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Yang X, Li M, Jia ZC, Liu Y, Wu SF, Chen MX, Hao GF, Yang Q. Unraveling the secrets: Evolution of resistance mediated by membrane proteins. Drug Resist Updat 2024; 77:101140. [PMID: 39244906 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2024.101140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2024] [Revised: 08/08/2024] [Accepted: 08/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Membrane protein-mediated resistance is a multidisciplinary challenge that spans fields such as medicine, agriculture, and environmental science. Understanding its complexity and devising innovative strategies are crucial for treating diseases like cancer and managing resistant pests in agriculture. This paper explores the dual nature of resistance mechanisms across different organisms: On one hand, animals, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects exhibit convergent evolution, leading to the development of similar resistance mechanisms. On the other hand, influenced by diverse environmental pressures and structural differences among organisms, they also demonstrate divergent resistance characteristics. Membrane protein-mediated resistance mechanisms are prevalent across animals, bacteria, fungi, plants, and insects, reflecting their shared survival strategies evolved through convergent evolution to address similar survival challenges. However, variations in ecological environments and biological characteristics result in differing responses to resistance. Therefore, examining these differences not only enhances our understanding of adaptive resistance mechanisms but also provides crucial theoretical support and insights for addressing drug resistance and advancing pharmaceutical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Zi-Chang Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Life Science, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an 271018, China.
| | - Shun-Fan Wu
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, State & Local Joint Engineering Research Center of Green Pesticide Invention and Application, Weigang Road 1, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210095, China.
| | - Mo-Xian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Ge-Fei Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide, Key Laboratory of Green Pesticide and Agricultural Bioengineering, Ministry of Education, Center for R&D of Fine Chemicals of Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China.
| | - Qing Yang
- Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Science, No. 2 West Yuanmingyuan Road, Haidian District, Beijing 100193, China.
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Taylor R, Messenger LA, Abeku TA, Clarke SE, Yadav RS, Lines J. Invasive Anopheles stephensi in Africa: insights from Asia. Trends Parasitol 2024; 40:731-743. [PMID: 39054167 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2024.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 06/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Anopheles stephensi is a highly competent urban malaria vector species, endemic in South Asia and the Persian Gulf, which has colonised eight countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) since 2013 and is now spreading uncontrollably. In urban areas of Africa, where malaria transmission has previously been low or non-existent, the invasion of An. stephensi represents a significant problem, particularly to immunologically naïve populations. Despite this rapidly advancing threat, there is a paucity of information regarding the bionomics of An. stephensi in SSA. Here, we offer a critical synthesis of literature from An. stephensi's native range, focusing on the future of An. stephensi in a rapidly urbanising Africa, and highlighting key questions that warrant prioritisation by the global malaria vector control community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roz Taylor
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
| | - Louisa A Messenger
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; Parasitology and Vector Biology (PARAVEC) Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA
| | - Tarekegn A Abeku
- Malaria Consortium, Green House, 244-254 Cambridge Heath Road, London E2 9DA, UK
| | - Sian E Clarke
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Rajpal S Yadav
- Academy of Public Health Entomology, Udaipur 313002, Rajasthan, India
| | - Jo Lines
- RAFT (Resilience Against Future Threats Through Vector Control) Consortium, Department of Disease Control, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London WC1E 7HT, UK.
