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Li H, Xiao J, Liao M, Wan L, Huang Q, Feng B, Peng X, Tu Y, Huang G. 2-week prevalence and associated factors of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6-23 months in rural Hunan Province. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13867. [PMID: 38879665 PMCID: PMC11180166 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64967-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Fever and diarrhea are key causes of malnutrition, growth and development disorders, and death among children. At present, most studies on the associated factors of fever and diarrhea in children are concentrated in African and South Asian countries, but relevant research in China is very limited. This study was aimed to analyze the two-week prevalence of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6-23 months in rural areas of Hunan Province and to explore the associated factors. The survey data of the Nutrition Improvement Program for Children in Poor Areas (NIPCPA) from 2016 to 2023 was used here. NIPCPA is a cross-sectional survey completed annually in Hunan to collect children's nutrition and health indicators. The two-week prevalence rates of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea among children aged 6-23 months were 12.2% (2066/16,985), 9.6% (1634/16,985), and 3.2% (542/16,985), respectively. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed the risks of fever, diarrhea, and coexisting fever and diarrhea were higher among younger children. The high educational level of caregivers, effective consumption of Yingyangbao (a complementary food supplement containing iron, zinc, calcium, vitamins A, D, B1, B2, B12, folic acid, and other micronutrients), and complementary feeding meeting minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against fever in children, with adjusted odds ratios (aORs) of 0.87 (95%CI: 0.78-0.98), 0.78 (0.69-0.87), 0.73 (0.65-0.82), and 0.74 (0.66-0.84), respectively. Effective consumption of Yingyangbao, and complementary feeding meeting the minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against diarrhea in children, with aORs of 0.72 (95%CI: 0.63-0.83), 0.79 (0.70-0.91), and 0.80 (0.70-0.92), respectively. Effective consumption of Yingyangbao, and complementary feeding meeting the minimum dietary diversity and meeting minimum acceptable diet were protective factors against coexisting fever and diarrhea among children, with aORs of 0.53 (95%CI: 0.43-0.66), 0.71 (0.58-0.89), and 0.70 (0.56-0.88), respectively. Fever, diarrhea, and the coexisting fever and diarrhea affect one in eight, one in ten, and one in thirty children respectively in rural areas of Hunan. Effective interventions should be actively taken, such as improving the education level of caregivers, enhancing their scientific feeding skills for children, and promoting children's compliance with Yingyangbao consumption, to further reduce the prevalence of fever and diarrhea in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huixia Li
- Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China.
| | - Juan Xiao
- Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Minghui Liao
- Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Lijia Wan
- Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Qun Huang
- Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Binbin Feng
- Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Xianglian Peng
- Hunan Provincial Clinical Research Center for Newborn Diseases Of Maternal Origins, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Ying Tu
- Department of Maternal and Children Health, Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
| | - Guangwen Huang
- Department of Child Health Care, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, 410008, Hunan Province, China
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Rotenberg S, Chen S, Hunt X, Smythe T, Kuper H. Are children with disabilities more likely to be malnourished than children without disabilities? Evidence from the Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys in 30 countries. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2024; 7:38-44. [PMID: 38966102 PMCID: PMC11221280 DOI: 10.1136/bmjnph-2023-000779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction A key Sustainable Development Goal target is to eliminate all forms of malnutrition. Existing evidence suggests children with disabilities are at greater risks of malnutrition, exclusion from nutrition programmes and mortality from severe acute malnutrition than children without disabilities. However, there is limited evidence on the nutritional outcomes of children with disabilities in large-scale global health surveys. Methods We analysed Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey data from 30 low and middle-income countries to compare nutritional outcomes for children aged 2-4 years with and without disabilities. We estimated the adjusted prevalence ratios for stunting, wasting and underweight comparing children with and without disabilities by country and sex, using quasi-Poisson models with robust SEs. We accounted for the complex survey design, wealth quintile, location and age in the analyses. We meta-analysed these results to create an overall estimate for each of these outcomes. Results Our analyses included 229 621 children aged 2-4 across 30 countries, including 15 071 children with disabilities (6.6%). Overall, children with disabilities were more likely to be stunted (adjusted risk ratio (aRR) 1.16, 95% CI 1.11 to 1.20), wasted (aRR 1.28, 95% CI 1.18 to 1.39) and underweight (aRR 1.33, 95% CI 1.17, 1.51) than children without disabilities. These patterns were observed in both girls and boys with disabilities, compared with those without. Conclusion Children with disabilities are significantly more likely to experience all forms of malnutrition, making it critical to accelerate efforts to improve disability inclusion within nutrition programmes. Ending all forms of malnutrition will not be achievable without a focus on disability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rotenberg
