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Yin X, Zeng D, Liao Y, Tang C, Li Y. The Function of H2A Histone Variants and Their Roles in Diseases. Biomolecules 2024; 14:993. [PMID: 39199381 PMCID: PMC11352661 DOI: 10.3390/biom14080993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/09/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Epigenetic regulation, which is characterized by reversible and heritable genetic alterations without changing DNA sequences, has recently been increasingly studied in diseases. Histone variant regulation is an essential component of epigenetic regulation. The substitution of canonical histones by histone variants profoundly alters the local chromatin structure and modulates DNA accessibility to regulatory factors, thereby exerting a pivotal influence on gene regulation and DNA damage repair. Histone H2A variants, mainly including H2A.Z, H2A.B, macroH2A, and H2A.X, are the most abundant identified variants among all histone variants with the greatest sequence diversity. Harboring varied chromatin occupancy and structures, histone H2A variants perform distinct functions in gene transcription and DNA damage repair. They are implicated in multiple pathophysiological mechanisms and the emergence of different illnesses. Cancer, embryonic development abnormalities, neurological diseases, metabolic diseases, and heart diseases have all been linked to histone H2A variant alterations. This review focuses on the functions of H2A histone variants in mammals, including H2A.Z, H2A.B, macroH2A, and H2A.X, and their current roles in various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuemin Yin
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Dong Zeng
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Yingjun Liao
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Chengyuan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; (X.Y.); (D.Z.); (Y.L.); (C.T.)
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification in Hunan Province, Changsha 410011, China
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Jin Y, Eum DY, Lee C, Park SY, Shim JW, Choi YJ, Choi SH, Kim JG, Heo K, Park SJ. Breast cancer malignancy is governed by regulation of the macroH2A2/TM4SF1 axis, the AKT/NF-κB pathway, and elevated MMP13 expression. Mol Carcinog 2024; 63:714-727. [PMID: 38251858 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
The histone variant, macroH2A (mH2A) influences gene expression through epigenetic regulation. Tumor suppressive function of mH2A isoforms has been reported in various cancer types, but few studies have investigated the functional role of mH2A2 in breast cancer pathophysiology. This study aimed to determine the significance of mH2A2 in breast cancer development and progression by exploring its downstream regulatory mechanisms. Knockdown of mH2A2 facilitated the migration and invasion of breast cancer cells, whereas its overexpression exhibited the opposite effect. In vivo experiments revealed that augmenting mH2A2 expression reduced tumor growth and lung metastasis. Microarray analysis showed that TM4SF1 emerged as a likely target linked to mH2A2 owing to its significant suppression in breast cancer cell lines where mH2A2 was overexpressed among the genes that exhibited over twofold upregulation upon mH2A2 knockdown. Suppressing TM4SF1 reduced the migration, invasion, tumor growth, and metastasis of breast cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. TM4SF1 depletion reversed the increased aggressiveness triggered by mH2A2 knockdown, suggesting a close interplay between mH2A2 and TM4SF1. Our findings also highlight the role of the mH2A2/TM4SF1 axis in activating the AKT/NF-κB pathway. Consequently, activated NF-κB signaling leads to increased expression and secretion of MMP13, a potent promoter of metastasis. In summary, we propose that the orchestrated regulation of the mH2A2/TM4SF1 axis in conjunction with the AKT/NF-κB pathway and the subsequent elevation in MMP13 expression constitute pivotal factors governing the malignancy of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunho Jin
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Da-Young Eum
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Chaeyoung Lee
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon Yong Park
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae Woong Shim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Jin Choi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Si Ho Choi
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Joong-Gook Kim
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Heo
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Joon Park
- Research Center, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences (DIRAMS), Busan, Republic of Korea
