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Li R, Zhang S, Song M, Yu W, Fan X. Poria cocos Extract Alleviates tPA-Induced Hemorrhagic Transformation after Ischemic Stroke through Regulation of Microglia M1/M2 Phenotypes Polarization. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 39321038 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c06985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/27/2024]
Abstract
Delayed thrombolytic therapy with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the only FDA-approved drug for ischemic stroke, can cause catastrophic hemorrhagic transformation (HT) after ischemic stroke. However, it remains largely unknown how microglial polarization dynamically changes in HT. Poria cocos is a widely used functional edible fungus in Asia and has been used for more than 2000 years as a food and medicine in China. Our preliminary study found that P. cocos extract (PCE) significantly reduced the volume of cerebral infarction. We performed the effects of PCE on tPA-induced HT in rat models of autologous thromboembolism middle cerebral artery occlusion in vivo and BV-2 cells injured by oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion in vitro. Hemorrhage test and triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining were performed to examine the efficiency of PCE. The expression level of proteins associated with microglia polarization was detected using Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining. Small interfering RNA transfection reveals the regulatory mechanism of PCE on microglia polarization. PCE plus tPA reduced hemorrhage and infarct volumes after ischemic stroke. During tPA-induced HT, M1 microglia increased over time from 3 days onward and remained high for at least 7 days, reaching the peak at 7 days, M2 microglia gradually increased after 3 days and continued to increase for at least 14 days. Furthermore, PCE inhibited the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines in M1 microglia and improved the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines in M2 microglia, which related to the regulation of the IRF5-IRF4 axis. This current study indicates that PCE alleviates tPA-induced HT after ischemic stroke by modulating microglia M1/M2 phenotype polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoqi Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Meiying Song
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Wangqin Yu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Xiang Fan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
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Shen J, Han L, Yao J, Qiu X, Xu S, Liu X, Li F, Li Z. Infection route influence the consequences of Nocardia farcinica infection in BALB/c mice. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:1016. [PMID: 39304798 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09877-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/22/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nocardia, a rare but potentially fatal pathogen, can induce systemic infections with diverse manifestations. This study aimed to investigate the tissue and organ damage caused by Nocardia farcinica (N. farcinica) in mice via different infection routes, evaluate the resulting host immune responses, and assess its invasiveness in brain tissue. METHODS BALB/c mice were infected with N. farcinica through intranasal, intraperitoneal, and intravenous routes (doses: 1 × 10^8, 1 × 10^7, 1 × 10^7 CFU in 50 µl PBS). Over a 7-day period, body temperature, weight, and mortality were monitored, and samples were collected for histopathological analysis and bacterial load assessment. Serum was isolated for cytokine detection via ELISA. For RNA-seq analysis, mice were infected with 1 × 107 CFU through three infection routes, after which brain tissue was harvested. RESULTS Intraperitoneal and intravenous N. farcinica infections caused significant clinical symptoms, mortality, and neural disruption in mice, resulting in severe systemic infection. Conversely, intranasal infection primarily affected the lungs without causing significant damage to other organs. Intraperitoneal and intravenous infections significantly increased serum cytokines, particularly TNF-α and IFN-γ. RNA-seq analysis of brains from intravenously infected mice revealed significant differential gene expression, whereas the intranasal and intraperitoneal routes showed limited differences (only three genes). The enriched Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways in the intravenous group were primarily related to immune processes. CONCLUSION The study demonstrated that intravenous N. farcinica infection induces significant clinical symptoms, triggers an inflammatory response, damages multiple organs, and leads to systemic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lichao Han
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiang Yao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xueping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Medicine, Tibet University, Lhasa, Tibet, 850000, PR China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China.
