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Zhang T, Jiang D, Zhang X, Chen L, Jiang J, Zhang C, Li S, Li Q. The role of nonmyocardial cells in the development of diabetic cardiomyopathy and the protective effects of FGF21: a current understanding. Cell Commun Signal 2024; 22:446. [PMID: 39327594 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-024-01842-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2024] [Accepted: 09/20/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM) represents a unique myocardial disease originating from diabetic metabolic disturbances that is characterized by myocardial fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction. While recent research regarding the pathogenesis and treatment of DCM has focused primarily on myocardial cells, nonmyocardial cells-including fibroblasts, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs), endothelial cells (ECs), and immune cells-also contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of DCM. Among various therapeutic targets, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has been identified as a promising agent because of its cardioprotective effects that extend to nonmyocardial cells. In this review, we aim to elucidate the role of nonmyocardial cells in DCM and underscore the potential of FGF21 as a therapeutic strategy for these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Donghui Jiang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Xiao Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Ligang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Department of General Surgery (Thyroid Surgery), the Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
- Metabolic Vascular Diseases Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China
| | - Chunxiang Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Shengbiao Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Key Laboratory of Medical Electrophysiology, Ministry of Education, Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Basic Medicine Research Innovation Center for Cardiometabolic Diseases, Ministry of Education, Nucleic Acid Medicine of Luzhou Key Laboratory, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
| | - Qiuhong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Southwest Medical University, Luzhou, 646000, Sichuan, China.
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Zhao J, Liu X, Yue J, Zhang S, Li L, Wei H. PF-05231023 reduces lipid deposition in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice by inhibiting the expression of lipid synthesis genes. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1429639. [PMID: 39144082 PMCID: PMC11322577 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1429639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a peptide hormone that is primarily expressed and secreted by the liver. The hormone is crucial for regulation of glucose homeostasis, lipid metabolism, and energy balance. Compared with natural FGF21, FGF21 analogs have become drug candidates for the treatment of cardiovascular and metabolic diseases owing to their long half-life and greater stability in vitro. Apolipoprotein E (Apoe)-knockout (Apoe -/-) mice exhibit progressive disruptions in lipid metabolism in vivo and develop further atherosclerosis pathological features owing to Apoe deletion. Therefore, this study used an Apoe -/- mouse model to investigate the effects of a long-acting FGF21 analog (PF-05231023) on lipid metabolism and related parameters. Eighteen Apoe -/- female mice were fed a Western diet equivalent for 12 weeks, and then randomly assigned to intraperitoneally receive either physiological saline (the control group) or 10 mg/kg PF-05231023 (the treatment group) three times a week for seven consecutive weeks. Body composition, glucose tolerance, blood and liver cholesterol, triglyceride levels, liver vacuolization levels, peri-ovarian white adipocyte hypertrophy, aortic atherosclerotic plaque formation, and the expression of genes related to lipid metabolism in adipose tissue were subsequently assessed before and after treatment. The aortic atherosclerotic plaque area was reduced in mice in the PF-05231023 treatment group compared with that in the saline group. Although the effect of PF-05231023 on the plasma biochemical indexes of mice was small, it significantly reduced lipid levels and lipid droplet accumulation in the liver, and reduced adipocyte hypertrophy in white adipose tissue. Transcriptome analysis of adipose tissue showed that PF-05231023 treatment downregulated the expression of lipid synthesis-related genes and inhibited the sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 gene, thereby improving lipid deposition. PF-05231023 effectively improved the lipid metabolism of Apoe -/- mice, demonstrating an anti-atherosclerotic effect and providing a scientific basis and experimental foundation for the clinical treatment of cardiovascular diseases by using long-acting FGF21 analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Li Li
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
| | - Hengxi Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Swine and Poultry Breeding Industry, National Engineering Research Center for Breeding Swine Industry, Guangdong Provincial Key Lab of Agro-animal Genomics and Molecular Breeding, College of Animal Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangdong, China
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3
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Wu M, Hu C, Sun T, Xun L, Zhao Q. Effective fraction of Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction inhibits the apoptosis of myocardial cells induced by ox-LDL via FGF21/FGFR1/βKlotho-FRS2α signal pathway. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 318:117054. [PMID: 37595815 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2023.117054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE The Gualou-Xiebai-Banxia decoction (GXBD), a classical traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) formula, has beneficial effects in turbid phlegm obstruction syndrome, a type of coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the underlying mechanism and effective constituents of GXBD remain elusive. Our previous studies have shown that the effective constituents of GXBD may be enriched in the n-butanol fraction (GXB-N) and water fraction (GXB-W), the targets of which remain unknown. AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate whether GXB-N and GXB-W protect myocardial cells (MCs) via fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) signaling and, if so, to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Furthermore, to investigate the targets of GXB-N and GXB-W as potential therapeutic targets for cardiovascular disease (CVD). MATERIALS AND METHODS Cell viability and apoptosis were assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) assays, respectively. The content of FGF21 in the medium was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Protein expression was detected using immunofluorescence and western blotting. RESULTS Apoptosis increased markedly in MCs exposed to oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) 100 μg/mL, with increased expression of FGF21, FGFR1 and βKlotho, phosphorylation of fibroblast receptor substrate 2α (FRS2α) was suppressed. Following incubation with GXB-N and GXB-W 200 μg/mL, the expression of FGF21, FGFR1, and βKlotho and the phosphorylation of FRS2α were increased. CONCLUSION Ox-LDL may inhibit the phosphorylation of FRS2α, inducing considerable FGF21 resistance and resulting in MC apoptosis. GXB-N and GXB-W restored and enhanced FGF21 sensitivity in MCs, consequently rescuing cells from ox-LDL-induced apoptosis. The FGF21-FRS2α signal pathway may be part action targets of these two effective fractions of GXBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Wu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Chaoqun Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Teng Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China
| | - Liying Xun
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
| | - Qitao Zhao
- School of Basic Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250355, China.
