacists did not know about adverse effects for other products. The rate of dispensing of several weight loss products was significant for participants’ background characteristics, such as time duration of consultation, gender, and age of patients, and pharmacist work experience (p < 0.05). The tea products and orlistat were the most frequently sold products, and community pharmacists appeared most knowledgeable about the effectiveness and adverse effect of orlistat. The pharmacists seemed to be aware about the effectiveness of other weight loss products; however, their knowledge about their potential adverse effects was unsatisfactory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud E. Elrggal
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Sarah Ibrahim Alamer
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, King Faisal University, Al Hofuf 31982, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Saad A. Alkahtani
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia;
| | | | - Adnan Alharbi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia; (M.E.E.); (A.A.)
| | - Bayan Ali Alghamdi
- Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Armed Forces Hospitals Southern Region, Khamis Mushait 61961, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohammad Fathullah Zaitoun
- Pharmaceutical Care Administration, Armed Forces Hospitals Southern Region, Khamis Mushait 61961, Saudi Arabia;
- Correspondence:
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Verma RK, Chong WW, Taha NA, Paraidathathu T. Impact of an Educational Training Program on the Knowledge, Attitude, and Perceived Barriers of Community Pharmacists Towards Obesity and Overweight Management in Malaysia. Front Public Health 2021; 9:720939. [PMID: 34540790 PMCID: PMC8440900 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2021.720939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the impact of an educational training program on the knowledge, attitude and perceived barriers of community pharmacists (CPs) towards obesity and overweight management. Methods: This interventional study, which consisted of an educational training program, was conducted on a single cohort of Malaysian CPs. Thirty CPs attended the educational training program. The educational training program was delivered through didactic lectures, case studies and small group discussions, and consisted of various sessions covering different topics related to weight management. A validated questionnaire was used to assess the impact of the intervention on the CPs' knowledge, attitude, and perceived barriers. Results: The overall mean knowledge score increased both immediately after (14.93 ± 1.62) and 30 days following the intervention (17.04 ± 2.51), and the increment was statistically significant 30 days following the intervention (p = 0.001) compared to both pre-intervention and immediate-post intervention stages. After the intervention, the participants had a more positive attitude towards the provision of weight management service (WMS) in community pharmacies. They had significantly stronger perceptions about the importance of their role to manage overweight and obesity and their professional competence to treat obese patients. In addition, the barrier of not having space in pharmacy to perform proper counselling for weight management and the barrier of not having training sessions in the area of obesity management were perceived to be significantly less important post-intervention. Conclusion: This study showed the potential positive impact of an educational training program on CPs knowledge, attitudes and perceived barriers towards WMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rohit Kumar Verma
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.,Centre of Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Wei Wen Chong
- Centre of Quality Management of Medicines, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Akmar Taha
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Cyberjaya University College of Medical Sciences, Cyberjaya, Malaysia
| | - Thomas Paraidathathu
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, Subang Jaya, Malaysia
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Hijazi MA, Shatila H, Omeich Z, El-Lakany A, Ela MA, Naja F. The role of pharmacists in complementary and alternative medicine in Lebanon: users' perspectives. BMC Complement Med Ther 2021; 21:81. [PMID: 33691698 PMCID: PMC7944898 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-021-03256-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Customers’ expectations and satisfaction are critical to ensure a more effective role of the community pharmacists in promoting the safe use of Complementary and Alternative Medicine (CAM). The aim of this study is to examine the perceptions and practices of customers buying their CAM products from pharmacies and explore their satisfaction with CAM-related services offered by the community pharmacists in Lebanon. Methods A national cross-sectional study was conducted among users of CAM (age > =18 years) who obtained their CAM from community pharmacies in Lebanon (n = 832). Within the proximity of the pharmacy, subjects were invited to complete a multi-component questionnaire. The latter consisted of four sections related to CAM: general beliefs, perception of pharmacists’ role, practices, satisfaction with services offered by the pharmacists. In addition, the questionnaire included questions about sociodemographic characteristics of participants. Results The majority of participants agreed to an active role of the pharmacists’ in guiding CAM use, however over half of the participants (61.3%) did not agree that the pharmacist