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George S, Cassidy RN, Saintilnord WN, Fondufe-Mittendorf Y. Epigenomic reprogramming in iAs-mediated carcinogenesis. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2022; 96:319-365. [PMID: 36858778 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2022.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic is a naturally occurring metal carcinogen found in the Earth's crust. Millions of people worldwide are chronically exposed to arsenic through drinking water and food. Exposure to inorganic arsenic has been implicated in many diseases ranging from acute toxicities to malignant transformations. Despite the well-known deleterious health effects of arsenic exposure, the molecular mechanisms in arsenic-mediated carcinogenesis are not fully understood. Since arsenic is non-mutagenic, the mechanism by which arsenic causes carcinogenesis is via alterations in epigenetic-regulated gene expression. There are two possible ways by which arsenic may modify the epigenome-indirectly through an arsenic-induced generation of reactive oxygen species which then impacts chromatin remodelers, or directly through interaction and modulation of chromatin remodelers. Whether directly or indirectly, arsenic modulates epigenetic gene regulation and our understanding of the direct effect of this modulation on chromatin structure is limited. In this chapter we will discuss the various ways by which inorganic arsenic affects the epigenome with consequences in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smitha George
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Richard N Cassidy
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Wesley N Saintilnord
- Department of Epigenetics, Van Andel Institute, Grand Rapids, MI, United States; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
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Wang X, Li Y, Fu J, Zhou K, Wang T. ARNTL2 is a Prognostic Biomarker and Correlates with Immune Cell Infiltration in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. PHARMACOGENOMICS & PERSONALIZED MEDICINE 2021; 14:1425-1440. [PMID: 34785930 PMCID: PMC8591114 DOI: 10.2147/pgpm.s331431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Background Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive breast cancer subtype and is associated with poor prognosis. The aberrant expression of circadian genes contributes to the origin and progression of breast cancer. The present study was designed to explore the potential function and prognosis value of circadian genes in TNBC. Methods The transcriptome data of circadian genes were downloaded from The Cancer Genomic Atlas (TCGA), GSE25066 and GSE31448 datasets. The differential expressed circadian genes between non-TNBC and TNBC patients were analysed by Wilcoxon test. Univariate and multivariate Cox regression analyses were employed to identify the prognostic circadian genes. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) and Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) were performed to study the biological functions of ARNTL2. The composition of 22 immune cells in the tumour samples was estimated with CIBERSORT algorithm. The correlations between ARNTL2 expression and tumour-infiltrating immune cells were evaluated by Spearman correlation coefficient. Results A total of 8 circadian genes were found to be differentially expressed between non-TNBC and TNBC, but only ARNTL2 has prognostic value. Multivariate Cox analysis identified that ARNTL2 was an independent prognosis factor for overall survival and relapse-free survival in TNBC patients. Functionally, ARNTL2 was mainly involved in immune response processes such as positive regulation of cytokine production, regulation of innate immune response, and cellular responses to molecules of bacterial origin. High expression of ARNTL2 was positively correlated with activated CD4 memory T cells, activated mast cells, and neutrophil infiltration and the expression of markers of neutrophils (ITGAM), dendritic cells (HLA-DRA, HLA-DPA1, ITGAM), Th1 (IL1B, STAT1), Th2 (IL13), Th17 (STAT3) and mast cells (TPSB2, TPSAB1). Conclusion ARNTL2 may be linked with the functional modulation of the tumour immune microenvironment and serve as a potential biomarker for predicting the prognosis of TNBC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianchang Fu
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Kewen Zhou
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Tinghuai Wang
- Department of Physiology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
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DNA methylation and histone variants in aging and cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2021; 364:1-110. [PMID: 34507780 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2021.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Aging-related diseases such as cancer can be traced to the accumulation of molecular disorder including increased DNA mutations and epigenetic drift. We provide a comprehensive review of recent results in mice and humans on modifications of DNA methylation and histone variants during aging and in cancer. Accumulated errors in DNA methylation maintenance lead to global decreases in DNA methylation with relaxed repression of repeated DNA and focal hypermethylation blocking the expression of tumor suppressor genes. Epigenetic clocks based on quantifying levels of DNA methylation at specific genomic sites is proving to be a valuable metric for estimating the biological age of individuals. Histone variants have specialized functions in transcriptional regulation and genome stability. Their concentration tends to increase in aged post-mitotic chromatin, but their effects in cancer are mainly determined by their specialized functions. Our increased understanding of epigenetic regulation and their modifications during aging has motivated interventions to delay or reverse epigenetic modifications using the epigenetic clocks as a rapid readout for efficacity. Similarly, the knowledge of epigenetic modifications in cancer is suggesting new approaches to target these modifications for cancer therapy.