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Blachut D, Przywara-Chowaniec B, Tomasik A, Kukulski T, Morawiec B. Update of Potential Biomarkers in Risk Prediction and Monitoring of Atherosclerosis in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus to Prevent Cardiovascular Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:2814. [PMID: 37893187 PMCID: PMC10604001 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11102814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic lupus erythematosus is a chronic connective tissue disease associated with an increased risk of premature atherosclerosis. It is estimated that approximately 10% of SLE patients develop significant atherosclerosis each year, which is responsible for premature cardiovascular disease that is largely asymptomatic. This review summarizes the most recent reports from the past few years on biomarkers of atherosclerosis in SLE, mainly focusing on immune markers. Persistent chronic inflammation of the vascular wall is an important cause of cardiovascular disease (CVD) events related to endothelial dysfunction, cell proliferation, impaired production and function of nitric oxide and microangiopathic changes. Studies on pathogenic immune mediators involved in atherosclerosis will be crucial research avenues for preventing CVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Blachut
- 2nd Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
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Bu LL, Yuan HH, Xie LL, Guo MH, Liao DF, Zheng XL. New Dawn for Atherosclerosis: Vascular Endothelial Cell Senescence and Death. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15160. [PMID: 37894840 PMCID: PMC10606899 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form the inner linings of blood vessels, and are directly exposed to endogenous hazard signals and metabolites in the circulatory system. The senescence and death of ECs are not only adverse outcomes, but also causal contributors to endothelial dysfunction, an early risk marker of atherosclerosis. The pathophysiological process of EC senescence involves both structural and functional changes and has been linked to various factors, including oxidative stress, dysregulated cell cycle, hyperuricemia, vascular inflammation, and aberrant metabolite sensing and signaling. Multiple forms of EC death have been documented in atherosclerosis, including autophagic cell death, apoptosis, pyroptosis, NETosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. Despite this, the molecular mechanisms underlying EC senescence or death in atherogenesis are not fully understood. To provide a comprehensive update on the subject, this review examines the historic and latest findings on the molecular mechanisms and functional alterations associated with EC senescence and death in different stages of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan-Lan Bu
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.-L.B.); (D.-F.L.)
| | - Huan-Huan Yuan
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (H.-H.Y.); (L.-L.X.); (M.-H.G.)
| | - Ling-Li Xie
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (H.-H.Y.); (L.-L.X.); (M.-H.G.)
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Min-Hua Guo
- College of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (H.-H.Y.); (L.-L.X.); (M.-H.G.)
| | - Duan-Fang Liao
- School of Pharmacy, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha 410208, China; (L.-L.B.); (D.-F.L.)
| | - Xi-Long Zheng
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Physiology and Pharmacology, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 1N4, Canada
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Bo W, Ma Y, Feng L, Yu M, Zhang L, Cai M, Song W, Xi Y, Tian Z. FGF21 promotes myocardial angiogenesis and mediates the cardioprotective effects of exercise in myocardial infarction mice. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 135:696-705. [PMID: 37535710 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00307.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanism by which aerobic exercise promotes cardiac function after myocardial infarction (MI) is still not fully understand. In this study, we investigated the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) in exercise protecting the cardiac function of MI mice. In vivo, MI was induced by left anterior descending coronary artery ligation in wild-type and fgf21 knockout mice on the C57BL/6 background. One week after MI, the mice underwent aerobic exercise for 4 wk. In vitro, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were treated with H2O2, recombinant human FGF21 (rhFGF21), fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) inhibitor (PD166866), and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor (LY294002) to explore the potential mechanisms. Scratch wound healing and tubule formation analysis were used to detect the migration and tubule formation ability of HUVECs. Our results showed that aerobic exercise significantly promoted angiogenesis and cardiac function through enhancing the expression of FGF21 and activating FGFR1/PI3K/AKT/VEGF pathway. But such changes in cardiac from aerobic exercise were attenuated by fgf21 knockout mice. 5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxamide-1-β-D-ribofuranoside (AICAR) enhanced angiogenesis and cell migration through FGF21/FGFR1/PI3K/AKT/VEGF signaling pathway. Under the intervention of H2O2, rhFGF21 also played the role of promoting angiogenesis and cell migration through the same mechanism. In conclusion, our results showed that FGF21 promoted the aerobic exercise-induced angiogenesis and improved cardiac function via FGFR1/PI3K/AKT/VEGF signal in MI mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY FGF21 activated FGFR1/PI3K/AKT/VEGF signaling pathway mediated angiogenesis in MI mice. FGF21 deficiency attenuated aerobic exercise-induced cardiac angiogenesis in MI mice. FGF21/FGFR1/PI3K/AKT/VEGF signal played an important role in aerobic exercise to promote myocardial angiogenesis and improved cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Bo
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yixuan Ma
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Feng
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengyuan Yu
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Zhang
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxin Cai
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Song
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Xi
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenjun Tian
- Institute of Sports and Exercise Biology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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7
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Luo J, He Z, Li Q, Lv M, Cai Y, Ke W, Niu X, Zhang Z. Adipokines in atherosclerosis: unraveling complex roles. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1235953. [PMID: 37645520 PMCID: PMC10461402 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1235953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are biologically active factors secreted by adipose tissue that act on local and distant tissues through autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine mechanisms. However, adipokines are believed to be involved in an increased risk of atherosclerosis. Classical adipokines include leptin, adiponectin, and ceramide, while newly identified adipokines include visceral adipose tissue-derived serpin, omentin, and asprosin. New evidence suggests that adipokines can play an essential role in atherosclerosis progression and regression. Here, we summarize the complex roles of various adipokines in atherosclerosis lesions. Representative protective adipokines include adiponectin and neuregulin 4; deteriorating adipokines include leptin, resistin, thrombospondin-1, and C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 5; and adipokines with dual protective and deteriorating effects include C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 1 and C1q/tumor necrosis factor-related protein 3; and adipose tissue-derived bioactive materials include sphingosine-1-phosphate, ceramide, and adipose tissue-derived exosomes. However, the role of a newly discovered adipokine, asprosin, in atherosclerosis remains unclear. This article reviews progress in the research on the effects of adipokines in atherosclerosis and how they may be regulated to halt its progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaying Luo
