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Teixeira FA, Pedrinelli V, Porsani MYH, Bonder BSA, Fasolai AB, Brunetto MA. Retrospective investigation of the energy requirements for weight loss and weight maintenance after weight loss programme in obese dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108 Suppl 1:36-41. [PMID: 38613489 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/15/2024]
Abstract
Obesity is a highly prevalent disease in dogs and is characterized by the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue that results in metabolic changes. Its treatment is based on a negative energy balance focusing on energy restriction. However, there are few studies in dogs that assessed the energy intake needed for adequate weight loss and to weight maintenance afterward. The aim of this study was to evaluate data about the treatment of canine obesity, with emphasis on energy restriction to induce weight loss and to maintain body weight (BW) and ideal body condition after weight loss. This was a retrospective study in which records of obese dogs from a veterinary teaching hospital were assessed between 2014 and 2020. Sixteen dogs were considered in the study according to inclusion and exclusion criteria and 10 of these participated in the maintenance phase after weight loss. The animals lost a mean of 23.2% their initial weight in a mean of 422 days. The mean weekly weight loss rate was 0.58% of BW, and the mean daily energy intake for weight loss was 59 kcal/kg current BW0.75. When the target BW was considered, which was defined as the current weight minus 10% for every point in the body condition score scale above 5, the mean energy for weight loss was 71 kcal/kg target BW0.75. In the maintenance phase, the animals were assessed for a mean of 134 days. The mean energy intake to maintenance BW was 70 kcal/kg BW0.75. The lower energy requirement of obese dogs during and after weight loss can work as an alert for the formulations of therapeutic weight loss diets to contain a high nutrient density focusing on the wellbeing, health, and quality of life of obese dogs, not just for the weight loss phase, but a diet for the weight maintenance phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Brana Sanctos Alo Bonder
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Beatriz Fasolai
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
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German AJ, Woods-Lee GRT, Biourge V, Flanagan J. Partial weight reduction protocols in cats lead to better weight outcomes, compared with complete protocols, in cats with obesity. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1211543. [PMID: 37408831 PMCID: PMC10318927 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1211543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/02/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background To date, there have been no studies comparing outcomes of cats with obesity following either complete or partial weight reduction protocols. Methods Fifty-eight cats participated in this non-randomized observational cohort study, including 46 (79%) and 12 (21%) that underwent complete or partial weight reduction protocols, respectively. Weight loss outcomes, body composition changes and essential nutrient intake were compared between cats in the two groups. Results All cats remained healthy, and those on a complete weight reduction protocol lost a median of 23% (range 10-39%) of starting body weight (SBW) over 294 days (113-967 days), whereas those undergoing partial restriction lost 25% (10-41%) over 178 days (54-512 days). Neither duration nor percentage weight loss differed between groups, but those that followed a partial weight reduction protocol lost weight at a faster rate (0.81% per week) and required fewer visits (4-19) than those that followed a complete weight reduction protocol (0.61% per week, p = 0.028; 11, 4-40 visits, p = 0.009). Further, lean tissue mass declined in cats on a complete weight reduction protocol (pre: 4.20 kg, 2.64-5.72 kg; post: 3.90 kg, 2.76-5.24 kg, p < 0.001), whereas lean tissue mass was unchanged in cats on partial weight reduction protocols (pre: 3.45 kg, 2.79-4.71 kg; post: 3.41 kg, 2.90-4.59 kg, p = 0.109). In 33 (57%) cats, median intake of selenium per day was less than NRC AI and RA recommendations, whilst intake was under FEDIAF recommendation in 42 (72%) cats. Median intake of choline per day was less than NRC MR and RA recommendations in 22 (38%) and 53 (91%) cats, respectively, whereas it was under the FEDIAF recommendation in 51 (88%) cats. In a small proportion (12-14%) of cats, phenylalanine/tyrosine and potassium were under recommendations; besides these, no other essential nutrient deficiencies were seen, and there were no differences between cats undergoing complete and partial weight reduction. Conclusion Partial weight reduction protocols in cats lead to quicker average weight loss, with the possibility that lean tissue loss might be minimized. Such protocols might be more suitable for older cats and those with marked obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander J. German