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Pezeshki S, Hashemi P, Salimi A, Ebrahimi S, Javanzad M, Monfaredan A. Evaluation of NUF2 and GMNN Expression in Prostate Cancer: Potential Biomarkers for Prostate Cancer Screening. Rep Biochem Mol Biol 2021; 10:224-232. [PMID: 34604412 PMCID: PMC8480293 DOI: 10.52547/rbmb.10.2.224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the most abundant cancers among men, and In Iran, has been responsible for 6% of all deaths from cancer in men. NUF2 and GMNN genes are considered as loci of susceptibility to tumorigenesis in humans. Alterations in expression of these genes have been reported in various malignancies. The aim of our study was to test whether different NUF2 and GMNN expression levels are associated with PC incidence and hence, might be considered as new molecular tools for PC screening. METHODS Biopsy samples from 40 PC patients and 41 healthy Iranian men were used to determine the relative gene expression. After RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis, samples were analyzed using TaqMan Quantitative Real time PCR. Patients' background information, included smoking habits and family histories of PC, were recorded. Stages and grades of their PC were classified by the TNM tumor, node, metastasis (TMN) staging system based on standard guidelines. RESULTS NUF2 expression did not significantly differ between the groups, while GMNN expression was significantly greater in the PC specimens than in the controls. CONCLUSION Regarding the significant role of GMNN in various tumor phenotypes, and its importance in PC progression, the alteration in GMNN expression in PC samples vs. controls indicate that the genetic profiling of this cancer might be considered to personalize therapy for each patient in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaghayegh Pezeshki
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Payam Hashemi
- School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Alireza Salimi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Sciences, Faculty of Advanced Science and Technology, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Sheida Ebrahimi
- Department of Genetic, Faculty of biology, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran.
| | | | - Amir Monfaredan
- Department of Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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Hsu CJ, Meers O, Buschbeck M, Heidel FH. The Role of MacroH2A Histone Variants in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13123003. [PMID: 34203934 PMCID: PMC8232725 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13123003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The structural unit of chromatin is the nucleosome that is composed of DNA wrapped around a core of eight histone proteins. Histone variants can replace ‘standard’ histones at specific sites of the genome. Thus, histone variants modulate all functions in the context of chromatin, such as gene expression. Here, we provide a concise review on a group of histone variants termed macroH2A. They contain two additional domains that contribute to their increased size. We discuss how these domains mediate molecular functions in normal cells and the role of macroH2As in gene expression and cancer. Abstract The epigenome regulates gene expression and provides a molecular memory of cellular events. A growing body of evidence has highlighted the importance of epigenetic regulation in physiological tissue homeostasis and malignant transformation. Among epigenetic mechanisms, the replacement of replication-coupled histones with histone variants is the least understood. Due to differences in protein sequence and genomic distribution, histone variants contribute to the plasticity of the epigenome. Here, we focus on the family of macroH2A histone variants that are particular in having a tripartite structure consisting of a histone fold, an intrinsically disordered linker and a globular macrodomain. We discuss how these domains mediate different molecular functions related to chromatin architecture, transcription and DNA repair. Dysregulated expression of macroH2A histone variants has been observed in different subtypes of cancer and has variable prognostic impact, depending on cellular context and molecular background. We aim to provide a concise review regarding the context- and isoform-dependent contributions of macroH2A histone variants to cancer development and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen-Jen Hsu
- Internal Medicine C, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
| | - Oliver Meers
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
| | - Marcus Buschbeck
- Cancer and Leukaemia Epigenetics and Biology Program, Josep Carreras Leukaemia Research Institute (IJC), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain;
- Program for Predictive and Personalized Medicine of Cancer, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (PMPPC-IGTP), Campus Can Ruti, 08916 Badalona, Spain
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.H.H.); Tel.: +34-935-572-800 (M.B.); +49-383-486-6698 (F.H.H.); Fax: +49-383-486-6713 (F.H.H.)
| | - Florian H. Heidel
- Internal Medicine C, Greifswald University Medicine, 17475 Greifswald, Germany;
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz-Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.B.); (F.H.H.); Tel.: +34-935-572-800 (M.B.); +49-383-486-6698 (F.H.H.); Fax: +49-383-486-6713 (F.H.H.)