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiwei He
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Qingwen Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Mengna Lv
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuli Cai
- Department of Endocrinology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei Ke
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xuan Niu
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhaohui Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
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Tan H, Yue T, Chen Z, Wu W, Xu S, Weng J. Targeting FGF21 in cardiovascular and metabolic diseases: from mechanism to medicine. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:66-88. [PMID: 36594101 PMCID: PMC9760446 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.73936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular and metabolic disease (CVMD) is becoming increasingly prevalent in developed and developing countries with high morbidity and mortality. In recent years, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) has attracted intensive research interest due to its purported role as a potential biomarker and critical player in CVMDs, including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, hypoxia/reoxygenation injury, heart failure, type 2 diabetes, obesity, and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. This review summarizes the recent developments in investigating the role of FGF21 in CVMDs and explores the mechanism whereby FGF21 regulates the development of CVMDs. Novel molecular targets and related pathways of FGF21 (adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase, silent information regulator 1, autophagy-related molecules, and gut microbiota-related molecules) are highlighted in this review. Considering the poor pharmacokinetics and biophysical properties of native FGF21, the development of new generations of FGF21-based drugs has tremendous therapeutic potential. Related preclinical and clinical studies are also summarized in this review to foster clinical translation. Thus, our review provides a timely and insightful overview of the physiology, biomarker potential, molecular targets, and therapeutic potential of FGF21 in CVMDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiling Tan
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Tong Yue
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China
| | - Zhengfang Chen
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, Changshu No.1 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Weiming Wu
- Changshu Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu, China
| | - Suowen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
| | - Jianping Weng
- Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Clinical Research Hospital of Chinese Academy of Sciences (Hefei), University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, China.,✉ Corresponding authors: E-mail: ;
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9
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Martins FF, Souza-Mello V, Aguila MB, Mandarim-de-Lacerda CA. Brown adipose tissue as an endocrine organ: updates on the emerging role of batokines. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2022:hmbci-2022-0044. [DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2022-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) remains active in adults, oxidizing fatty acids or glucose and releasing energy in the form of heat. Brown adipocytes and enhanced thermogenesis are targets for treating obesity and its comorbidities. BAT shows high synthesis activity and secretes several signaling molecules. The brown adipokines, or batokines, take action in an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine manner. Batokines have a role in the homeostasis of the cardiovascular system, central nervous system, white adipose tissue, liver, and skeletal muscle and exert beneficial effects on BAT. The systemic function of batokines gives BAT an endocrine organ profile. Besides, the batokines Fibroblast Growth Factor-21, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A, Bone Morphogenetic Protein 8, Neuregulin 4, Myostatin, and Interleukin-6 emerge as targets to treat obesity and its comorbidities, deserving attention. This review outlines the role of six emerging batokines on BAT and their cross-talk with other organs, focusing on their physiological significance and diet-induced changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Ferreira Martins
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases , Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Vanessa Souza-Mello
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases , Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Marcia Barbosa Aguila
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases , Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
| | - Carlos Alberto Mandarim-de-Lacerda
- Laboratory of Morphometry, Metabolism, and Cardiovascular Diseases , Biomedical Center, Institute of Biology, The University of the State of Rio de Janeiro , Rio de Janeiro , Brazil
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Ornitz DM, Itoh N. New developments in the biology of fibroblast growth factors. WIREs Mech Dis 2022; 14:e1549. [PMID: 35142107 PMCID: PMC10115509 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The fibroblast growth factor (FGF) family is composed of 18 secreted signaling proteins consisting of canonical FGFs and endocrine FGFs that activate four receptor tyrosine kinases (FGFRs 1-4) and four intracellular proteins (intracellular FGFs or iFGFs) that primarily function to regulate the activity of voltage-gated sodium channels and other molecules. The canonical FGFs, endocrine FGFs, and iFGFs have been reviewed extensively by us and others. In this review, we briefly summarize past reviews and then focus on new developments in the FGF field since our last review in 2015. Some of the highlights in the past 6 years include the use of optogenetic tools, viral vectors, and inducible transgenes to experimentally modulate FGF signaling, the clinical use of small molecule FGFR inhibitors, an expanded understanding of endocrine FGF signaling, functions for FGF signaling in stem cell pluripotency and differentiation, roles for FGF signaling in tissue homeostasis and regeneration, a continuing elaboration of mechanisms of FGF signaling in development, and an expanding appreciation of roles for FGF signaling in neuropsychiatric diseases. This article is categorized under: Cardiovascular Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Neurological Diseases > Molecular and Cellular Physiology Congenital Diseases > Stem Cells and Development Cancer > Stem Cells and Development.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Ornitz
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Nobuyuki Itoh
- Kyoto University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sakyo, Kyoto, Japan
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11
