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Lotfollahzadeh S, Salehi TZ, Esmatabadi MZ, Ramezankhani M, Tamai IA, Shokri A, Abdollahi M. Microbiological study of the auditory canal in dairy calves with otitis media. Microb Pathog 2024; 188:106547. [PMID: 38296119 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2024.106547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Otitis media (OM) in calves, is caused by different bacteria. OM treatment requires identification of etiological agents and antibiotic sensitivity testing. The gold standard method of bacteriological study of OM is tympanocentesis, but using this technique in farm condition would be difficult. As a hypothesis, it is possible that bacteriologic examining the auditory canal can help to accelerate the bacteriological investigation of OM. This study was conducted with the aim of comparing the microbiota of the auditory canal in healthy calves and calves with OM. The present research which was a case-control study, mainly compared control group (18 swab samples from healthy and non-infected ear) with two case groups (20 swab samples from the non-affected ear and 32 swab samples from the affected ear in unilateral OM, 11 swab samples from both affected ears in bilateral OM). The results of bacteriological investigations showed three categories of bacteria including: pathogens (Staphylococcus chromogenes, Corynebacterium pilosum, Corynebacterium ovis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Pasteurella multocida, Proteus vulgaris, Trueperella pyogenes, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, Mycoplasma bovis), opportunists (Staphylococcus intermedius, Bacillus licheniformis) and commensals (Staphylococcus epidermidis, Corynebacterium bovis, Corynebacterium renale, Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus cereus). Based on the antibiotic sensitivity test of the isolates, enrofloxacin, florfenicol, and gentamicin were the chosen antibiotics for treatment. All affected animals were treated based on bacteriological results and antibiotic sensitivity tests. All treated animals were fully cured. Based on the results, it seems that in calves with OM, examining the microbiota of the auditory canal can be further studied as an alternative to tympanocentesis in farm conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samad Lotfollahzadeh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Taghi Zahraei Salehi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Zare Esmatabadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ramezankhani
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Iraj Ashrafi Tamai
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arman Shokri
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mostafa Abdollahi
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran
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Lemonnier LC, Dorso L, Tricaud C, Fusellier M, Leroux AA. Otopathy secondary to trigeminal schwannoma in a Quarter Horse. EQUINE VET EDUC 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/eve.13650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Louise C. Lemonnier
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine University Animal Hospital Oniris Nantes France
| | - Laetitia Dorso
- Pathology Service for Large Animals University Animal Hospital Oniris Nantes France
| | - Cyril Tricaud
- Equine Veterinary Hospital of Livet Saint‐Michel de Livet France
| | - Marion Fusellier
- Inserm UMR 1229 RMeS, Regenerative Medicine and Skeleton University of Nantes Oniris Nantes France
| | - Aurelia A. Leroux
- Department of Equine Internal Medicine University Animal Hospital Oniris Nantes France
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Diagnostic and Therapeutic Evaluations of Computed Tomography in Three Calves with Unilateral Otitis Media Treated with Ventral Bulla Osteotomy. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9050218. [PMID: 35622746 PMCID: PMC9145070 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9050218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
This case report describes the clinical utility of computed tomography (CT) in preoperative evaluation of otitis media in three calves, each exhibiting unilateral head tilt and ear droop. Of the three animals examined by CT, right-sided and left-sided involvements of this disease could be diagnosed in two animals and one animal, respectively, as represented by the accumulations of hyperattenuating contents within the extended tympanic bulla. These cases were treated with a ventral bulla osteotomy, which was conducted between the sternothyroid muscle and the omohyoid muscle via an incision made caudally to the area of the thyroid cartilage. The postoperative outcome was satisfactory in one case. However, the remaining two cases showed unsatisfactory outcomes; one calf died on the 10th postoperative day, as it was already seriously ill. The other animal died suddenly during surgery, potentially due to stimulation of the vagus nerve. The use of CT could allow effective visualization of unilateral lesions, proving helpful for the recommendation of surgical intervention. Based on the unfavorable results in two cases, we note that to prevent surgical complications, the clinical applicability of CT such as the creation of severity criteria and development of imaging-assist procedure should be advanced.