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Andronikou C, Rottenberg S. Studying PAR-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling to Tackle PARPi Resistance. Trends Mol Med 2021; 27:630-642. [PMID: 34030964 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2021.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2021] [Revised: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Histone eviction and chromatin relaxation are important processes for efficient DNA repair. Poly(ADP) ribose (PAR) polymerase 1 (PARP1) is a key mediator of this process, and disruption of PARP1 activity has a direct impact on chromatin structure. PARP inhibitors (PARPis) have been established as a treatment for BRCA1- or BRCA2-deficient tumors. Unfortunately, PARPi resistance occurs in many patients and the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. In particular, it remains unclear how chromatin remodelers and histone chaperones compensate for the loss of the PARylation signal. In this Opinion article, we summarize currently known mechanisms of PARPi resistance. We discuss how the study of PARP1-mediated chromatin remodeling may help in further understanding PARPi resistance and finding new therapeutic approaches to overcome it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Andronikou
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sven Rottenberg
- Division of Molecular Pathology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Institute of Animal Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland; Bern Center for Precision Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.
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The diagnostic and prognostic value of H2AFY in hepatocellular carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2021; 21:418. [PMID: 33858382 PMCID: PMC8051056 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-021-08161-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The potential correlation between H2AFY (also known as MacroH2A1) and the clinical characteristics of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients was analysed through gene expression profiles and clinical data in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, and the diagnostic and prognostic value of H2AFY in HCC was discussed. Methods The gene expression data of HCC and the corresponding clinical characteristics of HCC patients were downloaded from the TCGA database. The differences in H2AFY in normal liver tissues and HCC were analysed. The relationship between H2AFY and clinical characteristics was analysed by Wilcoxon signed-rank test, logistic regression and Kruskal-Wallis test. The Kaplan-Meier method and the Cox regression method were used to analyse the relationship between overall survival and clinical characteristics of the patients. An ROC curve was used to predict the diagnostic value of H2AFY in HCC. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to analyse the pathway enrichment of H2AFY. Result Compared with normal liver tissues, H2AFY was significantly highly expressed in HCC. H2AFY was positively correlated with the age, clinical stage, G stage (grade) and T stage (tumor stage) of liver cancer patients. Higher H2AFY expression predicted a poor prognosis in HCC patients. Cox regression analysis suggested that H2AFY was an independent risk factor for the prognosis of HCC patients. The ROC curve suggested that H2AFY had certain diagnostic value in HCC. GSEA suggested that H2AFY was correlated with lipid metabolism and a variety of tumour pathways. Conclusion Our study showed that H2AFY was significantly overexpressed in HCC. H2AFY may be a potential diagnostic and prognostic marker for HCC, and high expression of H2AFY predicts a poor prognosis in patients with HCC.