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Physiological and pathophysiological role of endocrine fibroblast growth factors. POSTEP HIG MED DOSW 2022. [DOI: 10.2478/ahem-2022-0045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
The endocrine subfamily of fibroblast growth factors (FGF) includes three factors: FGF19, FGF21, FGF23. They act on distal tissues through FGF receptors (FGFRs). The FGFR activation requires two cofactors: α- and β-Klotho, which are structurally related single-pass transmembrane proteins. The endocrine FGFs regulate various metabolic processes involved in the regulation of glucose and lipid metabolism as well as bile acid circulation, vitamin D modulation, and phosphate homeostasis. The FGF-FGFR dysregulation is widely implicated in the pathogenesis of various disorders. Significant alterations in plasma FGF concentration are associated with the most prevalent chronic diseases, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, obesity, non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, diseases of the biliary tract, chronic kidney disease, inflammatory bowel disease, osteomalacia, various malignancies, and depression. Therefore, the endocrine FGFs may serve as disease predictors or biomarkers, as well as potential therapeutic targets. Currently, numerous analogues and inhibitors of endocrine FGFs are under development for treatment of various disorders, and recently, a human monoclonal antibody against FGF23 has been approved for treatment of X-linked hypophosphatemia. The aim of this review is to summarize the current data on physiological and pathophysiological actions of the endocrine FGF subfamily and recent research concerning the therapeutic potential of the endocrine FGF pathways.
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12
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Liu L, Shi Z, Ji X, Zhang W, Luan J, Zahr T, Qiang L. Adipokines, adiposity, and atherosclerosis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2022; 79:272. [PMID: 35503385 PMCID: PMC11073100 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-022-04286-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Characterized by a surplus of whole-body adiposity, obesity is strongly associated with the prognosis of atherosclerosis, a hallmark of coronary artery disease (CAD) and the major contributor to cardiovascular disease (CVD) mortality. Adipose tissue serves a primary role as a lipid-storage organ, secreting cytokines known as adipokines that affect whole-body metabolism, inflammation, and endocrine functions. Emerging evidence suggests that adipokines can play important roles in atherosclerosis development, progression, as well as regression. Here, we review the versatile functions of various adipokines in atherosclerosis and divide these respective functions into three major groups: protective, deteriorative, and undefined. The protective adipokines represented here are adiponectin, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), C1q tumor necrosis factor-related protein 9 (CTRP9), and progranulin, while the deteriorative adipokines listed include leptin, chemerin, resistin, Interleukin- 6 (IL-6), and more, with additional adipokines that have unclear roles denoted as undefined adipokines. Comprehensively categorizing adipokines in the context of atherosclerosis can help elucidate the various pathways involved and potentially pave novel therapeutic approaches to treat CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longhua Liu
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zunhan Shi
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Ji
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenqian Zhang
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinwen Luan
- School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Tarik Zahr
- Department of Pharmacology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Li Qiang
- Department of Pathology and Cellular Biology and Naomi Berrie Diabetes Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Lin J, Zhu S, Liao Y, Liang Z, Quan Y, He Y, Cai J, Lu F. Spontaneous Browning of White Adipose Tissue Improves Angiogenesis and Reduces Macrophage Infiltration After Fat Grafting in Mice. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845158. [PMID: 35557960 PMCID: PMC9087586 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Fat grafting is a frequently used technique; however, its survival/ regeneration mechanism is not fully understood. The browning of white adipocytes, a process initiated in response to external stimuli, is the conversion of white to beige adipocytes. The physiologic significance of the browning of adipocytes following transplantation is unclear. Methods: C57BL/6 mice received 150 mg grafts of inguinal adipose tissue, and then the transplanted fat was harvested and analyzed at different time points to assess the browning process. To verify the role of browning of adipocytes in fat grafting, the recipient mice were allocated to three groups, which were administered CL316243 or SR59230A to stimulate or suppress browning, respectively, or a control group after transplantation. Results: Browning of the grafts was present in the center of each as early as 7 days post-transplantation. The number of beige cells peaked at day 14 and then decreased gradually until they were almost absent at day 90. The activation of browning resulted in superior angiogenesis, higher expression of the pro-angiogenic molecules vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) and fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), fewer macrophages, and ultimately better graft survival (Upregulation, 59.17% ± 6.64% vs. Control, 40.33% ± 4.03%, *p < 0.05), whereas the inhibition of browning led to poor angiogenesis, lower expression of VEGF-A, increased inflammatory macrophages, and poor transplant retention at week 10 (Downregulation, 20.67% ± 3.69% vs. Control, 40.33% ± 4.03%, *p < 0.05). Conclusion: The browning of WAT following transplantation improves the survival of fat grafts by the promotion of angiogenesis and reducing macrophage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Feng Lu
- *Correspondence: Junrong Cai, ; Feng Lu,
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14
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Rami AZA, Hamid AA, Anuar NNM, Aminuddin A, Ugusman A. Exploring the Relationship of Perivascular Adipose Tissue Inflammation and the Development of Vascular Pathologies. Mediators Inflamm 2022; 2022:2734321. [PMID: 35177953 PMCID: PMC8846975 DOI: 10.1155/2022/2734321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Initially thought to only provide mechanical support for the underlying blood vessels, perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) has now emerged as a regulator of vascular function. A healthy PVAT exerts anticontractile and anti-inflammatory actions on the underlying vasculature via the release of adipocytokines such as adiponectin, nitric oxide, and omentin. However, dysfunctional PVAT produces more proinflammatory adipocytokines such as leptin, resistin, interleukin- (IL-) 6, IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, thus inducing an inflammatory response that contributes to the pathogenesis of vascular diseases. In this review, current knowledge on the role of PVAT inflammation in the development of vascular pathologies such as atherosclerosis and hypertension was discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifah Zahirah Abd Rami
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Adila A. Hamid
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nur Najmi Mohamad Anuar
- Center for Toxicology & Health Risk Studies, Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Raja Muda Abd Aziz, 50300 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Amilia Aminuddin
