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Sun Q, Ji YC, Ai Q, She X, Liu XC, Yan XL, Li LQ. Exogenous autoinducer-2 alleviates intestinal damage in necrotizing enterocolitis via PAR2/MMP3 signaling pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112567. [PMID: 38950458 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Imbalanced intestinal microbiota and damage to the intestinal barrier contribute to the development of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) plays a crucial role in repairing intestinal damage and reducing inflammation. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to investigate the impact of AI-2 on the expression of intestinal zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1) and occludin proteins in NEC. We evaluated its effects in vivo using NEC mice and in vitro using lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated intestinal cells. METHODS Pathological changes in the intestines of neonatal mice were assessed using histological staining and scoring. Cell proliferation was measured using the cell counting kit-8 (CCK-8) assay to determine the optimal conditions for LPS and AI-2 interventions. Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was used to analyze the mRNA levels of matrix metalloproteinase-3 (MMP3), protease activated receptor-2 (PAR2), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6. Protein levels of MMP3, PAR2, ZO-1, and occludin were evaluated using western blot, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence. RESULTS AI-2 alleviated NEC-induced intestinal damage (P < 0.05) and enhanced the proliferation of damaged IEC-6 cells (P < 0.05). AI-2 intervention reduced the mRNA and protein expressions of MMP3 and PAR2 in intestinal tissue and cells (P < 0.05). Additionally, it increased the protein levels of ZO-1 and occludin (P < 0.05), while reducing IL-1β and IL-6 mRNA expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION AI-2 intervention enhances the expression of tight junction proteins (ZO-1 and occludin), mitigates intestinal damage in NEC neonatal mice and IEC-6 cells, potentially by modulating PAR2 and MMP3 signaling. AI-2 holds promise as a protective intervention for NEC. AI-2 plays a crucial role in repairing intestinal damage and reducing inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Sun
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Children's Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; National International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Development and Critical Disorders in Children, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Yan-Chun Ji
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Children's Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; National International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Development and Critical Disorders in Children, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Qing Ai
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Children's Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; National International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Development and Critical Disorders in Children, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiang She
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Children's Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; National International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Development and Critical Disorders in Children, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Chen Liu
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Children's Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; National International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Development and Critical Disorders in Children, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Xiao-Lin Yan
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Children's Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; National International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Development and Critical Disorders in Children, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China
| | - Lu-Quan Li
- Department of Neonatology, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China; National Clinical Research Center for Child Health and Disorders, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Children's Development and Disorders, Ministry of Education, Chongqing, China; National International Science and Technology Cooperation Base for Development and Critical Disorders in Children, Chongqing, China; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, Chongqing 400014, China.
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Wang S, Xiao G, Tang M, Bi X, Xing C, Liu A, Zhao AZ, Li F. FKBP38 deletion exacerbates ConA-induced hepatitis by promoting the immune response through the MCP-1/p38 pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 138:112659. [PMID: 38996665 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Revised: 06/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Autoimmune hepatitis (AIH) is a chronic liver disease characterized by immune dysregulation and hepatocyte damage. FKBP38, a member of the immunophilin family, has been implicated in immune regulation and the modulation of intracellular signaling pathways; however, its role in AIH pathogenesis remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of hepatic FKBP38 deletion on AIH using a hepatic FKBP38 knockout (LKO) mouse model created via cre-loxP technology. We compared the survival rates, incidence, and severity of AIH in LKO mice with those in control mice. Our findings revealed that hepatic FKBP38 deletion resulted in an unfavorable prognosis in LKO mice with AIH. Specifically, LKO mice exhibited heightened liver inflammation and extensive hepatocyte damage compared to control mice, with a significant decrease in anti-apoptotic proteins and a marked increase in pro-apoptotic proteins. Additionally, transcriptional and translational levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines were significantly increased in LKO mice compared to control mice. Immunoblot analysis showed that MCP-1 expression was significantly elevated in LKO mice. Furthermore, the phosphorylation of p38 was increased in LKO mice with AIH, indicating that FKBP38 deletion promotes liver injury in AIH by upregulating p38 phosphorylation and increasing MCP-1 expression. Immune cell profiling demonstrated elevated populations of T, NK, and B cells, suggesting a dysregulated immune response in LKO mice with AIH. Overall, our findings suggest that FKBP38 disruption exacerbates AIH severity by augmenting the immune response by activating the MCP-1/p38 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Wang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Gengmiao Xiao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Minyi Tang
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xinyun Bi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chaofeng Xing
- Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Foshan, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Aolu Liu
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Allan Z Zhao
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Fanghong Li
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China.