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Shen J, Ji XZ, Han L, Yao J, Liang Y, Yuan M, Xu S, Li Z. Activation of NF-κB/MAPK signaling and induction of apoptosis by salicylate synthase NbtS in Nocardia farcinica promotes neuroinflammation development. mSystems 2024:e0089324. [PMID: 39240104 DOI: 10.1128/msystems.00893-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2024] [Accepted: 07/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Nocardia farcinica can cause a rare, yet potentially fatal, central nervous system infection. NbtS protein may be a key virulence factor in N. farcinica infection of the brain. In this study, we investigated the function of the virulence-associated factor NbtS in microglial cells in vitro and in infected mice in vivo. We explored the interactions between NbtS and microglial cells (BV2 and human microglial clone 3), revealing that NbtS activates the toll-like receptor 4-dependent MyD88-IRAK4-IRAK1 and MAPK/nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) pathways, significantly enhancing pro-inflammatory responses as indicated by increased levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β), as measured by ELISA and quantitative PCR. Apoptosis was elevated in these cells, as shown by increased expression of Bax and caspase-3 and decreased Bcl-2 levels. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay also confirmed the occurrence of apoptosis. In vivo, mice infected with an RS03155-deficient strain of N. farcinica exhibited higher survival rates and reduced brain inflammation, suggesting a pivotal role for the NbtS protein in the pathogenesis of Nocardia. Conservation of the RS03155 gene across Nocardia spp. was verified by PCR, and the immunogenic potential of NbtS was confirmed by Western blot analysis using sera from infected mice. These findings suggest that targeting NbtS may offer a novel therapeutic strategy against Nocardia infection. IMPORTANCE The study presented in this article delves into the molecular underpinnings of Nocardia farcinica-induced neuroinflammation. By focusing on the salicylate synthase gene, RS03155, and its encoded protein, NbtS, we uncover a pivotal virulence factor that triggers a cascade of immunological responses leading to apoptosis in microglial cells. This research not only enhances our comprehension of the pathogenesis of Nocardia infections but also provides a potential therapeutic target. Given the rising importance of understanding host-microbe interactions within the context of the central nervous system, especially in immunocompromised individuals, the findings are of significant relevance to the field of microbiology and could inform future diagnostic and treatment modalities for Nocardia-associated neurological disorders. Our work emphasizes the need for continued research into the intricate mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and the development of novel strategies to combat life-threatening infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jirao Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Zhao Ji
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Shandong Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Lichao Han
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jiang Yao
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Life Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yihe Liang
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Min Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Shuai Xu
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenjun Li
- National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Yetmar ZA, Khodadadi RB, Chesdachai S, McHugh JW, Challener DW, Wengenack NL, Bosch W, Seville MT, Beam E. Epidemiology, Timing, and Secondary Prophylaxis of Recurrent Nocardiosis. Open Forum Infect Dis 2024; 11:ofae122. [PMID: 38560606 PMCID: PMC10977627 DOI: 10.1093/ofid/ofae122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nocardia tends to cause infection in immunocompromised patients or those with chronic pulmonary disease. Nocardia is known to recur, prompting the practice of secondary prophylaxis in patients perceived at high risk. However, few data exist regarding the epidemiology of recurrent nocardiosis or the effectiveness of secondary prophylaxis. Methods We performed a multicenter, retrospective cohort study of adults diagnosed with nocardiosis from November 2011 to April 2022, including patients who completed primary treatment and had at least 30 days of posttreatment follow-up. Propensity score matching was used to analyze the effect of secondary prophylaxis on Nocardia recurrence. Results Fifteen of 303 (5.0%) patients developed recurrent nocardiosis after primary treatment. Most recurrences were diagnosed either within 60 days (N = 6/15, 40.0%) or between 2 to 3 years (N = 4/15, 26.7%). Patients with primary disseminated infection tended to recur within 1 year, whereas later recurrences were often nondisseminated pulmonary infection. Seventy-eight (25.7%) patients were prescribed secondary prophylaxis, mostly trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (N = 67/78). After propensity-matching, secondary prophylaxis was not associated with reduced risk of recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, .24-3.83), including in multiple subgroups. Eight (53.3%) patients with recurrent nocardiosis required hospitalization and no patients died from recurrent infection. Conclusions Recurrent nocardiosis tends to occur either within months because of the same Nocardia species or after several years with a new species. Although we did not find evidence for the effectiveness of secondary prophylaxis, the confidence intervals were wide. However, outcomes of recurrent nocardiosis are generally favorable and may not justify long-term antibiotic prophylaxis for this indication alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Yetmar
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Infectious Disease, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Ryan B Khodadadi
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Supavit Chesdachai
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jack W McHugh
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Douglas W Challener
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Nancy L Wengenack
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Wendelyn Bosch
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, Florida, USA
| | | | - Elena Beam
- Division of Public Health, Infectious Diseases, and Occupational Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Nathar S, Rajmichael R, Jeyaraj Pandian C, Nagarajan H, Mathimaran A, Kingsley JD, Jeyaraman J. Exploring Nocardia's ecological spectrum and novel therapeutic frontiers through whole-genome sequencing: unraveling drug resistance and virulence factors. Arch Microbiol 2024; 206:76. [PMID: 38267747 DOI: 10.1007/s00203-023-03799-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Nocardia farcinica is the leading pathogen responsible for nocardiosis, a life-threatening infection primarily affecting immunocompromised patients. In this study, the genomic sequence of a clinically isolated N. farcinica sample was sequenced. Subsequently, the assembled genome was annotated to identify antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes, as well as plasmid and prophages. The analysis of the entire genome size was 6,021,225 bp, with a GC content of 70.78% and consists of 103 contigs and N50 values of 292,531 bp. The genome analysis revealed the presence of several antimicrobial resistance genes, including RbpA, mtrA, FAR-1, blaFAR-1, blaFAR-1_1, and rox. In addition, virulence genes such as relA, icl, and mbtH were also detected. The present study signifies that N. farcinica genome is pivotal for the understanding of antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes is crucial for comprehending resistance mechanism, and developing effective strategies to combat bacterial infections effectively, especially adhesins and toxins. This study aids in identifying crucial drug targets for combating multidrug-resistant N. farcinica in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaslinah Nathar
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Block, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Raji Rajmichael
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Block, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Chitra Jeyaraj Pandian
- Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Umayal Ramanathan College for Women, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Hemavathy Nagarajan
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Block, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ahila Mathimaran
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Block, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jemima D Kingsley
- Orbito Asia Diagnostics Private Limited Coimbatore, Coimbatore, 641 045, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Jeyakanthan Jeyaraman
- Structural Biology and Bio-Computing Lab, Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Block, Karaikudi, 630 003, Tamil Nadu, India.
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