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Sanei-Dehkordi A, Paksa A, Gorouhi MA, Soleimani-Ahmadi M, Jaberhashemi SA, Salim Abadi Y. Preliminary monitoring of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in Anopheles stephensi: insights from a malarious area in Southeastern Iran. Malar J 2024; 23:211. [PMID: 39020365 PMCID: PMC11253383 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-024-05042-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anopheles stephensi is recognized as the main malaria vector in Iran. In recent years, resistance to several insecticide classes, including organochlorine, pyrethroids, and carbamate compounds, has been reported for this medically important malaria vector. The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the insecticide susceptibility status of An. stephensi collected from the southern part of Iran, and to clarify the mechanism of resistance, using bioassay tests and molecular methods comparing the sequence of susceptible and resistant mosquitoes. METHODS Mosquito larvae were collected from various larval habitats across six different districts (Gabrik, Sardasht, Tidar, Dehbarez, Kishi and Bandar Abbas) in Hormozgan Provine, located in the southern part of Iran. From each district standing water areas with the highest densities of Anopheles larvae were selected for sampling, and adult mosquitoes were reared from them. Finally, the collected mosquito species were identified using valid keys. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested using permethrin 0.75%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.05%, and DDT 4%, following the World Health Organization (WHO) test procedures for insecticide resistance monitoring. Additionally, knockdown resistance (kdr) mutation in the voltage-gated sodium channel (vgsc) gene was sequenced and analysed among resistant populations to detect possible molecular mechanisms of observed resistance phenotypes. RESULTS The susceptibility status of An. stephensi revealed that resistance to DDT and permethrin was found in all districts. Furthermore, resistance to all tested insecticides in An. stephensi was detected in Gabrik, Sardasht, Tidar, and Dehbarez. Analysis of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations at the vgsc did not show evidence for the presence of this mutation in An. stephensi. CONCLUSION Based on the results of the current study, it appears that in An. stephensi from Hormozgan Province (Iran), other resistance mechanisms such as biochemical resistance due to detoxification enzymes may be involved due to the absence of the kdr mutation or non-target site resistance. Further investigation is warranted in the future to identify the exact resistance mechanisms in this main malaria vector across the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Azim Paksa
- Department of Biology and Control of Disease Vectors, School of Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Moussa Soleimani-Ahmadi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Seyed Aghil Jaberhashemi
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Yaser Salim Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran.
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Enayati A, Valadan R, Bagherzadeh M, Cheraghpour M, Nikookar SH, Fazeli-Dinan M, Hosseini-Vasoukolaei N, Sahraei Rostami F, Shabani Kordshouli R, Raeisi A, Nikpour F, Mirolyaei A, Bagheri F, Sedaghat MM, Zaim M, Weetman D, Hemigway J. Kdr genotyping and the first report of V410L and V1016I kdr mutations in voltage-gated sodium channel gene in Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) from Iran. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:34. [PMID: 38273349 PMCID: PMC10811842 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06123-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aedes aegypti is the main vector of arboviral diseases worldwide. The species invaded and became established in southern Iran in 2020. Insecticide-based interventions are primarily used for its control. With insecticide resistance widespread, knowledge of resistance mechanisms is vital for informed deployment of insecticidal interventions, but information from Iranian Ae. aegypti is lacking. METHODS Fifty-six Ae. aegypti specimens were collected from the port city of Bandar Lengeh in Hormozgan Province in the South of Iran in 2020 and screened for kdr mutations. The most common kdr mutations in Latin America and Asia (V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C), especially when present in combinations, are highly predictive of DDT and pyrethroid resistance were detected. Phylogenetic analyses based on the diversity of S989P and V1016G/I mutations were undertaken to assess the phylogeography of these kdr mutations. RESULTS Genotyping all four kdr positions of V410L, S989P, V1016G/I and F1534C revealed that only 16 out of the 56 (28.57%) specimens were homozygous wild type for all kdr mutation sites. Six haplotypes including VSVF (0.537), VSVC (0.107), LSVF (0.016), LSIF (0.071), VPGC (0.257) and LPGC (0.011) were detected in this study. For the first time, 11 specimens harbouring the V410L mutation, and 8 samples with V1016I mutation were found. V410L and V1016I were coincided in 8 specimens. Also, six specimens contained 1016G/I double mutation which was not reported before. CONCLUSIONS The relatively high frequency of these kdr mutations in Iranian Ae. aegypti indicates a population exhibiting substantial resistance to pyrethroid insecticides, which are used widely in control operations and household formulations. The detection of the 410L/1016I kdr mutant haplotype in Iranian Ae. aegypti suggests possible convergence of invasive populations from West Africa or Latin America. However, as Iran has very limited maritime/air connections with those African countries, a Latin American origin for the invasive Ae. aegypti in Iran is more plausible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran.