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Azizah Ugusman
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latif, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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15
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Zhang Y, Liu D, Long XX, Fang QC, Jia WP, Li HT. The role of FGF21 in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease. Chin Med J (Engl) 2021; 134:2931-2943. [PMID: 34939977 PMCID: PMC8710326 DOI: 10.1097/cm9.0000000000001890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT The morbidity and mortality of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are increasing worldwide and seriously threaten human life and health. Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), a metabolic regulator, regulates glucose and lipid metabolism and may exert beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. In recent years, FGF21 has been found to act directly on the cardiovascular system and may be used as an early biomarker of CVDs. The present review highlights the recent progress in understanding the relationship between FGF21 and CVDs including coronary heart disease, myocardial ischemia, cardiomyopathy, and heart failure and also explores the related mechanism of the cardioprotective effect of FGF21. FGF21 plays an important role in the prediction, treatment, and improvement of prognosis in CVDs. This cardioprotective effect of FGF21 may be achieved by preventing endothelial dysfunction and lipid accumulating, inhibiting cardiomyocyte apoptosis and regulating the associated oxidative stress, inflammation and autophagy. In conclusion, FGF21 is a promising target for the treatment of CVDs, however, its clinical application requires further clarification of the precise role of FGF21 in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Xiao-Xue Long
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
- Department of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Qi-Chen Fang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Wei-Ping Jia
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hua-Ting Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Shanghai Diabetes Institute, Shanghai Clinical Center for Diabetes, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Diabetes Mellitus, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Affiliated Sixth People's Hospital, 600 Yishan Road, Shanghai 200233, China
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16
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Ouyang R, Zhao X, Zhang R, Yang J, Li S, Deng D. FGF21 attenuates high uric acid‑induced endoplasmic reticulum stress, inflammation and vascular endothelial cell dysfunction by activating Sirt1. Mol Med Rep 2021; 25:35. [PMID: 34850960 PMCID: PMC8669652 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Uric acid (UA) is the final oxidation product of purine metabolism. Hyperuricemia has been previously reported to contribute to vascular endothelial dysfunction and the development of cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome and chronic kidney diseases. In addition, it has been reported that fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) can exert regulatory effects on UA‑induced lipid accumulation. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the possible role of FGF21 in HUVEC cell injury induced by UA. The study used UA to induce HUVEC cell injury, inhibited sirtuin 1 (Sirt1) expression using EX527 and overexpressed FGF21 by transfection. Subsequently, reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR was performed to measure the mRNA expression levels of FGF21, Sirt1 and inflammatory cytokines TNF‑α, IL‑1β and IL‑6, whereas western blotting was performed to measure their corresponding protein expression levels including FGF21, Sirt1, NLR family pyrin domain containing 3, pro‑caspase1, apoptosis‑associated speck‑like protein containing a CARD, activating transcription factor 4, C/EBP homologous protein and eukaryotic initiation factor 2. Furthermore, dichloro‑dihydro‑fluorescein diacetate staining was performed to measure intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in HUVECs. The levels of ROS and nitric oxide were also quantified using commercial assay kits. The results demonstrated that overexpression of FGF21 significantly inhibited UA treatment‑induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, inflammation and oxidative stress in HUVECs. Furthermore, overexpression of FGF21 significantly activated Sirt1. The sirt1 inhibitor, EX527, significantly abrogated the suppressive effects of FGF21 overexpression on ER stress, inflammation and oxidative stress in UA‑stimulated HUVECs. To conclude, results of the present study suggested that FGF21 may attenuate UA‑induced ER stress, inflammation and vascular endothelial cell dysfunction by activating Sirt1. Therefore, FGF21 may be a potential effective target for the future treatment of vascular endothelial cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Ouyang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoqin Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Rongping Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, P.R. China
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Rheumatology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Siyin Li
- Department of Rheumatology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
| | - Daihua Deng
- Department of Rheumatology, Mianyang Central Hospital, Mianyang, Sichuan 621000, P.R. China
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17
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Qiang W, Shen T, Noman M, Guo J, Jin Z, Lin D, Pan J, Lu H, Li X, Gong F. Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Augments Autophagy and Reduces Apoptosis in Damaged Liver to Improve Tissue Regeneration in Zebrafish. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:756743. [PMID: 34746149 PMCID: PMC8570170 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.756743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Regeneration of a part of the diseased liver after surgical resection is mainly achieved by the proliferation of the remaining healthy liver cells. However, in case of extreme loss of liver cells or in the final stages of chronic liver disease, most liver cells are depleted or lose their ability to proliferate. Therefore, to foster liver regeneration, it is of great clinical and scientific significance to improve the survival and proliferation ability of residual hepatocytes. In this study, we conducted experiments on a zebrafish model of targeted ablation of liver cells to clarify the role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21). We found that FGF21 increased the regeneration area of the damaged liver and improved the survival rate of damaged liver cells by inhibiting cell apoptosis and reducing oxidative stress. Our results also showed that administration of FGF21 upregulated autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by the well-known autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ), indicating that FGF21-activated autophagy played a central role in the treatment. We further showed that the enhancement of autophagy induced by FGF21 was due to the activation of the AMPK-mTOR signaling pathway. Taken together, these data provide new evidence that FGF21 is an effective autophagy regulator that can significantly improve the survival of damaged livers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Qiang
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianzhu Shen
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Muhammad Noman
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinnan Guo
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhongqian Jin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Danfeng Lin