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Hsu JCN, Tseng HW, Chen CH, Lee TS. Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 interacts with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)/cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) signaling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-mediated inflammation in macrophages. Exp Anim 2024; 73:336-346. [PMID: 38508727 PMCID: PMC11254490 DOI: 10.1538/expanim.23-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), a ligand-gated cation channel, is a receptor for vanilloids on sensory neurons and is also activated by capsaicin, heat, protons, arachidonic acid metabolites, and inflammatory mediators on neuronal or non-neuronal cells. However, the role of the TRPV1 receptor in pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion and its potential regulatory mechanisms in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation has yet to be entirely understood. To investigate the role and regulatory mechanism of the TRPV1 receptor in regulating LPS-induced inflammatory responses, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) harvested from wild-type (WT) and TRPV1 deficient (Trpv1-/-) mice were used as the cell model. In WT BMDMs, LPS induced an increase in the levels of tumor necrosis factor-α, IL-1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and nitric oxide, which were attenuated in Trpv1-/- BMDMs. Additionally, the phosphorylation of inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-Bα and mitogen-activated protein kinases, as well as the translocation of nuclear factor kappa-B and activator protein 1, were all decreased in LPS-treated Trpv1-/- BMDMs. Immunoprecipitation assay revealed that LPS treatment increased the formation of TRPV1-Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-cluster of differentiation 14 (CD14) complex in WT BMDMs. Genetic deletion of TRPV1 in BMDMs impaired the LPS-triggered immune-complex formation of TLR4, myeloid differentiation protein 88, and interleukin-1 receptor-associated kinase, all of which are essential regulators in LPS-induced activation of the TLR4 signaling pathway. Moreover, genetic deletion of TRPV1 prevented the LPS-induced lethality and pro-inflammatory production in mice. In conclusion, the TRPV1 receptor may positively regulate the LPS-mediated inflammatory responses in macrophages by increasing the interaction with the TLR4-CD14 complex and activating the downstream signaling cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Chu-Ning Hsu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, 145, Xingda Road, South District, Taichung 402202, Taiwan
| | - Hsu-Wen Tseng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, 155, Sec. 2, Linong Street, Taipei 112304, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hui Chen
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Lee
- Graduate Institute and Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, 1, Sec. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Taipei 100233, Taiwan
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Fan H, Wang Y, Zhao K, Su L, Deng C, Huang J, Chen G. Incomplete Knockdown of MyD88 Inhibits LPS-Induced Lung Injury and Lung Fibrosis in a Mouse Model. Inflammation 2023; 46:2276-2288. [PMID: 37606850 DOI: 10.1007/s10753-023-01877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) is a life-threatening disorder stemmed mainly from an uncontrolled inflammatory response. Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is commonly used to induce ALI animal models. Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is the main receptor for LPS, and myeloid differentiation factor 88 (MyD88) is a key adaptor protein molecule in the Toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway. Thus, MyD88 knockdown heterozygous mice (MyD88+/-) were used to investigate the effect of incomplete knockout of the MyD88 gene on indirect LPS-induced ALI through intraperitoneal injection of LPS. The LPS-induced ALI significantly upregulated MyD88 expression, and heterozygous mice with incomplete knockout of the MyD88 gene (MyD88+/-) ameliorated LPS-induced histopathological injury and collagen fiber deposition. Heterozygous mice with incomplete knockout of the MyD88 gene (MyD88+/-) inhibited LPS-induced nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) pathway activation, but TLR-4 expression tended to be upregulated. Incomplete knockdown of the MyD88 gene also downregulated LPS-induced expression of IL1-β, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, SMAD2, and α-SMA. The transcriptome sequencing also revealed significant changes in LPS-regulated genes (such as IL-17 signaling pathway genes) after the incomplete knockdown of MyD88. In conclusion, this paper clarified that LPS activates the downstream NF-κB pathway depending on the MyD88 signaling pathway, which induces the secretion of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-1β/IL-6/TNF-α and ultimately triggers ALI. Incomplete knockdown of the MyD88 reverses LPS-induced lung fibrosis, which confirmed the vital role of MyD88 in LPS-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Fan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Yanni Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Kaochang Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Li Su
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Chong Deng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jie Huang
- Research Center for Stem Cell Engineering and Technology, Institute of Industrial Technology, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
- Better Biotechnology LLC, Chongqing, China
| | - Guozhong Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430060, China.