| | - Reza Valadan
- Department of Immunology and Molecular and Cellular Biology Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Bagherzadeh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mohammad Cheraghpour
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Student Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Fazeli-Dinan
- Health Sciences Research Center, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Nasibeh Hosseini-Vasoukolaei
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Sahraei Rostami
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Razieh Shabani Kordshouli
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Medical Parasitology & Mycology, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpour
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolreza Mirolyaei
- Vector Borne Diseases Control Department, Iran CDC, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Bagheri
- Hormozgan Provincial Health Center, Department of Communicable Diseases Control, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - David Weetman
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
| | - Janet Hemigway
- Vector Biology Department, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, UK
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Hajibeygi R, Hejripour SZ, Taghavi N, Shahali H, Zarei S, Nouri M, Mirahmadi H, Tabatabaie SM, Solgi R, Darvishi M. Evaluation of the knockdown resistance locus ( kdr) in Anopheles stephensi (Diptera: Culicidae) in southeastern Iran. J Vector Borne Dis 2023; 60:444-448. [PMID: 38174525 DOI: 10.4103/0972-9062.383648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background & objectives The resistance to insecticide among Anopheles stephensi population due to insecticide selection pressure has been previously reported from Iran. The current study was performed to evaluate the susceptibility of different insecticide reagents against An. stephensi by bioassay and molecular methods in Saravan County, a malaria-endemic area in southeastern Iran. Methods An. stephensi mosquitoes were collected from different larval habitats in Saravan City, southeastern Iran in 2022. At first, the susceptibility of collected samples for DDT, permethrin, and deltamethrin were evaluated by bioassay test. The collected mosquitoes were then evaluated for the presence of different kdr mutations. Results Insecticide susceptibility tests were conducted on the field population of An. stephensi from Saravan, revealing its potential resistance to pyrethroids and DDT. Of the 150 An. stephensi samples, 4 % carried the kdr L1014F mutation as heterozygous and the rest of them were homozygous L1014 wild type. Interpretation & conclusion The current study revealed the presence of L1014F mutation for the first time in Iran. So, further monitoring of kdr mutations in the VGSC gene and resistance phenotypes should be performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramtin Hajibeygi
- Advanced Diagnostic and interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Science, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Zia Hejripour
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nader Taghavi
- Aerospace and Sub-Aquatic Medical Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamzeh Shahali
- Aerospace and Sub-Aquatic Medical Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeed Zarei
- Aerospace and Sub-Aquatic Medical Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Nouri
- Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center (IDTMRC), AJA University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hadi Mirahmadi
- Clinical Immunology Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran
| | | | - Rahmat Solgi
- Infectious Disease Research Center, Birjand University of Medical Sciences, Birjand, Iran
| | - Mohammad Darvishi
- Aerospace and Sub-Aquatic Medical Faculty, Aja University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Badzohre A, Oshaghi MA, Enayati AA, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Nikookar SH, Talebzadeh F, Naseri-Karimi N, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Vatandoost H. Ace-1 Target Site Status and Metabolic Detoxification Associated with Bendiocarb Resistance in the Field Populations of Main Malaria Vector, Anopheles stephensi in Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2023; 17:272-286. [PMID: 38860197 PMCID: PMC11162546 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v17i3.14987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Anopheles stephensi is the main vector of malaria in Iran. This study aimed to determine the susceptibility of An. stephensi from the south of Iran to bendiocarb and to investigate biochemical and molecular resistance mechanisms in this species. Methods Wild An. stephensi were collected from Hormozgan Province and reared to the adult stage. The susceptibility test was conducted according to the WHO protocols using bendiocarb impregnated papers supplied by WHO. Also, field An. Stephensi specimens were collected from south of Kerman and Sistan and Baluchistan Provinces. To determine the G119S mutation in the acetylcholinesterase (Ace1) gene, PCR-RFLP using AluI restriction enzyme and PCR direct-sequencing were performed for the three field populations and compared with the available GenBank data. Also, biochemical assays were performed to measure alpha and beta esterases, insensitive acetylcholinesterase, and oxidases in the strains. Results The bioassay tests showed that the An. stephensi field strain was resistant to bendiocarb (mortality rate 89%). Ace1 gene analysis revealed no G119S in the three field populations. Blast search of sequences revealed 98-99% identity with the Ace1 gene from Pakistan and India respectively. Also, the results of biochemical tests revealed the high activity of non-sensitive acetylcholinesterase, alpha and beta-esterase in the resistant strain compared to the susceptible strain. No G119S was detected in this study additionally the enhanced enzyme activity of esterases and acetylcholinesterase suggesting that resistance was metabolic. Conclusion The use of alternative malaria control methods and the implementation of resistance management strategies are suggested in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdollah Badzohre
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Nikookar
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Health Sciences Research Center, Addiction Institute, School of Public Health, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Fahimeh Talebzadeh
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Naseri-Karimi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Vector Biology and Control of Diseases, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute of Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Whittaker C, Hamlet A, Sherrard-Smith E, Winskill P, Cuomo-Dannenburg G, Walker PGT, Sinka M, Pironon S, Kumar A, Ghani A, Bhatt S, Churcher TS. Seasonal dynamics of Anopheles stephensi and its implications for mosquito detection and emergent malaria control in the Horn of Africa. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2216142120. [PMID: 36791102 PMCID: PMC9974477 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2216142120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Invasion of the malaria vector Anopheles stephensi across the Horn of Africa threatens control efforts across the continent, particularly in urban settings where the vector is able to proliferate. Malaria transmission is primarily determined by the abundance of dominant vectors, which often varies seasonally with rainfall. However, it remains unclear how An. stephensi abundance changes throughout the year, despite this being a crucial input to surveillance and control activities. We collate longitudinal catch data from across its endemic range to better understand the vector's seasonal dynamics and explore the implications of this seasonality for malaria surveillance and control across the Horn of Africa. Our analyses reveal pronounced variation in seasonal dynamics, the timing and nature of which are poorly predicted by rainfall patterns. Instead, they are associated with temperature and patterns of land use; frequently differing between rural and urban settings. Our results show that timing entomological surveys to coincide with rainy periods is unlikely to improve the likelihood of detecting An. stephensi. Integrating these results into a malaria transmission model, we show that timing indoor residual spraying campaigns to coincide with peak rainfall offers little improvement in reducing disease burden compared to starting in a random month. Our results suggest that unlike other malaria vectors in Africa, rainfall may be a poor guide to predicting the timing of peaks in An. stephensi-driven malaria transmission. This highlights the urgent need for longitudinal entomological monitoring of the vector in its new environments given recent invasion and potential spread across the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Whittaker
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
| | - Arran Hamlet
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
| | - Ellie Sherrard-Smith
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
| | - Peter Winskill
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
| | - Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
| | - Patrick G. T. Walker
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
| | - Marianne Sinka
- Department of Biology, University of Oxford, OxfordOX1 3SZ, UK
| | - Samuel Pironon
- Royal Botanic Gardens Kew, Richmond, SurreyTW9 3AQ, UK
- United Nations Environment Program World Conservation Monitoring Centre, CambridgeCB3 0DL, UK
| | - Ashwani Kumar
- Vector Control Research Centre, Puducherry605006, India
| | - Azra Ghani
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
| | - Samir Bhatt
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
- Section of Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen1353, Denmark
| | - Thomas S. Churcher
- Medical Research Council Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, LondonW2 1PG, UK