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Jiaxuan Pan
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Huiqiang Lu
- Center for Drug Screening and Research, College of Geography and Environmental Engineering, Gannan Normal University, Ganzhou, China
- Center for Developmental Biology of Jinggangshan University, College of Life Sciences, Jinggangshan University, Ji’an, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- College of Life Sciences, Jilin Agricultural University, Changchun, China
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Fanghua Gong
- School of Pharmacy, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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18
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Song JJ, Yang M, Liu Y, Song JW, Liu XY, Miao R, Zhang ZZ, Liu Y, Fan YF, Zhang Q, Dong Y, Yang XC, Zhong JC. Elabela prevents angiotensin II-induced apoptosis and inflammation in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts via the activation of FGF21-ACE2 signaling. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:905-918. [PMID: 34453661 PMCID: PMC8401356 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-021-10011-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis, inflammation, and fibrosis contribute to vascular remodeling and injury. Elabela (ELA) serves as a crucial regulator to maintain vascular function and has been implicated in the pathogenesis of hypertensive vascular remodeling. This study aims to explore regulatory roles and underlying mechanisms of ELA in rat aortic adventitial fibroblasts (AFs) in response to angiotensin II (ATII). In cultured AFs, exposure to ATII resulted in marked decreases in mRNA and protein levels of ELA, fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21), and angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) as well as increases in apoptosis, inflammation, oxidative stress, and cellular migration, which were partially blocked by the exogenous replenishment of ELA and recombinant FGF21, respectively. Moreover, treatment with ELA strikingly reversed ATII-mediated the loss of FGF21 and ACE2 levels in rat aortic AFs. FGF21 knockdown with small interfering RNA (siRNA) significantly counterbalanced protective effects of ELA on ATII-mediated the promotion of cell migration, apoptosis, inflammatory, and oxidative injury in rat aortic AFs. More importantly, pretreatment with recombinant FGF21 strikingly inhibited ATII-mediated the loss of ACE2 and the augmentation of cell apoptosis, oxidative stress, and inflammatory injury in rat aortic AFs, which were partially prevented by the knockdown of ACE2 with siRNA. In summary, ELA exerts its anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant effects in rat aortic AFs via activation of the FGF21-ACE2 signaling. ELA may represent a potential candidate to predict vascular damage and targeting the FGF21-ACE2 signaling may be a promising therapeutic intervention for vascular adventitial remodeling and related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan-Juan Song
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Mei Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jia-Wei Song
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xiao-Yan Liu
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ran Miao
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Zhen-Zhou Zhang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yu Liu
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Yi-Fan Fan
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Ying Dong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Xin-Chun Yang
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China
| | - Jiu-Chang Zhong
- Heart Center and Beijing Key Laboratory of Hypertension, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
- Department of Cardiology, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100020, China.
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19
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Kwon CH, Sun JL, Kim MJ, Abd El-Aty AM, Jeong JH, Jung TW. Clinically confirmed DEL-1 as a myokine attenuates lipid-induced inflammation and insulin resistance in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via AMPK/HO-1- pathway. Adipocyte 2020; 9:576-586. [PMID: 32954935 PMCID: PMC7714434 DOI: 10.1080/21623945.2020.1823140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Regular exercise is the first line of therapy for treating obesity-mediated metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance. It has been reported that developmental endothelial locus-1 (DEL-1) enhances macrophage efferocytosis, resulting in inflammation clearance as well as improves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. However, the relationship between exercise and DEL-1, and the effects of DEL-1 on insulin signalling in adipocytes have not been fully elucidated to date. Protein expression levels were determined by Western blot analysis. Cells were transfected with small interfering (si) RNA to suppress gene expression. Lipid accumulation levels were detected using Oil red-O staining. Proinflammatory cytokine secretion levels were measured using ELISA. DEL-1 expression levels were induced in the skeletal muscle of people who exercised using microarray analysis. Recombinant DEL-1 augmented AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and haem oxygenase (HO)-1 expression to alleviating inflammation and impairment of insulin signalling in 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with palmitate. siRNA of AMPK or HO-1 also mitigated the effects of DEL-1 on inflammation and insulin resistance. DEL-1 ameliorates inflammation and insulin resistance in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells via AMPK/HO-1 signalling, suggesting that DEL-1 may be the exercise-mediated therapeutic target for treating insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Hyuk Kwon
- Center for Bioinformatics, EONE Laboratories, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaw Long Sun
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myeong Jun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - A. M. Abd El-Aty
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking, College of Food Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Science, Jinan, China
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Medical Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey
| | - Ji Hoon Jeong
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Department of Global Innovative Drugs, Graduate School of Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Woo Jung
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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20
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Adipokines and Inflammation: Focus on Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21207711. [PMID: 33081064 PMCID: PMC7589803 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
It is well established that adipose tissue, apart from its energy storage function, acts as an endocrine organ that produces and secretes a number of bioactive substances, including hormones commonly known as adipokines. Obesity is a major risk factor for the development of cardiovascular diseases, mainly due to a low grade of inflammation and the excessive fat accumulation produced in this state. The adipose tissue dysfunction in obesity leads to an aberrant release of adipokines, some of them with direct cardiovascular and inflammatory regulatory functions. Inflammation is a common link between obesity and cardiovascular diseases, so this review will summarise the role of the main adipokines implicated in the regulation of the inflammatory processes occurring under the scenario of cardiovascular diseases.