is more knowledgeable in this field than other healthcare providers. As for practices, one in two surveyed customers (47%) did not always give feedback to their pharmacists about the outcomes after using CAM, 20% did not often ask the pharmacists about the safe and effective mode of use of the products and 28.1% did not discuss their medical history. For services offered by the pharmacist, the majority of participants reported receiving good education about the CAM product (87.1%), its side effects (87.1%) and mode of use (93.4%), while significant proportions of participants reported that pharmacists were not asking questions about their medical history before dispensing CAM products (22%) nor were they providing information on CAM-drug interactions (30%). Conclusions The results of this study highlighted important gaps between the perceptions of customers and the services they received from the pharmacists about CAM use. These findings could be used by concerned stakeholders, including public health authorities and educational bodies, to develop evidence-based interventions aimed at promoting the role of pharmacists in ensuring a safe and effective CAM use Lebanon. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12906-021-03256-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Ali Hijazi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box: 11 5020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Hibeh Shatila
- Nutrition and Food Sciences Department, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zeina Omeich
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box: 11 5020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Abdalla El-Lakany
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box: 11 5020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Maha Aboul Ela
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Beirut Arab University, P.O. Box: 11 5020, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Farah Naja
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, College of Health Sciences, Research Institute of Medical & Health Sciences (RIMHS), University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates. .,Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon.
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Belachew SA, Muluneh NY, Erku DA, Netere AK. A cross sectional study on beliefs and roles of community pharmacy professionals in preventing and managing metabolic syndrome in an Ethiopian setting. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0244211. [PMID: 33347490 PMCID: PMC7751855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0244211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a group of cardiovascular risk factors, and its prevalence is becoming alarmingly high in Ethiopia. Studies uncovered as community pharmacy professionals (CPPs) have not yet well integrated into public health programs and priorities. In low income setting like Ethiopia, evidence regarding the roles CPPs in preventing and management of MetS is dearth. OBJECTIVE The study was aimed to assess community pharmacy professionals'(CPPs) opinions about metabolic syndrome, describe their perception level towards the effectiveness of the main interventions and explore their extent of involvement in counseling patients with the metabolic syndrome in Gondar town, Northwestern Ethiopia. METHOD A descriptive, cross-sectional study was conducted among pharmacists and druggists working in community medication retail outlets (CMROs) in Gondar town, northwestern Ethiopia from April 1 to May 31, 2019. Data were collected using a self-administered pre-tested questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was used to summarize different variables, and presented in tables and figure. An independent t-test and one way ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) were used to compare mean scores. A 5% level of significance was used. RESULT Out of the 75 CPPs approached, 65(40 pharmacists and 25 druggists) completed the survey giving a response rate of 86.7%. Smoking cessation practice was identified to be low. There were a statistically significant difference (t = 2.144, P = 0.036) in the involvement towards counseling patients between CPPs who claimed to work in pharmacy (mean = 3.96 out of 5 points Likert scale) and drug stores (mean = 3.80 out of 5 points Likert scale). CONCLUSION The study concluded that the overall involvement of professionals in counseling patients, opinion about metabolic syndrome, and perception towards the effectiveness of the intervention was found to be more or less positive. However, the provision of services, such as monitoring therapy, selling equipment for home blood pressure and glucose monitoring and documenting patient care services needs to be encouraged. Given proper education and training, the current study hope that community pharmacists could be an important front-line contributors to contain this emerging epidemic in Gondar town as well as in the entire nation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sewunet Admasu Belachew
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar-College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
- * E-mail:
| | - Niguse Yigzaw Muluneh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Gondar-College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Daniel Asfaw Erku
- Centre for Applied Health Economics, School of Medicine & Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
| | - Adeladlew Kassie Netere
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar-College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Gondar, Ethiopia
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