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Origgi FC, Otten P, Lohmann P, Sattler U, Wahli T, Lavazza A, Gaschen V, Stoffel MH. Herpesvirus-Associated Proliferative Skin Disease in Frogs and Toads: Proposed Pathogenesis. Vet Pathol 2021; 58:713-729. [PMID: 33813961 DOI: 10.1177/03009858211006385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study was carried out on common and agile frogs (Rana temporaria and R. dalmatina) naturally infected with ranid herpesvirus 3 (RaHV3) and common toads (Bufo bufo) naturally infected with bufonid herpesvirus 1 (BfHV1) to investigate common pathogenetic pathways and molecular mechanisms based on macroscopic, microscopic, and ultrastructural pathology as well as evaluation of gene expression. Careful examination of the tissue changes, supported by in situ hybridization, at different stages of development in 6 frogs and 14 toads revealed that the skin lesions are likely transient, and part of a tissue cycle necessary for viral replication in the infected hosts. Transcriptomic analysis, carried out on 2 naturally infected and 2 naïve common frogs (Rana temporaria) and 2 naturally infected and 2 naïve common toads (Bufo bufo), revealed altered expression of genes involved in signaling and cell remodeling in diseased animals. Finally, virus transcriptomics revealed that both RaHV3 and BfHV1 had relatively high expression of a putative immunomodulating gene predicted to encode a decoy receptor for tumor necrosis factor in the skin of the infected hosts. Thus, the comparable lesions in infected frogs and toads appear to reflect a concerted epidermal and viral cycle, with presumptive involvement of signaling and gene remodeling host and immunomodulatory viral genes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Antonio Lavazza
- 18207Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emila Romagna, Brescia, Italy
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Abstract
Cancer is a complex disease characterized by loss of cellular homeostasis through genetic and epigenetic alterations. Emerging evidence highlights a role for histone variants and their dedicated chaperones in cancer initiation and progression. Histone variants are involved in processes as diverse as maintenance of genome integrity, nuclear architecture and cell identity. On a molecular level, histone variants add a layer of complexity to the dynamic regulation of transcription, DNA replication and repair, and mitotic chromosome segregation. Because these functions are critical to ensure normal proliferation and maintenance of cellular fate, cancer cells are defined by their capacity to subvert them. Hijacking histone variants and their chaperones is emerging as a common means to disrupt homeostasis across a wide range of cancers, particularly solid tumours. Here we discuss histone variants and histone chaperones as tumour-promoting or tumour-suppressive players in the pathogenesis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dan Filipescu
- Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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The Impact of [C16Pyr][Amp] on the Aggressiveness in Breast and Prostate Cancer Cell Lines. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249584. [PMID: 33339207 PMCID: PMC7765672 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 12/05/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast (BrCa) and prostate (PCa) cancers are the most common malignancies in women and men, respectively. The available therapeutic options for these tumors are still not curative and have severe side effects. Therefore, there is an urgent need for more effective antineoplastic agents. Herein, BrCa, PCa, and benign cell lines were treated with two ionic liquids and two quinoxalines and functional experiments were performed-namely cell viability, apoptosis, cytotoxicity, and colony formation assays. At the molecular level, an array of gene expressions encompassing several molecular pathways were used to explore the impact of treatment on gene expression. Although both quinoxalines and the ionic liquid [C2OHMIM][Amp] did not show any effect on the BrCa and PCa cell lines, [C16Pyr][Amp] significantly decreased cell viability and colony formation ability, while it increased the apoptosis levels of all cell lines. Importantly, [C16Pyr][Amp] was found to be more selective for cancer cells and less toxic than cisplatin. At the molecular level, this ionic liquid was also associated with reduced expression levels of CPT2, LDHA, MCM2, and SKP2, in both BrCa and PCa cell lines. Hence, [C16Pyr][Amp] was shown to be a promising anticancer therapeutic agent for BrCa and PCa cell lines.