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Georgiana R. T. Woods-Lee
- Institute of Life Course and Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
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Oba PM, Kelly J, Kostiuk D, Swanson KS. Effects of weight loss and feeding specially formulated diets on the body composition, blood metabolite profiles, voluntary physical activity, and fecal metabolites and microbiota of obese dogs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad073. [PMID: 36879442 PMCID: PMC10083730 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Canine obesity negatively influences health and well-being, but can be managed by altering diet composition and caloric intake. Restricted feeding, dietary intervention, and consequent weight loss may be used to improve health and modify gastrointestinal microbiota. In this study, we aimed to determine the effects of restricted feeding of specially formulated foods on weight loss, body composition, voluntary physical activity, serum hormones and oxidative stress markers, and fecal metabolites and microbiota populations of obese dogs. Twenty-four obese dogs [body weight (BW) = 15.2 ± 1.7 kg; body condition score (BCS) = 8.7 ± 0.4; muscle condition score (MCS) = 3.5 ± 0.3; age = 7.2 ± 1.6 yr] were used in a 24-wk study. A control (OR) food was fed during a 4-wk baseline to identify intake needed to maintain BW. After baseline, dogs were allotted to one of two diets: OR or test (FT), and then fed to lose 1.5% BW/wk. Food intake, BW, BCS, and MCS were measured, blood and fecal samples were collected, DEXA scans were performed, and voluntary physical activity was measured over time. Microbiota data were evaluated using QIIME2 and change from baseline data from other measures were evaluated using the Mixed Models procedure of SAS, with P < 0.05 being significant. Restricted feeding led to reduced BW, BCS, fat mass, and blood cholesterol, triglyceride, glucose, and leptin concentrations, and increased MCS and lean body mass percentage. Blood cholesterol reduction was greater in dogs fed FT vs. OR. Fecal metabolites and bacterial alpha-diversity were affected by diet and weight loss. Dogs fed FT had greater reductions in fecal short-chain fatty acid, branched-chain fatty acid, and ammonia concentrations than those fed OR. Dogs fed OR had a higher alpha-diversity than those fed FT. Weight loss increased alpha-diversity (weeks 16, 20, and 24 > weeks 0 and 4). Beta-diversity showed separation between dietary groups and between week 0 and all other time points after week 8. Weight loss increased fecal Allobaculum and Ruminococcus torques. Weight loss also increased fecal Bifidobacterium, Faecalibaculum, and Parasutterella, but were greater in dogs fed OR. Weight loss decreased fecal Collinsella, Turicibacter, Blautia, Ruminococcus gnavus, Faecalibacterium, and Peptoclostridium, but were greater in dogs fed OR. In summary, restricted feeding promoted safe weight and fat loss, reduced blood lipid and leptin concentrations, and altered fecal microbiota of obese dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia M Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | | | | | - Kelly S Swanson
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801USA
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801USA
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Cavalcante CZ, Michelotto PV, Capriglione LGA, Roncoski AT, Nishiyama A. Weight loss modifies lipid peroxidation and symmetric dimethylarginine levels in obese dogs. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY RESEARCH = REVUE CANADIENNE DE RECHERCHE VETERINAIRE 2023; 87:29-34. [PMID: 36606041 PMCID: PMC9808880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
In obese dogs, oxidative stress is associated with inflammatory processes and systemic endocrine imbalances. Monitoring oxidative status is an early and valuable means of obesity control as it is a marker of weight loss, which leads to a reduction in oxidative status or injury potential. The objective of this study was to investgate the changes in the concentrations of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) in obese female dogs subjected to an 8-week weight-loss program. We included obese female dogs without comorbidities and with body condition scores (BCS) of 8 and 9 out of 9. In addition to TBARS and SDMA assessments, laboratory tests of blood and urine (blood count; levels of serum biochemistry; albumin, alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, creatinine, urea, triglycerides, cholesterol, and glucose; urinalysis; and albuminuria), systolic blood pressure, and hormone concentrations (insulin, cortisol, and free thyroxine) were carried out before and after the weight-loss program. All the obese dogs presented high TBARS levels. After the program, the dogs showed significant reductions in TBARS (P = 0.005) and SDMA (P = 0.0013). In conclusion, obese female dogs were prone to lipid peroxidation and the TBARS and SDMA levels decreased after the 8-week weight-loss program.