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Bosly HAEK, Salah N, Salama SA, Pashameah RA, Saeed A. Oil fly ash as a promise larvicide against the Aedes aegypti mosquitoes. Acta Trop 2023; 237:106735. [DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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9
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Dykes CL, Sharma G, Behera AK, Kapoor N, Paine MJI, Donnelly MJ, Singh OP. Tandem duplication of a genomic region encoding glutathione S-transferase epsilon-2 and -4 genes in DDT-resistant Anopheles stephensi strain from India. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17872. [PMID: 36284104 PMCID: PMC9596695 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-21522-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GST) genes are a multigene family of enzymes involved in the metabolism of endogenous and xenobiotic compounds by catalysing the conjugation of the reduced form of glutathione to the substrate. The epsilon class of GST (GSTe), unique to arthropods, is known to be involved in the detoxification process of several classes of insecticides, and GSTe2 in particular is known to have DDT dehydrochlorinase activity. This communication reports a tandem duplication of a genomic region encoding GSTe2 and GSTe4 genes in a laboratory-colonized DDT-resistant Anopheles stephensi. We identified duplication breakpoints and the organization of gene duplication through Sanger sequencing performed on long-PCR products. Manual annotation of sequences revealed a tandemly-arrayed duplication of a 3.62 kb segment of GST epsilon gene clusters comprised of five genes: a partial GSTe1, GSTe2, GSTe2-pseudogene, GSTe4 and partial GSTe5, interconnected by a conserved 2.42 kb DNA insert segment major part of which is homologous to a genomic region located on a different chromosome. The tandemly duplicated array contained a total of two GSTe2 and three GSTe4 functional paralog genes. Read-depth coverage and split-read analysis of Illumina-based whole-genome sequence reads confirmed the presence of duplication in the corresponding region of the genome. The increased gene dose in mosquitoes as a result of the GSTe gene-duplication may be an adaptive process to increase levels of detoxifying enzymes to counter insecticide pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cherry L Dykes
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Gunjan Sharma
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Abhisek K Behera
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India
| | - Neera Kapoor
- Indira Gandhi National Open University, Maidangarhi, New Delhi, 110068, India
| | - Mark J I Paine
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Martin J Donnelly
- Department of Vector Biology, Liverpool School of Tropical Medicine, Liverpool, L3 5QA, UK
| | - Om P Singh
- National Institute of Malaria Research, Sector 8, Dwarka, New Delhi, 110077, India.
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Vatandoost H, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Nikpoor F, Raeisi A, Abai MR, Zaim M. Situation of insecticide resistance in malaria vectors in the World Health Organization of Eastern Mediterranean region 1990-2020. Toxicol Res (Camb) 2022; 11:1-21. [PMID: 35237407 PMCID: PMC8882812 DOI: 10.1093/toxres/tfab126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Malaria is the most important mosquito-borne disease, which is transmitted by Anopheles species. According to the recent report of World Health Organization, there were an estimated 229 million malaria cases in 2019 in 87 malaria endemic countries. There are several vector control method specially using pesticides. The aim of this study was to collect all the data about insecticide resistant of malaria vectors in the Eastern Mediterranean region countries. In this study, all the published papers related to insecticide resistance of malaria vectors in the region were collected and resistant status of vectors in the countries was mapped. Resistance to different insecticide classes such as pyrethroids, organophosphate, organochlorine and carbamates were evaluated using World Health Organization guidelines. Results showed a wide variety of susceptibility/resistance status to these chemicals according to the location, historical context of pesticide used, genetic background of vectors, age and abdominal conditions of adults may play a role in the susceptibility status of these species to different insecticides. The results of this study is providing a guideline for countries to manage their vector control activities against insecticide resistance of malaria vectors and provide novel approaches such as male sterility, using Wolbachia, using new insecticide with new mode of action.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Nikpoor
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ahmad Raeisi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Malaria Control Department, Ministry of Health and Medical Education, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Abai