- Nuffield Department of Primary Care Health Sciences, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- International Center for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Shanquan Chen
- International Center for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Xanthe Hunt
- Institute for Life Course Health Research, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Tracey Smythe
- International Center for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg, South Africa
| | - Hannah Kuper
- International Center for Evidence in Disability, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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Stevens M, Yang-Huang J, Nieboer D, Zhou S, Osman KA, Raat H, van Grieken A. Multidimensional energy poverty and acute respiratory infection in children under 5 years of age: evidence from 22 low-income and middle-income countries. J Epidemiol Community Health 2023; 77:687-693. [PMID: 37620007 PMCID: PMC10579459 DOI: 10.1136/jech-2023-220540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/20/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), energy poverty has predominantly been studied from the unidimensional perspective of indoor air pollution. Acute respiratory infection (ARI) in children under 5 years of age is the most important disease associated with indoor air pollution attributable to solid fuel use in LMICs. This study aimed to extend the existing knowledge on the association between energy poverty and ARI among children under 5 years of age in LMICs, by adopting a multidimensional perspective. METHODS Using Demographic and Health Surveys from 22 LMICs, data from 483 088 children were analysed (mean age 2.00 years (SD 1.41); 51.3% male). Energy poverty was measured using the Multidimensional Energy Poverty Index (MEPI) (range 0-1), which comprises five dimensions of essential energy services. Binary logistic regression models were conducted to study the association between MEPI and ARI, adjusting for child, maternal, household and environmental characteristics. RESULTS A 0.1 increase in MEPI score was associated with greater odds of ARI (aOR 1.05; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.07). Likewise, MEPI indicators using biomass for cooking (aOR 1.15; 95% CI 1.07 to 1.23) and lack of access to electricity (aOR 1.17; 95% CI 1.10 to 1.26), entertainment/education appliances (aOR 1.07; 95% CI 1.02 to 1.13) and household appliances (aOR 1.12; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.21) were associated with greater odds of ARI. CONCLUSION Multidimensional energy poverty was associated with greater odds of ARI in children under 5 years of age living in 22 LMICs. Hence, our findings justify the design and implementation of interventions that address energy poverty from a multidimensional perspective, integrating energy affordability and accessibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merel Stevens
- Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Daan Nieboer
- Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Maternal and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Hein Raat
- Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Amy van Grieken
- Public Health, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Elmighrabi NF, Fleming CAK, Dhami MV, Elmabsout AA, Agho KE. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the prevalence of childhood undernutrition in North Africa. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0283685. [PMID: 37023076 PMCID: PMC10079122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0283685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition (stunting, wasting and underweight) among children remains a public health concern in North Africa, especially following recent conflicts in the region. Therefore, this paper systematically reviews and meta-analyses the prevalence of undernutrition among children under five in North Africa to determine whether efforts to reduce undernutrition are on track to achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030. Eligible studies published between 1st January 2006 and 10th April 2022 were searched for, using five electronic bibliographic databases (Ovid MEDLINE, Web of Science, Embase (Ovid), ProQuest and CINAHL). The JBI critical appraisal tool was used, and a meta-analysis was conducted using the 'metaprop' command in STATA, to estimate the prevalence of each undernutrition indicator in the seven North African countries (Egypt, Sudan, Libya, Algeria, Tunisia, Morocco, and Western Sahara). Due to the significant heterogeneity among studies (I2 >50%), a random effect model and sensitivity analysis were conducted to examine the effect of outliers. Out of 1592 initially identified, 27 met the selection criteria. The prevalence of stunting, wasting and being underweight were 23.5%, 7.9% and 12.9%, respectively. Significant variations between the countries with the highest rates of stunting and wasting were reported in Sudan (36%, 14.1%), Egypt (23.7%, 7.5%), Libya (23.1%, 5.9%), and Morocco (19.9%, 5.1%). Sudan also had the highest prevalence of underweight (24.6%), followed by Egypt (7%), Morocco (6.1%), and Libya (4.3%) with more than one in ten children in Algeria and Tunisia having stunted growth. In conclusion, undernutrition is widespread in the North African region, particularly in Sudan, Egypt, Libya, and Morocco, making it challenging to meet the SDGs by 2030. Nutrition monitoring and evaluation in these countries is highly recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagwa Farag Elmighrabi