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Németh Z, Debreczeni ML, Kajdácsi E, Dobó J, Gál P, Cervenak L. Cooperation of Complement MASP-1 with Other Proinflammatory Factors to Enhance the Activation of Endothelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119181. [PMID: 37298134 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells play an important role in sensing danger signals and regulating inflammation. Several factors are capable of inducing a proinflammatory response (e.g., LPS, histamine, IFNγ, and bradykinin), and these factors act simultaneously during the natural course of the inflammatory reaction. We have previously shown that the complement protein mannan-binding lectin-associated serine protease-1 (MASP-1) also induces a proinflammatory activation of the endothelial cells. Our aim was to investigate the possible cooperation between MASP-1 and other proinflammatory mediators when they are present in low doses. We used HUVECs and measured Ca2+ mobilization, IL-8, E-selectin, VCAM-1 expression, endothelial permeability, and mRNA levels of specific receptors. LPS pretreatment increased the expression of PAR2, a MASP-1 receptor, and furthermore, MASP-1 and LPS enhanced each other's effects in regulating IL-8, E-selectin, Ca2+ mobilization, and changes in permeability in a variety of ways. Cotreatment of MASP-1 and IFNγ increased the IL-8 expression of HUVECs. MASP-1 induced bradykinin and histamine receptor expression, and consequently, increased Ca2+ mobilization was found. Pretreatment with IFNγ enhanced MASP-1-induced Ca2+ mobilization. Our findings highlight that well-known proinflammatory mediators and MASP-1, even at low effective doses, can strongly synergize to enhance the inflammatory response of endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Németh
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Márta L Debreczeni
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Erika Kajdácsi
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
- Research Group for Immunology and Haematology, Semmelweis University-Eötvös Loránd Research Network (Office for Supported Research Groups), 1052 Budapest, Hungary
| | - József Dobó
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Gál
- Institute of Enzymology, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, 1117 Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Cervenak
- Department of Internal Medicine and Haematology, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
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Lipopolysaccharide affects energy metabolism and elevates nicotinamide N-methyltransferase level in human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC). Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2022; 151:106292. [PMID: 36038127 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2022.106292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the putative role of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in the metabolic response of human aortic endothelial cells. This enzyme catalyses S-adenosylmethionine-mediated methylation of nicotinamide to methylnicotinamide. This reaction is accompanied by the reduction of the intracellular nicotinamide and S-adenosylmethionine content. This may affect NAD+ synthesis and various processes of methylation, including epigenetic modifications of chromatin. Particularly high activity of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase is detected in liver, many neoplasms as well as in various cells in stressful conditions. The elevated nicotinamide N-methyltransferase content was also found in endothelial cells treated with statins. Although the exogenous methylnicotinamide has been postulated to induce a vasodilatory response, the specific metabolic role of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase in vascular endothelium is still unclear. Treatment of endothelial cells with bacterial lipopolysaccharide evokes several metabolic and functional consequences which built a multifaceted physiological response of endothelium to bacterial infection. Among the spectrum of biochemical changes substantially elevated protein level of nicotinamide N-methyltransferase was particularly intriguing. Here it has been shown that silencing of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase gene influences several changes which are observed in cells treated with lipopolysaccharide. They include altered energy metabolism and rearrangement of the mitochondrial network. A complete explanation of the mechanisms behind the protective consequences of the nicotinamide N-methyltransferase deficiency in cells treated with lipopolysaccharide needs further investigation.