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Nejati J, Moosa-Kazemi SH, Oshaghi MA, Badzohre A, Pirmohammadi M, Saeidi Z, Naseri-Karimi N, Parkhideh SZ, Vatandoost H. Insecticide Resistance Status of Malaria Vectors in a Malarious Area, Southeast of Iran. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 15:278-286. [PMID: 36578996 PMCID: PMC9759446 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i3.9815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Malaria continues to be the main vector-borne disease in Iran. The endemic foci of malaria are in Sistan and Baluchistan Province, the borderline of Iran and Pakistan. By the year 2020 the program of the country is malaria elimination. The main vector control is using insecticide as Indoor Residual Spraying. The aim of the study was to evaluate the susceptibility of main malaria vectors to different insecticides recommended by WHO. Methods All the insecticides papers supported by WHO and evaluation of insecticide resistance of Anopheles stephensi, Anopheles culicifacies, Anopheles superpictus to different chemical groups of imagicides including DDT 4%, malathion 5%, propoxur 01.%, lambdacyhalothrin 0.05%, deltamethrin 0.025% and permethrin 0.75% were followed by the WHO guideline. Results Results of the susceptibility test against different insecticides revealed that An. stephensi and An. culicifacies are resistant to DDT and susceptible to other insecticides. An. superpictus is susceptible to all groups of pesticides. Conclusion Knowledge on insecticide resistance in target species is a basic requirement to guide insecticide use in malaria control programmes in local and global scales.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jalil Nejati
- Health Promotion Research Center, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, Iran, Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Hassan Moosa-Kazemi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Oshaghi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdollah Badzohre
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoumeh Pirmohammadi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Zahra Saeidi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nazanin Naseri-Karimi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyedeh Zahra Parkhideh
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran, Department of Environmental Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran,Corresponding author: Prof Hassan Vatandoost, E-mail: ,
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12
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Abadi YS, Sanei-Dehkordi A, Paksa A, Gorouhi MA, Vatandoost H. Monitoring and Mapping of Insecticide Resistance in Medically Important Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in Iran (2000-2020): A Review. J Arthropod Borne Dis 2021; 15:21-40. [PMID: 34277854 PMCID: PMC8271236 DOI: 10.18502/jad.v15i1.6484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mosquitos due to their role in the transmission of different pathogens to humans are considered as an important group in the phylum Arthropoda. According to the WHO and FAO guideline different groups of insecticide applied for controlling pests in both the agricultural and public health sectors. METHODS All the data published about resistant status of the mosquitoes Anopheles, Culex, Aedes and Culiseta species were searched on PubMed, Elsevier, Web of Science, Magiran and google scholar. The objectives of this study was to review the trend of resistance to insecticides during 2000-2020 in medically important mosquitoes in Iran. The criteria for resistant are followed according to WHO guideline. RESULTS The Results showed that there are widespread, multiple resistances in the country to different organochlorine, organophosphates, carbamate and pyrethroids insecticides in the mosquitoes. CONCLUSION The effect of pesticide residues on the environment could be a cause for selection pressure on mosquitos and lead to insecticides resistance to them. Insecticides resistance is main challenge of the vector control program. Also result will provide a guideline for control of the mosquito-borne diseases in the country as well as the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaser Salim Abadi
- Department of Health Services and Health Promotion, School of Health, Rafsanjan University of Medical Sciences, Rafsanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sanei-Dehkordi
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, Faculty of Health, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Research Center, Hormozgan Health Institute, Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Azim Paksa
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Amin Gorouhi
- Department of Vector Biology and Control, School of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Hassan Vatandoost