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW , Australia
- Organization of People of Determination and Sustainable Development, Libya
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Catharine A. K. Fleming
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW , Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
| | - Mansi Vijaybhai Dhami
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Hunter New England Health, New Lambton, NSW, Australia
| | - Ali Ateia Elmabsout
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Public Health, University of Benghazi, Benghazi, Libya
| | - Kingsley E. Agho
- School of Health Sciences, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown Campus, Penrith, NSW , Australia
- Translational Health Research Institute (THRI), School of Medicine, Western Sydney University, Penrith, NSW, Australia
- Faculty of Health Sciences University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
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Sere IS, Bado AR. Individual and Contextual Factors Associated With Malaria Among Children 6-59 Months in Burkina Faso. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1605347. [PMID: 36814437 PMCID: PMC9939434 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1605347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: This study aims to understand the individual and contextual factors associated with malaria among children aged 6-59 months in Burkina Faso. Methods: This cross-sectional study used secondary data extracted from the Burkina Faso Malaria Indicator Survey 2017-2018. Descriptive analysis was used to analyse socio-demographic characteristics. We performed a multilevel logistic regression model to highlight individual and contextual factors of children's exposure to malaria. Results: Our analysis included 5,822 children aged 6-59 months. Of these, 15% had a positive rapid diagnostic test. Factors associated with malaria among children 6-59 months were age, maternal education, household wealth, rural residence, and region. The variability in malaria exposure was 16% attributable to the strata level and 23% to the primary sampling unit level. Some factors, such as the family's socio-economic status, access to hospital care, and place of living, were positively associated withs malaria cases in children. Conclusion: The study identified some individual and contextual determinants of malaria among children aged 6-59 months in Burkina Faso. Taking them into account for the design and implementation of policies will undeniably help in the fight against malaria in Burkina Faso.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahima Stephane Sere
- Service De Neurologie, Centre Hopitalier Universitaire Sourou Sanou, Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso
| | - Aristide Romaric Bado
- Research Institute for Health Sciences (IRSS), Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso,West African Health Organisation (WAHO), Bobo Dioulasso, Burkina Faso,*Correspondence: Aristide Romaric Bado,
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Tian J, Zhu Y, Liu S, Wang L, Qi Q, Deng Q, Andegiorgish AK, Elhoumed M, Cheng Y, Shen C, Zeng L, Zhu Z. Associations between life-course household wealth mobility and adolescent physical growth, cognitive development and emotional and behavioral problems: A birth cohort in rural western China. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1061251. [PMID: 36817901 PMCID: PMC9934056 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1061251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Parental household wealth has been shown to be associated with offspring health conditions, while inconsistent associations were reported among generally healthy population especially in low- and middle- income countries (LMICs). Whether the household wealth upward mobility in LMICs would confer benefits to child health remains unknown. Methods We conducted a prospective birth cohort of children born to mothers who participated in a randomized trial of antenatal micronutrient supplementation in rural western China. Household wealth were repeatedly assessed at pregnancy, mid-childhood and early adolescence using principal component analysis for household assets and dwelling characteristics. We used conditional gains and group-based trajectory modeling to assess the quantitative changes between two single-time points and relative mobility of household wealth over life-course, respectively. We performed generalized linear regressions to examine the associations of household wealth mobility indicators with adolescent height- (HAZ) and body mass index-for-age and sex z score (BAZ), scores of full-scale intelligent quotient (FSIQ) and emotional and behavioral