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Luis LW, Goloni C, Theodoro SDS, Tozato MEG, Pacheco LG, Monti M, Carciofi AC. Intake of energy, protein, amino acids and minerals by dogs under energy restriction for body weight loss when fed with commercial weight loss diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Leticia W. Luis
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Camila Goloni
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Stephanie de Souza Theodoro
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Maria E. G. Tozato
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Leticia G. Pacheco
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
| | - Mariana Monti
- Special Dog Company Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo Santa Cruz do Rio Pardo São Paulo Brazil
| | - Aulus C. Carciofi
- Departamento de Clínica e Cirurgia Veterinária, Faculdade de Ciências Agrárias e Veterinárias Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Jaboticabal São Paulo Brazil
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Influence of a Polyherbal Choline Source in Dogs: Body Weight Changes, Blood Metabolites, and Gene Expression. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12101313. [PMID: 35625159 PMCID: PMC9137459 DOI: 10.3390/ani12101313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Choline chloride is used to provide choline in dog foods; however, in other domestic species, it has been replaced with a polyherbal containing phosphatidylcholine. A polyherbal containing Achyrantes aspera, Trachyspermum ammi, Citrullus colocynthis, Andrographis paniculata, and Azadirachta indica was evaluated in adult dogs through body weight changes, subcutaneous fat thickness, blood metabolites, and gene expression. Forty dogs (4.6 ± 1.6 years old) who were individually housed in concrete kennels were randomly assigned to the following treatments: unsupplemented diet (377 mg choline/kg), choline chloride (3850 mg/kg equivalent to 2000 mg choline/kg diet), and polyherbal (200, 400, and 800 mg/kg) for 60 days. Blood samples were collected on day 59 for biochemistry, biometry, and gene expression analysis through microarray assays. Intake, final body weight, and weight changes were similar for the two choline sources. Feed intake variation among dogs (p = 0.01) and dorsal fat (p = 0.03) showed a quadratic response to herbal choline. Dogs that received the polyherbal diet had reduced blood cholesterol levels (Quadratic, p = 0.02). The gene ontology analysis indicated that 15 biological processes were modified (p ≤ 0.05) with implications for preventing cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, cancer prevention, inflammatory and immune response, and behavior and cognitive process. According to these results that were observed in a 60 day trial, the polyherbal form could replace choline chloride in dog diets at a concentration of 400 mg/kg.
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Olivindo RFG, Zafalon RVA, Teixeira FA, Vendramini THA, Pedrinelli V, Brunetto MA. Evaluation of the nutrients supplied by veterinary diets commercialized in Brazil for obese dogs undergoing a weight loss program. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2022; 106:355-367. [PMID: 35112401 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 10/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
During a weight loss program, energy restriction is performed, which can result in nutrient intake below the minimum recommendations if a proper diet is not offered. A common recommendation for dogs undergoing energy restriction is to use a veterinary diet formulated for the management of obesity to potentially reduce the likelihood of nutritional deficiencies. The objective of this study was to perform bromatological and essential mineral analysis in veterinary diets for the management of canine obesity available in the Brazilian market and to analyse whether these diets provide the recommended amount of nutrients per kg of metabolic body weight (kg BW0.75 ) for animals undergoing energy restriction. Samples of all veterinary diets for the management of canine obesity available in the Brazilian pet food market were analysed (n = 8). The nutrient supply per kg BW0.75 was calculated and compared with the NRC recommended allowance and FEDIAF recommendations by descriptive statistics. For this purpose, the weight loss energy requirement equations of 70 kcal/target body weight0.75 and 63 kcal/target body weight0.75 were used, in which target body weight corresponds to 10%-40% of the initial body weight according to the body condition score. The manufacturers' intake recommendations were also evaluated and compared to the NRC and FEDIAF recommendations. Almost all of the diets (n = 7/8) had at least one nutrient below the NRC and FEDIAF recommendations when target weight of minus 10%, 20% or 30% was considered, and all diets had at least one nutrient deficiency when the target weight was minus 40%. When the energy intake was restricted a further 10%, all diets had at least one nutrient below recommendations at the minus 30% target weight. The nutrients for which the recommendations were not met were as follows: calcium, magnesium, potassium, selenium, sodium, protein and fat. When compared to the manufacturers' recommendations, nutrient deficiencies were observed in all of the diets when compared to the NRC and in 7/8 when compared to FEDIAF, and all diets had at least one deficiency when compared to both NRC and FEDIAF after an extra 10% calorie restriction. It was concluded that the majority of veterinary diets formulated for weight loss/obesity management in Brazil did not meet all the recommendations of the analysed nutrients, which reinforces that diets for weight loss should be used according to veterinary prescription and should ideally be prescribed by nutrition specialists that can better understand the limitations of the diet's composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F G Olivindo
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael V A Zafalon
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Alves Teixeira
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Vivian Pedrinelli
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Pet Nutrology Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Obesity and overweight have an impact on more than half of pet cats and dogs. Effective and team-based communication is essential for creating an effective weight loss plan. The diet should meet all essential nutrient requirements during energy/calorie restriction. There are several ways to initiate a weight loss plan, and regular monitoring is essential for determining if a plan is working or needs to be adjusted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Shepherd
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, Virginia-Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Phase II Duck Pond Drive, Virginia Tech Mail Code 0442, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA.