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Mycoplasma bovis May Travel Along the Eustachian Tube to Cause Meningitis in Japanese Black Cattle. J Comp Pathol 2021; 188:13-20. [PMID: 34686272 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2021.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Mycoplasma bovis (M. bovis) is a common inhabitant of the upper and lower respiratory tracts of cattle and is considered to be the main aetiological agent of otitis media in calves. The eustachian tube appears to be the most common portal for pathogens to enter the middle ear. We investigated the transmission route of M. bovis causing otitis media that progressed to meningitis or meningoencephalitis in Japanese Black cattle. M. bovis was detected in 10 cases by a loop-mediated isothermal amplification method or by immunohistochemistry. One case of caseonecrotic granulomatous meningoencephalitis, one case of caseonecrotic granulomatous meningitis, one case of suppurative meningoencephalitis, eight cases of eustachitis, nine cases of tonsillitis and six cases of suppurative bronchopneumonia were identified by histopathological examination. M. bovis antigen was detected in the eustachian tubes of eight cases. In nine cases, M. bovis was also detected in tonsillar epithelial crypts and lumina, in intraluminal inflammatory cells and in the epithelial cells of minor salivary glands located around the eustachian tubes and tonsils. The results suggest that M. bovis can infect and colonize the tonsils and enter the eustachian tubes, causing otitis media, which, in cases of chronic infection, can progress to meningitis.
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Hubbuch A, Peter R, Willi B, Hartnack S, Müntener C, Naegeli H, Gerspach C. Comparison of antimicrobial prescription patterns in calves in Switzerland before and after the launch of online guidelines for prudent antimicrobial use. BMC Vet Res 2021; 17:2. [PMID: 33402182 PMCID: PMC7786965 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02704-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The increasing threat of bacterial resistance promotes the need for antibiotic stewardship programs to foster responsible antimicrobial use. Therefore, guidelines for prudent use supported by an online stewardship tool (AntibioticScout.ch) were introduced in Switzerland in December 2016. They recommend (with decreasing preference) a first, second or third line antimicrobial for treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial prescriptions for Swiss calves before (2016) and after (2018) the launch of these guidelines. Cases of calves with pneumonia, diarrhea and otitis from a university hospital and eight private practices in Switzerland were included. Data on anamnesis, clinical findings, diagnostic work-up and treatment were collected. Type and percentages [95% confidence interval] of antimicrobial prescriptions were compared between 2016 and 2018. RESULTS Of the total number of calves, 88.2% [85.4-90.6] in 2016 (n = 625) and 88.4% [85.7-90.7] in 2018 (n = 655) were treated with antibiotics. The use of highest priority critically important antimicrobials (HPCIAs) decreased from 52.7% [48.6-56.9] in 2016 to 38.0% [34.2-41.9] in 2018; this decrease was found at the university hospital and in private practice and in cases with pneumonia and diarrhea. Particularly the use of fluoroquinolones decreased (2016: 43.1% [39.2-47.2]; 2018: 31.1% [27.6-34.8]). Overall, the number of first line treatments increased from 12.8% [10.4-15.6] in 2016 to 20.2% [17.3-23.4] in 2018. In cases of pneumonia, first line treatments increased (2016: 15.3% [11.6-19.9]; 2018: 26.5% [21.8-31.9]) and third line treatments decreased (2016: 43.5% [38.0-49.3]; 2018: 27.9% [23.1-33.3]); this was seen at the university hospital, whereas in private practice only a decrease of third line treatments was observed. In cases of diarrhea, more second line at the expense of unlisted antimicrobials were prescribed at the university hospital in 2018. Antimicrobial treatment of calves with otitis did not change from 2016 to 2018. CONCLUSIONS After the introduction of AntibioticScout.ch, more prudent use was observed in the treatment of calves with pneumonia and diarrhea as less HPCIAs, particularly fluoroquinolones, and more first line antimicrobials were prescribed. However, the overall frequency of antimicrobial treatment did not change and the use of HPCIAs was still common in 2018, especially in private practices. Therefore, further antimicrobial stewardship activities are necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Hubbuch
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Peter
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Willi
- Clinic for Small Animal Internal Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 270, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Cedric Müntener
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hanspeter Naegeli
- Institute of Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerspach
- Clinic for Ruminants, Department for Farm Animals, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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Dudek K, Bednarek D, Ayling RD, Kycko A, Reichert M. Preliminary study on the effects of enrofloxacin, flunixin meglumine and pegbovigrastim on Mycoplasma bovis pneumonia. BMC Vet Res 2019; 15:371. [PMID: 31655595 PMCID: PMC6815429 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-019-2122-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mycoplasma bovis is a causative agent of disease in cattle causing many clinical conditions. Currently there are no commercial M. bovis vaccines in Europe and treatment is difficult with decreased antimicrobial susceptibility of M. bovis field isolates. Using an M. bovis calf infection model the effectiveness of enrofloxacin given alone; in combination with flunixin meglumine, a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug; and a group with an additional treatment of pegbovigrastim, an immunostimulator, was evaluated. RESULTS Enrofloxacin given alone stimulated a strong immune response, reduced the clinical manifestation and lung lessions of the M. bovis infection. In contrast the combination therapy appeared ineffective. CONCLUSIONS In this experiment enrofloxacin given alone appeared to be the most effective treatment of the M. bovis affected calves, whereas co-administration with flunixin meglumine, and pegbovigrastim was not beneficial in this trial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarzyna Dudek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland.