problems. Results A total of 1,188 adolescents were followed, among them 59.9% were male with a mean (SD) age of 11.7 (0.9) years old. Per SD conditional increase of household wealth z score from pregnancy to mid-childhood was associated with 0.11 (95% CI 0.04, 0.17) SD higher HAZ and 1.41 (95% CI 0.68, 2.13) points higher FSIQ at early adolescence. Adolescents from the household wealth Upward trajectory had a 0.25 (95% CI 0.03, 0.47) SD higher HAZ and 4.98 (95% CI 2.59, 7.38) points higher FSIQ than those in the Consistently low subgroup. Conclusion Household wealth upward mobility particularly during early life has benefits on adolescent HAZ and cognitive development, which argues for government policies to implement social welfare programs to mitigate or reduce the consequences of early-life deprivations. Given the importance of household wealth in child health, it is recommended that socioeconomic circumstances should be routinely documented in the healthcare record in LMICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Tian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yingze Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Sichuan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Institute of Tuberculosis Control and Prevention, Chengdu, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qi Qi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiwei Deng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Amanuel Kidane Andegiorgish
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mohamed Elhoumed
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yue Cheng
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety Research, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Chi Shen
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Shaanxi, China
| | - Lingxia Zeng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Ministry of Education, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,Lingxia Zeng ✉
| | - Zhonghai Zhu
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shaanxi, China,*Correspondence: Zhonghai Zhu ✉
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Gutman JR, Thwing J, Mwesigwa J, McElroy PD, Robertson M. Routine Healthcare Facility- and Antenatal Care-Based Malaria Surveillance: Challenges and Opportunities. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2023; 108:4-7. [PMID: 35895587 PMCID: PMC9904165 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.22-0182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Most monitoring and evaluation tools for measuring malaria burden, intervention coverage, and impact of interventions use periodic nationally representative cross-sectional household surveys. These provide advantages in terms of selecting a large, unbiased, population-based sample; however, they are infrequently conducted, are resource-intensive, and do not provide longitudinal data with sufficient granularity. Given the heterogeneity of malaria transmission within most endemic countries, systems with the capacity to provide more granular and frequent data would be more actionable by national malaria control programs and local implementing partners. There is increasing interest in using routine health facility data, usually from outpatient department visits, for monitoring malaria burden. Data from pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) could minimize bias related to fever care-seeking among outpatient department visits and provide more granular parasite prevalence data. Most pregnant women attend ANC at least once and are thus highly representative of the overall pregnant population. A growing body of evidence suggests that malaria parasitemia in pregnant women is correlated with parasitemia in children aged < 5 years in moderate to high transmission areas, allowing for monitoring parasitemia in real time. Additional data are needed to assess whether pregnant women are sufficiently representative of the overall population to yield valid malaria prevalence and intervention coverage estimates. Although use of routinely collected ANC data faces many of the same challenges experienced by other routinely collected health facility data, the opportunity to improve parasite prevalence monitoring and the associated health benefits to mothers and infants of early detection of parasitemia make these efforts valuable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie R. Gutman
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia;,Address correspondence to Julie R. Gutman, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 1600 Clifton Rd., Mailstop H24-3, Atlanta, GA 30329. E-mail:
| | - Julie Thwing
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Peter D. McElroy
- Malaria Branch, Division of Parasitic Diseases and Malaria, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, Georgia