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Chemical Pollutants and Pesticides, Institute for Environmental Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Chakraborty M, Ramaiah A, Adolfi A, Halas P, Kaduskar B, Ngo LT, Jayaprasad S, Paul K, Whadgar S, Srinivasan S, Subramani S, Bier E, James AA, Emerson JJ. Hidden genomic features of an invasive malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi, revealed by a chromosome-level genome assembly. BMC Biol 2021; 19:28. [PMID: 33568145 PMCID: PMC7876825 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00963-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The mosquito Anopheles stephensi is a vector of urban malaria in Asia that recently invaded Africa. Studying the genetic basis of vectorial capacity and engineering genetic interventions are both impeded by limitations of a vector's genome assembly. The existing assemblies of An. stephensi are draft-quality and contain thousands of sequence gaps, potentially missing genetic elements important for its biology and evolution. RESULTS To access previously intractable genomic regions, we generated a reference-grade genome assembly and full transcript annotations that achieve a new standard for reference genomes of disease vectors. Here, we report novel species-specific transposable element (TE) families and insertions in functional genetic elements, demonstrating the widespread role of TEs in genome evolution and phenotypic variation. We discovered 29 previously hidden members of insecticide resistance genes, uncovering new candidate genetic elements for the widespread insecticide resistance observed in An. stephensi. We identified 2.4 Mb of the Y chromosome and seven new male-linked gene candidates, representing the most extensive coverage of the Y chromosome in any mosquito. By tracking full-length mRNA for > 15 days following blood feeding, we discover distinct roles of previously uncharacterized genes in blood metabolism and female reproduction. The Y-linked heterochromatin landscape reveals extensive accumulation of long-terminal repeat retrotransposons throughout the evolution and degeneration of this chromosome. Finally, we identify a novel Y-linked putative transcription factor that is expressed constitutively throughout male development and adulthood, suggesting an important role. CONCLUSION Collectively, these results and resources underscore the significance of previously hidden genomic elements in the biology of malaria mosquitoes and will accelerate the development of genetic control strategies of malaria transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahul Chakraborty
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Arunachalam Ramaiah
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Adriana Adolfi
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Paige Halas
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Bhagyashree Kaduskar
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
| | - Luna Thanh Ngo
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Suvratha Jayaprasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Kiran Paul
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Saurabh Whadgar
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Subhashini Srinivasan
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology, Bangalore, KA, 560100, India
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, Center at inStem, Bangalore, Karnataka, 560065, India
- Section of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0322, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
| | - Ethan Bier
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
| | - Anthony A James
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093-0335, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - J J Emerson
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
- Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Parvin N, Mandal TK, Nagajyothi PC, Reddy PM, Reddy NR, Joo SW. Highly Fluorescent Doped Fe3O4@C Nanoparticles Cross the Blood–Brain Barrier: Help in Brain Imaging and Blocking the Life Cycle of Mosquitoes. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-020-01938-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Enayati A, Hanafi-Bojd AA, Sedaghat MM, Zaim M, Hemingway J. Evolution of insecticide resistance and its mechanisms in Anopheles stephensi in the WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region. Malar J 2020; 19:258. [PMID: 32680514 PMCID: PMC7367398 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03335-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Iran is on the path to eliminating malaria, the disease with 4.9 million estimated cases and 9300 estimated deaths in 2018 remains a serious health problem in the World Health Organization (WHO) Eastern Mediterranean Region. Anopheles stephensi is the main malaria vector in Iran and its range extends from Iraq to western China. Recently, the vector invaded new territories in Sri Lanka and countries in the Horn of Africa. Insecticide resistance in An. stephensi is a potential issue in controlling the spread of this vector. METHODS Data were collated from national and international databases, including PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, ScienceDirect, SID, and IranMedex using appropriate search terms. RESULTS Indoor residual spaying (IRS) with DDT was piloted in Iran in 1945 and subsequently used in the malaria eradication programme. Resistance to DDT in An. stephensi was detected in Iran, Iraq, Pakistan, and Saudi Arabia in the late 1960s. Malathion was used for malaria control in Iran in 1967, then