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Broggi G, Filetti V, Ieni A, Rapisarda V, Ledda C, Vitale E, Varricchio S, Russo D, Lombardo C, Tuccari G, Caltabiano R, Loreto C. MacroH2A1 Immunoexpression in Breast Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:1519. [PMID: 32974186 PMCID: PMC7471871 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.01519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
MacroH2A1 has two splice isoforms, macroH2A1.1 and macroH2A1.2, that have been studied in several form of cancer. In the literature there are not many scientific papers dealing with the role of macroH2A1 in breast cancer. Breast cancer is the most frequent form of malignancy in females. It tend to metastasize to the bone in ~70% of patients. Despite treatment, new bone metastases will still occur in 30–50% of cases with advanced disease. Overall 5-year survival after the diagnosis of bone metastasis is ~20%. Osteoclasts and osteoblasts of the bone microenvironment are engaged by soluble factors released by neoplastic cells, resulting in bone matrix breakdown. This malfunction enhances the proliferation of the cancer cells, creating a vicious cycle. We investigated immunohistochemical expression of macroH2A1 in primitive breast cancer, focusing on the comparison of metastatic and non-metastatic cases. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical expression of macroH2A1 has been evaluated both in all cases of nodal metastases and in distant metastases. Our data demonstrated that macroH2A1 expression was higher expressed in metastatic breast cancer (77%) vs. non-metastatic breast cancer (32%). Also in analyzed metastases cases, a high macroH2A1 expression was detected: 85 and 80% in nodal and distant metastases cases, respectively. These results supported the fact that macroH2A1 is more highly expressed in breast cancer with worst prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Broggi
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Veronica Filetti
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Ieni
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Venerando Rapisarda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Caterina Ledda
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Ermanno Vitale
- Occupational Medicine, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Silvia Varricchio
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Daniela Russo
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Pathology Unit, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudia Lombardo
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giovanni Tuccari
- Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age "Gaetano Barresi", Section of Pathology, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | - Rosario Caltabiano
- Section of Anatomic Pathology, Department Gian Filippo Ingrassia, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Carla Loreto
- Human Anatomy and Histology, Department of Biomedical and Biotechnology Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Medipally DKR, Cullen D, Untereiner V, Sockalingum GD, Maguire A, Nguyen TNQ, Bryant J, Noone E, Bradshaw S, Finn M, Dunne M, Shannon AM, Armstrong J, Meade AD, Lyng FM. Vibrational spectroscopy of liquid biopsies for prostate cancer diagnosis. Ther Adv Med Oncol 2020; 12:1758835920918499. [PMID: 32821294 PMCID: PMC7412923 DOI: 10.1177/1758835920918499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Screening for prostate cancer with prostate specific antigen and digital rectal examination allows early diagnosis of prostate malignancy but has been associated with poor sensitivity and specificity. There is also a considerable risk of over-diagnosis and over-treatment, which highlights the need for better tools for diagnosis of prostate cancer. This study investigates the potential of high throughput Raman and Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy of liquid biopsies for rapid and accurate diagnosis of prostate cancer. Methods: Blood samples (plasma and lymphocytes) were obtained from healthy control subjects and prostate cancer patients. FTIR and Raman spectra were recorded from plasma samples, while Raman spectra were recorded from the lymphocytes. The acquired spectral data was analysed with various multivariate statistical methods, principal component analysis (PCA), partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) and classical least squares (CLS) fitting analysis. Results: Discrimination was observed between the infrared and Raman spectra of plasma and lymphocytes from healthy donors and prostate cancer patients using PCA. In addition, plasma and lymphocytes displayed differentiating signatures in patients exhibiting different Gleason scores. A PLS-DA model was able to discriminate these groups with sensitivity and specificity rates ranging from 90% to 99%. CLS fitting analysis identified key analytes that are involved in the development and progression of prostate cancer. Conclusions: This technology may have potential as an alternative first stage diagnostic triage for prostate cancer. This technology can be easily adaptable to many other bodily fluids and could be useful for translation of liquid biopsy-based diagnostics into the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dinesh K R Medipally
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Daniel Cullen
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Valérie Untereiner
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA 7506, UFR Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Ganesh D Sockalingum
- Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne, BioSpecT EA 7506, UFR Pharmacie, Reims, France
| | - Adrian Maguire
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Thi Nguyet Que Nguyen
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Jane Bryant
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Emma Noone
- Clinical Trials Unit, St Luke's Radiation Oncology Network, St Luke's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Shirley Bradshaw
- Clinical Trials Unit, St Luke's Radiation Oncology Network, St Luke's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Marie Finn
- Clinical Trials Unit, St Luke's Radiation Oncology Network, St Luke's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Mary Dunne
- Clinical Trials Unit, St Luke's Radiation Oncology Network, St Luke's Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | | | - Aidan D Meade
- School of Physics & Clinical & Optometric Sciences, Technological University Dublin, Kevin Street, Dublin, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland
| | - Fiona M Lyng
- Radiation and Environmental Science Centre, Focas Research Institute, Technological University Dublin, Dublin, Dublin D08 NF82, Ireland
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