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Blockade of protease-activated receptor 2 (PAR-2) attenuates vascular dyshomeostasis and liver dysfunction induced by dengue virus infection. Med Hypotheses 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2022.110898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Feng J, Wu Y. Interleukin-35 ameliorates cardiovascular disease by suppressing inflammatory responses and regulating immune homeostasis. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 110:108938. [PMID: 35759811 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The immune response is of great significance in the initiation and progression of a diversity of cardiovascular diseases involving pro-and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Interleukin-35 (IL-35), a cytokine of the interleukin-12 family, is a novel anti-inflammation and immunosuppressive cytokine, maintaining inflammatory suppression and regulating immune homeostasis. The role of IL-35 in cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) has aroused enthusiastic attention, a diversity of experimental or clinical evidence has indicated that IL-35 potentially has a pivot role in protecting against cardiovascular diseases, especially atherosclerosis and myocarditis. In this review, we initiate an overview of the relationship between Interleukin-35 and cardiovascular diseases, including atherosclerosis, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary hypertension, abdominal aortic aneurysm, heart failure, myocardial ischemia-reperfusion, aortic dissection and myocarditis. Although the specific molecular mechanisms entailing the protective effects of IL-35 remain an unsolved issue, targeted therapies with IL-35 might provide a promising and effective solution to prevent and cure cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Feng
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330006, China.
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Protease-activated receptor 2 enhances innate and inflammatory mechanisms induced by lipopolysaccharide in macrophages from C57BL/6 mice. Inflamm Res 2022; 71:439-448. [PMID: 35274151 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-022-01551-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was conducted to investigate the effects of the synthetic PAR2 agonist peptide (PAR2-AP) SLIGRL-NH2 on LPS-induced inflammatory mechanisms in peritoneal macrophages. METHODS Peritoneal macrophages obtained from C57BL/6 mice were incubated with PAR2-AP and/or LPS, and the phagocytosis of zymosan fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) particles; nitric oxide (NO), reactive oxygen species (ROS), and cytokine production; and inducible NO synthase (iNOS) expression in macrophages co-cultured with PAR-2-AP/LPS were evaluated. RESULTS Co-incubation of macrophages with PAR2AP (30 µM)/LPS (100 ng/mL) enhanced LPS-induced phagocytosis; production of NO, ROS, and the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin (IL)-1β, tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, IL-6, and C-C motif chemokine ligand (CCL)2; and iNOS expression and impaired the release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 after 4 h of co-stimulation. In addition, PAR2AP increased the LPS-induced translocation of the p65 subunit of the pro-inflammatory transcription factor nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and reduced the expression of inhibitor of NF-κB. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence of a role for PAR2 in macrophage response triggered by LPS enhancing the phagocytic activity and NO, ROS, and cytokine production, resulting in the initial and adequate macrophage response required for their innate response mechanisms.
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Molecular Dambusters: What Is Behind Hyperpermeability in Bradykinin-Mediated Angioedema? Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 60:318-347. [PMID: 33725263 PMCID: PMC7962090 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-021-08851-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
In the last few decades, a substantial body of evidence underlined the pivotal role of bradykinin in certain types of angioedema. The formation and breakdown of bradykinin has been studied thoroughly; however, numerous questions remained open regarding the triggering, course, and termination of angioedema attacks. Recently, it became clear that vascular endothelial cells have an integrative role in the regulation of vessel permeability. Apart from bradykinin, a great number of factors of different origin, structure, and mechanism of action are capable of modifying the integrity of vascular endothelium, and thus, may participate in the regulation of angioedema formation. Our aim in this review is to describe the most important permeability factors and the molecular mechanisms how they act on endothelial cells. Based on endothelial cell function, we also attempt to explain some of the challenging findings regarding bradykinin-mediated angioedema, where the function of bradykinin itself cannot account for the pathophysiology. By deciphering the complex scenario of vascular permeability regulation and edema formation, we may gain better scientific tools to be able to predict and treat not only bradykinin-mediated but other types of angioedema as well.