propoxur in 1978, followed by pirimiphos-methyl from 1992 to 1994. The pyrethroid insecticide lambda-cyhalothrin was used from 1994 to 2003 followed by deltamethrin IRS and long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Some of these insecticides with the same sequence were used in other malaria-endemic countries of the region. Pyrethroid resistance was detected in An. stephensi in Afghanistan in 2010, in 2011 in India and in 2012 in Iran. The newly invaded population of An. stephensi in Ethiopia was resistant to insecticides of all four major insecticide classes. Different mechanisms of insecticide resistance, including metabolic and insecticide target site insensitivity, have been developed in An. stephensi. Resistance to DDT was initially glutathione S-transferase based. Target site knockdown resistance was later selected by pyrethroids. Esterases and altered acetylcholinesterase are the underlying cause of organophosphate resistance and cytochrome p450s were involved in pyrethroid metabolic resistance. CONCLUSIONS Anopheles stephensi is a major malaria vector in Iran and many countries in the region and beyond. The species is leading in terms of development of insecticide resistance as well as developing a variety of resistance mechanisms. Knowledge of the evolution of insecticide resistance and their underlying mechanisms, in particular, are important to Iran, considering the final steps the country is taking towards malaria elimination, but also to other countries in the region for their battle against malaria. This systematic review may also be of value to countries and territories newly invaded by this species, especially in the Horn of Africa, where the malaria situation is already dire.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmadali Enayati
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health and Health Sciences Research Center, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Ahmad Ali Hanafi-Bojd
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mehdi Sedaghat
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Morteza Zaim
- Department of Medical Entomology and Vector Control, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Yared S, Gebressielasie A, Damodaran L, Bonnell V, Lopez K, Janies D, Carter TE. Insecticide resistance in Anopheles stephensi in Somali Region, eastern Ethiopia. Malar J 2020; 19:180. [PMID: 32398055 PMCID: PMC7216317 DOI: 10.1186/s12936-020-03252-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The movement of malaria vectors into new areas is a growing concern in the efforts to control malaria. The recent report of Anopheles stephensi in eastern Ethiopia has raised the necessity to understand the insecticide resistance status of the vector in the region to better inform vector-based interventions. The aim of this study was to evaluate insecticide resistance in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia using two approaches: (1) World Health Organization (WHO) bioassay tests in An. stephensi; and (2) genetic analysis of insecticide resistance genes in An. stephensi in eastern Ethiopia. Methods Mosquito larvae and pupae were collected from Kebri Dehar. Insecticide susceptibility of An. stephensi was tested with malathion 5%, bendiocarb 0.1%, propoxur 0.1%, deltamethrin 0.05%, permethrin 0.75%, pirimiphos-methyl 0.25% and DDT 4%, according to WHO standard protocols. In this study, the knockdown resistance locus (kdr) in the voltage gated sodium channel (vgsc) and ace1R locus in the acetylcholinesterase gene (ace-1) were analysed in An. stephensi. Results All An. stephensi samples were resistant to carbamates, with mortality rates of 23% and 21% for bendiocarb and propoxur, respectively. Adult An. stephensi was also resistant to pyrethroid insecticides with mortality rates 67% for deltamethrin and 53% for permethrin. Resistance to DDT and malathion was detected in An. stephensi with mortality rates of 32% as well as An. stephensi was resistance to pirimiphos-methyl with mortality rates 14%. Analysis of the insecticide resistance loci revealed the absence of kdr L1014F and L1014S mutations and the ace1R G119S mutation. Conclusion Overall, these findings support that An. stephensi is resistant to several classes of insecticides, most notably pyrethroids. However, the absence of the kdr L1014 gene may suggest non-target site resistance mechanisms. Continuous insecticide resistance monitoring should be carried out in the region to confirm the documented resistance and exploring mechanisms conferring resistance in An. stephensi in Ethiopia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solomon Yared
- Department of Biology, Jigjiga University, Jigjiga, Ethiopia.
| | - Araya Gebressielasie
- Department of Zoological Sciences, Addis Ababa University, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | | | - Victoria Bonnell
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Karen Lopez
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Janies
- Department of Bioinformatics and Genomics, University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC, USA
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