| | - Dariusz Bednarek
- Department of Cattle and Sheep Diseases, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Roger D Ayling
- Mycoplasma Team, Animal and Plant Health Agency (Weybridge), Woodham Lane, Addlestone, Surrey, KT15 3NB, UK
| | - Anna Kycko
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
| | - Michał Reichert
- Department of Pathology, National Veterinary Research Institute, 57 Partyzantów Avenue, 24-100, Pulawy, Poland
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Nicola I, Cerutti F, Grego E, Bertone I, Gianella P, D'Angelo A, Peletto S, Bellino C. Characterization of the upper and lower respiratory tract microbiota in Piedmontese calves. MICROBIOME 2017; 5:152. [PMID: 29157308 PMCID: PMC5697440 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-017-0372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The microbiota of the bovine upper respiratory tract has been recently characterized, but no data for the lower respiratory tract are available. A major health problem in bovine medicine is infectious bronchopneumonia, the most common respiratory syndrome affecting cattle. With this study, we used 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize and compare the microbial community composition of the upper and lower respiratory tracts in calves. RESULTS The microbiota of the upper (nasal swab [NS]) and the lower (trans-tracheal aspiration [TTA]) respiratory tracts of 19 post-weaned Piedmontese calves with (8/19) and without (11/19) clinical signs of respiratory disease, coming from six different farms, was characterized by 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding. A total of 29 phyla (29 in NS, 21 in TTA) and 305 genera (289 in NS, 182 in TTA) were identified. Mycoplasma (60.8%) was the most abundant genus identified in both the NS (27.3%) and TTA (76.7%) samples, followed by Moraxella (16.6%) in the NS and Pasteurella (7.3%) in the TTA samples. Pasteurella multocida (7.3% of total operational taxonomic units [OTUs]) was the most abundant species in the TTA and Psychrobacter sanguinis (1.1% of total OTUs) in the NS samples. Statistically significant differences between the NS and the TTA samples were found for both alpha (Shannon index, observed species, Chao1 index, and Simpson index; P = 0.001) and beta (Adonis; P = 0.001) diversity. Comparison of the NS and TTA samples by farm origin and clinical signs revealed no statistical difference (P > 0.05), except for farm origin for the NS samples when compared by the unweighted UniFrac metric (P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing, we characterized the microbiota of the upper and lower respiratory tracts of calves, both healthy individuals and those with clinical signs of respiratory disease. Our results suggest that environmental factors may influence the composition of the upper airway microbiota in cattle. While the two microbial communities (upper and lower airways) differed in microbial composition, they shared several OTUs, suggesting that the lung microbiota may be a self-sustaining, more homogeneous ecosystem, influenced by the upper respiratory tract microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Nicola
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Clinical section, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Francesco Cerutti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Elena Grego
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Clinical section, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Iride Bertone
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Clinical section, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Paola Gianella
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Clinical section, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Antonio D'Angelo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Clinical section, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simone Peletto
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale del Piemonte, Liguria e Valle d'Aosta, Via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, TO, Italy
| | - Claudio Bellino
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, Clinical section, University of Turin, Largo Paolo Braccini 2, 10095, Grugliasco, TO, Italy.
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Abstract
Asymmetrical signs of brainstem disease occur relatively infrequently in ruminants. The most common differential diagnoses include listeriosis, otitis media/interna, and pituitary abscess syndrome. Although these conditions produce signs of brainstem dysfunction, the diseases can usually be differentiated based on historical findings and subtle clinical differences. Basic laboratory diagnostic tests are often not specific in the definitive diagnosis but may be supportive. Advanced imaging techniques have proven to be useful in the diagnosis of otitis media/interna. Presumptive clinical diagnosis is confirmed at necropsy. Treatment involves a prolonged course of antibiotic therapy but is unrewarding in cases of pituitary abscess syndrome.
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