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Ge Y, Wang K, Liu J, Xu L. Analysis of the epidemiological characteristics between 2004 and 2017 and prediction of the changing pattern of other infectious diarrhea (OID) under COVID-19 in China. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e31090. [PMID: 36281122 PMCID: PMC9592137 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000031090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The study describes epidemiological features and transmission of other infectious diarrhea (OID) before and during the epidemic of COVID-19 in China, which lays a foundation for OID prevention and control. Incidence rate and mortality data of OID containing detailed epidemiological information such as date, age and region from 2004 to 2017, and total OID case number from 2018 to 2020 were obtained from the Data Center of China's Public Health Science and the National Bureau of Statistics' statistical yearbook. The Joinpoint regression model and Z test was used to analyze, while R language and ArcGIS 10.5 for drawing. The autoregressive integrated moving average model was used to predict the influence of COVID-19 on OID. The OID incidence rate increased from 31.69/10 million in 2004 to 92.42/10 million in 2017, and the mortality rate decreased from 1.82/10,000 to 0.14/10,000. The male to female incidence ratio was 1.39:1 (P < .001). The patients' age showed a decreased trend with age (P < .001). The scattered children devoted the most OID incidence rate. The bimodal distribution of OID incidence was summer peak in northern China, 2 apparent peaks in central and eastern, and winter peak in southern. The autoregressive integrated moving average model predicted 1,406,557 in 2020, comparing the actual OID cases in 2020 to 1,062,277. Affected by the epidemic control measures of COVID-19, the number of OID cases declined by 32.4% (Absolute percentage error = 32.4%). The OID incidence rate in China continuously increased and showed a bimodal distribution in summer and winter with inconspicuous regional characteristics, gender and age susceptibility differences, and occupational differences. Meanwhile, COVID-19 significantly reduced OID incidence in 2020. The discoveries might bring a beneficial effect on OID prevention and control policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ge
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Kai Wang
- Department of Research, The PLA Rocket Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Affiliated Hospital of Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Lingzhong Xu
- Centre for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- Shandong University Center for Health Economics Experiment and Public Policy Research, Jinan, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Health Economics and Policy Research, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, China
- * Correspondence: Lingzhong Xu, Center for Health Management and Policy Research, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Wenhuaxi Road 44#, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China (e-mail: )
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Malik MA, Akhtar SN, Albsoul RA, Alshyyab MA. Conflict driven displacement and child health: Evidence based on mother's nationality from Jordan Population and Family Health Survey. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0257080. [PMID: 34492080 PMCID: PMC8423276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0257080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Armed conflicts result in greater vulnerability and socioeconomic inequality of populations besides risking their health and well-being. Conflict intensifies the health needs and risks the life and well-being of individuals at large through displacement. Therefore, our study aims to apprise the interventions to which children under-five living in Jordan are especially at risk for acute respiratory infections, diarrhea, and fever in the conflict circumstances. Materials and methods Secondary data analysis is used in the present study. We used a weighted sample of around 9650 children from Jordan Population and Family Health Survey (JPFHS), 2017–18. Bivariate analysis including prevalence rates were used to examine the distribution of socio-demographic characteristics of children. The study has also used multinomial logistic regression model, in order to evaluate the variations in the probability of nationality of under-five children living in Jordan. Results “Syrian nationalist” children have a higher relative risk of ARI (RRR = 1.19, [1.08, 1.32]), and “Other-nationalist” children have two times greater risk of ARI compared to “Jordanian children.” The relative risk of diarrhea is lower among “Syrian nationalist” and “Other-nationalist” children compared to “Jordanian children.” Children belong “Other-nationalist” are found to be less relative risk of fever (RRR = 0.9, [0.80, 1.01]) than “Jordanian children.” Conclusions Our study concludes that conflict-driven displacement has an immediate effect on child health through access, availability, and affordability of health care services, resulting in more significant health care risks. However, sufficient investment is required to address such adversities that affect the health care system due to uneven demand as experienced by the Jordanian health care system. Thus, collaborative efforts through global partners can play a significant role in the countries facing the challenges of managing these health care emergencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manzoor Ahmad Malik
- Department of Humanities and Social Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT), Roorkee, India
| | - Saddaf Naaz Akhtar
- Centre for the Study of Regional Development, School of Social Sciences-III, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
| | - Rania Ali Albsoul
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Muhammad Ahmed Alshyyab
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Public Health and Community Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
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