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21
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Deprince A, Haas JT, Staels B. Dysregulated lipid metabolism links NAFLD to cardiovascular disease. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101092. [PMID: 33010471 PMCID: PMC7600388 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is rapidly becoming a global health problem. Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the most common cause of mortality in NAFLD patients. NAFLD and CVD share several common risk factors including obesity, insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Atherogenic dyslipidemia, characterized by plasma hypertriglyceridemia, increased small dense low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles, and decreased high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) levels, is often observed in NAFLD patients. Scope of review In this review, we highlight recent epidemiological studies evaluating the link between NAFLD and CVD risk. We further focus on recent mechanistic insights into the links between NAFLD and altered lipoprotein metabolism. We also discuss current therapeutic strategies for NAFLD and their potential impact on NAFLD-associated CVD risk. Major conclusions Alterations in hepatic lipid and lipoprotein metabolism are major contributing factors to the increased CVD risk in NAFLD patients, and many promising NASH therapies in development also improve dyslipidemia in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Deprince
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France
| | - Joel T Haas
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
| | - Bart Staels
- Univ. Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, U1011-EGID, F-59000, Lille, France.
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22
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Maeng HJ, Lee GY, Bae JH, Lim S. Effect of Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 on the Development of Atheromatous Plaque and Lipid Metabolic Profiles in an Atherosclerosis-Prone Mouse Model. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186836. [PMID: 32957703 PMCID: PMC7555741 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is a hormonal regulator of lipid and glucose metabolism. We aimed to investigate the effect of an FGF21 analogue (LY2405319) on the development of atherosclerosis and its associated parameters. ApoE−/− mice were fed an atherogenic diet for 14 weeks and were randomly assigned to control (saline) or FGF21 (0.1 mg/kg) treatment group (n = 10/group) for 5 weeks. Plaque size in the aortic arch/valve areas and cardiovascular risk markers were evaluated in blood and tissues. The effects of FGF21 on various atherogenesis-related pathways were also assessed. Atherosclerotic plaque areas in the aortic arch/valve were significantly smaller in the FGF21 group than in controls after treatment. FGF21 significantly decreased body weight and glucose concentrations, and increased circulating adiponectin levels. FGF21 treatment alleviated insulin resistance and decreased circulating concentrations of triglycerides, which were significantly correlated with plaque size. FGF21 treatment reduced lipid droplets in the liver and decreased fat cell size and inflammatory cell infiltration in the abdominal visceral fat compared with the control group. The monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 levels were decreased and β-hydroxybutyrate levels were increased by FGF21 treatment. Uncoupling protein 1 expression in subcutaneous fat was greater and fat cell size in brown fat was smaller in the FGF21 group compared with controls. Administration of FGF21 showed anti-atherosclerotic effects in atherosclerosis-prone mice and exerted beneficial effects on critical atherosclerosis pathways. Improvements in inflammation and insulin resistance seem to be mechanisms involved in the mitigation of atherosclerosis by FGF21 therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo Jin Maeng
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.J.M.); (G.Y.L.)
| | - Gha Young Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.J.M.); (G.Y.L.)
| | - Jae Hyun Bae
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Soo Lim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Korea; (H.J.M.); (G.Y.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-(31)-787-7035 or +82-(10)-9766-2706; Fax: +82-(31)-787-4051
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23
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Zeng Z, Zheng Q, Chen J, Tan X, Li Q, Ding L, Zhang R, Lin X. FGF21 mitigates atherosclerosis via inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated vascular endothelial cells pyroptosis. Exp Cell Res 2020; 393:112108. [PMID: 32445748 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2020.112108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21(FGF21) is an endocrine cytokine that targets inflammation and atherosclerosis (AS). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms of the FGF21 anti-AS effect remain to be explored. Pyroptosis induced by hyperlipidemia or oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL) in vascular endothelial cells (VECs) is a significant step in the advancement of AS. This work aimed to evaluate the mechanisms and functioning of FGF21 against AS using an atherosclerotic animal model and oxLDL mimic in vitro. We found that exogenous treatments with FGF21 significantly reduced the aortic sinus plaque area and ameliorated dyslipidemia in apoE-/- mice. FGF21 attenuated the expression of pyroptosis-related proteins both in vivo and in vitro. Possibly, FGF21 improves mitochondrial function, inhibits mitochondrial division, and reduces ROS production by maintaining mitochondrial dynamics and function to reduce NLRP3 related pyroptosis and inhibits VECs endoplasmic reticulum stress, thereby exerting an anti-atherosclerotic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolin Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 408499, China; Key Lab for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001,China
| | - Qiuping Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 408499, China
| | - Jiaojiao Chen
- Key Lab for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001,China
| | - Xianhua Tan
- Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 408499, China
| | - Qiang Li
- Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 408499, China
| | - Lingxin Ding
- Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 408499, China
| | - Ren Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 408499, China
| | - Xiaolong Lin
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, Guangdong Province 516001, China.