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Abji F, Rasti M, Gómez-Aristizábal A, Muytjens C, Saifeddine M, Mihara K, Motahhari M, Gandhi R, Viswanathan S, Hollenberg MD, Oikonomopoulou K, Chandran V. Proteinase-Mediated Macrophage Signaling in Psoriatic Arthritis. Front Immunol 2021; 11:629726. [PMID: 33763056 PMCID: PMC7982406 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.629726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Multiple proteinases are present in the synovial fluid (SF) of an arthritic joint. We aimed to identify inflammatory cell populations present in psoriatic arthritis (PsA) SF compared to osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA), identify their proteinase-activated receptor 2 (PAR2) signaling function and characterize potentially active SF serine proteinases that may be PAR2 activators. Methods Flow cytometry was used to characterize SF cells from PsA, RA, OA patients; PsA SF cells were further characterized by single cell 3’-RNA-sequencing. Active serine proteinases were identified through cleavage of fluorogenic trypsin- and chymotrypsin-like substrates, activity-based probe analysis and proteomics. Fluo-4 AM was used to monitor intracellular calcium cell signaling. Cytokine expression was evaluated using a multiplex Luminex panel. Results PsA SF cells were dominated by monocytes/macrophages, which consisted of three populations representing classical, non-classical and intermediate cells. The classical monocytes/macrophages were reduced in PsA compared to OA/RA, whilst the intermediate population was increased. PAR2 was elevated in OA vs. PsA/RA SF monocytes/macrophages, particularly in the intermediate population. PAR2 expression and signaling in primary PsA monocytes/macrophages significantly impacted the production of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1). Trypsin-like serine proteinase activity was elevated in PsA and RA SF compared to OA, while chymotrypsin-like activity was elevated in RA compared to PsA. Tryptase-6 was identified as an active serine proteinase in SF that could trigger calcium signaling partially via PAR2. Conclusion PAR2 and its activating proteinases, including tryptase-6, can be important mediators of inflammation in PsA. Components within this proteinase-receptor axis may represent novel therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Abji
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mozhgan Rasti
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Carla Muytjens
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mahmoud Saifeddine
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Koichiro Mihara
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Majid Motahhari
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Rajiv Gandhi
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Toronto Western Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sowmya Viswanathan
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Morley D Hollenberg
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada.,Department of Medicine, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Katerina Oikonomopoulou
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Vinod Chandran
- Schroeder Arthritis Institute, Krembil Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Medicine, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, NL, Canada
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de Almeida AD, Silva IS, Fernandes-Braga W, LimaFilho ACM, Florentino ROM, Barra A, de Oliveira Andrade L, Leite MF, Cassali GD, Klein A. A role for mast cells and mast cell tryptase in driving neutrophil recruitment in LPS-induced lung inflammation via protease-activated receptor 2 in mice. Inflamm Res 2020; 69:1059-1070. [PMID: 32632517 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-020-01376-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study aims to investigate the role of protease-activated receptor (PAR) 2 and mast cell (MC) tryptase in LPS-induced lung inflammation and neutrophil recruitment in the lungs of C57BL/6 mice. METHODS C57BL/6 mice were pretreated with the PAR2 antagonist ENMD-1068, compound 48/80 or aprotinin prior to intranasal instillation of MC tryptase or LPS. Blood leukocytes, C-X-C motif chemokine ligand (CXCL) 1 production leukocytes recovered from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), and histopathological analysis of the lung were evaluated 4 h later. Furthermore, we performed experiments to determine intracellular calcium signaling in RAW 264.7 cells stimulated with LPS in the presence or absence of a protease inhibitor cocktail or ENMD-1068 and evaluated PAR2 expression in the lungs of LPS-treated mice. RESULTS Pharmacological blockade of PAR2 or inhibition of proteases reduced neutrophils recovered in BALF and LPS-induced calcium signaling. PAR2 blockade impaired LPS-induced lung inflammation, PAR2 expression in the lung and CXCL1 release in BALF, and increased circulating blood neutrophils. Intranasal instillation of MC tryptase increased the number of neutrophils recovered in BALF, and MC depletion with compound 48/80 impaired LPS-induced neutrophil migration. CONCLUSION Our study provides, for the first time, evidence of a pivotal role for MCs and MC tryptase in neutrophil migration, lung inflammation and macrophage activation triggered by LPS, by a mechanism dependent on PAR2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dias de Almeida
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Irismara Sousa Silva
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Weslley Fernandes-Braga
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Antônio Carlos Melo LimaFilho
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - R Odrigo Machado Florentino
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ayslan Barra
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-010, Brazil
| | - Luciana de Oliveira Andrade
- Department of Morphology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - M Fátima Leite
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Geovanni Dantas Cassali
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - André Klein
- Laboratory of Pain and Inflammation, Department of Pharmacology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Av. Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Pampulha, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, 31270-010, Brazil.