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Zentrichová V, Pechová A, Kovaříková S. Selenium and Dogs: A Systematic Review. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:418. [PMID: 33562028 PMCID: PMC7915357 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intent of this review is to summarize the knowledge about selenium and its function in a dog's body. For this purpose, systematic literature search was conducted. For mammals, including dogs, a balanced diet and sufficient intake of selenium are important for correct function of metabolism. As for selenium poisoning, there are no naturally occurring cases known. Nowadays, we do not encounter clinical signs of its deficiency either, but it can be subclinical. For now, the most reliable method of assessing selenium status of a dog is measuring serum or plasma levels. Levels in full blood can be measured too, but there are no reference values. The use of glutathione peroxidase as an indirect assay is questionable in canines. Commercial dog food manufactures follow recommendations for minimal and maximal selenium levels and so dogs fed commercial diets should have balanced intake of selenium. For dogs fed home-made diets, complex data are missing. However, subclinical deficiency seems to affect, for example, male fertility or recovery from parasitical diseases. Very interesting is the role of selenium in prevention and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Zentrichová
- Department of Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Alena Pechová
- Department of Animal Breeding, Animal Nutrition and Biochemistry, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
| | - Simona Kovaříková
- Department of Animal Protection and Welfare and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 61242 Brno, Czech Republic;
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Teixeira FA, Queiroz MR, Oba PM, Olivindo RFG, Ernandes MC, Duarte CN, Rentas MF, Brunetto MA. Brazilian owners perception of the body condition score of dogs and cats. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:463. [PMID: 33246455 PMCID: PMC7694915 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02679-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The knowledge of how owners view the body condition of their animals is an important factor for the success of the prevention/treatment of obesity and the engagement/adherence to nutritional interventions, which are fundamental to improve the animal prognosis. For this reason, the objective of this study was to evaluate the perception of the owners regarding the body condition score of their animals, compare the perception between cat vs. dog owners, and owners from the countryside vs. metropolitan region of São Paulo State in Brazil. RESULTS 601 dogs and 110 cats were included in this study. There was no significant difference in body condition score assigned by owners by species. Owners of dogs and cats classified by the veterinarian as ideal, overweight, and obese who disagree with body condition score assigned by veterinarian mainly underestimate the body condition score of their animals, while lean dogs' owners overestimate it. Countryside dog owners had a higher rate of disagreement with the veterinarian and more often underestimate the body condition score than owners from the metropolitan region. The owners of lean cats have the same judgments with veterinarians. CONCLUSIONS Owners of dogs and cats have difficulty assessing the body condition score, especially owners from countryside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Alves Teixeira
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Ramos Queiroz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Massae Oba
- Department of Animal Sciences , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Illinois, Urbana, USA
| | - Rodrigo Fernando Gomes Olivindo
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariane Ceschin Ernandes
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Nogueira Duarte
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Fragoso Rentas
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Antonio Brunetto
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Production, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Av. Duque de Caxias Norte, 255, Pirassununga, SP, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Grant CE, Shoveller AK, Blois S, Bakovic M, Monteith G, Verbrugghe A. Dietary intake of amino acids and vitamins compared to NRC requirements in obese cats undergoing energy restriction for weight loss. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:426. [PMID: 33160364 PMCID: PMC7648986 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02649-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to determine if obese cats undergoing energy restriction for weight loss would meet the National Research Council's (NRC) indispensable amino acid and vitamin recommendations when fed a purpose-formulated diet. Thirty cats were placed into one of two groups; obese (BCS 8 to 9/9; n = 16) and lean (BCS 4 to 5/9; n = 14) and included in a non-randomized retrospective observational study. Cats were fed a veterinary weight loss food during a 4-week period of weight maintenance. Obese cats (O-MAINT) refers to obese cats during this period, L-MAINT to lean cats. After this initial 4-week period, the lean cats finished the study at this time and the 16 obese cats continued and were energy restricted for a 10-week period (O-RESTRICT). Analysis for dietary concentrations of indispensable amino acid and vitamin contents were performed. Daily food intakes were used to determine minimum, maximum and average daily intakes of individual nutrients for all three groups and compared against NRC 2006 minimum requirements (MR), adequate intakes (AI) and recommended allowances (RA) for adult cats. RESULTS Over 10 weeks, O-RESTRICT cats lost 672 g ± 303 g, representing a weight loss rate of 0.94 ± 0.28% per week. Daily intake of the majority of indispensable amino acids and vitamins was greater than the NRC 2006 recommended allowance (RA per kg ideal body weight ^0.67), except for arginine, choline, crude protein, phenylalanine plus tyrosine and threonine. All O-RESTRICT cats had minimum, average, and maximum arginine intakes less than the NRC AI. Minimum daily intake of choline was below NRC RA for all O-RESTRICT cats and below NRC MR for two. All, except one, O-RESTRICT cats had a maximum and average choline intake below RA. CONCLUSIONS All cats remained clinically healthy and showed no clinical signs of deficiency. Dietary choline and arginine requirements of obese cats as well as health risks associated with low dietary intake during energy restriction warrant further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin E Grant