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24
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Xiaolong L, Dongmin G, Liu M, Zuo W, Huijun H, Qiufen T, XueMei H, Wensheng L, Yuping P, Jun L, Zhaolin Z. FGF21 induces autophagy-mediated cholesterol efflux to inhibit atherogenesis via RACK1 up-regulation. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:4992-5006. [PMID: 32227589 PMCID: PMC7205825 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) acts as an anti‐atherosclerotic agent. However, the specific mechanisms governing this regulatory activity are unclear. Autophagy is a highly conserved cell stress response which regulates atherosclerosis (AS) by reducing lipid droplet degradation in foam cells. We sought to assess whether FGF21 could inhibit AS by regulating cholesterol metabolism in foam cells via autophagy and to elucidate the underlying molecular mechanisms. In this study, ApoE−/− mice were fed a high‐fat diet (HFD) with or without FGF21 and FGF21 + 3‐Methyladenine (3MA) for 12 weeks. Our results showed that FGF21 inhibited AS in HFD‐fed ApoE−/− mice, which was reversed by 3MA treatment. Moreover, FGF21 increased plaque RACK1 and autophagy‐related protein (LC3 and beclin‐1) expression in ApoE−/− mice, thus preventing AS. However, these proteins were inhibited by LV‐RACK1 shRNA injection. Foam cell development is a crucial determinant of AS, and cholesterol efflux from foam cells represents an important defensive measure of AS. In this study, foam cells were treated with FGF21 for 24 hours after a pre‐treatment with 3MA, ATG5 siRNA or RACK1 siRNA. Our results indicated that FGF21‐induced autophagy promoted cholesterol efflux to reduce cholesterol accumulation in foam cells by up‐regulating RACK1 expression. Interestingly, immunoprecipitation results showed that RACK1 was able to activate AMPK and interact with ATG5. Taken together, our results indicated that FGF21 induces autophagy to promote cholesterol efflux and reduce cholesterol accumulation in foam cells through RACK1‐mediated AMPK activation and ATG5 interaction. These results provided new insights into the molecular mechanisms of FGF21 in the treatment of AS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xiaolong
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Guo Dongmin
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Mihua Liu
- Department of infectious Disease, Centre for Lipid Research & Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for infectious Diseases (Ministry of Education), Institute for Viral Hepatitis, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou City, China
| | - Wang Zuo
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China
| | - Hu Huijun
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Tan Qiufen
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Hu XueMei
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Lin Wensheng
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Pan Yuping
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Lin Jun
- Department of Pathology, Huizhou Third People's Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Huizhou City, China
| | - Zeng Zhaolin
- Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang City, China.,Department of Cardiology, Nanchuan People's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing City, China
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25
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Zhou K, Chen H, Lin J, Xu H, Wu H, Bao G, Li J, Deng X, Shui X, Gao W, Ding J, Xiao J, Xu H. FGF21 augments autophagy in random-pattern skin flaps via AMPK signaling pathways and improves tissue survival. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:872. [PMID: 31740658 PMCID: PMC6861244 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2105-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2019] [Revised: 10/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Random-pattern skin flap is commonly used for surgical tissue reconstruction due to its ease and lack of axial vascular limitation. However, ischemic necrosis is a common complication, especially in distal parts of skin flaps. Previous studies have shown that FGF21 can promote angiogenesis and protect against ischemic cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the effect of FGF21 on flap survival. In this study, using a rat model of random skin flaps, we found that the expression of FGF21 is significantly increased after establishment skin flaps, suggesting that FGF21 may exert a pivotal effect on flap survival. We conducted experiments to elucidate the role of FGF21 in this model. Our results showed that FGF21 directly increased the survival area of skin flaps, blood flow intensity, and mean blood vessel density through enhancing angiogenesis, inhibiting apoptosis, and reducing oxidative stress. Our studies also revealed that FGF21 administration leads to an upregulation of autophagy, and the beneficial effects of FGF21 were reversed by 3-methyladenine (3MA), which is a well-known inhibitor of autophagy, suggesting that autophagy plays a central role in FGF21’s therapeutic benefit on skin flap survival. In our mechanistic investigation, we found that FGF21-induced autophagy enhancement is mediated by the dephosphorylation and nuclear translocation of TFEB; this effect was due to activation of AMPK-FoxO3a-SPK2-CARM1 and AMPK-mTOR signaling pathways. Together, our data provides novel evidence that FGF21 is a potent modulator of autophagy capable of significantly increasing random skin flap viability, and thus may serve as a promising therapy for clinical use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kailiang Zhou
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Huanwen Chen
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jinti Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hui Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Hongqiang Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Guodong Bao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jiafeng Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiangyang Deng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Xiaolong Shui
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China
| | - Jian Ding
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
| | - Huazi Xu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027, China. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopaedics, Wenzhou, 325027, China.
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