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Shi K, Qu L, Lin X, Xie Y, Tu J, Liu X, Zhou Z, Cao G, Li S, Liu Y. Deep-Fried Atractylodis Rhizoma Protects against Spleen Deficiency-Induced Diarrhea through Regulating Intestinal Inflammatory Response and Gut Microbiota. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 21:ijms21010124. [PMID: 31878055 PMCID: PMC6981650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21010124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the theories of traditional Chinese medicine, spleen deficiency often leads to diarrhea, and deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (DAR) is commonly used for the treatment. However, the association between spleen deficiency and diarrhea remains unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of DAR for the treatment of diarrhea caused by spleen deficiency and analyze the related mechanisms. It was found that a high dose group of an ethanolic extract of deep-fried Atractylodis Rhizoma (EEDAR-H) significantly inhibited weight loss, diarrhea, and pathological changes in colon tissue induced by rhubarb. EEDAR-H was found to significantly reduce the level of intestinal inflammatory cytokines and increase the expression of gastrointestinal motility hormones. In addition, EEDAR-H significantly increased the expression of aquaporin 3 (AQP3) and aquaporin 8 (AQP8) and restored abnormal water metabolism; Shen-Ling-Bai-Zhu-San (SLBZS) induced the same effect as EEDAR-H. Additional tests on the mechanism found that EEDAR-H and SLBZS promoted the integrity of the intestinal barrier. Both significantly increased the expression of the tight junction protein ZO-1 and Occludin, inhibited the phosphorylation of p38MAPK and MLC, and significantly reduced the expression levels of PAR-2. Analysis of the gut microbiota indicated that overall changes in its structure were reversed after treatment with EEDAR-H or SLBZS, in addition to significant modulation of the abundance of different phyla. At the genus level, EEDAR-H or SLBZS significantly reduced the levels of potential pathogens and increased those of beneficial bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Shi
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Linghang Qu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Xiong Lin
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Ying Xie
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
| | - Jiyuan Tu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
- Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Xianqiong Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
- Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Zhongshi Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
- Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Guosheng Cao
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
- Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Shuiqing Li
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
- Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan 430065, China
| | - Yanju Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Hubei University of Chinese Medicine, Wuhan 430065, China; (K.S.); (L.Q.); (X.L.); (Y.X.); (J.T.); (X.L.); (Z.Z.); (G.C.); (S.L.)
- Center for Hubei TCM Processing Technology Engineering, Wuhan 430065, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-027-6889-0231
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Chen CC, Hong HJ, Hao WR, Cheng TH, Liu JC, Sung LC. Nicorandil prevents doxorubicin-induced human umbilical vein endothelial cell apoptosis. Eur J Pharmacol 2019; 859:172542. [PMID: 31319070 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2019.172542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Nicorandil is an adenosine triphosphate-sensitive potassium channel opener with additional antioxidant properties. Doxorubicin (DOX) is an anticancer drug that exerts oxidation-mediated adverse cardiovascular effects. This study examined the effects of nicorandil on DOX-induced cytotoxicity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and underlying intracellular signaling mechanisms. Cultured HUVECs were pretreated with nicorandil (0.1, 0.3, 1, 3, and 10 μM) for 12 h and then treated with DOX (1 μM) for 24 h. Cell viability and cytotoxicity were measured using 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and lactate dehydrogenase assays, respectively. Cell apoptosis was examined using a caspase-3 activity assay, and DNA fragmentation was detected through TUNEL (terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling) staining. Western blot analysis was conducted to determine the related protein expression. DOX markedly increased reactive oxygen species production, p53 expression, caspase-3 activity, cleaved caspase-3 levels, and TUNEL-positive cell numbers but reduced Bcl-2 expression and intracellular antioxidant enzyme levels; these effects were effectively antagonized through nicorandil (3 μM, 12 h) pretreatment, which resulted in HUVECs being protected from DOX-induced apoptosis. Activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a stress-induced transcription factor, was induced by nicorandil (3 μM). Furthermore, nicorandil (3 μM) enhanced nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) translocation and heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression. ATF3 short interfering RNA significantly attenuated nicorandil-mediated Nrf2 translocation, HO-1 expression, and inhibitory effects on DOX-stimulated reactive oxygen species production and cell apoptosis. In summary, nicorandil may protect HUVECs from DOX-induced apoptosis, in part through ATF3-mediated Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathways, which potentially protect the vessels from severe DOX toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Chao Chen