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Anna K Shoveller
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Ontario Agricultural College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Shauna Blois
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Marica Bakovic
- Department of Human Health & Nutritional Science, College of Biological Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Gabrielle Monteith
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Adronie Verbrugghe
- Department of Clinical Studies, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
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What do Brazilian owners know about canine obesity and what risks does this knowledge generate? PLoS One 2020; 15:e0238771. [PMID: 32956414 PMCID: PMC7505417 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0238771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine obesity is associated with genetic, environmental, and behavioural factors, with the latter including both the behaviour of the dog and the owner. Knowledge about owner perception of canine obesity and its treatment can inform the development of new strategies to help prevent and manage this disease. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the opinions of dog owners regarding canine obesity and weight management. Dog owners residing in the city of Sao Paulo (Brazil) completed a questionnaire, either at home or in the waiting rooms of 3 veterinary hospitals. Owners determined their dog's body condition score (BCS), and this was compared with BCS determined by a veterinarian. Questionnaire findings from dogs that were in overweight (BCS 6-7/9) or obese (BCS (8-9/9) condition were compared with those in ideal weight (4-5/9) using chi-square tests and odds ratios. A total of 926 dogs were included, of which 480 (52%), 317 (34%) and 129 (14%) were in ideal, overweight and obese condition, respectively. Many owners under-estimated their dog's weight status, with the proportion increasing as the dog's weight status increased (ideal 60/480, 13%; overweight 174/317, 55%; obese 88/129, 68%; P<0.001). Although most owners (890/926, 96%) believed that canine obesity could pose health risks, the proportion that disagreed increased as weight status increased (ideal 12/480, 2%; overweight 14/317, 4%; 10/129, 8%; P = 0.006). Finally, although most owners (880/926, 95%) stated that they would let their dog undergo weight management, only a minority (182/926; 20%) believed that a trained professional was needed, and they had various misperceptions including potential cost and what the strategies that would be effective. Based on the findings of this study, it would be advisable for veterinarians to spend time addressing these misperceptions, in the hope of both improving awareness of obesity and the outcomes of weight management.
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Keller E, Sagols E, Flanagan J, Biourge V, German AJ. Use of reduced-energy content maintenance diets for modest weight reduction in overweight cats and dogs. Res Vet Sci 2020; 131:194-205. [PMID: 32388022 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2020.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
One option for controlled weight loss for dogs and cats in overweight condition could be to modestly restrict caloric intake using a reduced-energy ('light') maintenance diet, but there is no prior research on the safety and efficacy of such an approach. A prospective observational cohort study was performed in 67 overweight dogs and 17 overweight cats undergoing weight loss using reduced-energy maintenance diets from one manufacturer. Diets were fed at approximately 80% of maintenance energy requirements for ideal bodyweight for a period of 8 weeks. Essential nutrient intake was estimated for each dog and cat and compared with minimum requirement (MR) or adequate intake (AI, when no MR had been demonstrated) as set by the National Research Council in 2006. Weight loss was seen in 56/67 dogs (84%), losing a median of 4.7% (range 15.2% loss to 10.0% gain) of their starting body weight (SBW). Weight loss was also seen in all 17 cats, losing a median of 6.4% (range 2.0 loss to 15.2% loss) of SBW. Of the essential nutrients examined, only selenium, choline, potassium, and riboflavin were less than NRC recommendations in a minority of animals. However, no signs of any nutrient deficiency were observed in any of the dogs or cats during the study. In summary, modestly energy restricting overweight dogs and cats when feeding a low-energy maintenance diet can induce weight loss and might be a useful initial step for weight management. Although no adverse effects were seen, borderline intake of some micronutrients warrants further consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Alexander James German
- Institute of Lifecourse and Medical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom; Institute of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Leahurst Campus, Chester High Road, Neston, Wirral CH64 7TE, United Kingdom.
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14
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Pedrinelli V, Porsani MYH, Lima DM, Teixeira FA, Duarte CN, Vendramini THA, Brunetto MA. Predictive equations of maintenance energy requirement for healthy and chronically ill adult dogs. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2019; 105 Suppl 2:63-69. [PMID: 31637773 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance energy requirement (MER) is the energy amount necessary for dogs to maintain their weight and body condition. Some factors can influence the MER, such as gender, age, neutering status and also diseases. The present retrospective study aimed to evaluate MER of adult dogs with several diseases and compare with the MER of healthy adult dogs, observing the influence of parameters such as body condition score (BCS), neutering status, gender, age, diagnosis and type of food on MER of these dogs. A total of 165 adult dogs with weight changes of ≤5% were included and divided in groups according to diagnosis. Mean MER for healthy dogs was 86.09 kcal/BW0.75 , which differed from NRC and FEDIAF recommendations for inactive adult dogs (p = .047). Lowest MERs were of the endocrinopathies (78.52 ± 19.32 kcal/BW0.75 ), orthopaedic diseases (59.71 ± 19.30 kcal/BW0.75 ) and neurologic diseases (78.83 ± 32.66 kcal/BW0.75 ) groups. Gastrointestinal diseases (99.59 ± 20.36 kcal/BW0.75 ), orthopaedic diseases (59.71 ± 19.30 kcal/BW0.75 ) and neoplasia (95.61 ± 21.02 kcal/BW0.75 ) groups were the only groups that differed from the mean MER of healthy adult dogs. Regarding BCS, for each increasing point in a 9-point scale, there was a decrease of 9.8 kcal/BW0.75 on MER, independent of diagnosis (p < .0001; r2 = .55). There was no difference regarding breed size gender and age, but neutered dogs presented lower MER (p = .031). Based on data obtained from the present study, it can be concluded that it is necessary to consider BCS, age, neutering status and diagnosis when calculating MER, both in healthy dogs and chronically ill dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivian Pedrinelli
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Magalhães Lima
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
| | - Fabio Alves Teixeira
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Caio Nogueira Duarte
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Márcio Antonio Brunetto
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Sao Paulo (USP), Pirassununga, Brazil
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Gaylord L, Remillard R, Saker K. Risk of nutritional deficiencies for dogs on a weight loss plan. J Small Anim Pract 2018; 59:695-703. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Gaylord
- Clinical Nutrition Resident; North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Fuquay Varina North Carolina 27526 USA
| | - R. Remillard
- Veterinary Nutritional Consultations, Inc.; Hollister North Carolina 27844 USA
| | - K. Saker
- North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine; Raleigh North Carolina 27606 USA
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Ye J, Wu W, Li Y, Li L. Influences of the Gut Microbiota on DNA Methylation and Histone Modification. Dig Dis Sci 2017; 62:1155-1164. [PMID: 28341870 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-017-4538-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The gut microbiota is a vast ensemble of microorganisms inhabiting the mammalian gastrointestinal tract that can impact physiologic and pathologic processes. However, our understanding of the underlying mechanism for the dynamic interaction between host and gut microbiota is still in its infancy. The highly evolved epigenetic modifications allow hosts to reprogram the genome in response to environmental stimuli, which may play a key role in triggering multiple human diseases. In spite of increasing studies in gut microbiota and epigenetic modifications, the correlation between them has not been well elaborated. Here, we review current knowledge of gut microbiota impacts on epigenetic modifications, the major evidence of which centers on DNA methylation and histone modification of the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Ye
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Wenrui Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Yating Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Disease, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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Abstract
The optimal weight loss diet for cats and dogs is best determined by obtaining a full dietary history and performing a detailed assessment of the pet, pet owner, and environment in which the pet lives. Incorporating information about pet and owner preferences allows for individualization of the weight management plan and has the potential to increase adherence. Calorie density, macronutrients, and micronutrient concentrations should be considered as part of a weight management plan. Owners should play an active role in the weight loss plan to have the best outcome.
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