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Jye Hong
- School of Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Rui Hao
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Hurng Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
| | - Ju-Chi Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chin Sung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City, 23561, Taiwan; Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Nova Z, Skovierova H, Calkovska A. Alveolar-Capillary Membrane-Related Pulmonary Cells as a Target in Endotoxin-Induced Acute Lung Injury. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20040831. [PMID: 30769918 PMCID: PMC6412348 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20040831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The main function of the lungs is oxygen transport from the atmosphere into the blood circulation, while it is necessary to keep the pulmonary tissue relatively free of pathogens. This is a difficult task because the respiratory system is constantly exposed to harmful substances entering the lungs by inhalation or via the blood stream. Individual types of lung cells are equipped with the mechanisms that maintain pulmonary homeostasis. Because of the clinical significance of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) the article refers to the physiological role of alveolar epithelial cells type I and II, endothelial cells, alveolar macrophages, and fibroblasts. However, all these cells can be damaged by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) which can reach the airspaces as the major component of the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria, and lead to local and systemic inflammation and toxicity. We also highlight a negative effect of LPS on lung cells related to alveolar-capillary barrier and their response to LPS exposure. Additionally, we describe the molecular mechanism of LPS signal transduction pathway in lung cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuzana Nova
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Henrieta Skovierova
- Biomedical Center Martin, Division of Molecular Medicine, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
| | - Andrea Calkovska
- Department of Physiology and Biomedical Center Martin, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia.
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Wu D, Kanda A, Liu Y, Kase S, Noda K, Ishida S. Galectin-1 promotes choroidal neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis mediated via epithelial-mesenchymal transition. FASEB J 2018; 33:2498-2513. [PMID: 30277820 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201801227r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
VEGFA and TGF-β are known major angiogenic and fibrogenic factors. Galectin-1, encoded by lectin, galactoside-binding, soluble ( LGALS) 1, has attracted growing attention for its facilitatory role in angiogenesis and fibrosis through its modification of VEGFA and TGF-β receptor signaling pathways. We reveal galectin-1 involvement in the mouse model of laser-induced choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and subretinal fibrosis, both of which represent the pathogenesis of age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Neither deletion nor overexpression of Lgals1 affected physiologic retinal development or visual function. Galectin-1/ Lgals1 was upregulated by CNV induction, whereas deletion of Lgals1 suppressed CNV together with downstream molecules of VEGF receptor (VEGFR)2. Loss of Lgals1 also attenuated subretinal fibrosis, expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers including Snai1, and phosphorylation of SMAD family member 2. Supporting these in vivo findings, silencing of LGALS1 in human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells inhibited TGF-β1-induced EMT-related molecules and cell motilities. Conversely, overexpression of Lgals1 enhanced CNV and subretinal fibrosis. Specimens from patients with AMD demonstrated colocalization of galectin-1 with VEGFR2 in neovascular endothelial cells and with phosphorylated SMAD2 in RPE cells. These results suggested a biologic significance of galectin-1 as a key promotor for both angiogenesis and fibrosis in eyes with AMD.-Wu, D., Kanda, A., Liu, Y., Kase, S., Noda, K., Ishida, S. Galectin-1 promotes choroidal neovascularization and subretinal fibrosis mediated via epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Wu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuhiro Kanda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Ye Liu
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Satoru Kase
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kousuke Noda
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Susumu Ishida
- Laboratory of Ocular Cell Biology and Visual Science, Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medicine and Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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